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Life and Dcath

Name

A -sheen conlains a lol of enerov Whv are we nol ahlc to make use of all ihi.s enerov?

Task 3: Top of the pyramd (Levels 5-g)

Look at this table of information:

Organism
leaves

Numbers 200
100
5
1

caterpillars thrushes
kestrel

a b

Use these figures to draw a pyramid of numbers for this food chain beside the table. ln this chan the top carnivore is the kestrel. Use what you have learned on pages 168 and 169 to explain why there are fewer top carnivores than any other organism in the food chain.

What can you say about the number of top carnivores compared to the other animals in the chain?

use information from the pyramid of energy to explain your answer to part c.

Worksheet 2:7:3

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What the tooth does

@ HarperCollinsPublrsDers 2009

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You are going to look at pictures of two simlar, but different, habitats and suggest why the animals are adapted differently in each of the habitats.

Considering the evidence

Look at Resource
1

1 2

Look at the different kinds of animals present in the two different habitats. Read carefully the two boxes at the bottom of the page that give detals of the two different habitats.

Answer the following questions. lf you find the questions difficult, your teacher may give you Resource 2 to help you to answer the questions.

O
@ @ @

Why are penguins found in the Antarctic? Explain how they are adapted to survive. Explain why the tern is found in both Arctic and Antarctic habitats. Explain how the Arctic lox manages to survive in the Arctic. Suggest why there is not a fox called the Antarctic fox.

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the lnformation below to help you answer the questions on the activity sheet.

Considering the evidence

Penguins

Penguins have thick layers of fat to protect them from the cold. Penguins are birds. They lay eggs but protect them from the cold by holding the eggs next to their bodies away from the ice Penguins huddle together in large groups and take turns being on the outside of the group where it is much colder.
Terns

Terns are birds. They are very good at flying. They can fly from the

Arctic to the Antarctic every year. They prefer cool places to live with lots of food so they can build up fat reserves for their long flights.
Arctic fox The Arctic fox has a thick coat to insulate it from the cold.

It has

less

fat than penguins and seals

It has a white coat in the winter and a darker coat in the summer when some of the ice and snow melts.

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You are going to examine how changes in the environment can affect the organisms in a food web.

Considering the evidence

Look at the picture of a food web and then answer the following
questrons.

hedgehog

lettuce

A gardener finds slugs have been eating her lettuces. She puts down slug pellets to kill the slugs

@ Explain what this may do to the number of slugs. @ Explain what effect this may have on the number of hedgehogs. @ Explain what may happen to the number of beetles. @ Slug pellets also kill snails. Explain what effect this may have on
the bird population.

Slugs thrive in wet conditions. Explain the efTect of increased

rainfall and drier summers on the food web. More greenlly survive in mild winters, Explain the effect of global warming on the food web.
Sheet 1 of
1

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Populahon cycles

You are going to look at the way two interdependent populations can affect each other.
Read again about gimbuls and wooks on

the moon Onkar on

Pages

42- 43 of the textbook.

Considering the evidence

Look at the following food chain.

red zetta

seeds

gimbuls

wooks

e
@ @

Which organism in the food chain is a predator? Which organism in the food chain is a herbivore. From the graph, suggest why the gimbul population changes between year 30090 and year 30095. e Suggest what was happening to the red '= population between year 30089 and i: zetta a year 30090. Explain your answer. C a Suggest what will happen to the wook population after year 30097. Explain your
answer.

@ Explain why the gimbul population increased after year 30096. 30089 30090 30091 30092 30093 @ The graph shows the populations are cycling up and down. lf the environmental conditions do not change, predict what will happen to both populations in the next three years.

30094 30095 _0095

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Review learning
Decide if the following statements are true or false

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 I I

There are usually more herbivores than carnvores, There are always more consumers than producers. The number of herbivores has no effect on the number o[
carntvoTes.

lTrue/Falsel

lTrue/f alsel
lTrue/Falsel lTrue/Falsel [True/False] [True/False] lTrue/False) [True/False] [True/False]

Pyramids of number are always larger at the bottom. Pyramids of number are usually larger at the bottom. Pyramids of number tend to get smaller at the top. lf the number of herbivores drops the number of carnivores wiil drop at a later date. Changes to the number of one organism in a food web do not affect other organisms if they do not feed upon it. Changes to one part of a food web can affect many other parts of the food web.

r.' Harcourt Educaton Ltct 2004 Catatyst 2 This worksheet may hav beer attered trom lhe original on the CD_ROM

Sheet 1 of

Populations
Review learning
Decide if the following statements are true or false.

1 There are usually more herbivores than carnvores. 2 There are always more consumers than producers. 3 The number of herbivores has no effect on the number
carntvores.

lTrue/Falsel [True/False]

of
[True/False] [True/False] lTrue/Falsel [True/False] [True/False] lTrue/Falsel [True/False]

4 5 6 7 8 9

Pyramids of number are always larger at the bottom. Pyramids of number are usually larger at the bottom. Pyramids of number tend to get smaller at the top. lf the number of herbivores drops the number of carnivores wiil drop at a later date. Changes to the number of one organism in a food web do not affect other organisms if they do not feed upon it. Changes to one part of a food web can affect many other parts ol the food web.

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Animal
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How

it helps

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These help it grind up the plants it eats.

rabbit This helps it swim quickly through water.

shark

f-

These help it fly easily.

barnacle

Protects it from animals that want to eat it.

sparrow
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Here are two food chains and their pyramids of numbers. Use them to help you answer the questions.

(a
1

t.+

thrush

f\izs .- )

tree

a What do slugs eat?

b Use some of the words on the right to complete the sentences.

i i

There are .. than lettuces.

slugs

@
to
than owls.

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The producers are always at the of the pvramids J'"''""-'

iii Producers are always

iv
There are

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more and.
.

c d e f

Name two consumers from the food chains.

Name two predators from the food chains. and

.

Name a herbivore from the food chains. Name a carnivore from the food chains.
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Use this food web

to help you answer the

owl

questrons.

fox

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mice
:

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II rabbits I beetles ,.
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\
dead

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grass

leaves

seeds and nuts from trees and plants

Name the animals that eat the seeds and nuts.

b Name all the animals that eat mice.

Name two animals that compete for the same food.

Name two predators in the food web.

Colour the herbivores in green. Colour the carnivores in red.

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EXTENSlON

Banded snails live in woods, hedgerows and grassland. They are all members of the same species but they have a wide range of shell colours. The tables show the range of shell colours found in banded snails. The two columns are not linked to each other Basic shell colour Yellow

Type of banding
bands on a light coloured shell

Light bands on a dark coloured shell No bands with a light coloured shell, or No bands wlth a dark coloured shell, or One or two broad bands across the main colour, or Several narrow bands across the main colour
Banded snails are a favourite food of several types of birds. They break open the shells on stones to get at the snail inside.

The habitats of these snails change throughout the year. Forests are usually fairly dark places. Hedgerows are much lighter but the light levels are not constant. The twigs and branches form shadows across the habitat and the colours change from brown to green during the spring, then back to brown during the autumn. Grassland contains bare patches, green patches and shaded patches that vary throughout the year.

a b

Suggest reasons why dark coloured snails with no bands are the most common type found in forests. Hedgerows contain mostly snails with bands. There are more of the snails with green shells and dark bands eaten in the winter and more with dark shells and green bands eaten in the summer. Suggest why this happens. o c
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t

High

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ln grassland, there are about equal numbers of all the possible shell types. Suggest why no one type of shell is a particular advantage over the whole year.
Sketch a graph showing the likely number of green-shelled snails caught by birds at different times of the year in a hedgerow. Copy the axes shown here.

-C

c) c)

0)

O)

o
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c)

Low Spring Summer Autumn Winter Spring

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EXTENS I ON

The pyramid of numbers for a blackberry bush, that provides food for the insects eaten by a robin, is drawn below.

a What is represented by the bottom layer in the pyramid? b i ln what way is the bottom layer similar to the top layer? ln what way are the top and bottom layers different? c How would the pyramid change, if it began from a whole hedgerow
of blackberry bushes, rather than a single one?
A food chain that can be found in ornamental gardens is shown below:

The rose garden has aboul one thousand roses in it.

Draw the pyramid of numbers that you would expect to obtain it you counted the number of all the members of the food chain. (Hint: you can easily get over one thousand greenfly on each rose bush!) Bluetits also eat greenfly. What would happen to the pyramid of numbers if two or three families of bluetits were feeding their chicks on greenfly from the rose garden? Greenfly are also affected by cold weather, which they do not survve well. What would happen to the pyramid of numbers if there was an unseasonable cold spell, lasting for about a week?
Some years ago there seemed

b i i c i

to be an exceptonally high number of

ladybirds. Newspapers reported that the promenade at Skegness was completely covered in them. Suggest how the weather, in the month or so before this event, might have helped to create this massive increase in ladybird numbers. After a couple of weeks, the ladybirds seemed to disappear. What could be a reason why they did not survive for longer?
lrom the orqinal on the CD-ROM

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ln Africa, antelope are hunted by many different predators

a b

Why is it very imporlant for antelope babies to be able to run within a few hours of being born? Why can lion cubs survive, when they need constant care from their mothers for several weeks after they are born? What would happen to an antelope population if it developed an inherited disease, which meant that the babies could not walk for several days after birlh? How would such a disease afiect predators, such as cheetahs, at first and then after a longer time?

c i i

EXTENSION

The graph shows the relationship between the population of the lynx and the hare. The data was gathered in Canada between 1845 and 1935.

l
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180
160

140
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Key

lynx

1?O

---- hare

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c)

100 80 60 40 0

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.1845

1855 1865 1875 1885 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935

Year

a Which animal is the predator and which is the prey? b i Describe how the population of the lynx is related to the i c d e
population of the hare. Explain why this relationship should occur.

Explain why the graph for the hare always rises higher than the maximum population of the lynx. Explain why the hare population has never completely died out, even though the lynx ruthlessly hunts them.

Between '1905 and 1935, the maximum and minimum numbers of hare and lynx were more or less the same in each cycle. What does this suggest about the climatic conditions during these years?
on the CD-ROM,

io Harcourt Educaton Ltd 2004 Catatyst 2 Ths worksheet may have been altered from the orignal

Sheet 2 of 2