PH.D Thesis

THESIS TITLE:
Integrated nutrient management for growth, yield

and quality of Capsicum (Capsicum annuum var.
grossum).
TREATMENTS:-
T1 = Control
T2 = Blanket recommendation (Farmer’s practice)
T3 = Soil test based inorganic dose
T4 = Only bio-fertiliser
T5 = T3 + F.Y.M (10 t/ha)
T6 = T3 + Vermicompost (5t/ha)
T7 = T3 + FYM (5t/ha) + Vermicompost (2.5t/ha)
T8 = 75% soiltest based dose + B.F (6 kg/h) + FYM + Vermicompost
T9 = 100 % soiltest based dose + B.F (6 Kg/h) + FYM + Vermicompost
N.B.- (AZO + AZS + PSB)

(2 Kg: 2Kg: 2 Kg) in (1:1:1)
DESIGN ALLOTED:- Randomized Block Design
LAY OUT OF PLOTS: -

(4.2m)
2 3
1
(3.6m)
4 5 6
7 8
9
No. of plots = 09
Plot size = 4.2 × 3.6 m2
Total no. of plants = 56× 9 = 504 plants
For 3 replications = 504 × 3 =1512 plants

Necmettin CEYLAN1, İbrahim ÇİFTÇİ1, Faruk ILDIZ2 and Ali SÖĞÜT²
Ankara University, Department of Animal Science-Ankara
Turkish Atomic Energy Authority Ankara Nuclear Research Center in Agriculture and Animal Sciences-Ankara
In this research, effects of enzyme, growth promoter, probiotic and mixture of organic acids on performance
and gut microflora have been examined in 240 day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks. In the experiment, 8
treatments made by supplementation of 3 different additives (Control without additive, growth promoter,
probiotic and organic acids and 2 different enzyme levels (0 and 0.1 %) in corn-soy based broiler diets have
been examined in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement. Live weight, weight gain , feed consumption, hot carcass
yield, mortality and ileal viscosity values has not been significantly affected by dietary treatments through the
experiment. However, feed conversion ratio was significantly affected by supplementation of enzyme in 0-6
weeks period. Feed conversion results are as follow; 1.898 and 1.845 for the groups without enzyme and with
enzyme. Gut microorganism numbers determined 6th weeks of age by counting number of aerobic bacteria.
total yeast and coliform were found significant (P<0.01) among the groups. The groups received organic acid
and arganic acid plus enzyme had lower microorganism numbers than the others (P<0.01) Interaction
between type of additives and levels of enzyme was also significant (P<0.01) regarding with microorganism
numbers. It could be concluded that enzyme supplementation has improved performance of broilers and also
organic acid and organic acid plus enzyme supplementation has decreased the undesired microorganism in
the gut while the other treatments had no beneficial efffect in comparison to negative control.
Key Words : enzyme , growth promoter, probiotic, organic acid, broiler performance, gut microflora
top
2003, 9 (3) 327-333

Determination of Landscape Planning Criteria of Commander-in-Chief Historical National Park's
Kocatepe Section (Turkish)
Aslı SAKAL1 and Nevin AKPINAR2

Ministy of Agriculture and Rural Affairs General Directorate of Agricultural Production and Development-Ankara
Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Architecture
In this study, the research area is the Kocatepe Section of Commander-in-Chief Historical National Park which
has two parts and is situated in Afyon, Kütahya and Uşak provinces. Natural characteristics such as the
location, water and soil resources, geological structure and cultural characteristics such as socio-economic
structure, population and historical characteristics have been evaluated and landscape planning criteria were
determined. Also the protection, using and familiarization features of the national park's section had been
analysed. Depending on the zonning system that used in the USA Valley Forge National Historical Park and
according to the landscape planning criteria, various zone studies are realised in the Kocatepe Section of
Commander-in-Chief Historical National Park. As a result, The research area was classified as Natural Zone,
Historical Zone, Park Development Zone and Special Use Zone. According to the charecteristics of these
zones, some recommendation for protection, using and familiarization were proposed.
Key Words: national park, Kocatepe Section of Commander-in-Chief Historical National Park, landscape
planning criteria
top
2003, 9 (3) 334-339

Effect of Zinc Application on Growth and Nutrient Contents of Corn Grown in Soils with Different
Characters (Turkish)
İbrahim ERDAL1, M. Ali TURAN2 and Süleyman TABAN3

Süleyman Demirel University, Department of Soil Science-Isparta
Uludağ University, Department of Soil Science -Bursa
Ankara University, Department of Soil Science-Ankara
This study was conducted to determine the effect of different levels of zinc on corn plant growth and plan
nutrient content. For this, 0, 5, 10 and 20 ppm Zn as Zn-EDTA applied to the soil. According to the result
obtained, plant dry matter and Zn content increased but the others decreased generally for all soils.
Key Words: soil properties, zinc, maize, nutrient

Bell paper(Capsicum annuum var. grossum)
Hungarian Wax, California Wonder and Early Calwonder are the promising varieties.
Plant the crop during September-October at a spacing of 60 x 30 cm. The seed rate
is 400-600 g/ha. Raising of seedlings, transplanting, irrigation etc. are same as in
chilli. FYM at the rate of 25 t/ha and N:P2O5:K2O @ 150:75:50 kg/ha are to be
given. The average yield is 12-15 t/ha.
Yield and fruit quality response of sweet pepper to organic

and mineral fertilization
Abstract
Sweet pepper plants were grown in a greenhouse under three different cultivation methods
(organic, integrated and conventional farming). During the crop cycle, plant growth and especially
yield and fruit quality parameters were monitored to determine the effects of the different
fertilization strategies. Plant fresh weight and total leaf fresh weight were progressively reduced,
relative to the other treatments, in the organic treatment compared with the conventional, and at
the end of the crop cycle these parameters were reduced by 32.6 and 35% respectively. This
reduction in growth was directly correlated with plant nitrate concentration and, at the end of the
study, nitrate concentration was reduced almost completely in the organic treatment. Despite the
important effect on growth, no significant differences in total marketable yield were observed
between conventional and organic farming, although integrated farming showed the highest yield in
the extra and first class fruit categories. Organic farming increased antioxidant activity but reduced
both chlorophylls and β-carotene. Fruit firmness, pericarp thickness, pH and total soluble solids
content showed higher values with the organic method, but these differences were not significant
with respect to the conventional method. Our results show the advantages of the organic
fertilization, from both environmental and economic perspectives, if proper dosage is added to the
crop and the demonstrated buffer capacity of these plants, with respect to maintaining yield under
nutrient depletion at later stages of development, is taken into account
Software Available
Cucurbit Breeding Project
We have published articles describing software that may help in some research areas.
Rather than sending a self-addressed, stamped envelope with a disk to obtain the free
software, you may prefer to open the text files below and save them into your favorite
word processing program. The files can then be modified to fit your data, and run using
SAS.
The programs are written for SAS, and are compatible with any computer system that can
run SAS (Mac OS, MS-DOS, MS-Windows, OS/2, UNIX, MVS, CMS, VSE, and
OpenVMS).
• SASGene 1.2 (updated 3 March 1999)

o SASGene is a SAS computer program for gene segregation and linkage
analysis
 Consists of 3 files written in the SAS macro language and one file
with an example
 Requires SAS version 6 or higher
 Does single gene goodness-of-fit testing, and analysis of gene
linkage relationships
 Calculates Chi-square, probability value and two-locus-combined
phase for all gene pairs in segregation for the F2, BC1P1 and BC1P2
generations
o SASGene developers
 Jinsheng S. Liu (Visiting Scientist (China), Horticultural Science)
 Todd C. Wehner (Professor, Horticultural Science)
 Sandy B. Donaghy (SAS Consultant, Statistics)
o Text versions of the SASGene files (SASGene 1.2 is the same as 1.1, except
that linkage.sas was modified to correct a typographic error in the formula for
calculating the SE for the F2 in coupling phase)
 ReadMe File
 Startup SAS
 Convert SAS
 SGene SAS
 Linkage SAS
 Example Data
o Reference: Liu, J. S., T. C. Wehner, and S. B. Donaghy. 1997. SASGene: A
SAS computer program for genetic analysis of gene segregation and
linkage. J. Hered. 88: 253-254.
• PathSAS 1.0 (updated 16 Jan 1998)
o PathSAS is a SAS computer program for path analysis
with an example; also includes the Jackboot program
o PathSAS developers
 Christopher S. Cramer (Graduate Research Assistant, Horticultural
Science)
o Corrections needed for SAS 8 and later
 Change the variable name, intercep, to intercept. In the old version of
SAS, variable names could only be 8 characters and SAS used the
name intercep when it output datasets from PROC REG. In version 8,
they changed the name of the variable to intercept since 9 characters
are permitted.
o Text versions of the PathSAS files
 ReadMe File
 Startup SAS
 PathSAS SAS
 Jackboot SAS
 Example Data
o Reference: Cramer, C. S., T. C. Wehner, and S. B. Donaghy. 1999.
PATHSAS: a SAS computer program for path coefficient analysis of
quantitative data. J. Hered. 90: 260-262.
• SASQuant 1.3 (updated 12 August 2008)
o SASQuant is a SAS computer program for analysis of quantitative genetic
data
with an example
 Does quantitative genetic analysis of phenotypic data for populations
(families) consisting of 6 generations (parents, F1, F2, BC1 to each
parent)
 Estimates genetic effects (Wright, Hayman mean separation
analysis), generation variances, heritabilities, gain from selection, and
number of effective factors
o SASQuant developers
 Gabriele Gusmini (Graduate Assistant (Italy), Horticultural Science)
o Files for the SASQuant files
 Dist SAS
 Estim SAS
 Example Data
o Reference: Gusmini, G., T. C. Wehner, and S. B. Donaghy. 2007.
SASQuant: A SAS software program to estimate genetic effects and
heritabilities of quantitative traits in populations consisting of 6 related
generations. J. Hered. 98: 345-350.
Effect of organic manures and integrated nutrient

management on yield potential of bell pepper (Capsicum
annuum) varieties and on soil properties
Authors: Gopinath K. Appireddy a; Supradip Saha a; Banshi L. Mina a; Samaresh
Kundu a; Govindan Selvakumar a; Hari S. Gupta a
Affiliation: a Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture (Indian Council of Agricultural
Research), Almora, India
DOI: 10.1080/03650340701836808
Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year
Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English)
Previously published as: Archivfür Acker und Pflanzenbau und Bodenkunde (0365-
0340) until 1991
Article Requests:
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2005 and 2006 at Almora
(Indian Himalayas) to evaluate the comparative performance of five varieties of bell
pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and changes in soil properties under organic and
integrated nutrient management (INM) systems. The number of fruits plant-1 and fruit
yield was significantly higher under INM compared with organic nutrient supply. The
yield reduction in the latter was 22.1% in 2005 and 21.7% in 2006 compared with INM.
Among the bell pepper varieties, 'US Agri 181' produced significantly higher fruit yield
(25.42 mg ha-1 in 2005 and 28.82 mg ha-1 in 2006) compared with other varieties. The soil
pH, organic carbon, and microbial activities in terms of urease, dehydrogenase and
alkaline phosphatase were higher in the plots treated with organic manures alone
compared to INM. The latter, however, recorded higher N, P, and K contents in soil. The
gross margin and benefit:cost (B:C) ratio were higher under INM compared with organic
nutrient supply. 'US Agri 181' gave the highest net returns followed by 'Aishwarya' and
'California Wonder'. However, the latter recorded the highest B:C ratio (9.2) compared
with other varieties. We conclude that at least 25-50% price premium for organic bell
pepper may be required to offset the higher cost of cultivation and low yields under
organic production system. Among the bell pepper varieties, 'US Agri 181' was the best
variety as it yielded highest followed by 'Aishwarya'.
Keywords: bell pepper; varieties; organic manures; integrated nutrient management; soil
enzymes; fruit yield
Title of Thesis : Effect of various cultural practices including weed control under
different fertility levels on fruit yield and quality of bell
5. Abstract of Thesis :
The investigations entitled “Effect of various cultural practices including weed

control under different fertility levels on fruit yield and quality in bell pepper (Capsicum
annuum L.) were carried out at Vegetable Research Farm of the University during 1986
and 1987. Two set of experiments were laid. In the first experiment treatments
comprised of four weed management practices, three row spacings and four fertility
levels, keeping weed management practices in main plots, row spacings in sub plots and
fertility levels in sub plots in split split plot replicated thrice. In experiment second the
trial was laid out under randomized block design in three replications with fifteen
treatments viz. 1) Fluchloralin 1.00 kg/ha 2) Fluchloralin 1.50 kg/ha 3) Pendimethalin
1.00 kg/ha 4) Pendimethalin 1.5 kg/ha 5) Oxyfluorfen 0.15 kg/ha 6) Oxyfluorfen 0.20
kg/ha 7) Fluchloralin + Pendimethalin 1.00 + 1.00 kg/ha 8) Fluchloralin + Oxyfluorfen
1.00 + 0.15 kg/ha 9) Pendimethalin + Oxyfluorfen 1.00 + 0.15 kg/ha 10) Fluchloralin +
Pendimethalin + Oxyfluorfen 1.00 + 1.00 + 0.15 kg/ha 11) Fluchloralin 1.00 kg/ha + 30
DAT 12) Pendimethalin 1.00 kg/ha + 30 DAT 13) Oxyfluorfen 0.15 kg/ha + 30 DAT 14)
Hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAT 15) and weedy check.
The results revealed that there was a significant reduction in the density of monocot,
dicot and sedges weed species as well as fresh and dry weidths with the decrease in row
spacing at all the stages of crop growth during both the years. Application of 150 kg N,
120 kg P2O5 and 75 kg K2O at 30 cm row spacing resulted in longer duration of
marketable fruits, more number of fruits per plant and maximum yield of quality fruits.
It was also observed that days to first and last pickings of marketable green fruits,
number of fruits per plant, duration of marketable fruits, size, early and total fruit yield
were favoured by chemical weed control and two hand weedings over weedy check. Pre-
plant application of pendimethalin at 1.00 kg/ha + oxyfluorfen at 0.15 kg/ha or
fluchloralin at 1.00 kg/ha + pendimethalin at 1.00 kg/ha + oxyfluorfen at 0.15 kg/ha gave
higher fruit yield and high net returns.
Capsicum annuum
Name results from northern latitude growers treating this species as an "annual"
growing plant, (even thought the plant is a perennial). It has two non-pungent (non-
hot) forms; the Bell, and the Wax and the Pimento peppers, as well as the hot form;
the Jalapeno and the NuMex, that are present throughout much of the world.
Evidence suggests that Capsicum annuum originally appeared in northern Latin
America. They are believed to have been grown domestically in the Mexico area from
around 2,500 B.C. As a result of the travels of Christopher Columbus, Capsicum
annuum seeds were taken from the area and planted back in the then colonies of
Spain and Portugal. Pronounced 'ANN-you-um'.
Botany
Flowers solitary at each node (occasionally fasciculate). Pedicels usually declining at
anthesis. Corolla milky white (occasionally purple), without diffuse spots at base of
lobes; corolla lobes usually straight. Calyx of mature fruit without annular
constriction at junction with pedicel (though sometimes irregularly wrinkled); veins
often prolonged into short teeth. Fruit flesh usually firm (soft in certain cultivars).
Seeds straw-coloured. Chromosome number 2n=24, with two pairs of acrocentric
chromosomes, e.g. Hungarian Wax, commercial bell peppers.
School of Horticulture
Events
Pest Management Lab
Botany Lab
Scientific Name: Capsicum annuum var. annuum Grossum Group
Common Name: sweet bell pepper
Family Name: Solanaceae
Plant Type: Greenhouse produce plant
Key ID Features: -
Kwantlen Plant ID Course(s): HORT 1246
Habit: Upright
Origin: South America
Form: Climbing
Texture: Medium – coarse
Landscape Uses: Herb
Mature Size:
Spread: 0.3 - 0.6m
Height: 2 - 3m
Growth Rate:
Hardiness Zone:
Exposure: Full Sun
Soil:
Water Use: Moderate
Click to view images

Additional Info:
Leaf Morphology:
Form: Simple
Arrangement: Alternate
Texture / venation: Soft flexible
Surfaces: Glabrous
Compound leaf: n/a
Leaf Colour in Dark-green
Summer:
Leaf Colour in Fall: Click to view images
Simple Leaf Blade
Terms:
Shapes: Ovate
Apices: Acute
Bases: Obtuse
Margins: Entire
Additional Info:
Inflorescence Type: Flowers solitary
Flower Morphology:
Number of Petals: 5
Corolla Shape: Rotate/stellate
Ovary Position: n/a
Flower (petal) Colour: White
Flower Scent:
Flower Time at Peak:
Additional Info:
Fruit Type: Berry (true), Showy
Fruit Colour: Green, Yellow, Orange, Red
Fruiting Time:

Additional Info:
Bark Morphology: n/a

Bark Color: n/a
Additional Info:

Bud Type: n/a
Leaf Scar Shape: n/a
Organ Modifications:
Propagation: Seed
Plant Care:
Optimal temperature for
growth:
Light level:
Other:
Pests: Aphids, Caterpillar or looper, Mildew powdery or
downy, Mites, Thrips, Virus, Whitefly
PLANT DATABASE :
Sweet Peppers
(Capsicum annuum var. annuum Grossum Group)
In 2005 the Royal Horticultural Society, as part of a
continuing assessment of new and established cultivars for
cultivation in an unheated plastic tunnel, held a trial of
sweet peppers. RHS vegetable trials are conducted as part of
our charitable mission to inform, educate and inspire all
gardeners, with good, reliable cultivars identified by the
Award of Garden Merit after a period of trial.
Objectives
The trial aimed to compare and evaluate a range of sweet
pepper cultivars, including those with long fruits, to raise
awareness of the variety of shapes and colours available
and to demonstrate the cultivation of this crop in an
unheated plastic tunnel. The Vegetable Trials
Subcommittee assessed the entries and outstanding
cultivars for garden use were given the Award of Garden
Merit. Entries were also described and photographed to
provide a lasting record in the RHS Herbarium at Wisley.
Entries
There were 55 entries in the trial, submitted by various
seed companies in the UK, Europe and USA.
Background
A member of the Solanaceae family, Capsicum originated in
South America and is believed to have emerged in the area
bordering southern Brazil and Bolivia. Grown domestically
in the Mexico area from around 2,500 BC, the travels of
Christopher Columbus resulted in peppers being
RHS Trial of Sweet Peppers
RHS Plants Trials and Awards
introduced to Spain and then widely to other parts of the
world including India. There are records of them being
known in Britain in 1548. With their comparatively short
growing season, peppers from the Capsicum annuum var.
annuum Grossum Group were found to grow well in the
Mediterranean climate and because of their crisp texture
and mild, sweet flavour they became one of the staples of
‘traditional’ recipes in that area.
Sweet peppers and chillies are both derived from the same
species, Capsicum annuum (the name from the Latin capsa,
meaning box, in reference to their squarish shape) and
most species of Capsicum contain capsaicin, a chemical
that can produce a strong burning sensation in the mouth.
The amount of capsaicin in peppers is highly variable and,
dependent on genetics, results in peppers with varied
amounts of perceived heat. In the sweet peppers (Capsicum
annuum var. annuum Grossum Group) the gene is recessive,
so the fruits do not contain capsaicin. In this form the
group has become an important ‘green’ vegetable crop
globally, especially in temperate regions.
Classified as a berry, the fruit of a pepper plant is found in
colours ranging from green, yellow, red, purple, black,
brown, white and orange and in a variety of shapes
including round, blocky or long. The fruits are commonly
eaten when green, although still immature at this stage, as
well as when they have matured, changed colour and are
sweeter. The green fruits found in the supermarkets will be
fully developed fruits that are not yet ripe, usually from
cultivars that would ripen to red, as the ripe orange and
yellow fruits can be sold at a higher price. There are a few
cultivars that have been raised to be sweeter while still
unripe such as ‘Staygreen’, but although they have been
bred to remain green from August to October, they would
eventually ripen to red given suitable conditionsThis is the html version of the file
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Page 1
Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 1(2): 125128, 2005
© 2005, INSInet Publication
Corresponding Author:
Mateen ul Hassan Khan, House No. 366 A chur harpal Peshawar Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. 46000.
125
Influence of Different Irrigation Intervals on Growth and Yield of Bell Pepper
(Capsicum Annuum Grossum Group)
Mateen ul Hassan Khan, Tahir Hussain Chattha and Nadia Saleem
1
2
1
Dept of Horticulture, University of arid agriculture, Rawalpindi
1
Dept of Soil Science, University of arid agriculture, Rawalpindi
2
Abstract: To evaluate the effect of different irrigation intervals on bell pepper (Capsicum annum Grossum
group) a study was carried out in the Research Area, Department of Horticulture, University of Arid Agriculture,
Rawalpindi, during 2002. Treatments used were control, irrigation after 3 days interval, 6 days interval, and
9 days interval Results revealed that Maximum seedling survival percentage 93 % was observed in plots with
3 days of irrigation interval followed by 85% in treatments with 6 days interval. It was observed that the
maximum plant height (cm), Number of leaves plantG and leaf area (cm ) were significantly higher in plants
1
2
where irrigation applied after 3 days of intervals than other treatments. Regarding the reproductive parameters
of bell pepper maximum number of flower per plant, number of fruit per plant and fruit weight per plant observed
with 3 days of irrigation intervals. As follow up the crop growth and production of fruit it is also found the plot
where irrigation applied after 3 days of intervals gave highest yield. It is concluded that 3 days of irrigation
interval is a better irrigation interval as compared to other treatments applied for the plant growth and fruit yield
under the climatic conditions of Rawalpindi.
Key words: Bell Pepper, Irrigation intervals, Yield, and Economic Comparison
INTRODUCTION
water balance, fruit quality and fruit production .
Bell pepper (Capsicum annum Grossum group)
growth of every crop especially it reduces the wilting
belongs to the family Solanaceae, which is an important
which caused 60 80% crop loss. But some time excessive
group of vegetables cultivated extensively in Pakistan and
water or frequent flooding for longer periods of time affect
also widely cultivated in almost every country of the
the yield of the crop . At present, there is need to
world. Bell pepper is summer crop and its total cultivated
improve vegetable production and derive ways through
area under production in Pakistan is about 91800 hectare,
which maximum benefits can be obtained from the limited
with total production of 115 (000 tonnes) . It thrives best
available water resources. In this regard under Rawalpindi
[4]
in warm climate, where frost is not a problem during
conditions, there is a need to standardize production
growing seasons. In general it requires temperature
technology under local climatic and edaphic conditions so
ranging 2535 C. It requires well drained silt or clay loam,
that the farmers of the area can get maximum benefits from
o
where water logged and alkaline soils are not suitable for
the crop production with limited irrigation resources. by
its production. Bell pepper plant requires large quantity of
realizing the effect of different irrigation intervals on
readily available soil nutrients with optimum soil moisture
growth and yield of bell pepper, the study is carried out
and
favorable climatic conditions. Unfavorable
with following objective; (i) to evaluate the yield potential
temperature and water supply are main causes of bud,
of bell pepper under different irrigation intervals.
flower and fruit drop . Fertilizer requirements for Bell
[11]
pepper depend on different soil condition, about 400
MATERIALS AND METHODS
pounds per acre of 20 percent super phosphate will be
sufficient for better crop production .
Field experiment was carried out in the Research Area
[7]
Like environmental and topographical factors,
of the Department of Horticulture, University of Arid
irrigation is an important factor, which effects the yield
Agriculture,Rawalpindi, during 20012002. The experiment
and quality of bell pepper. Irrigation frequencies or
was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design
different irrigation intervals have beneficial effects on
(RCBD) with factorial arrangements. Bell pepper crop was
[5]
Irrigation plays important role in maintain sustainable
[3]
Page 2
Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci. 1(2): 125128, 2005
126
Table 1: Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Crop Experimental Soil
Soil Characteristics
Unit
Value
Texture

Sand
%
55
Silt
%
32
Clay
%
13

Textural Class
Sandy loam

pH
7.8

Ec
dSmG
0.33
e
1
Nitrogen
g100gG
0.13
1
Available Phosphorus
mg kgG
4.50
1
Potassium
mg kgG
118
1
Organic Matter
g100gG
0.83
1
evaluated for the growth and yield under different
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
treatments of irrigation intervals: control (no irrigation),
irrigation after 3, 6, 9 and 12 days intervals. For nursery
Influence of tretments on vegetative growth: Data
raising, bell pepper seeds were sown on early February,
regarding to different plant growth parameters
2002
in raised bed. A field plot measuring
represented in table 2. It was evident from the results that
approximately 80 m2 was prepared, in this plot sub
3 days of irrigation interval had significantly effected
plot measuring 2 x 2 m were raised and seedling of bell
maximum seedling survival percentage (85.57%), Plant
pepper were transplanted by keeping plant to plant
height (98.26 cm), Number of leaves plantG (171.63) and
distance 30 cm and row to row distance at 60 cm.
leaf area (63.05 cm ). While minimum plant growth
Recommended NPK were applied to all treatments in the
observed in plots with treatment control (no irrigation)
form of Urea, Di Ammonium phosphate and Sulphate of
and irrigation at 12 days intervals. Olalla and Valero
Potash, at the time of field preparation. Physical and
reported that bell pepper seedling survival percentage and
chemical characteristics of experimental soil such as
plant height increased with decrease of irrigation interval
pH, ECe, organic matter, NPK were calculated and
and vice versa. Results are also in accordance in case of
[9]
presented in Table 1. The experiment repeated thrice with
number of leaves plantG and leaf area (cm ) with
all the treatments.
Channabasavanna and Setty . According to them bell
Crop data: Simple randomization of each plot was done to
days of irrigation interval and also increased their leaf
select five plants and following plant parameters were
area. The results clearly indicated those treatments other
recorded
i.e. Seedling Survival Percentage, Plant
than 3 day of intervals causing more stress to the plants
height (cm), Number of Leaves plantG ,Leaf area (cm ),
which lead to the reduction in plant height, number of
1
2
Number of Days to Flowering, Number of Flower PlantG ,
leaves, leaf area and less production of chlorophyll .
1
Number of fruit PlantG , Fruit Weight PlantG (g), and
1
1
Total Yield (kg haG ).
Influence of tretments on reproductive growth: Data
1
Economic comparison: Benefit cost ratio for each
presented in table 3. It was clear from the results that 3
treatment was evaluated. Income calculated on the basis
days of irrigation interval had significantly influenced the
of current local market price of Bell pepper at Rawalpindi
number of days to flowering, number of flowers plantG
and number of fruit plantG . Steiner and Akintohi
has
Statistical analysis: The data collected for various
the irrigation interval up to 5 days, due to more nutrients
variables were subjected to statistical analysis using
uptake and higher photosynthesis rates. Irrigation is most
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique. The means
important at the time of flower and fruit production. As
were compared by applying Least Significant Difference
data in table 3 indicated that minimum days to flowering
(LSD) at test5% according toSteel and Torrie .
taken by control (no irrigation) and 12 days of intervals
[12]
1
2
[8]
1
2
[2]
pepper produced more number of leaves per plant with 4
[1]
regarding to different reproductive growth parameters
1
during 2002.
1
[13]
observed that total plant biomass increased with reducing
Page 3
127
Table 2: Influence of Irrigation intervals on different growth parameters of bell pepper
Treatments
Seedling Survival percentage
Plant height (cm)
Number of Leaves plantG
Leaf area (cm )
1
2
Control (no irrigation)
27.99 de
49.45 d
99.63 d
55.79 c

Irrigation after 3 days intervals
85.57 a
98.26 a
171.63 a
63.05 a

78.90 b
90.21 b
160.04 b
59.78a

60.75 c
88.81bc
145.71 c
57.93b

Irrigation after 12days intervals
30.89 d
50.09 d
101.21 d
55.23c
Table 3: Influence of Irrigation intervals on different yield parameters of bell pepper
Treatments
Number of Days
Number of flower
Number of Fruits
Fruit Weight
Yield (kg haG )
1
to Flowering
per Plant
per Plant
per Plant (kg)
23.21 c
17.13 d
10.75 d
.98 d
22990 d

30.88 a
36.39 a
32.78 a
6.79 a
90860 a

26.16 b
29.92 b
24.90 b
4.85 b
79056 b

25.03 b
24.93 c
19.70 c
2.35 c
51890 c

23.98 c
18.34 d
12.43 d
1.09 d
24971 d
Table 4: Influence of cost benefit ratio for bell pepper crop
Treatments
Total Income (Rs haG )
Total Expenditure (Rs haG )
Cost Benefit Ratio
1
1
31124
23500
1.32

70630
30800
2.29

50630
29700
1.70

42817
27900
1.53

33353
26500
1.35
respectively. The plants under any kind of stressed
cost ratio i.e. 2.29. While minimum benefit cost ratio 1.3
conditions tends to shortened their life span and try to
and 1.35 was obtained from treatments with no irrigation
complete their life cycle in hasten which causes the
interval and 12 days of irrigation interval respectively. The
minimum days to flowering and fruiting of plants .
economic importance of water used can be worked out for
[10]
Influence on yield: Results pertaining to yield of bell
commercial plant production. However, the use of
pepper kg haG were presented in Table 3. Significant
irrigation intervals for better growth and higher yield
1
differences among the treatments were noticed for yield.
could be economically attractive to reduce the drought
Maximum total fruit weight plantG was obtained with 3
stressed conditions in water limiting areas.
1
days of irrigation intervals whereas; the minimum fruit
weight plantG was weighed with control treatments.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
1
Maximum yield was obtained with 3 days of irrigation
intervals; minimum yield was obtained with control
We are obliged to the Department of Horticulture
treatments. This might be due to better survival
University of arid agriculture, Rawalpindi for supporting
percentage, greater number of fruit plantG and total fruit
this experimental work. Thanks are also extended to Dean
1
weight plantG resulting in greater yield. The results are
Faculty of Crop and Food Science and Chairman of
1
correlated with the findings of Mohammad and Gamie ,
Department for encouraging and giving financial support.
[6]
who observed that bell pepper have different potential of
total biomass production and they behave differentially at
REFERENCES
variable moisture status.
Economic comparison: Data pertaining to economic
2001. Improving vegetable transplants using soil
comparison is presented in table 4. In plots where 3 days
solarization. 7th Conf. Agric. Dev. Res. Fac. Agric.
of irrigation interval were applied, gave maximum benefit
Ain Shams Uni. Cairo. 15(1): 1214.
specific situation prior to the large scale adoption for
1. Abdullah, M.M.F., S.A. ElHadad and M.M. Satour,
Page 4
128
2. Channabasavanna, A.S. and R.A. Setty, 2000. Effect
9. Page, A.L., R.H. Miller and D.R. Keeny, 1982.
of different irrigation intervals on sweet pepper.
Methods of soil analysis. Part©II. Chemical and
SouthIndianHort. 39(5): 29629.
Microbiological properties 2nd ed. Amer. Soc. Agron.
3. Gajera. M.S., R.P.S. Ahlawat and R.B. Ardeshna,
Inc. Soil Sci. Sco. Amer. Inc. Madison, Wisconsin,
1998. Effect of irrigation schedule, tillage depth and
USA.
mulch on growth and yield of winter pea. Indian. J.
10. Ponce, M.T., S.G. Selles, E.R. Frreyra, J.M. Peralla,
Agronomy.
43(4): 689693.([CAB. Abstracts.
A.S. Moyan and R.P. Ainrichsen, 1996. Metabolic
1998/082000/04)
indicators of water deficit as a possible criterion for
4. Govt. of Pak, 2001. Agric. Statistics of Pak. Ministry
evaluation of irrigation management analysis in
of Food and Agriculture, Islamabad. P. 7172.
sweet pepper. AgricultruaTernciaSantiago. 56(1):
5. Jamiez, R.E., Vielma, F. Rada and N.C. Garcia, 2000.
5763.
Effect of irrigation frequency on water and carbon
11. Rajic, M., M. Skoric, D. Stojilikovic and K.S.
relation in three cultivars of sweet pepper. Scientia
Chartzoulakis, 1997. Calculation of irrigation water
Horticultruae. 81(3): 301308.
requirements for sweet pepper and beans.
6. Mohamed, K.A. and A.A. Gamie, 2000. Studies on
Proceedings of the second international symposium
some Egyptian onion varieties under Upper Egypt
on irrigation of Horticultural Sci. 119(5): 936939.
conditions II effect of irrigation regimes on yield and
12. Steel, R.G.D. and J.R. Torrie, 1980. Principles and
some bulb quality characters of onion varieties.
Procedures of Statistics. McGraw Hill Book
Assiut J. Agric. Sci. 31(5): 115127.
International Company, Singapore. pp. 172177.
7. Nayerabi, S.A.F. and A.H.M. Ahmed, 2001. The
13. Steiner, J.J. and D.C. Akintohi, 1998. Effect of
Commercial Vegetable of Pakistan Tropical Sci. 41(2):
irrigation interval on harvest maturity of onion bulb
95 – 99.
size. Hort. Sci. 21(3): 12201221.
8. Olalla, F. and J.A. Valero, 1994. Growth and
production of bell pepper under different irrigation
intervals.
ResearchSeriesArkansasAgri. Expt.
Station.466: 9295. (CAB Abstracts 1998/082000/04)
ABSTRACTS :
. English Title: Effect of spacing, N and P on growth and yield of sweet pepper cv.
California Wonder.
Personal Authors: Maya, P., Natarajan, S., Thamburaj, S.
Author Affiliation: Horticultural College and Research Institute, Coimbatore-641 003, India.
Editors: No editors
Document Title : South Indian Horticulture, 1997 (Vol. 45) (No. 1/2) 16-18
Abstract:
In field trials at Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, plants of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum var. grossum) cv.
California Wonder at spacings of 60 × 30, 60 × 45 or 60 × 60 cm were supplied with 0, 50, 100 or 150 kg
N/ha and 0, 50 or 100 kg P/ha. Plant height, dry matter production and yield per hectare were highest at the
closest spacing of 60 × 30 cm, while number of branches per plant and yield per plant were highest at 60 ×
60 cm. Fruit yield and plant growth generally increased as N and P application rates increased. The highest
yield (12.13 t/ha) was achieved with a plant spacing of 60 × 30 cm and with N and P application rates of 150
and 100 kg/ha, respectively.
PERFORMANCE OF SWEET PEPPER

VARIETIES UNDER SEMI-CLIMATE
CONTROLLED GREENHOUSE
CONDITIONS OF NORTHERN INDIA
Authors: B. Singh, M. Kumar
Keywords: sweet pepper, performance, greenhouse, coloured fruits, yield,
quality
Abstract:
Sweet pepper has become the third important crop for its greenhouse cultivation
due to increasing demand of the coloured fruits in the upmarkets of big cities. But
selection of suitable varieties for greenhouse sweet pepper cultivation is the first
step for its successful and economical cultivation. Therefore, thirteen varieties of
sweet pepper viz., Mazurka, Fiesta, NVH 6-8 (all European varieties), HA-1038,
HA-1195, HA-1931, HA-1972 (all Israeli), Flamingo (USA) and Orobelle, Nun-
3020, Nun-3019, Tanvi, California Supreme (all Indian varieties) were evaluated
for their coloured fruit yield and quality under semi-climate controlled greenhouse
conditions, where only the cooling system was operative. The trial was
conducted during year 2002-2003 and the crop was grown over a period of 9-10
months. Variety Nun-3020 (yellow fruited) produced highest fruit yield (420.10
q/ha) followed by variety Mazurka (416.20 q/ha). Maximum size and quality of
fruits was also recorded in variety Nun-3020 and variety Nun 3019 (red coloured
fruits) during the study. Variety Nun-3020 produced maximum fruit weight (230.0
gram/fruit) and maximum fruits of first quality with three to four lobbed fruits
followed by variety Nun-3019 which produced average fruit weight of 210.0
gram/fruit with three to four lobbed fruits. Although variety Flamingo produced
fruit yield of 405.20 q/ha, the fruits were not of good quality as they were conical
in shape which was not acceptable to the
The common green bell pepper is a form of

Capsicum annuum that lacks the spicy chemical
capsaicin. The fruit wall, composed of parenchyma
cells, is consumed. Water beads up on the surface of
the fruit, which is coated with thick wax (cuticle).
[Return to Text]

PH.D Thesis

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THESIS TITLE:

Integrated nutrient management for growth, yield

T2 = Blanket recommendation (Farmer’s practice)

T3 = Soil test based inorganic dose

T5 = T3 + F.Y.M (10 t/ha)

T7 = T3 + FYM (5t/ha) + Vermicompost (2.5t/ha)

T8 = 75% soiltest based dose + B.F (6 kg/h) + FYM + Vermicompost

T9 = 100 % soiltest based dose + B.F (6 Kg/h) + FYM + Vermicompost

N.B.- (AZO + AZS + PSB)

DESIGN ALLOTED:- Randomized Block Design

LAY OUT OF PLOTS: -

For 3 replications = 504 × 3 =1512 plants

2003, 9 (3) 327-333

Aslı SAKAL1 and Nevin AKPINAR2

2003, 9 (3) 334-339

İbrahim ERDAL1, M. Ali TURAN2 and Süleyman TABAN3

Key Words: soil properties, zinc, maize, nutrient

Yield and fruit quality response of sweet pepper to organic

• SASGene 1.2 (updated 3 March 1999)

Effect of organic manures and integrated nutrient

The investigations entitled “Effect of various cultural practices including weed

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Bark Morphology: n/a

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PERFORMANCE OF SWEET PEPPER

The common green bell pepper is a form of

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