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ATOMIC NUCLEUS
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10

NUCLEON
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15

10

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Q/e = +1

NUCLEONS

Q/e = 0

proton

neutron

H=p
H = pn
3H = pnn
3
He = ppn
12
C = 6p 6n
2

LEPTONS

electron neutrino

(atomic nuclei)

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110 days
10100 days
100 dgn 10 yr
1010.000 yr
naturally radioactive
stable
> 10.000 yr

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Q/e = +2/3

QUARKS

Q/e = 1/3

up

down

p = uud
n = udd

3 colors

(nucleons)
LEPTONS

electron neutrino

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up

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LEPTONS

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electron neutrino

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muon

top

bottom

tau

Family 2

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+
ANTIQUARKS

neutrino

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+
ANTILEPTONS

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g
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gravitation

photon
electromagnetism

Z0

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3$4(5( -76 4+2+2/98: - { /21 - 8 a ; 7 /<$ '- == (1>8/9? -  0+<@A$ B = 4 {C>'3D+2/9:*E nx $/9?BF/9GH Ey >*8
08H - - I( 6 / 6"- + = (1>_| - | /2+2/<@
& x l\o y   /28 F1/28 = : C4   /28 F1/28  J 
xLK 11Uy
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xLK 1[_y
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>"3 S  X- $> -- ?7 -7- 6 1OI - (1 {e{/  0(108P45 >"3 : C =   x  K  -   y K 7 - = 0I (/28 >5>'P0/9+2+ $/9>*8Y |Z408U>_|10(  {U3N>*( ?B>* 4(/2P x (E{>*?U/28 8O+9@ @  y 8 0I
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Z8>*[ =7 /<$C/98 [[
{ /2P - $/2>'8 - $d{ @P4/9a>"3b0+24P4(>*8 [ @ = ]8 0I (/28 >* x 6 = 4P4 - $/9>*8k| - 1 {c>*8c1>*+ - (?U> { 0+2 y
 ( a>'0(d@ \>'3b84I $(1/28>* K E>'(d>'+ (80I$(/98>*d\>*1P0/2+9+ /2>*8 (]48 8 P0 {|E@
?-"=- = 1$-0( - 4P4 x dk( = y - 8N{e$&P4>*8 6 0(1/9>*8)>"3f- @ = 0 - P4I - +2+<@,>LP0P4I(/- 28 /f{ a- $&I 8 - K
J I>I
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d 8Et
@ OI41/2>*8(4? /98e>*8)G3N>*I 8N{ /2>*8e>'3  L 8@{ (G{ d)>C{0+ K E>*(/28 8P4'_>*85
3N>'I- 8N{F$ - b0(1 - (1- 8>'W?B>'(M$ - 8 1 - 3 - ?U/2+9/20f>'3 OI - (- -- 8N{B+9 = >*84_ - b+9 - b- 3 - ?B/9+2/90 7 /<$- 
& - ?U&1(IP^$I(1'_/ K  K /98e0108P4!? - 1+2480I$(/98>* K
[mb]
N= 2


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30
N= 3
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+ 6 /9/f| +2 {0P - @ ?U> {4 /28E>
N= 4
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3
-$>*8     e ^_ >*8Nr( {@ 6 /28 >"/21/35f|+9c {/U4/P O@)I ?B- ( >C {0_a03+9 N>*= ([
20
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10
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= >'/28E$ 7 /<$ 6 4(1@e? - +9+ 0(1(>*(1>  1 K


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7  - !/9 = (4P0/210+<@c$U8 - I(U>'3D  /9:*:*&?B4P  - 8/9? K  /<$/98  L - @8 { - G( { d)C> {0+ - +9>
1 6 0( - +OI0$/9>*8](10? - /28 >*8 ;$(1IP4I(,>"3 - {(1>*84_f$ - ]P - 8`8>"d| - 8 7 0(E{ 7 /9$ /28
= 0($IZ( | - / 6 ^ OI - 8EI? @0R+ {#$4>*(1@ K
5/98:&?B^$C> { 3N(>*? LI 8E$I? @4f+ {F$4>*(1@
>'8MP - 8U$NI {@!$ 1$(108:"- $\>'3$ P0>*I = +2/28 :
P4>*8 - 8E$d>'3 $ 6"- (/9>*Id/98E$0( - P4/2>*8 K E>'(
/981 - 8P4F3N>'(  L 2 $F/9:*4( >*(G{4(XE^@L8 [
? - M8 {/ - :*( - ?B4_ 1> 7 8)+9437_ +2 - {,$>FP4(048 [
screening
antiscreening
/98: - N8 { - 8E/ [ 1P0(1008 /28:B>'3 $ '_/28)/2P - 
P4>*+2>'(0_;P  - (:* K  - 8E/ [ 1P0(1008 /28: 7 /98
= g 2/4
-P4(N8  { $4 &3CN>'1(a(+ 08 (1:*:'0$(X{>'/23\ 8CP40/98O08@( {- P4{ 0/2>*P08(1 )/1280 [
3N>'( - ? - +2+90/( {- /2 - 8 P00 N>*- ( 6 / - -E>*I (/24( $( -- 8 [
3N>'(? Z/2:'0( ?U>*?U08E - 084(:*/90 8> 7 8 strong
3 5  f  7   hP9I9  7  K E>*(  G 2R$ 0P4>*N8 {
{ / - :*( - ? /2 - |108E - N8 { $eP0>'I = +2/98: P0>*8 [
electromagnetic
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weak
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Pp ", 3 7 ED 7  f1P +9 (>*I N8 {\ # WS  !_
9 h - - 3 \ e ! ? K
10 0 10 5 1010 1015 1020 E[GeV] / K  K {/2 - 8 P00>'3Y$ 5>'G( {4(>"
d 8E@# $4>*(^$/9P +$ $4? $ (|Z4/28:5I8N{ 0(1 48,$>G0?d| {; L 8@{ (G{ d)>C{0+/28U?B>'(
4+24- : - 8E#$4>*(/90M|- I - /2+9;3N>*(#= /28- - 8 P0 >*8 - /28 :*j- +2 @L?B?U4(1@R:'(>*I = /2- 8 >'- G( {4(e>  -76  >*8+<@
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#/28 P0>*( = >*( - $/9>*8`>"3:'( -76 /9@C/98C$#I 8/=@P - $/9>*8C/9 - 8 /2? = >'(1 - 8OG:*> - + K M0? = $\/98P0+9IN{
P4>*81/f{4( - /2>*8 >'3a?U>*(1e - 8 1 =- P0e {/2?U08 /2>'8 - B(1 OI/9(  { 3N>*(F^$/98: I =R- P0>*81/2$08E
0>'(1@#/98 7  /2P  =- (1/2P0+90 - (&8>U+2>*8:'0( = >*/28E/98e =- P4 [ $/2?U'@_ |I % > = 08H>*(P4+2>*1 {& M1(/98:*
?U> 6 /28: - +9>*8: - 7 >*(1f+ { [ 44/28$ - {)>'3 - 7 >*(1f+ {+9/28 K  /<$#$ G/98P0(1 - 1G>'3f$&480(1:'@HP - +2
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($/2P4+24 N?  - 14 C #5- 8C 5/98 $ ;P048E$0(!>'3? - 5$B?B>*?U08EI? /28


0(1?B&>'3W$F480(1:'@ E  H*K 2a40(?U/28 !$FP408E$4(G>'3 ? - &?U>*?B48E$I? /28c$4P - @
= (>LP0014
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6C8

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-a+2 > K 45(+ ;Z ;^ P7 - 4+20P48eI+ P- $'/9(  +90/98@F4(1:'@ $4- 8` +94?B3$>* ?U808E(I ? 8>'#3M(1/2:*;E$4 +208P^$(1(>*&8 - 88`#?]0I+9/2>*P08 /<@F$> 1 P - $+24P4IK*+ -) 8 [
 /2P - $6 > -'7 = +243 - 8  ' 84- >'3.$-  7  - #/28E$- 4( - P^$/2>'- 8MP - 8H+ = - + - /98,$ - + L$(4?B4+9@#1? - - +2+( - /2>
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+ =- 81/2>*8 /28  K5 > 7 $ - \$#I8 /9 - (/9@ P4>*8/<$/2>'8`3N>*(!76( - 8 $ /2(8 (1> 7 \>'3$
? - (/ ;P - 8 &( = (0108E$( - - $(1/ - 8:'+2a/98,$&P0>'? = +99  % = + - 8  K
L



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1 6 0( - + 7 - @L]$> = (>LP04' K a8;P - 8CP4>*8$(I P4F/28  6 0( - + 7 - @ N1 - (1/28:6( 7 /9 - 8
[
P4>*86:'I( - /2>*8G>*( - 1 [ P0>'86:*I( - $/9>*8& - 1 - $ 7 /9$5$ -'== (1> = (1/ - KOI - 8OI? 8LI ?>Z4( K 30(
/9? = >*1/28:]&(/2:'O@?U?U4$(@,3N>*(M53NI +2+ @$4? $/98,>'3 - +2+ =- (1>'3  7 -76 53NI8P^$/2>'8 _
P4>*+2>'(0_ = /28 - 8 H/21>* = /28& - + 7 - @L$& - ?B  -  7 /2+2+Z0?U0(1:* K
L



5!!+ =

2+ /9P0/9 7 -76 ]3NI8P^$/9>*8d>"3 = (>"$>*8 - 8 84I $(1>*8A>, 6"- +9I - $&$ !9 = 0P^ - /2>*8 6"- +9I
>"3M$U? - :*8^$/2PF?U>*?U08E!> = 4( - >*( K 5U$B9 = 4(/9?B48O - + = (>"$>*8 - 8`8 0I (>*8C? - :*8 4$/9P
?U>*?U08E$M> 40(?U/28  - 8>'81( - 8:'OI - (8#? - :*8^$/2Pd?B>*?U08E K
JI[



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) 8#/2M+ 0(P4/21  /2+9+Z/9+2+9I1( >
 &$>' - + - 8:*I + - 7 (M?U7 >*?U08E$I ? - `>"3 - 7 1@L- 10? - - 8= e$5? - - - OI - ('-  - 3N>*(+ - - (:* 6"- +9I7 0>'3
 K <  /2a+9 $>,$ ]>LP - +9+2(e4:*:*]( - 14P4$>'(/24d3N>*(a+ P0/9'  ; - 00_ 3N>'( 7 /2P  >*8 ] 3N>'I8H(0+ - $- /9>*8
  % U
7 /<$    % 0/98: - I 8/ 6 0( - ++9> = "_ 7 /2+9 %  = 48D>'8F L/98F>'3 ?U01>*8 = /2>*84_
(1> [ ?B4>*84_ ) [ ?U01>*80_ 4$P K K 5  > 7 /2G(4+ - /2>*8 K E>*(&$ /20_ ( - +2/324U - 53N>*(!+ - (:'  >*8
P - 8;I d10?U/ [ P0+ - /9P - + - (:*I ?B48O N+2!/ ' D>*K( OI - 8E$/!2 - /2>*8U/28 @.(1>*:*08 - $>'? K E>*( - +9/28 - (
= N+2>'/980 8E$( / - 0+*8 Z0^( :"7 @ 40808 +2//99:*E@  OI 7 - (8/9Oe]>*8 B P /98#- 8`0I10;8P4!? = /2P41+24I( B>'O3 I - 8( O(1>' - $/2$8 :) (14>#8  ?7 B/9$`> P0/28>*:87 - /<$8E 
- 6
 6 - 4+2>LP0/9@,>'3 +9/2:*E K %




 



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G = +9/2P0/<$+<@ 7 (/<$/28 :$ MI? /285$ 0 = [ /980+ - 1/2PWP0(>' 10P4/2>*8]3N>'(f4+20P^$(1>*8 [ = (>'>*8]P - 0(1/28:
8 G K1K [ :*/ 6 0

4
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 H
H


- 1I?U/28:! = (>  -  /2+9/9@\3N>*( 6 8/98:! -76 /90( OI - (8OM$>>1240(1> K ) 8,3 - P^D /91$(1/3I$/2>'8
(143N4(a$>#$ = (>'>*8 _ 
   
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/980+ - 1/2PP - 0(1/28: 7 dI/2>' = /98B@?U?U4$(@*_

  
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 P0I(1(48O Z 4P I  >*880( 6 8 +1 $
<  a9 = 0(/9?B48EMP - 87Z   >*83N>*(b$P  - (:'' 7  - U
+9 = >*8c$ - &P - 8 Z   4$4P4' K ) 8c$/9 7 - @ >*8FP - 8  40(?U/28 ]-$BOI - (   /2$(1-/3 I /2- >*8 d3- N>*(
1 =- ( - F - 6 >*( - 8 /91$/98:*I/9OI - ( O - 8 - 8E/OI - ( L K


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[ ?U0>'8P0>*8E - /28/98: - 8a- 8  8 [ I - ( ,(4 = 0P4/ 6 0+9@ K S / 6  8 - ?U0 - 8eP  - (:* [ - 1/2:'8?B48E$ K






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