NATURAL MEDICINES

TRADITIONAL USAGE
FRESH PLANT MATERIALS DIRECTLY CONSUMED (Lalapan) JUICES JAMU GENDONG INSTABLE VOLUMINOUS

Necessity of STOCK
DRIED PLANT MATERIALS INFUSION (DI GODOG) (DI REBUS) (DI SEDUH)

PRACTICAL USAGE
EXTRACTPURIFIED EXTRACT PHARMAGEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS

INCREASING EFFECTIVENESS
ACTIVE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS

INPRACTICAL VOLUMINOUS

HYGROSCOPIC INSOLUBLE

CONVENTIONAL DRUG

EXTRACT
CONCENTRED PREPARATION OBTAINED BY EXTRACTING ACTIVE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT FROM PLANT OR ANIMAL MATERIALS USING APPROPRIATE SOLVENT FOLLOWED BY EVAPORATION OF SOLVENT AND THE RESIDUAL MATERIAL ARE REEXTRACTED SO THAT THE COMBINED EXTRACT ACHIEVE REQUIRED STANDARD

STEPS OF EXTRACT PRODUCTION

1.

2.
3. 4. 5.

PREPARATION OF STARTING MATERIALS EXTRACTION SEPARATION OF MENSTRUM FROM RESIDUAL MATERIAL CONCENTRATION OF MENSTRUM DRYING PROCESS

PREPARATION OFOF STARTING MATERIALS DRYING PROCESS

LIVING PLANT PHOTOSYNTHESIS BIOSYNTHESIS NATURAL ENZYMATIC REACTION CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL STABILITY HARVESTED ORGAN DISCONTINOUS OF NUTRITIONAL SUPLY > 10% WATER CONTENT ENZYME STILL ACTIVE DRIED MATERIAL < 10% WATER CONTENT DENATURATION OF ENZYME INHIBITION OF MICROBES STABILITY OF ACT. CHEM.CONST. AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

DECOMPOSITION OF ACT. CHEM. CONST. AND MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION

PULVERIZATION BORDER PHASE DISTANCE (TEBAL LAPISAN BATAS) Required distaince of solvent penetration to achieve active chemical constituents in the cells of powder FINER IS THE POWDER SHORTER IS THE BORDER PHASE DISTANCE EASIER IS THE SOLVENT PENETRATION IN ACHIEVING ACTIVE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS MORE EFFECTIVE IS THE EXTRACTION PROCESS IN REALITY IT IS NOT ALWAYS THE CASE

SOME DISADVANTAGES OF TOO FINESS POWDER OF PLANT MATERIAL

1. EVAPORATION OF VOLATILE OIL DUE TO BROKEN CELLS In THE POWDER 2. INSOLUBLE BALLAST SUBSTANCES DISCHARGE THE MENSTRUM
WATER INSOLUBLE SUBSTANCES : LIPIDS CHLOROPHYL RESINS ETHANOL INSOLUBLE SUBSTANCES : CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS

3. VERY FINE INTERCELLULAR SPACE CAUSES CLOGGING IN PERCOLATION PROCESS 4. RHIZOMES AND SEEDS CONTAINING STARCH WILL GELATINIZE IN THE PRESENT OF WARM WATER => THE MIXTURE BECOME STICKY AND FORMS PORRIDGE

STEPS OF EXTRACTION
SOLVENT PENETRATION INTO CELLS Border phase distance Powder finess Hardness of cells Leaves, flowers, rhizomes Soft Woods, certain fruits Hard Solvent Biger is the percentage of OH group, stronger is the penetration capability of solvent Water > Glycerol > Methanol > Ethanol > Eter 2. DEVELOPMENT OF INTRA AND INTERCELLULAR SPACE 3. CONTACT BETWEEN SOLVENT AND ACTIVE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

STEP OF EXTRACTION (Continued)

4. DISSOLUTION OF ACTIVE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS Polarity of solvent and active chemical constituents Like and Dislike Solvent saturation Percolation (supply of new solvent) > Maceration Heating process Decrease viscosity of solvent Increase capability in dissolving active chemical constituents Stirring and shaking - Increase dissolution of active chemical constituents
5. DIFFUSION OF ACTIVE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS TO OUTSIDE CELLS Different concentration of solute in solvent between outside and inside cells Concentration equilibrium Percolation > Maceration Pressure Percolation (liquid flow of addition solvent) > Maceration Created by addition of pressure or vacum

SOLVENTS HEXANE Benzene, Toluene

DISSOLVED CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT GROUPS Terpenoids (volatile oil), Triterpenes, Steroids, Coumarins, Polymethoxy flavones, Lipid, Resin, Chlorophylls, Xanthophylls All above mentioned groups, Anthraquinones, Free alkaloids, Curcuminoids, Free phenols All above mentioned groups, Flavonoid aglycones, Phenolic acids All above mentioned groups, Flavonoid monoglycosides, Quasinoids, Other glycosides All above mentioned groups, Flavonoid diglycosides, Tannin,

CHLOROFORM Dichloromethane DIETHYL ETHER

ETHYL ACETATE Acetone ETHANOL And other alcohols HOT WATER

All above mentioned groups starting from those dissolved in diethyl ether, Alkaloid salts, Flavonoid polyglycosides, Mono- and Disaccharides, Amino acids and Proteins

STABILITY OF ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS Esters : Methyl salicylate

O C OCH3 OH

H3C

O C O

Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall Counter irritant Hydrolysis : Methanol and Salicylic acid Benzyl acetate Jasminum officinale L. Aromatherapy Hydrolysis : Benzyl alcohol and Acetic acid

Ethyl p-methoxy cinnamate OCH Kaempferia galanga L. Expectorant and Analgesic Hydrolysis : Etanol and O HC C C H OC H p -Methoxy cinnamic acid Linalyl acetate O Ocimum basilicum L. C CH Aromaterapi O Hydrolysis : Linalyl alcohol and Acetic acid
3 2 5
3

GLYCOSIDE
Apium graveolens L. Apigenin-7-O-apiosyl-glucoside Apiin Apigenin Polar Semi polar Water soluble Ethanol soluble
OH Apiosil-glukosil-O O HO O OH

OH

OH

POLYSACCHARIDES
Plantago major L. seeds Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk. leaves POLYSACCHARIDE MONO/DISACCHARIDE - Water soluble fiber - Glucose, galactose - Mucilage - Sucrose, lactose - Big molecule - Small molecule - Difficult to be absorbed - Easy to be absorbed - Facilitating defecation - Source of energy - Decrease appetite - Increase body weight - Slimmer

OXIDATION & POLYMERIZATION

Mono and sesqui terpene (component of volatile oils) oxydation Become darker polymerization Resin Insoluble Increase toxicity

ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT Azulene - Curcuma aeruginosa Chamazulene Matricaria chamomilla Unsaturated sesquiterpene Blackish blue color Decoloration by UV light Curcuminoid or Diarylheptanoid Indirect exposure of UV light Prohibited disinfection by radiation

HEATING FACTOR Volatile oils

- Terpenoid hydrocarbon with low boiling point evaporated, disappear - Sesquiterpene lacton - thermolabile

Poly unsaturated compounds

Carotenes - Curcuminoid - Poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
-

pH FACTOR
Inactivation of enzyme by boiling of Curcuma

rhizomes in water containing Calcium Bright brownish yellow

Big mistake
Disappearance of Volatile oil by water steam Decomposition of Curcumin to become ferulic acid

NECESSITY OF STANDARDIZATION
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS : - Active chemical constituents Dose influencing
therapeutic effect

- Ballast substances- carbohydrate, protein, lipid,

chlorophyll, resin, tannin - Saturation of extract Influence the solubility of active constituents - Influence absorption of active constituents

- Starting materials, extracts, and products must be standardized

PRODUCTION OF PURIFIED EXTRACT DELIPIDATION and FRACTIONATION SAPONIFICATION RESIN ELIMINATION DISTILLATION PRECIPITATION BY : - Different solvent polarities - Heavy metal Poly phenol reaction - Protein Tannin reaction - ALKALOID SEPARATION

DELIPIDATION AND FRACTIONATION

PLANT POWDER
PETROLEUM ETHER
RESIDUE NON POLAR SUBSTANCES RESIDUE Chloroform /Ether

PLANT POWDER
ETHANOL

EXTRACT ETHANOL Evaporation; + Hot Water SUSPENSION Ether: Ethyl acetate: Butanol DIFFERENT FRACTIONS

RESIDUE Ethanol EXTRACT ETHANOL

EXTRACT CHCl3 /ETHER

SAPONIFICATION
NON POLAR / LIPID EXTRACT KOH Solution

SOAP

WATER FRACTION

Ether
WATER FRACTION ETHER FRACTION (TRITERPENE STEROID CAROTENOID)

RESIN ELIMINATION
ETHANOLIC EXTRACT Petroleum ether /Hexane PE/Hexanic FRACTION INSOLUBLE FRACTION ETHANOLIC EXTRACT KOH ethanolic

PRECIPITATE (RESIN) PIPERINE

SOLUBLE FRACTION

CURCUMIN

DISTILLATION NON POLAR/ LIPID EXTRACT

+ WATER DISTILLATION

ESSENTIAL OIL

NON VOLATILE FRACTION