Chng 1

Cu trc my tnh

M v cc h m

23/10/2008

Chng 1

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

M v cc h m

Gii thiu

Cc mch in t ca my tnh c xy dng t cc

vi mch (IC chip).
Mi vi mch bao gm hng trm nghn n bn dn
(Transistor).
Cc vi mch l cc mch s (digital circuit):thao tc
vi cc mc tn hiu in p ri rc.
Ngi ta s dng k hiu 0 v 1 i din cho tn hiu
in p ri rc thp v cao tng ng. Cc k hiu
ny c gi l cc ch s nh phn (binary digit)
hay cc bit.
Tt c cc thng tin c x l trong my tnh u
c biu din bng cc chui ch s 0 v 1.
23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

M v cc h m

M l g?

Quy tc k hiu c bit biu din cc thng

tin. Mt m gm nhiu t m, mi t m c
mt k hiu xc nh v biu din cho mt
thng tin.
Dng m thng dng l m s nh phn. Mi t
m ca m s nh phn gm mt dy lin tip
cc s hng gi l bit, mi s hng ch c th
biu din bng hai ch s 0 hoc 1.
Mt m nh phn c di n bit s c th c 2n
t hp khc nhau, v c th biu din cho 2n
thng tin.

23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

M v cc h m

H m

nh ngha:l nhng m biu din cc thng tin v

lng
Mt s N c th biu din nhiu h m khc nhau,
cng thc tng qut biu din s N
Cc s nguyn

N =

a
k =0

a
k =0

R k (1)

C s ca h m

ak = 0,1,2....., R 1
23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

M v cc h m

N = anan1....ak ....a1a0 , a1 , a2 .....am

k
a k trong dy s trn c trng cho s hng a k R

H s

ca cng thc (1)

R k gi l trng s ca a k

23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Cc h m thng dng

H thp phn

R = 10 , a k = 0 ,1, 2 ,..... 9 .

Biu din s N=(362,25)10

N10 = (362,25)10 = 3.102 + 6.101 + 2.100 + 2.101 + 5.102

H nh phn

R = 2 , a k = 0 ,1 .

Biu din s N=(11011.01)2

N2 = (11011.01)2 = 1.24 +1.23 + 0.22 +1.21 +1.20 + 0.21 +1.22

= 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 +1+ 0 + 0.25
= (27,25)10
23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Cc h m thng dng

H c s 16 (H Hexadecimal)
R = 16, ak = 0,1,2,.....9, A, B, C,.D, E, F
Biu din s N=(2B6)16
N 16 = ( 2 B 6 ) h = 2 . 16

+ 11 . 16 1 + 6 . 16 0

= ( 694 ) 10

Most Significant Bit

H c s 10 sang c s 2
Trong 173, 128 ? co 173 -128 = 45
45,
64 ? khong, giu nguyen 45
45,
32 ? co 45 - 32 = 13
13,
16 ? khong, giu nguyen 13
13,
8 ? co
13 - 8 = 5
5,
4 ? co
5-4=
1,
2 ? khong, giu nguyen 1
1,
1 ? co
1-1=0
23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

1 (MSB)
0
1
0
1
1
0
1 (LSB)
Least Significant Bit

M v cc h m

Cc h m thng dng
H c s 10 sang c s 2

23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Cc h m thng dng
H c s 16 va c s 2

Nh phn
Nhm nh phn
Dng Hex

111001111010101011
0011

1001

1110

1010

1011

C s 16

23/10/2008

39EAB

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Cc h m thng dng
Bng chuyn i cc h c s

23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Mt s n v c bn

Bit
= 1 v tr nh phn
Byte = 1 on v gm 8 Bit
Word = 1 on v gm 2 Byte (16 Bit)
Double Word = 1 on v gm 4 Byte (32 Bit)
Kilobyte = 210 (=1024) Byte
Megabyte = 210 Kilobyte (= 220 Byte)
Gigabyte = 210 Megabyte (= 230 Byte)
Terabyte = 210 Gigabyte (= 240 Byte)

23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Biu din s nguyn

Hai bit c bit ca mt byte hay mt word

bit
bit
bit
bit

c trng s cao nht(Most Significan Bit, MSB) l

nm tn cng bn tri(bit 15/7 i vi word/byte)
c trng s nh nht(Least Significan Bit,LSB) l
nm tn cng bn phi(bit 0).

S nguyn khng du(unsigned integers): c di

8/16 bit ca mt byte/word, biu din cc s nguyn
dng, cc s ny dng biu din cc i lng
dng(a ch nh, b m)

23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Biu din s nguyn

S nguyn c du(signed integers):c th l s

dng hoc s m.
Bit c trng s cao nht MSB c dng biu din
du ca s,
MSB=1 biu din s m,
MSB=0 biu din s dng.

Cc s m c lu trong VXL, VK di dng s b

hai.

S b 1 l mt s nguyn nhn c bng cch ly

phn b ca cc bit ca s nguyn cho(o bit),
thay 0 bng 1 v ngc li
23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

Biu din s nguyn

M v cc h m

S b 1 (tip)

Vd:
0000 1010
1111 0101

;(10)10
;(245)10 s b 1 ca 1010

S b 2 l mt s nguyn l mt s nguyn nhn

c bng cch cng 1 vo s b 1 ca chnh n.

Vd:
0000 1010
1111 0101
+1
1111 0110
23/10/2008

;(10)10
;(245)10 s b 1 ca (10)10
;S b 2 ca (10)10
TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

Biu din s nguyn

M v cc h m

S dng

23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

Biu din s nguyn

M v cc h m

S m

23/10/2008

Cch tm:
M b 2
2n _ |X|
Vd: Tm biu din nh phn c di 8 bits ca s 1
-1=28-1=256-1=(255)10=(11111111)2

Ch : M b 2 c s dng trong cu trc bn trong ca

n v x l ton hc ALU ca VXL, VK

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

Biu din s nguyn

S m (tip)

23/10/2008

M v cc h m

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

Biu din s nguyn

S m (tip)

M v cc h m

Mt s c di n bits c 2n t hp khc nhau

trong

23/10/2008

[02n-1-1] biu din s dng

[2n-12n-1] biu din s m

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

Biu din s nguyn

S m (tip)

M v cc h m

Biu din s m, dng ca s c di 4bits

Phn
s dng

Bit du

Phn
s m

23/10/2008

Chng 1

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

M v cc h m

Biu din s nguyn

S m (tip)
Biu din s m, dng ca s c di 4bits

23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

10

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Biu din s nguyn

S m (tip)

Vd

23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Du phy tnh v ng
Du phy tnh

23/10/2008

S dng mt k hiu du chm o biu din mt s

thc. Du chm o c s dng trong t d liu
phn bit v ngn cch gia phn biu din gi tr
nguyn v mt phn l thp phn ca d liu.

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

11

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Du phy tnh v ng
Du phy tnh
Vd

N 2 = ( 011011 . 01 ) 2

N 2 = (011011 .01) 2 = 1.2 4 + 1.2 3 + 0.2 2 + 1.21 + 1.2 0 + 0.2 1 + 1.2 2

= 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0 + 0.25
= ( 27,25)10
23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

Du phy tnh v ng
Du phy tnh

M v cc h m

Nhc im: vng biu din s nguyn b hn ch

bi du phy tnh c gn c nh -> hin tng
trn s khi thc hin cc php nhn hai s ln

Du phy ng l mt phng php biu din s

khoa hc bao gm 3 phn:

23/10/2008

Phn biu din s dng hay m

Phn biu din s mantissa
Phnbiu din s exponent

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

12

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Du phy tnh v ng
Du phy ng (dng nh phn)

(-1)S x M x 2e-bias
Mantissa
Exponent c di 8 bits cho s 32 bits
C di 11 bits cho s 64 bits
Bias =-127 cho s 32 bits
=-1023 cho s 64 bits

23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Du phy tnh v ng
Du phy ng (dng nh phn)

(-1)S x M x 2e-bias
Mantissa: biu din c s, dng ca M l 1.f
hay 0.f tu theo nh dng.
Theo IEEE 754 dng ca M l 1.f (s 1 trong nh
dng ny l s n ch cn quan tm ti f)
1 M <2

7=7.000x100=70.000x10-1=
0.7000x101=.007x10-3
23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

13

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Du phy tnh v ng
Du phy ng (chun IEEE 754)

23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Du phy tnh v ng
Du phy ng (chun IEEE 754)
Vd:biu din s 28.375 di dng du phy ng c
di 32 bits theo IEEE 754

N 2
(28)10 = (00011100) 2 (0,375)10
0,375x2 = 0,75 0 : bit co trong so 2 -1
0,75x2 = 1,5 1 : bit co trong so 2 -2
0,5x2 = 1,0 1 : bit co trong so 2 -3

( 28 .375 )10 = (11100 .011) 2

= (11100.011) 20 = (1.1100011) 2 4
4 = e 127 e = 131 = (10000011) 2
23/10/2008

exponent

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

14

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Du phy tnh v ng
Du phy ng (chun IEEE 754)
Vd (tip)

Mantissa: c di 23 bits m rng 1.1100011 b

1. v thm phn thp phn cho n khi 23 bits

1100 0110000000000 000000

Kt qa
Mantissa

0 10000011 1100 0110000000000 000000

Bit du

Exponent

23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Du phy tnh v ng
Du phy ng (chun IEEE 754)
Vd (tip)

Tm s dng thp phn ca s du phy ng biu

din di dng 32 bits sau: BD300000h

( BD300000)16 = (1011 1101 0011 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000) 2

Bit du=1 s m
1.011x2-5
=0.00001011
=1/32+1/128+1/256
=11/256
=0,04296875

Exponent=0111 1010
=122
s m:122-127
=-5
Mantissa=011 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
=1. 011 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000

23/10/2008

-0,04296875

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

15

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Cc php ton hc trong cc h m

Php cng nh nhn

Cc phn t logic

OR

OR:
L1 = C1 + C2; S = A + B
AND: L2 = C1 . C2; S = A . B
NOR: L1 = C1 +C2; S = A + B
NAND: L2 = C1.C2; S = A.B

AND

23/10/2008

NAND

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

NOR

M v cc h m

Cc php ton hc trong cc h m

Php cng nh nhn

Cc phn t logic

XOR

OR

AND
NOT

NOR
23/10/2008

NAND
TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

16

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Cc php ton hc trong cc h m

Php cng nh nhn

Php cng cha hon chnh

S=a+b ; c: carry

a b s c

0 0 0 0

=1

&

0 1 1 0
Mch logic ?

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1
23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Cc php ton hc trong cc h m

Php cng nh nhn

Php cng hon chnh Si=ai+bi+ci-1 ; ci-1: carry ca php cng i-1

a
i

b
i

c
i

p
i

g
i

r
i

s
i

c
i+1

23/10/2008

=1

r
&

&

Mch logic ?
1

=1

i+1

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

17

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Cc php ton hc trong cc h m

Php tr nh nhn S=a-b ; c: carry

a b s c

=1

0 0 0 0

=1
&

0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0

=1

Mch logic ?

&

&

1 1 0 0
23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Cc php ton hc trong cc h m

Php tr =php cng?

S = A B = A + B +1

A:

A
-

B:

+
+

M b 2

S:

23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

18

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Cc php ton hc trong cc h m

Php nhn

Nhn hai s khng du

Vd:
S b nhn:
S nhn:

23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Cc php ton hc trong cc h m

Php nhn

Nhn s c du vi s khng du (s b nhn m)

Vd:
S b nhn:
S nhn:

-3780
23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

19

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Cc php ton hc trong cc h m

Php nhn

Nhn s c du vi s khng du (s nhn m)

Vd:

S b nhn:
x

S nhn:

+
+

-6825
23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Bng m ASCII
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

ASCII standard (127 k t-6bits)

ASCII tendu (255 k t- 7bits)

Trong bng m ASCII ch c 95 k t (32 126) l c th in c, cc m cn li khng th in c ra

mn hnh
23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

20

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Bng m ASCII
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

ASCII standard (127 k t-6bits)

23/10/2008

Chng 1

ASCII tendu (255 k t- 7bits)

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

M v cc h m

Bi tp

i nhng s nh phn v s hex sau ra s thp phn:1110,

100101011110, A5BCh, F2DEh.
i nhng s thp phn sau: 98, 124 ra s nh phn; 954, 23390 ra s
hex
i nhng s sau: 10011100, 1011100011000011 ra s hex, ABCDh,
DE2Ah ra s nh phn.
Biu din cc s sau di dng s hex 16 bit: 231, 3245, -37, -198
Thc hin cc php cng sau:
1001001b + 1000110b
11010000b + 01010011b
B2CDh + 1234h
DEFC1h + AC342h
23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

21

Chng 1

M v cc h m

Bi tp

Thc hin cc php tr sau:

11011b 10011b
01110111b 00101011b
5FFCDh 345FCh
1234Fh 0FCD1h
Biu din cc s c m ho di dng ASCII sau ra k
t:
41 74 74 61 63 6B 20 61 77 6E
chuyn mt ch ci thnh mt ch in cha trong mt
byte th cn phi lm nh th no? (hy da vo bng
ASCII).
Hy chuyn cc s thp phn thnh m ASCII.

23/10/2008

TS. Nguyen Duc Khoat

22