JE linn BONG CHU NOM VIET TRONG CHU VUONG CHOANG NGUYEN QUANG HONG * Cudi nam 1997, toi c6 dip duge lam quen véi GS. Ly Lac Nghi (Bac Kinh, Trung Quéc) nhan dip 6ng sang tham Viét Nam va lam viéc tai Vien Han Nom. Toi han hanh duge gido su trao cho bai nghién citu so sénh vé chit vuong Choang va chit Nom. D6 1a ban bao cdo ma Ong da doc tir thing 9-1986 tai Hoi nghi quéc té thudng nién lan tht 19 vé ngon ngit hoc va cdc ngon ngit Han Tang tai Colombo (Mj), va dang trén tap chi Dan t6c Ngit van (Trung Quéc) s6 4-1987 Gan day Tap chi Han Nom da dich dang toan van bai nay vao sé 1-1998 dé gidi thiéu cing doc gia Viét Nam [1]. Trong ban bdo cao quan trong nay, GS. Ly Lac Nghi da bude dau dat van dé nghién cifu so sénh chit Nom Viét véi chit vuong Choang 1a hai thi chit cing chung loai hinh theo kiéu chit Han. Nhiéu thong tin 6 day rat c6 gia tri cho viéc nghién cfu vé chit Nom va quan hé ctia n6 voi cdc hé chit vudng khac trong khu vue. Tuy nhién & day, trong bai nay, t6i chi mu6n thao luan thém mot vai khia canh vé quan hé anh hudng qua lai giita hai thit van tu dang xét ma GS. Ly Lac Nghi 6 dé cap dén. Toi muén luu y dén doan trich sau day trong bai viet cua Ong: “Ong Ly Phuong Qué timg gia thiét: Thi chit do tiéng Choang tao ra c6 1é 1a c6 nhiing ché da chiu anh hung cia chit Nom Viét Nam”!. Nguoi viet bai nay da phan tich nhitng chit vudng Choang va chit Nom hién thay nhung khong tim thay bang chiing cé stic thuyét phuc nao kha di chting minh cho gia thict trén. Ciing tite 14 néi Khong cé6 cach gi ching minh duoc rang do anh hudng cia mot 86 chit thuéc bén nay da san sinh ra mot s6 chit thudc bén kia, hoac bén nay da * Gido su, Tién si, Trung tam Khoa hoe x4 hoi va nhan van Quée gia, Ha Noi. Viet Nam.152 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QU6c TE LAN THU NHAT m6 phong hay bat chudc mot sé chit nao dé cita bén kia. Nhing chit c6 hinh dang gidng nhau néu trén? thuc ra chi c6 rat it va 1a mot su tring hop ngdu nhién. Nhung néu néi bén nay da chiu anh hudng “vé tinh thin” hoac vé “phuong phip chung” cita bén kia thi lai rat c6 thé (di chiing cif cing khong c6 di). C6 diéu, néu cn ctf vao nién dai ra ddi trudc sau cia hai loai van ty ma ndi, thi cang cé kha nang 1a chit Nom da chiu anh hung hoac goi y tit chit Choang, chit khong phai nguoc lai” (1, tr.67]. 1 Truédc hét, theo su nghién ctfu cia t6i ma két qua bude dau da duge cong bé trén Tap chi Han Nom s6 2-1997 [2] thi su tring hop hinh chit giita chit Nom Viet va chit vuong Choang 1a kha nhiéu. Khong ké nhiing chi tring hop do cing muon nguyén tir chit Han thi nhiing chit ngudi Viet va ngudi Choang ty tao cing gap g6 nhau mot cach kha pho bién, c6 dén hang tram chit nhu thé. Diéu quan trong hon 1a, néu phan tich mot cach can than hién tuong nay, ching ta sé c6 thé phan biét nhiéu 16p lang khac nhau, va 6 d6, khong phai tat ca chi 14 mot su tring hop ngdu nhién ma thoi. O day, dé cho van tat, toi sé khong dé cap dén nhing trudng hop ma mdi bén cé thé chiu anh huéng cia nhau “trén tinh than” hoae “vé phuong phdp chung” nhu GS. Ly Lac Nghi da nhan dinh. Toi chi xin néu ra nhitng cif ligu chiing to mot bén nay thuc su chiu anh hudng cia bén kia ma GS. Ly Lac Nghi da chua kip cht y dén. Xin hay xem xét cdc chit sau day ma ta cé6 thé dé dang bat gap chiing trong cdc tu dién chit Nom Viet va chit vuong Choang hién c6 [3, 4, 5, 6]. (1) EJ Chit nay ngudi Viet doc 1a BA c6 nghia 1a duge céu tao theo phép ghép chit ES ba (bigu am) + chit = tam (piéu 9). Trong khi d6, ngudi Choang doc chit nay cing véi 4m tong tw MBAH [ba®] nhung hiéu nghia 1a “vay nude”, khong c6 gi lién quan vGi thanh 16 tam la “3” ca ! (2) #5 Neuvi Viet tao chit nay bang cach ghép chit bd #5 (bidu am) véi chit vwong =E “vua" (biéu ¥) dé doc 1a VUA. O ngudi Choang, chit nay duge doc tuong tu 1a BOZ [pho?], song nghia cia chit i, dong”, khong lien quan gi véi chit rwong E 1a “vua" ca! G3) Ngu@i Viet tao chit nay bang cach ghép chit truong && (viet tat) “dai” (biéu ¥) + 5% dué (biéu am) dé doc 1a DAL. Con & nguei Choang, chit nay c6 nghia la “san, dé cudi” - khong lién quan véi thanh t6 biéu y #1, mac dit am doc tuong tu 1a SAIZ [0 a: i] es $ Neudi Viet tao chit nay bing cach ghép chit thién % “161 lanh” (biéu ¥) + chit lénh 43 (biéu am) dé doc 1a LANH. Ngui Choang doc twang tw li LENGZ [le: ?), voi nghia “com trua”. Lé nao nghia nay lai lien quan vi thinh t6 biéu ¥ thién % 2HINH BONG CHU NOM VIET TRONG CHU VUONG CHOANG 153 (6) 54 Ngui Viet doc 1a TEN, trong d6 chitF¢_tién (biéu am) + chit % danh “ten” (biéu y). O ngudi Choang, chit nay nghia la “tién” (than), véi am doc tuong tu 1a DEN [te: n']. Khé co thé noi rang thanh t6 danh % lai la bié nghia 6 day. (6) $% Chit nay ngudi Viet doc 14 GIA (TRA), voi thanh t6 biéu am la 3 tra + thanh t6 biéu ¥ 1a 4 lao . Ngudi Choang ciing doc la YAZ [j a2]. song véi nghia khdc han: “che, ngan”, khong lién quan gi v6i thanh t6 % lao 6 day. (7) #% Ngudi Viet doc chit nay 1a RONG, do chit F# Jong (biéu am) + chit f& qudng “rong” (biéu ¥). Ngudi Choang thi doc chit nay 1a SONGX [00: n4], song c6 nghia 1a “kéu, rng” (rd 1a khong lién quan gi véi nghia chit la qudng B& 1a “rong” ca). (8) 3 Neudi Viet doc chit nay 1h THIENG (thieng lieng), do chit link 8 “linh thiéng” (biéu ¥) + chit thanh ( B® ) (biéu am). Ngudi Choang doe chit nay 14 LINGH [li: n°] v6i nghia 1a “hén phach”: cd am va nghia déu chi lién quan dén thinh t6 %& sinh ma thoi. Vay thanh t6 thanh FB day dé lam gi? (9) chit ay & Nom Viet la chit RA, do ghép chit 3 #8) La (biéu am) (biéu ¥). Nguoi Choang da ding chit nay vdi nghia 1a “bin ly” (khong lién quan véi thanh t6 nao ca) va doc 1a SAH [0a]. (10) $4 Chir nay ngudi Viet doc 1a LON, do chit cwr“to lon” (biéu y) + chit 4 Ian (bicu am). Cdn ngudi Choang thi doc tuong tu 1a LWENX [lue:n*], luon” (son ca), nghia nay kh6é co thé lién quan gi voi cw B taster a. (11) BB Neudi Viet doc chi nay 1a MGI (nghia la “cho nén”), cau tao bing cich ghép chit FX mai (biéu am) + A do “do, boi” (biéu ¥). O ngudi Choang chit nay ciing doc na nd nhu thé MWS. [mp: i3), nhung véi nghta khac han 1a “hat (théc)” - chang c6 gi lin quan v6i thanh t6 biéu ¥ nado 6 da ca. (12) Bi Chit Nom Viet doc chit nay 18 THANG. véi thanh t6 biéu ¥ 1a chit (bo) AA nguyeét (trang, thang) + thanh t6 bicu am 1a chit 4 thuong. Neuvdi Choang ciing doc nhu vay: DANGJ [tha: n°}, nhumg nghia [a “thang” (dat dé dac Ién lung trau, ngua) - Khong lin quan voi thanh to bicu ¥ nguyét 6 day. (13) BE Negutsi Viet doc chit nay 1a NGHE voi cau tao 1a chit(bo) EH onhi “tai” (bicu y) + chit nghi (bicu am). O ngudi Choang chit nay doc 1a H [ne®]. nhun a La “trdu rong” (Ie nao lai ding chit, Enh Sua mi¢ng?)154 VIET NAM Hoc - KY YEU HOI THAO QuOc TE LAN THU NHAT (14) BM Ngudi Viet tao chit nay bang cach ghép chit cémh (biéu am) vdi bO 2A vit “long chim” (biéu ¥) dé doc 1a CANH. Con ngudi Choang doc chit nay 1a GENGJ [ke: 1°], song voi nghia la “quat gay” - khong lién can gi v6i thanh 16 wit 2 biéu ¥ 6 day. (15) BE Ngudi Viet doc chit nay 1A SAY, do bo dau BY “hii, Io” (dung ruou) (biéu ¥) + chit sai # (biéu am). O Choang, chit nay doc tuong tu li CAEH [oai®], song voi nghia khac han: “tring”, khong c6 gi chung véi nghia bo dau & ca. (16) 47 chit Nom Viet day la chit DAU, do b6 nach (bénh) ~ “benh, tat” (biéu y) + chit JJ dao (biéu am). O Choang, chit nay cing doc am NDAUH [da:u°], vi nghia 1a “tiu diép” (mot loai 14 nhai cho rang den va bén chan rang). RO rang 1a b6 nach J~ ching cé gi lién quan 6 day ca. (17) 5% Chir nay ngudi Viet doc 1a TOC, do b6 tiéu #4 “t6c, long” (biéu ¥) + chit & t6c (biéu am). Ngudi Choang, chit nay doc tuong tu 1a DOK {to:k’] v6i nghia khac han: “dap, g6”, khong lién quan gi v6i bo tiéu % bidu y ca. (18) eee ra con mot chif nifa c6 hoi dac biét mot chit 1 chit + , ngudi A y 1 “lam lung”, tao chit theo phép gid té am”, nhung hinh chit rut gon, chi giit lai phan trén. Chit LAM ng c6 khi viet 1a YE Lam theo li gia té doc am, song khong pho bién bang chit + . Trong khi dé, ngudi Choang da diing chit © nay V6i am tuong te LAMZ [lam2] nhung dé chi “cai lan, cdi gio” 3. . Qua phan tich ba mat hinh, am va ngh rang: Néu nhu doi voi chit Nom Vi hi trén day déu cé thé ly gidi duoc mot cach ranh mach cdc thanh to 10 cla chung, thi doi véi chit vudng Choang, tat ci déu khong “chiu dung” duge su phan tich nhu vay. Trong chit Choang phan I6n cac chit nay khong tim thay thanh t6 biéu ¥ cia minh. Ca biét c6 trudng hop chit (8) ca ca am va y déu do thanh t6 thet nhat 5% thé hién, va thira ra han thanh t6 tht hai FF von 1a thanh t6 biéu am trong chit Nom Viet. ‘ic chit din ra trén day ching ta thdy Trude mot thuc té nhu vay, khong cé la cho ring nhimg chit di ich gidi thich nao khic thich hop hon ra tren day von di 1a chit Nom do ngudi Viet tao ra, Jo quan hé tiép xtic gain gii voi ngudi Viet da dua chting vao da minh bang phép gia ta theo am. va nguii Choa kho chit vuc Cin phai chi ra ring, theo su ghi chi ciia Tw dién chit Choang cé {3} thi hau het cdc chit vita din ra tren day, tri chit thit (17) & . déu 1a nhitng chit chi luu . g hanh 6 dia phuong. Diéu nay cing khang dinh ring cac chit dang xét thue sufi