Cu hi n tp thi: Cng Ngh Phn Mm

Cu 1 : Khi nim cng ngh phn mm, phn tch m hnh cng ngh phn mm? Tr li : * Khi nim cng ngh phn mm Phn mm (software): l mt tp hp cc cu lnh c vit bng mt hoc nhiu ngn ng lp trnh, nhm t ng thc hin mt s cc chc nng gii quyt mt bi ton no . Cng ngh (engineering): l cch s dng cc cng c, cc k thut trong cch gii quyt mt vn no . Cng ngh phn mm (software engineering): l vic p dng cc cng c, cc k thut mt cch h thng trong vic pht trin cc ng dng da trn my tnh. chnh l vic p dng cc quan im, cc tin trnh c k lut v lng ho c, c bi bn v h thng pht trin, vn hnh v bo tr phn mm. Theo quan im ca nhiu nh nghin cu, c th nhn cng ngh phn mm l mt m hnh c phn theo ba tng m tt c cc tng ny u nhm ti mc tiu cht lng, chi ph, thi hn pht trin phn mm. * Phn tch m hnh cng ngh phn mm
M hnh c phn theo ba tng ca cng ngh phn mm c m t nh sau: Cng c Phng php Quy trnh

y tng quy trnh (process) lin quan ti vn qun tr pht trin phn mm nh lp k hoch, qun tr cht lng, tin , chi ph, mua bn sn phm ph, cu hnh phn mm, qun tr s thay i, qun tr nhn s (trong mi trng lm vic nhm), vic chuyn giao, o to, ti liu; Tng phng php (methods) hay cch thc, cng ngh, k thut lm phn mm: lin quan n tt c cc cng on pht trin h thng nh nghin cu yu cu, thit k, lp trnh, kim th v bo tr. Phng php da trn nhng nguyn l c bn nht cho tt c cc lnh vc cng ngh k c cc hot ng m hnh ho v k thut m t. Tng cng c (tools) lin quan n vic cung cp cc phng tin h tr t ng hay bn t ng cho cc tng qu trnh v phng php (cng ngh). Qua s trn, ta thy r cng ngh phn mm l mt khi nim cp khng ch ti cc cng ngh v cng c phn mm m cn ti c cch thc phi hp cng ngh, phng php v cng c theo cc quy trnh nghim ngt lm ra sn phm c cht lng. K s phn mm (software engineer): l mt ngi bit cch p dng rng ri nhng kin thc v cch pht trin ng dng vo vic t chc pht trin mt cch c h thng cc ng dng. Cng vic ca ngi k s phn mm l: nh gi, la chn, s dng nhng cch tip cn c tnh h thng, chuyn bit, r rng trong vic pht trin, a vo ng dng, bo tr, v thay th phn mm. Do c im ngh nghip, ngi k s phn mm phi c nhng k nng c bn nh:

nh danh, nh gi, ci t, la chn mt phng php lun thch hp v cc cng c CASE. - Bit cch s dng cc mu phn mm (prototyping). - Bit cch la chn ngn ng, phn cng, phn mm. - Qun l cu hnh, lp s v kim sot vic pht trin ca cc tin trnh. - La chn ngn ng my tnh v pht trin chng trnh my tnh. - nh gi v quyt nh khi no loi b v nng cp cc ng dng. Mc tiu ca k s phn mm l sn xut ra cc sn phm c cht lng cao v ph hp vi cc quy trnh pht trin chun mc. Vic pht trin (development): c bt u t khi quyt nh pht trin sn phm phn mm v kt thc khi sn phm phn mm c chuyn giao cho ngi s dng. Vic s dng (operations): l vic x l, vn hnh hng ngy sn phm phn mm Vic bo tr (maintenance): thc hin nhng thay i mang tnh logic i vi h thng v chng trnh cha nhng li c nh, cung cp nhng thay i v cng vic, hoc lm cho phn mm c hiu qu hn. Vic loi b (retirement): thng l vic thay th cc ng dng hin thi bi cc ng dng mi. Cu 2 : Trnh by cc tiu chun ca CNPM? Tr li : nh gi c sn phm ca mt nn cng ngh l tt hay xu, chng ta phi nghin cu a ra c nhng tiu chun nh gi chng. Cht lng ca sn phm phn mm bao gm nhiu yu t da trn cc tiu chun c tng kt. - Tnh ng : Mt sn phm thc hin c gi l ng nu n thc hin chnh xc nhng chc nng c t v tha mn cc mc ch cng vic ca khch hng. Nh vy, mt sn phm phi c so snh chun t ra kim tra tnh ng v iu ny dn n c nhiu bc thang v tnh ng. Lit k theo thang gim dn, tnh ng ca phn mm c th: + Tuyt i ng, + ng , + C li, + C nhiu li,... V d: Mt h thng x l d liu khng chy c khi file c s d liu rng hoc c qu 104 bng ghi,...l nhng h thng vi phm tnh ng. - Tnh khoa hc: Tnh khoa hc ca phn mm c th hin qua cc mt + Khoa hc v cu trc. + Khoa hc v ni dung. + Khoa hc v hnh thc thao tc. - Tnh tin cy: Tnh tin cy ca sn phm phn mm th hin sn phm c trng ch thc hin cc chc nng d kin ca n vi chnh xc c yu cu.

- Tnh kim th c: Phn mm c th kim th c l phn mm m n c cch d dng c th kim tra c. m bo rng n thc hin ng cc chc nng d nh. - Tnh hu hiu: Tnh hu hiu ca phn mm c xc nh qua cc tiu chun sau: + Hiu qu kinh t hoc ngha; gi tr thu c do p dng sn phm . + Tc x l sn phm. + Gii hn ti a ca sn phm hoc min xc nh ca chng trnh c xc nh qua khi lng ti a ca cc i tng m sn phm qun l. - Tnh sng to : Mt sn phm phn mm c tnh sng to khi n tho mn mt trong cc tnh cht sau: + Sn phm c thit k v ci t u tin. + Sn phm c phc v cho nhng c th ring. + Sn phm c nhng c im khc v mt nguyn l so vi cc sn phm hin hnh. + Sn phm c nhng u th ni bc so vi sn phm hin hnh. - Tnh an ton: Tnh an ton ca sn phm phn mm c nh gi thng qua: + C c ch bo mt v bo v cc i tng do h thng pht sinh hoc qun l. + Bn thn sn phm c t trong mt c ch bo mt nhm chng sao chp trm hoc lm bin dng sn phm . - Tnh ton vn: Sn phm phn mm c tnh ton vn khi n: + C c ch ngn nga vic thm nhp bt hp php vo phn mm hay d liu v ngn nga vic pht sinh ra nhng i tng (d liu, n th...) sai quy cch hoc mu thun vi cc i tng sn c. + Khng gy ra nhp nhng trong thao tc. m bo nht qun v c php. + C c ch phc hi li ton b hoc mt phn nhng i tng thuc ton b hoc mt phn nhng i tng thuc din qun l ca sn phm trong trng hp c s c nh hng my, mt in t ngt. - Tnh i xng v y chc nng: Sn phm cung cp cc chc nng cho ngi s dng v cc chc nng ca sn phm c cc cp loi tr ln nhau, v d cc chc nng i xng thng gp: + To lp - Hy b, + Thm - Bt (xem - xa), + Tng - Gim, + Dch chuyn ln - xung; phi - tri, + Quay xui - ngc chiu kim ng h,...

- Tnh tiu chun v tnh chun: Sn phm phn mm cn t c mt s tiu chun ti thiu c tha nhn trong th trng hoc trong khoa hc, v c th chuyn i dng cu trc d liu ring ca h thng sang chun v ngc li. Tnh chun ca phn mm th hin sn phm ph hp vi cc chun quc gia hoc quc t. Trong khi xy dng phn mm, cn tun theo nguyn tc chun ho sau: + Ch thit k v xy dng phn mm sau khi xc nh c chun. + Mi thnh phn ca phn mm phi c thit k v ci t theo cng mt chun (ti tiu th cc chun phi tng thch nhau). - Tnh c lp: Phn mm cn v nn m bo c tnh c lp vi cc i tng sau: + c lp vi thit b, + c lp vi cu trc ca i tng m sn phm qun l, + c lp vi ni dung ca i tng m sn phm qun l. - Tnh d pht trin, hon thin: Th hin phn mm c th m rng cho cc phng n khc hoc m rng, tng cng v mt chc nng mt cch r rng. - Mt s tnh cht khc : Ngoi cc tnh cht trn, tu theo cng dng m sn phm phn mm cn phi c b sung cc tnh cht sau: + Tnh ph dng: c th p dng cho nhiu lnh vc theo nhiu ch lm vic khc nhau. + Tnh n gin: mang nhng yu t tm l: d thao tc, d hc, d hon thin k nng khai thc sn phm, trong sng, d hiu, d nh... + Tnh lin tc: l tnh cht cn c c th gn h thng ny vi h thng khc. + Tnh sc tch: l gn ca chng trnh tnh theo s m dng lnh. + Tnh dung th sai lm: tc l nhng hng hc xut hin khi chng trnh gp phi li c chp nhn. + Tnh module: l s c lp chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong chng trnh. + Tnh y h s: h thng phi c y h s php l khi xy dng. + Tnh theo di c, tnh d vn hnh,...

Cu 3 : Trnh by cc hot ng chun b cho d n phn mm? Tr li : Cc hot ng chun b cho d n phn mm l :
La chn phng n pht trin h thng l mt quyt nh h trng. S la chn phng n cho mt d n phn mm c trnh by nh sau: Tham bin h thng c cp pht Cch tip cn khc Phng n 3

Phng n 1

Phng n 2

Phng n n

nh gi cc phng n + Chn tiu chun nh gi: hiu nng, hiu qu, chi ph vng i + p dng cc cng ngh phn tch + Sinh d liu + Kt qu nh gi + Phn tch nhy cm + Xc nh ri ro v khng chc chn

Chn phng n khc Khng

Cch tip cn c chn

Cch tip cn c kh thi khng

nh ngha v tng hp h thng Trc khi lp k hoch d n, cn phi thit lp cc mc tiu v phm vi ca d n. Ngi qun tr d n v k s phn mm ln k hoch iu khin d n, ng k i ng nhn vin lm nhim v sau tin hnh la chn gii php, phng n. Nu khng c nhng thng tin ny th khng th xc nh c nhng c lc hp l v chnh xc v chi ph, khng th tin hnh chia nh cc nhim v thc t v khng th xc nh c thi gian biu cho d n. Khi cc mc tiu v phm vi c hiu r th xem xt ti cc gii php khc, nhng rng buc khc nh: hn giao hng, kh nng nhn s, rng buc ngn sch, giao din k thut,.... la chn phng n pht trin h thng.

Cu 4 : Lit k cc sn phm trong h s CNPM?

Tr li : H s Cng Ngh Phn Mm bao gm cc thnh phn lit k sau: tuy nhin theo yu cu qun l v bn quyn ca tc gi phn mm c th b bt hay b sung thm mt s thnh phn khi cn thit:
a. b. 1. c t h thng. 2. K hoch d n phn mm. c t yu cu phn mm. Bn mu thc hin c hay "trn giy". 3. Ti liu ngi dng s b 4. c t thit k. a. M t thit k d liu. b. M t thit k kin trc. c. M t thit k module. d. M t thit k giao din. e. M t s vt (nu k thut hng s vt c dng). 5. Bn in chng trnh gc. Chng trnh ngun. Bn in chng trnh ngun (listing). Bn m t thut ton tng ng vi chng trnh ngun. K hoch v th tc kim th. Cc trng hp kim th v kt qu ghi li. 6. Ti liu vn hnh v ci t. Bn lit k cc li v cch x l. Bn lit k cc thng s c trng ca h thng. 7. Chng trnh thc hin c. Cc module m - thc hin c. Cc module mc ni. Chng trnh ch lu tr trn vt mang tin. 8. M t c s d liu. S v cu trc tp. Ni dung ban u. 9. Ti liu ngi s dng xy dng. Bn hng dn s dng chi tit. Bn tm tt hng dn s dng. Cc chng trnh tr gip c lin quan. 10. Ti liu bo tr. Bo co vn phn mm. Yu cu bo tr. Trnh t thay i k ngh. 11. Cc chun v th tc cho k thut phn mm . 12. Cc t liu khc: hp ng, phin bn, ti liu php l,...

a. b. c. d. e. a. b. a. b. c. a. b. a. b. c. a. b. c.

Cu 5 : Trnh by cc bc ca qu trnh phn tch v thit k PM? Tr li : * Cc bc ca qu trnh phn tch phn mm :
- Tm hiu, xc nh yu cu + Kho st, tm hiu yu cu : Nhim v ca giai on ny l xy dng c cc h s m t chi tit v cc yu cu, nhim v, chc nng ca h thng d kin.

+ nh gi cc yu cu : nh gi cc yu cu phn mm lin quan vi vic cho bit cc yu cu thc s nh ngha h thng p ng i hi ca khch hng. Nu vic nh gi ny

khng chnh xc, cc li trong phn yu cu s truyn ti thit k h thng v trin khai h thng. Chi ph sa cha li s rt ln. S thay i v yu cu ng rng vic thit k v trin khai cng phi thay i theo. Mt s kha cnh ca yu cu cn phi kim chng:
- Phn tch yu cu : Nghin cu k cc yu cu ca ngi s dng v ca h thng phn mm xy dng cc c t v h thng l cn thit, n s xc nh hnh vi ca h thng. Nhim v ca giai an ny l phi tr li c cc cu hi sau: u vo ca h thng l g Nhng qu trnh cn x l trong h thng, hay h thng phn mm s phi x l nhng ci g. u ra: kt qu x l ca h thng l g Nhng rng buc trong h thng, ch yu l mi quan h gia u vo v u ra nh th no. - c t yu cu Khi xc nh r bi ton th bc tip theo l tm hiu xem h thng d kin s yu cu lm ci g. iu quan trng y l phi xy dng c danh sch cc yu cu ca ngi s dng. Da trn nhng yu cu ca ngi s dng, ngi pht trin a ra cc c t cho h thng. Ngi xy dng h thng phi tr li c cc yu cu sau y: u ra ca h thng l ci g H thng s phi lm ci g c kt qu mong mun, ngha l phi x l nhng ci g Nhng ti nguyn m h thng yu cu l g

- T liu ha yu cu Phn mm : Cc yu cu h thng c trnh by trong ti liu cc yu cu phn mm cho bit nhng th cn b pht trin h thng cn bit. Ti liu ny bao gm cc nh ngha v yu cu v cc c t v cc yu cu. Trong mt s trng hp, chng khng c trnh by ring bit m c tch hp lm mt. i khi, nh ngha yu cu c trnh by nh l mt gii thiu ti c t yu cu. Cch tip cn hiu qu nht l trnh by cc c t chi tit nh l ph lc ca yu cu.
- c tnh d liu v cc k thut thu thp d liu + c tnh d liu Mt ng dng thnh cng l mt ng dng p ng c y cc yu cu ca ngi s dng. Trong qu trnh xc nh yu cu, cc d liu thu c ca bi ton cha mt s tnh cht m ta gi l c tnh d liu nh:

Tnh nh hng thi gian, Tnh cu trc, Tnh y , Nhp nhng, Ng ngha, ln ca d liu,...

+ Cc k thut thu thp d liu cho ng dng Do mi giai on pht trin h thng u i hi c s trao i gia nh pht trin v ngi dng nhn c thng tin c ch. Mi giai on cn tm kim mt di rng cc cu hi v ng dng. Khi phn tch tnh kh thi, cc cu hi tng i rng v tng qut nh: u l phm vi ca vn , cch tt nht t ng ho l g, cng ty c c gng pht trin ng dng ny khng, cng ty c th h tr vic pht trin ng dng khng?...th khi phn tch yu cu chng ta tm hiu cc thng tin lin quan ng dng

l g, nh: cc d liu cn thit l g, cc x l no c tin hnh v cc thng tin chi tit lin quan?... Nh vy, lm th no chng ta thu thp y cc thng tin phc v cho pht trin ng dng?

* Cc bc ca qu trnh Thit k phn mm : - Thit k phn mm l thit k cu hnh phn cng v cu trc phn mm (gm c chc nng v d liu) c c h thng tha mn cc yu cu ra - C th xem nh Thit k cu trc (WHAT), ch khng phi l Thit k Logic (HOW) - Quy trnh thit k h thng Phn chia m hnh phn tch ra cc h con Tm ra s tng tranh trong h thng Phn b cc h con cho cc b x l hoc cc nhim v (tasks) Pht trin thit k giao din Chn chin lc ci t qun tr d liu Tm ra ngun ti nguyn chung v c ch iu khin truy nhp chng Thit k c ch iu khin thch hp cho h thng, k c qun l nhim v Xem xt cc iu kin bin c x l nh th no Xt duyt v xem xt cc tha hip (trade-offs) - Thit k h thng Thit k h thng Thit k h thng phn cng Thit k h thng phn mm Thit k h thng phn mm Thit k tp Thit k chc nng h thng Tuy nhin, cc hot ng trn trong phn tch v thit k c nhng khc bit c bn, chng c ch ra bng sau: Hot ng Phn tch Tm cc th yu trong ng dng . Ni dung ny khng gii hn bao gm cc thc th, cc i tng, cc quan h, cc hm chc nng, cc rng buc, cc phn t d liu, cc trnh iu khin, cc yu cu chun ho,... Xc nh cc chi tit chc nng ca nhng g c nh danh. Ngi s dng cung cp cc khi nim cho cc nh ngha v m t c cc th tc, cng thc v tin trnh. Vic xem xt t m ny ph thuc vo phn cng, phn mm hay vng lm vic Thit k Lm tinh h thng khi nim v cung cp n cho cc yu cu chc nng. nh danh cc tho hip ca cc yu cu no m c th cn thit lm vic trong gii hn ca mi trng ci t. Xc nh cc chun chung v cc quy nh cho mi trng ci t sao cho tt c cc cng vic cn li phi tn trng. i vi mi hm chc nng, tham chiu chng ti mi trng phn cng v phn mm. nh danh cc module c th s dng li. c kt chi tit cc thng bo tin trnh v cc module truyn thng ngoi.

nh danh

Suy din

Tng hp

M rng khung nhn ng dng thng nht. M rng v lp ti liu biu din ng dng. th, bng biu, v cc k thut khc hay c s dng biu din.

M rng s tham chiu thng nht ca ng dng ti mi trng phn cng v phn mm. Xc nh biu v ng gi nh v cho tt c d liu v cc tin trnh. th, bng biu, v cc k thut khc hay c s dng biu din.

Phn tch Xem xt li qua ton b vic phn tch vi cc thnh vin d n v ngi s dng. Xem xt li Xem xt li thi biu v gi c cn thit.

Hot ng

Ti liu

Thit k Xem xt qua ton b cc thnh phn thit k, s kim tra, s thay i v thit k c s d liu vi cc thnh vin d n, cc c im chng trnh vi cc lp trnh vin, cc thao tc hin th vi ngi s dng. Xem xt li thi biu v gi c cn thit. c kt cc form v c kt cc form v th, th, cung cp vn bn ti liu cung cp vn bn ti liu cho tt c cho tt c cc hot ng phn cc hot ng thit k. tch.

Cu 6: Trnh by k hoch m bo cht lng phn mm? phn tch cc li thng gp PM? Cu 7 : K tn phng php kim th phn mm? phn tch Cu 8 : Nu cc cng vic cn bo tr phn mm? lit k mt s hnh thc bo tr phn mm? phn tch cc hnh thc ? Cu 9 : Trnh by cc nguyn tc CNPM, phn tch cc nguyn tc trn? Cu 10 : Trnh by m hnh pht trin phn mm FPT, m hnh thc nc, m hnh tin ha/ mu th, m hnh xon c. Cu 11: K tn, phn tch cc hot ng subteam,cc yu t nh hng n cc hot ng Subteam.