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com
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:

1.
1.1

. 1940 /
:
-1950-1958

.
-1958-1968
.
Fortran .
-1964-1969
.
-1970-1990 .
.
-1990 pentiom

.




.

.

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.

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.
1.2

Input

Proccesoring

Storage

Output

Comminication

.

. :
.
9- .
ROM
.
.

.

.
, , ,
4 101
, , ,

.

:
.

. .

.

www.zaluu.com
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,
.
:

.
1.3

CPU chip

. .


.

.
.

, 2 .

.
.
.
. 4
.

.
.

.

. :
- , .
-
.
-
.

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-
.
Intel Motorola .
RISC .
:
.

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.

.
. .
. .
. .
, ,
.
:


.
()
.
.

, .
:

.
RAM .
.
:

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.
.
.
.
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:
.
.
.
.

.
.

.
onboard .
1.4 :
Optic disk

. CD-ROM, CD-Recordable, CD-ReWritable, WORM
.
CD-ROM (Compact Disk- Read Only Memory)
CD-ROM , ,
. CDROM-
1x, 2x, 4x, 8x, 16x, 32x,
0x, 50x .
1 150 .
2 300 , 4 - 600Kb . 120 -
. 72 .
650 Mb 250000
7000 , .

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CD-R (Compact Disk - Recordable)
, ,

CD-ROM

Photo CD
.
CD-RO

WORM

disk

(Write

Once,

Read

Many

disk)

.
. .
CD-RW (Compact Disk - ReWritable)
.
Erasable Optical Disk .
.
FLOPPY DISKETTE DRIVE (FDD)

FDD
. FDD
.
FDD 3.5" 5.25" . 5.25" FDD-
.
FLOPPY DISKETTE ( )

. 2, 4 .
3.5 5.25 , 3.5"- 1.44mb, 2.88mb, 5.25"-
360kb, 1.2Mb 4 .

3.5"

1.44

mb

HDD (Hard Disk Drive)

, ,
. "hard
drive" .
2 .
HD (Hard disk)
Hard Disk Drive HDD-
.

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.
, .
. : MS Word 16b
.
motherboard- IDE, EIDE, SCSI
. EIDE UltraDMA/66, UltraATA/66 66
bps

. Seagate, Quantum
Maxtor, Fujitsu, Samsung, Western Digital
. Seagate .
Zip drive
Zip drive ,
.

Iomega zip

. Zip
2 . 100 Mb-
100431872 70 .
250 Mb- , drive . Iomega zip

zip .
Zip :
1.

2.

3.
4. laptop PDA PalmPilot

5.
( .) .
Flash:
1.5.

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. display .
( )
. monitor .
display .
. 24
80 1920
. .

. laptop
.

resolution

.
- Monohrome display Adapter , 1970 .
- CGA (Color Graphics Adapter) 1981 ,
320 pixel, 200 pixel .
- EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter) 1984 , ,
640 350 pixel -.
- VGA (Video Graphics Array) 1987 640 x 480 pixel
16 , 320 x 200 pixel 256 .
- XGA (Extended Graphics Array) 1990 800 x 600 pixel
16,000,000 320 x 200 pixel 65,536
.
- SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array) 1993 . 14
16,000,000 800 600 pixel, 20 1280 x
1024 1600 x 1200 pixel .

.
12, 13, 15, 17,19 .

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(CRT- cathode ray

tube)

(flatpanel display) .

LED -
LCD- .
( )

.
dot- matrix , inkjet
laserjet
. ,
2 .

.
.
, , ,
. HP office Jet R80, HP
office Jet T65
. HP OfficeJet R80, Brother MFC8300, 8600 11-12
3-5 .
2 .
.
USB (Universal Serial Bus) .
4 :
-
, .
2

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- Resolution ( )
dpi (dots per inch)
.
150 dpi , 300 dpi
300 dpi
.
-
.
.
.
. 3-6 .
-
. 1Mb
. ,
.
HP Hewlett Packard, Epson, Xerox, Okidata
. : Epson Stylus Color 440, HP DeskJet 612C,
812C, HP LaserJet 5L, Xerox DocuPrint C11, Okidata Okipage 12I .
:
1.6 :

Modulator Demodulator v

v.
v
.
1960-

300 bps (bit per second) 1998 v

56Kbps . xDSL

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Voice modem ,Fax modem ,Error correction, Data compression, Flow
control,UART data buffering
software hardware 2 . ,
,
vv v Hardware v .
software v v v
v.
.

US

Robotics

3Com

Winmodem

v (Hardware error correction),

(Hardware compression) v v.

HSP (Host Signal Processing) 2 v

v v Pentium II 300Mhz -
.

Bell/CCITT/ITU-T

Standarts,

Data

Transfer

Protocols,Modulation

Protocols/V.standards
TCP/IP, SLIP/PPP protocols
v
, , Built-in , Onboard , PCMCIA

COM

IRQ

v v v
full-duplex v . v
v half-duplex v

ISDN modem ,xDSL modem ,Rack modem, Cable modem ,Palm modem,Null
modem
v 3com, Motorola Rockwell .

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:
2.

:

.

.

2.1 : ,
2 . 2.2.

(operating system)
.

. 1.
. 2.
, ,

3.

. 4.
.

. ,

.2.3.

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