Islamic History - Class 9: Topics

Class 9
ISLAMIC HISTORY - CLASS 9

TABLE OF CONTENTS TOPICS
Terminology Vocabulary The 9th Imam Muhammad at-Taqi (A) The 10th Imam Ali an-Naqi (A) The 11th Imam Hasan al-Askari (A) The 12th Imam al-Mahdi (A) Part I The 12th Imam al-Mahdi (A) Part II The 12th Imam al-Mahdi (A) Part III The 12th Imam al-Mahdi (A) Part IV The Three Battles (Ghazwas) The Missionaries of Islam The Battle of Ahzab Pledge of Ridhwan Invitation of Foreign States towards Islam The Battle of Khaybar Part I The Battle of Khaybar Part II Fadak The Umra
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Husayni Madrasah DSM
Islamic History
Class 9
TABLE OF CONTENTS TOPICS

The Battle of Moota The Battle of Dhatus Salaasil The Conquest of Makkah Part I The Conquest of Makkah Part II The Battle of Hunayn The Battle of Taif The Battle of Tabuk
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Islamic History
Class 9
ISLAMIC HISTORY SECTION

Occurrences in the Lives of Masoomeen (A) Terminology
Muallafatul Quloob: At-Taqi: An-Naqi: Al-Askari: Al-Mahdi: Ghaibah: Ghazwa: Encouraging the hearts towards Islam
The one who is mindful of Allah (SWT) The Pure One who lives near soldiers The guided one Concealment, can not be seen directly A battle
Muballigh (Missionary): A person fully involved in propagation of his religion Tawaaf: Saee: Circumbulation; To go around the Kaaba A compulsory act which entails the walking between the two hills of Safa and Marwa
Vocabulary
Ally: Armoury: Belittle: Blatant: Breach: Courtesy: Disarray: Associate; Partner (Pl. Allies) Weapon store Look down upon Shameless; Obvious; Open(ly) Go against; Disobey; Violate Politeness; Consideration Disorder; Confusion
Islamic History
Class 9
Envoy:
Representative, especially to a foreign government ambassador A building which is walled from all sides Generosity; Kindness A person who does not reveal his true feelings; One who falsely pretends to be virtuous Soldiers who fight on foot Unfaithfulness; Disloyalty Reduce; Slow down Confidence; Self-esteem Pledge; Solemn promise Violent anger with displeasure Escapees; Fugitives; Deserters Willful damage to disrupt an items work or capacity Ethics; Sense of right and wrong Surrounding and blockading of a place by armed forces in order to capture it On the spur of the moment; On the spot; Instantly Tactics; Approach; planning and directing of a war Firm; Steadfast; Dedicated Fighting; Conflict
Fort: Hospitality: Hypocrite:
Infantrymen: Infidelity: Inhibit: Morale: Oath: Rage: Runaways: Sabotage: Scruples: Siege:
Spontaneous: Strategy: Unwavering: Warfare:
Islamic History
Class 9
Imam Muhammad At-Taqi (A)
Name: Title: Kuniyyat: Father: Mother: Birth: Imamah: Martyrdom: Buried:
Muhammad At-Taqi (One who is Mindful of Allah) Abu Ja'far Imam Ali ar-Ridha (A) Lady Khaizuran (A) 10th Rajab 195 AH, in Madina From 203 AH to 220 AH 29th Dhul Qadah, 220 AH Kadhmain, Iraq
Imam (A) was brought up under the care of his father for 4 years. When the Abbasid caliph Ma'mun forced Imam ar-Ridha (A) to leave Madina for Iran, he knew that he would never see his young son again. He therefore declared Imam (A) as his successor, so that the people of Madina would not doubt as to who was the next Imam. In 203 AH the cursed Ma'mun poisoned Imam Ali ar-Ridha (A) and thus Imam at-Taqi (A) took over the duties of Imamat when he was only 8 years old. In spite of his minor age, he demonstrated the intelligence and wisdom of his forefathers. He was bold, learned, forgiving and was tolerant. He was famous for: his hospitality and courtesy to all his help to the poor, orphans and the needy. He lived a simple life and worked tirelessly to guide people to the right path. Ma'mun received reports of the brilliance of Imam (A) in debating on matters of Fiqh, Hadith and Tafsir of the Holy Qur'an. He wanted to confirm these reports for himself and so he ordered that Imam (A) be brought to his capital in Baghdad. Although Ma'mun had shown in many instances his true enmity towards Ahl ul Bayt (A) and their Shia, he welcomed Imam (A), having his own ulterior motives. He did not doubt that the young man was the Imam of the time despite his age, and he knew that the Shia would follow the rulings of Imam (A) without hesitation. In order to protect himself and the future of the Abbasid empire, Ma'mun wanted his daughter Ummul Fadhl to marry Imam (A).
Islamic History
Class 9
The elders of Bani Abbas were very disturbed when they learnt of Ma'mun's intentions. A group of them came to Ma'mun with a view to dissuade him from this marriage. Ma'mun rejected their plea, stating that Imam (A) was a true successor to his father and commanded the same virtues and excellence in spite of his tender years. He further stated that the best scholars of the Islamic world could not hope to compete with Imam (A). This gave the elders an opportunity to prove him wrong and they decided to appoint Yahya bin Aksam, a great scholar and juror of Baghdad, to debate against Imam (A). Ma'mun agreed to the contest and organised a large gathering in his court, where 900 scholars and learned men were invited to participate. News of the contest spread quickly and people wondered how a young child could contest against the veteran judge who was famous for his knowledge. When the court was assembled, Yahya confidently asked Imam (A), What is your verdict about a man who indulges in hunting while in the state of Ihram? Imam (A) immediately replied, Your question is vague and misleading. Perhaps you could clarify it by mentioning whether: the man hunted within the precincts of the Holy Kaaba or outside; he was literate or illiterate; he was a slave or a free man; he was Baligh or not; it was for the first time or he had done it previously; the prey was a bird or some other creature; the prey was small or big; he hunted in the day or at night; the hunter repented for his action or persisted in it; he hunted secretly or openly and the Ihram was for Umra or Hajj.
Unless these points are explained, no specific answer can be given to this question. Yahya was dumbfounded listening to these words and the audience was totally astonished and speechless. Yahya acknowledged the superiority of Imam (A) and humbly requested to be told the answers. Imam (A) then gave the different verdicts for each of the possibilities listed above.
Islamic History
Class 9
Ma'mun was overjoyed at the display of knowledge by Imam (A) and in the same gathering, he wedded his daughter Ummul Fadhl to him. After staying in Baghdad for a year, Imam (A) returned to Madina. His marriage with Ummul Fadhl was not peaceful, and she was a source of constant difficulty to him. She was also jealous because he married Lady Summana Khatoon (A), who later became the mother of the 10th Imam (A). In Madina, Imam (A) once again guided people towards Truth and taught the religion of Islam. People from far and wide would come to Madina to seek knowledge and wisdom from him. After Ma'mun died, Mu'tasim ascended the throne. He was a man who strongly hated the Ahl ul Bayt (A). He knew that it was difficult to act against Imam (A) in his home city of Madina, so he called him to Baghdad. In the same year, the cursed man got Imam (A) poisoned. Imam (A) passed away when he was only 25 years old, and is buried beside his grandfather, Imam Musa al-Kadhim (A), at Kadhmain. Lessons we learn: To lead simple and humble lives like our Imam (A), and try and help those in need. It is important that we take part in learning and also teaching Islam in our communities. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
Ponder:
Why did Mamun, an enemy of the Ahl ul Bayt, choose to marry his daughter to Imam at-Taqi (A)?
Islamic History
Class 9
Imam Ali An-Naqi (A)

Name: Title: Kuniyyat: Father: Mother: Birth: Imamah: Martyrdom: Buried: Ali An-Naqi (The Pure) and Al-Hadi (The Guide) Abul Hasan Imam Muhammad at-Taqi (A) Lady Summana Khatoon (A) 15th Dhul Hijjah 212 AH, in Madina From 220 AH to 254 AH 3rd Rajab 254 AH Samarra, Iraq
Imam (A) was only 8 years old when his father died. Thus, like his father, he also took over the responsibility of Imamat at a very young age. The Abbasid caliph Ma'mun Rashid was succeeded by Mu'tasim, who ruled for 8 years. He was in turn followed by Wathiq Billah. During the 5 years of the reign of Wathiq, Imam (A) and the Shia were allowed to live peacefully. After Wathiq, his brother Mutawakkil came to power. Mutawakkil was notorious and known for his free living, immodesty and intoxication. He was the first Abbasid caliph to hold and participate openly in parties where music, drinking, vain talk and all kinds of evil were practiced. For the first 4 years of his rule, Mutawakkil was occupied in state matters, so he did not trouble Imam (A). After he completed his affairs, he turned his attention toward the activities of Imam (A). Imam (A), like his predecessors preached to the people in Madina, guiding them unto the right path and consequently their faith strengthened in Islam The recognition of his great knowledge and attributes grew day by day. When Mutawakkil heard about his reputation and popularity, he was overcome by jealousy and felt that his own power was threatened. Mutawakkil disguised his hatred for Imam (A) and wrote to him, respectfully inviting him to come to Samarra to meet him. He claimed that he believed in the position of Imam (A) and wanted to settle matters peacefully. Although Imam (A) was well aware of Mutawakkil's evil intentions, he knew that the consequences of refusing would certainly be death. He therefore reluctantly decided to leave Madina, the beloved city of the Holy Prophet (S).
Islamic History
Class 9
When he arrived in Samarra, Mutawakkil totally ignored him and ordered that he should be put up in an inn, provided by the state, for beggars and homeless people. Mutawakkil now showed his true colours by imprisoning Imam (A) under the custody of a cruel hearted man by the name of Zarraqui. Zarraqui, however, soon changed his feelings on witnessing the manners and behaviour of Imam (A). Thereafter, Mutawakkil transferred him to the prison of another cruel man called Sayeed. Imam (A) remained here until Fateh bin Khaqan became the Prime Minister of Mutawakkil. Fateh was a Shia and could not bear to see the miserable condition of Imam (A), so he used his influence to secure his release. However, Mutawakkil kept a close watch on the activities of Imam (A), trying to prove that he was acting against the government and hence have an excuse to kill him. Although Mutawakkil was his most deadly enemy, Imam (A) did not return this enmity. Once Mutawakkil happened to suffer from a serious sickness and his own doctors declared him incurable. Mutawakkil's mother approached Imam (A) for help, and he prescribed an ointment that resulted in a spontaneous cure. Mutawakkil made it his duty to hunt out and kill all the descendants of Abu Talib and made life so terrifying for them that they were scattered far and wide. He did not content himself with this, but also showed his disrespect for the dead by demolishing the grave of Imam Husayn (A). He prohibited anyone from going for Ziyarat to Karbala. If anyone tried, they were put into underground prisons, never to be seen again. Mutawakkil was finally killed by his own son Muntansir, followed by Mustain and Mu'taz. It was the accursed Mu'taz who decided to kill Imam (A) because he could not bear to see the devotion of the people to him. A messenger of Mu'taz came to Imam (A) and managed to poison him. Imam (A) died within a few hours. The funeral prayers were conducted by his son, Imam Hasan al-Askari (A), and he was buried in Samarra. He was only 42 years old at the time. Of the 34 years of Imams (A) Imamah, 17 years were spent in freedom of guiding the people, and the other 17 years were spent in prison.
Islamic History
Class 9
Lessons we learn: Due to the Akhlaq of the Imam (A), even the most cruel prison guards started to respect him, and become his followers. Do unto others, what you would have them do unto you, even if others treat us badly and try to belittle us. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
Activity
What are some of the similarities and differences between the lives of the 9th Imam (A) and the 10th Imam (A)?
Islamic History
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Class 9
Imam Hasan Al-Askari (A)

Name: Title: Kuniyyat: Father: Mother: Birth: Imamah: Martyrdom: Buried: Hasan Al-Askari (One who Lives Near the Soldiers) Abu Muhammad Imam Ali an-Naqi (A) Lady Saleel (A) 10th Rabi Aakhar 232 AH, in Madina From 254 AH to 260 AH 8th Rabi Awwal 260 AH Samarra, Iraq
Imam (A) began his period of Imamah during the reign of the Abbasid Mu'taz. Mutadi and then Mutamad followed him. Although the Abbasid caliphs were busy with their own political problems, they all kept a very strict eye on Imam (A), and restricted his movements. In fact Imam (A) spent the greater part of his life in the prisons of these cruel rulers. The Abbasid caliphs were more worried about the presence of Imam (A) because they knew that his son would be the awaited "Mahdi". The hadith of the Holy Prophet (S) about the Mahdi was well known, and the people eagerly waited for him to come and relieve them from their difficult life under the Abbasids. As a result, the rulers inflicted all sorts of calamities on Imam (A). In spite of the fact that he had very little time with the people, he remained ever busy in guiding them to the right path by imparting his great religious knowledge. He managed to discharge his duties of Imamah with dedication and perseverance. History shows that the commentators of the Holy Qur'an have often quoted the interpretation of verses from Imam (A). When Mu'tamad came to power he realized that the only way to stop the birth of the Mahdi was to make sure that Imam (A) had no chance to marry and have a child. Accordingly, he decided to imprison him for life. Imam (A) lived under very severe conditions in this prison and often had to go without food or water. He used to offer his prayers by performing Tayammum with earth. One day Mu'tamad decided to torture Imam (A) by placing him before wild lions. To his surprise and disappointment, the beasts bowed in respect to Imam (A) and did not harm him at all.
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Imam (A) had been in the prison of Mu'tamad in Baghdad for 2 years when Allah (SWT) set into motion a series of events that led to the birth of the Mahdi, our 12th Imam (A). At that time, there was a drought in Baghdad and people were desperately praying for rain. A Christian monk came to Baghdad and claimed that he could make it rain by praying in the Christian manner. As soon as he raised his hands in prayer, it began to rain. The people became confused and many began to listen to his teachings because they thought he had miraculous powers. When news of this reached Mu'tamad, he realized that he had to do something to save the situation. After all, he was ruling in the name of Islam and he knew that his power would be threatened if the Muslims began to turn towards Christianity. Not knowing what to do, Mu'tamad eventually decided that there was only one person who could help and that was Imam al-Askari (A). When Mu'tamad came to him, Imam (A) did not refuse to help because it was his duty to defend Islam. Imam (A) asked Mu'tamad to gather the people and then call the Christian monk. When the people had assembled, he invited the monk to demonstrate his ability. When he raised his hands to pray, some rain clouds appeared. Imam (A) stopped him and asked a soldier to go over to the Christian and bring back what he had in his hands. The soldier returned with a bone. When the Christian was told to resume his prayers, nothing happened. Imam (A) explained to the people that the Christian was using a bone from the body of a Prophet of Allah (SWT). It was a special blessing from Allah (SWT) that whenever a bone of one of His Prophets was raised to the sky, it showered with rain. Imam (A) then told the people that he himself would pray for rain. As he raised his hands, rain clouds appeared immediately. The people began to go to their homes in fear of being drenched, but Imam (A) told them that those clouds were not for Baghdad. Finally some clouds appeared which he said were meant for Baghdad. He told the people to go to their homes and then there were heavy rains and the water shortage in Baghdad came to an end. The people were delighted at the actions of Imam (A). Many did not know him because he had been in the prison for most of his life. When they asked him his address, he pointed to Mu'tamad and said that he was the king's guest. Mu'tamad was too embarrassed and scared to admit to the people that Imam (A) was his prisoner, so he gave them the address of Imam Ali an-Naqi's (A) house in Samarra. The people escorted Imam (A) to his home and here he lived for some time during which our 12th Imam (A) was born.
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Mu'tamad could not bear hearing about the popularity of Imam (A) and tried many times to have him killed. At last he sent a poisoned drink to him, which caused the martyrdom of the Imam (A) at the age of 28 years. Our 12th Imam (A), who was only 5 years old, led the funeral prayers. Imam (A) is buried besides his father in Samarra. Lessons we learn: Just as our Imam (A) used his time wisely, we should do the same. Even though he had very little time with the people, he taught and guided them to the right path. It is our duty to defend our religion, Islam. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
Activity
Who did not want the birth of Mahdi (A) to take place? Why? What tactics were used to obstruct this holy birth? Was he successful? Why or Why not?
Islamic History
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Class 9
Imam Al - Mahdi (A)

Part I The Birth of Imam Mahdi (A)
Muhammad Al-Mahdi (The Guided One) Abul Qasim Imam Hasan al-Askari (A) Lady Narjis Khatun (A) 15th Shabaan 255 AH, in Samarra From 260 AH till today He is still alive
Name: Title: Kuniyyat: Father: Mother: Birth: Imamah: Martyrdom:
The name of the mother of Imam Mahdi (A) is Lady Narjis Khatun (A). Her other names were Malika, Sausan and Rayhana. She was the granddaughter of the Roman Emperor of the time. The history of her arrival into Samarra is narrated by Bashir bin Sulayman as follows: Once Imam Ali an-Naqi (A) called for me and said, "Since you are a descendant of our helpers and amongst our friends, I wish to assign to you a responsibility as I place full confidence in you." I asked him to issue his command as I was ready for any service. He said that he desired to purchase a female slave. He asked me to proceed to Baghdad for this purpose and upon my arrival to go to the riverbank the next morning. There I would see a number of boats and some female captives for sale. I should approach one Umar bin Yazid who would have for sale a female who would be dressed in two silk clothes. She would disapprove of any buyer and would be speaking in the Roman language. He gave me 120 Dinars and said that the seller would accept this price only. He also gave me a letter written in the Roman language to hand over to the female slave. I proceeded to Baghdad and in accordance with the signs Imam (A) had given me, I identified the lady and handed the letter to her. Upon reading the letter tears flowed from her eyes and she said to her master that she wanted to be sold only to me and that she would accept any other buyer. So I returned to my lodging with the lady who placed the letter on her eyes and wept profusely. I asked her why she was kissing the letter and weeping, when she was a visitor from Rome and did not know the author of the letter.
Islamic History
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She said, "I am the grand-daughter of Kaiser, the king of Rome, and my name is Malika. My father is Prince Yashua and my mother is Shamunus-safa. My grandfather had betrothed me to his nephew. One day he called all the Christian priests, ministers, leaders and courtiers to the palace. He seated his nephew on a throne studded with diamonds and asked the priest to perform my marriage with him. No sooner had the priest commenced the recitation from the book, when the idols on the walls collapsed and the prince fell off the throne which had broken into pieces. Another attempt met with the same result. My grandfather was deeply distressed by this unexplained occurrence. The same night Prophet Isa appeared in my dreams. He was present with his companions at the same marriage ceremony. A high throne had been placed exactly where the prince's throne had been, and on it was seated an elderly gentleman with a glowing face. Soon some illuminated personages arrived and Prophet Isa rose to welcome them. I asked someone in my dream about their identity. He informed me that they were the Prophet of Islam and the 11 Imams (A) from his progeny, who were his successors. The Prophet of Islam asked Prophet Isa for the hand of Malika, the daughter of Shamunus-safa, for his son, pointing at the shining face of Imam Hasan alAskari (A). This request was made to Prophet Isa as Malika was the descendant of Prophet Shamoon, who was the successor of Prophet Isa. Prophet Isa invited the views of Prophet Shamoon who instantly consented as he regarded the request a great honour, and so my marriage was performed with Imam Hasan al-Askari (A). My eyes abruptly opened and I was full of joy on recalling the dream. However, overcome by fear, I did not narrate this to anyone. Then, in a dream I saw the daughter of the Prophet of Islam (S), and rose in reverence to her and complained about my condition and my separation from Imam (A). She told me to recite the Kalima to testify to the Unity of Allah and the Prophethood of Muhammad (S) and become a Muslim and only then would she ask Imam (A) to visit me daily in my dream. I became a Muslim and since then, Imam (A) came in my dream and consoled me. Once he told me that my grandfather would send an army to attack a Muslim country and that I should change my dress and join the army as one of the attendants. The Muslims would win and I would be arrested with the others and taken as a prisoner of war."
Husayni Madrasah DSM Islamic History 15
Class 9
Bashir continues, "I was overwhelmed with joy on hearing this narration and brought Lady Narjis Khatun to Samarra, to Imam Ali an-Naqi (A), who welcomed her and handed her into the care of his sister Halima Khatun. Later he arranged for her to marry his son, Imam Hasan al-Askari (A) and prophesied that they would have a son who would be the Hujjat (Proof) of Allah (SWT) on earth. When the earth is saturated with oppression, evil and dishonesty, he would emerge to spread justice and piety." Imam Mahdi (A) was born in Samarra at dawn on Friday, the 15th of Shabaan 255 AH, in the house of his father. Such brightness shone on his face that it penetrated through the roof of the house towards the sky. Immediately upon his birth, he first prostrated in Sajda and raised his right index finger towards the sky and recited the Kalima. This was the practice of all our Imams (A). During the ceremony of shaving the head of the newborn, Imam Hasan al-Askari (A) instructed his attorney Uthman bin Said Umri to distribute meat and loaves of bread to the poor.
Lessons we learn: Our Aimmah teach us to be thankful to Allah (SWT) during times of trouble or happiness, and pray for those who are not as fortunate as us. Allah (SWT) is the Best of Planners When HE has decreed for something to happen, it will happen, even if others try to stop it. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
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Imam Al - Mahdi (A)

Part II His Childhood and Minor Concealment
Imam (A) was born during the time of the Abbasid caliph Mu'tamad, who had tried to prevent his birth but had been unsuccessful. Amongst the titles of Imam (A) are: Al - Qaim Al - Hujjat Al - Muntadhar Al - Muntadhir Sahib az-Zaman The Established one The Proof The Awaited one The Waiting one The Master of this Age
Allah (SWT) granted Imam (A) with wisdom and excellence at birth. Like the Prophets Isa and Yahya, he had the ability to speak during infancy and used to recite verses of the Holy Qur'an from the cradle. During his childhood, his father never used to let him stay at one place in the house. He used to move him to a different location every so often, so that Mu'tamad would not be aware of his existence. Imam Hasan al-Askari (A) only let a few trusted companions know of the secret of his son and advised them that he would be his successor. At the time of the death of Imam Hasan al-Askari (A), his brother Ja'far was preparing to lead the funeral prayers when the 12th Imam (A) suddenly appeared. He was only 5 years old and most people had never seen him. Think and Respond: The Imamah of the 12th Imam (A) began since he was 5 years old. He is waiting ever since, to bring justice in the world. How old is he now and will we be able to bear his justice? Imam (A) told his uncle to give him way, because only an Imam (A) could lead the funeral prayers for another Imam (A). He led the prayers and then disappeared. Mu'tamad received the news that the prayers had been led by a young boy, from whose face light shone out like the full moon. He immediately knew that he had failed in his plan and despite all his efforts, the next Imam (A) had been born.
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This fact frightened him because he knew of the hadith of the Holy Prophet (S) that the 12th Imam (A) would be the one who would fill the earth with peace and justice in the same way as it will have been filled with cruelty and injustice. Mu'tamad knew that his own rule was far from just, so he increased his efforts in locating and killing Imam (A) before any harm came to himself. With this, he was unsuccessful because Allah (SWT) protected His Hujjat, who had to serve mankind till the last days. The Holy Prophet (S) has said that if one dies without knowing the Imam of his time, his death is that of an unbeliever. We must therefore realize our duties to our Imam (A), who is still alive and in Ghaibah (Concealment). There have been two periods of Ghaibah. The first is known as Ghaibat as-Sughra (Minor Concealment) which took place from 260 AH to 328 AH. During this time Imam (A) could not be seen by his followers, but they could communicate with him through his special deputies. In the period of Ghaibat as-Sughra, Imam (A) nominated four deputies. They were: 1. Uthman bin Said He was also the companion and attorney of the 10th and 11th Imams (A). He was the representative of Imam (A) for only 1 years. Imam (A) told him that he would soon die and to appoint his son Muhammad in his place and inform the people. His grave in Baghdad is still visited today. 2. Muhammad bin Uthman He was extremely pious and served Imam (A) for 50 years. At the time of his death in 305 AH, he was instructed to appoint Husain bin Rauh. He is also buried in Baghdad. 3. Husain bin Rauh He was a man of cheerful character, who got on well with the Sunnis also. He was a scholar of a very high standard. He died in 326 AH 4. Ali bin Muhammad Samary He was the last deputy of Imam (A) and his office lasted 3 years. Just before his death, he received a message from Imam (A) that he would soon depart from the world, and to announce that the period of Ghaibat as-Sughra would now end.
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Imam (A) also told him of the two main signs of his reappearance: The first will be the rising of the army of Sufiani from Syria. The second will be a loud voice that will be heard from the sky announcing the presence of Imam (A). This will be understood by every person on earth, whatever their language may be. After 68 years, the period of Ghaibat Sughra ended, and the period of Ghaibat al-Kubra (Major Concealment) began. This is the period that we are living in today.
Activity
Quote the hadith emphasizing the importance of knowing ones Imam (A). What is the deeper meaning of this saying? What are some other signs indicating the reappearance Imam (A)?
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Imam Al - Mahdi (A)

Part III Imamah during Major Concealment
The period of Ghaibat as-Sughra (Minor Concealment) of the Holy Imam (A) ended with the death of his 4th deputy in the year 328 AH. During that time he answered the requests and questions of the Shia through his deputies. Then Allah (SWT) ordered him into Ghaibat al-Kubra (Major Concealment) and since then, he has been concealed from us. In this period, there is no public appearance of the Holy Imam (A); nobody can claim to be his deputy, and there is no direct way of communication with him. In place of the special deputies, pious scholars like our Mujtahideen, are regarded as representatives of the Holy Imam (A). Indeed he has said: Those learned in religion are its defenders. They restrain themselves from temptation and follow their Imam. It is obligatory upon the faithful to follow them because they are our representatives. Those who oppose them have opposed us, and those who oppose us have opposed Allah. Many people wonder what the use of an Imam is when he can not be seen. But just as the earth benefits from the light and heat of the sun even when it is temporarily hidden behind a cloud, so does creation benefit from the Holy Imam (A) even while he is concealed. There are many examples from history where the Holy Imam (A) has guided and assisted his followers: About 100 miles from Najaf, there was a centre of Shia learning called Hilla, where one of our greatest Mujtahid, Allama Hilli lived. Once, several people asked him about a ruling regarding a pregnant woman who had died with the child still alive in the womb. They asked whether she should be buried with the child, or should the child be removed from her womb. He advised that the lady be buried in the same condition. When the people were carrying the coffin to the grave, a horseman approached saying that the Allama Hilli had ordered that the child be now removed. The living child was then safely cut away from the dead mother, who was then buried. A few years later, Allama Hilli was visited by a man with a small child. The man said that this was the same child who had been removed from his mother after the Allama had changed his instructions.
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The Allama was amazed to hear this because he had not sent any horseman. He immediately realised that it was the Holy Imam (A) who had come to his aid, otherwise he would have been guilty of burying a living child. From that day he remained in his home and refused to give any rulings on matters of religion in case he made such a mistake again. In a few days he received a letter from the Holy Imam (A) stating that he should not be concerned and continue to guide the people. If by chance he erred, the Holy Imam (A) would himself correct matters. Allama Hilli went on to become one of the greatest Mujtahids, and today we are indebted to him for his valuable contributions in matters of religious jurisprudence. Think and Respond: Our Imam (A) is always there to help us in times of need. What are we doing to prepare ourselves to help him? During the time of the British rule in Bahrain, they appointed a Sunni Muslim as governor despite the fact that the majority of the population was Shia. There was also a particular Sunni minister who was an open enemy of the Shia. One day he brought a pomegranate to the governor. On the pomegranate, the names of Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Imam Ali (A) were found, together with the inscription that these were the four Rightful Caliphs of the Muslims. The minister claimed that this was a natural miracle and a sign from Allah (SWT) and that the Shia belief was incorrect. He urged that now the Shia should not be regarded as Muslims and be asked to become Sunnis, or be killed, or made to pay the taxes of non-Muslims. The governor was delighted at this occurrence and summoned the Shia scholars and informed them of the three alternatives. The Shia were surprised when they saw the fruit and asked for three days to return with their reply. This time was granted to them and they went away wondering what to do. Finally, they decided to seek help from the Imam (A). Three pious scholars were selected, and each one was to go out of the city into the forest and pray for the assistance of the Holy Imam (A). On the first two nights the first two scholars spent the whole night in prayers and supplications, but with no success. On the third night, the third scholar saw an impressive personality approach him at dawn.
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The man asked him what the problem was. He replied that if he was truly his Imam then he would surely know the problem. The Holy Imam (A) then replied that he was aware of the difficulty. He told the scholar to go with the governor to the minister's house the next day, and insist on going to the rooftop terrace. There he would find two moulds with the false inscription printed on them. These moulds had been fitted into the growing fruit so that, as it became larger, the words were embedded in it. He further told him to ask the minister to break open the fruit and witness the power of Allah (SWT). The next morning matters proceeded as the Holy Imam (A) had ordered. When the minister was told to take everybody to the terrace he went pale and began to make excuses. At the governor's insistence, he reluctantly led them to the place, where they found the articles as described by the Holy Imam (A). Eventually the governor asked the minister to break open the fruit. When he did so, black dust flew from it and smeared his eyes and beard. The minister was executed for his treachery while the Shia scholars left with honour and dignity. These, and numerous other events show that the Holy Imam (A) does come to our aid many times without us even being aware that it is he who has helped us out of a particular difficulty. Lessons we learn: Even though we may not be able to see our Imam (A), he is always there to help. We need to prepare ourselves, so that we are ready when he calls us to him. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
Activity
Discuss how even in present times, fabrications such as the pomegranate case continue to arise.
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Imam Al - Mahdi (A)

Part IV Our Duties During the Period of Ghaibat al-Kubra
Although the Holy Imam (A) is concealed from us, he is aware of our prayers, deeds, actions and troubles. Any believer who sincerely seeks help from him receives his assistance. During the period of his concealment we are required to perform certain actions to show our true belief in his presence. It is the duty of every believer to remember the Holy Imam (A) often, and to recite various dua for his safety and well being, such as Dua Ahad after morning prayers, Dua Nudba on Fridays and Ziyarat after daily prayers. At the same time, we should constantly ask Allah (SWT) to hasten the re-appearance of the Holy Imam (A) so that he may improve the affairs of the Muslims and fill the world with peace. While waiting for the Holy Imam (A) to reappear, we should ensure that the religion of Islam is spread far and wide and that the faith of the believers remains strong. We should open and run religious schools and publish religious books and information. Whenever the name of the Holy Imam (A) is mentioned, one should stand up and put his right hand on his head as a mark of respect. Just as we give charity for the protection of our family, we should also give charity in the name of the Holy Imam (A) for his safety. To show the Holy Imam (A) that we are his sincere followers, we should frequently recite the Holy Qur'an and perform Hajj and Ziyarat on his behalf. We should constantly remember him and send Salawat upon him. There are many ways to approach the Holy Imam (A) for his help. In times of difficulty, we can write a petition (Arizah) to him stating our needs, and deposit it into a well or river. This can be done at any time (not necessarily the 15th of Shabaan), and provided the person practices Islam, prays, fasts and restrains himself from committing sins, the Holy Imam (A) does come to his aid.
Think and Respond: Our Imam (A) is aware of our deeds. Are our deeds pleasing or upsetting for him to see?
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One way to meet the Holy Imam (A) directly is to spend 40 Tuesday nights in Masjid Sahla in Kufa, after which the Holy Imam (A) will approach you himself, Insha Allah. It is important to constantly remember our Holy Imam (A) and make preparations for his appearance. Those who do this are undoubtedly blessed with faith from Allah (SWT). The Holy Prophet (S) once told his companions: During the last days there will be believers, each of whose faith, will be greater than 25 of you." When his companions protested saying that they were his supporters and had risked their lives in the Holy Wars, he continued, saying: Although these Muslims will have never seen me or their Imam, they will remain true to their faith despite being surrounded by calamities and hostilities caused by their enemies. Ponder: Would we consider ourselves as being one of the believers whom the Holy Prophet (S) has described in the above tradition?
The Signs Indicating the Reappearance of the Holy Imam (A)

Imam Ali (A) has said that there are some definite signs before the Holy Imam (A) will appear. These are: 1. Dajaal will emerge. He is a wicked, one-eyed creature who will invite the people to worship him, claiming to be God. 2. There will be two eclipses in the Holy month of Ramadhan, contrary to normal calculations. There will be a Solar eclipse on the 15th day, and a lunar eclipse on the last day. 3. The sun will rise from the West. 4. An image of a man will appear in the sky opposite the Sun. 5. A loud voice will be heard from the sky announcing that the Mahdi has come and inviting the people to pay allegiance to him. This voice will be heard and understood by every human being.
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6. Sufiani will rise with his army and will wage a fierce war in his attempt to destroy the Holy Imam (A). The earth between Makkah and Madina will swallow up his army. There are many other signs that have been foretold, and some of them can be seen today. However, it is only when the specific events as listed above occur, that one can be sure that the Holy Imam (A) has truly reappeared. The Holy Imam (A) will first emerge in Makkah next to the Holy Kaaba. At his invitation, 313 Muslims will proceed to Makkah to swear the oath of allegiance to him. Thereafter, more Muslims will follow. Let us pray that when the time comes, we are blessed with the opportunity of being of service to our Holy Imam (A). Lessons we learn: We should constantly ask Allah to hasten the re-appearance of the Holy Imam (A). Our actions should be such that when the Imam (A) sees them, he is pleased with them and not upset by them. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
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The Three Battles (Ghazwas)

The news of the defeat of the Quraysh by the Muslims in the Battle of Badr spread throughout Arabia. In Makkah, the unbelievers were shocked at their defeat and many said they would not rest till they took revenge for their dead companions. The rich Jews of Madina, Khaybar and Wadi ul Quraa became alarmed at the rapid increase in the power and popularity of the Muslims. For these reasons, the two groups became deadly enemies of the Muslims. The Jews of Bani Qaynuqa lived in Madina with the Muslims, and they controlled most of the businesses in the city. To try to break the strength of the Muslims, they spread rumours against Islam and made fun of the verses of the Holy Qur'an. The Holy Prophet (S) decided to bring an end to their harmful activities and delivered a warning speech to the Jews in the market-place of Bani Qaynuqa. He said to them: "The fate of the Quraysh serves them right. It is a lesson to you as well. I am afraid the same fate will overtake you if you continue with your ways. There are many religious scholars amongst you, and they will confirm that I am the Prophet of Allah because this fact is recorded in your own Book, the Tawrat." Instead of remaining silent at the words of the Holy Prophet (S), the proud Jews replied that they were not as weak as the Quraysh and went on to say many disrespectful things. In reply, the Holy Prophet (S) reminded them of the Islamic Constitution that governed the city of Madina and warned them not to break the law. The Jews were overconfident due to their strength, so they continued to act arrogantly against the Muslims. They were waiting for an excuse to force the Muslims into attack. One day a Muslim woman went to the market place of the Bani Qaynuqa and a Jewish shopkeeper demanded that she remove her veil so that he could see her face. When the lady refused, they ridiculed her and made fun of her. On seeing the poor woman being insulted in this shameful manner, a Muslim who was present struck the shopkeeper and killed him. At once all the Jews turned on the Muslim and put him to death. When the Muslims learnt of the mass attack of the Jews on a single Muslim they were extremely angry. The Jews realized that the situation was now serious and so they left their businesses and took refuge in their homes in strong forts outside Madina.
Class 9
The Holy Prophet (S) ordered the Muslims to lay siege on the forts and after 15 days, the Jews surrendered. In return for mercy, the Jews agreed to leave their weapons and wealth behind and leave Madina forever. Although the Muslims were now free of the poisonous influence of the Bani Qaynuqa, several other plots were being hatched against them all the time and brief accounts of some Ghazwa(s) are given below.
1. Ghazwat ul Kadar The tribe of Bani Salim lived in an area called Kadar. News reached Madina that the people of that tribe were gathering arms to attack the Muslims. The Holy Prophet (S) went with a small army towards Kadar. The enemies, however, scattered when they heard of his march and the Holy Prophet (S) returned without any fighting. Later, he sent a second force and this time they engaged the Bani Salim in battle and returned to Madina victorious. 2. Ghazwat us Saweeq Abu Sufyan in Makkah had vowed to take revenge for the defeat at Badr and came out with 200 men to cause trouble. He did not have an army strong enough to attack Madina directly, so with the help of the chief of the Jewish tribe of Bani Nuzayr, he attacked the Muslims in the region of Ariz. He killed one Muslim and set fire to a palm grove. When the Holy Prophet (S) heard about the incident he came out with a group of men and pursued Abu Sufyan and his warriors. The enemy ran away, leaving behind bags of "Saweeq", (a food prepared with flour and palm dates). The Muslims took possession of these bags and gave this Ghazwa the name Ghazwat us Saweeq. 3. Ghazwa Zil Amr Reports were received in Madina that the tribe of Ghaftaan had gathered to attack the Muslims and conquer Madina. The Holy Prophet (S) came out with 450 men to face the enemy. The enemy lost heart and ran to hide in the mountains. In the meantime, due to heavy rain, the robes of the Holy Prophet (S) had become wet, so he put them to dry on a tree branch. One of the enemies saw that the Holy Prophet (S) was unarmed, so he came down from the mountain and threatened him with a sword, saying, "Who can save you today?" The Holy Prophet (S) calmly replied, "Allah."
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The man was so stunned by this confident reply that he lost his nerve and began to tremble. At once the Holy Prophet (S) grabbed the sword and said to him, "And who can save you now?" The man was an idol worshipper and knew that his wooden gods could not help him and he admitted, "None can save me." The Holy Prophet (S) did not take any action against this man and he became a Muslim and stayed steadfast to the religion till his last days. In these early days of Islam, the Muslims were called to defend their religion time and time again. But they never gave in to the pressure from their neighbouring tribes, who could not stand and watch the increasing strength of Islam.
Ponder:
Why were the Muslims constantly attacked by their neighbours?
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The Missionaries of Islam

After the defeat of the Muslims in the Battle of Uhud, many tribes became bold and started thinking that they could send in their armies to take over Madina. The Muslims, however, had only lost at Uhud because of a lapse in their discipline and they had learnt from their experience very well. They were still a very powerful force. As a warning, the Holy Prophet (S) silenced the tribes who were thinking of attacking Madina, by sending small military units to them to suppress any plots against the Muslims. These military units also prepared the ground for the Holy Prophet (S) to send groups of missionaries to teach the various tribes about Islam. Some of the enemy tribes resorted to deceitful means to weaken Islam. The representatives of some tribes living outside Madina came to the Holy Prophet (S) and claimed that they wished to become Muslims and that they needed someone to teach them and their people about Islam. It was the duty of the Holy Prophet (S) to give this request a positive reply, because the men represented several large tribes. Accordingly, he authorized 10 trained missionaries to accompany the representatives of the tribes. Once the group was out of the zone of authority of the Muslim government, they revealed their evil intentions. Suddenly they encircled the missionaries. The Muslims had no choice but to draw their swords to defend themselves. Their enemies, however, swore that all they wanted to do was to arrest them and hand them over to the Quraysh and claim a reward. The Muslims looked at one another and decided to fight. They replied that they did not believe the words of idol worshippers and bravely resorted to lay down their lives in the path of Islam. All of them were killed, except three. These three persons put away their swords and surrendered, trusting the goodwill of the enemies. While they were being led away, one of them felt ashamed at having surrendered. He managed to release his hands and took a sword to attack the enemies. The enemies retreated and overcame him by throwing stones at him. When he fell, they stoned him so much that he died and was buried on the spot. The other two prisoners were handed over to the Quraysh in Makkah and exchanged for two prisoners of their own. In Makkah, a man whose father was killed in the Battle of Badr by the Muslims, purchased one of the missionaries. As revenge, he hanged him.
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The second man was kept in prison for some time before he too was hanged. Before his death he bravely asked the people for some time to offer his Salah. Thus, even as he died, he impressed upon his murderers the strength of his faith in Islam. When the Holy Prophet (S) heard about the fate of the missionaries, he was very grieved and sent two men secretly to bury the second missionary, whose body had been left hanging on the gallows for several days. A few months later, a man of the tribe of Bani Aamir came to Madina. The Holy Prophet (S) invited him to Islam. The man requested that some people be sent to his tribe in Najd as missionaries. When the Holy Prophet (S) expressed concern for their safety, in view of past experiences, the man said that he himself would stay in Madina so that his tribe would not harm the Muslims. The Holy Prophet (S) then decided to send 40 learned Muslims to Najd under the leadership of a man called Munzir. He also sent a letter to the chief of one of the other tribes in Najd, inviting him to Islam. However, the chief did not even bother to read the letter and immediately put the bearer to death. He then asked for assistance from the neighbouring tribes to attack the missionaries, who had camped at Najd. Although the tribe of Bani Aamir tried to change his mind, they were outnumbered. Two of the Muslims were grazing the camels when the attack took place. One was killed but the other, whose name was Amr, managed to escape. The rest of the Muslims were not only senior missionaries, but also brave and well trained in warfare, so they considered it a shame to surrender. They all took up their arms to fight, but they were hopelessly outnumbered by the treacherous enemies. After a brave fight, they were all martyred, except for one man whose name was Kab. He was wounded, but managed to reach Madina and gave information about what had happened. These events teach us about the great sacrifices made by the early Muslims in the spreading and defense of Islam. Their unwavering commitment and strong faith remain as unparallel examples for us today.
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The Battle of Ahzab

When the Jews of Bani Qaynuqa were expelled from Madina because of their trouble-making, their sister tribe, the Bani Nuzayr, were very angry. They became deadly enemies of Islam and waited for an opportunity to do the Muslims harm. Once the Holy Prophet (S), together with a few companions, went to the fort of the Bani Nuzayr. While he waited outside the fort, the Jews sent one of their men to climb out from inside and kill him by throwing a huge rock on his head. The Holy Prophet (S) came to know of this treacherous scheme just in time and immediately left the place. Since the Bani Nuzayr had broken the treaty which they had signed, the Holy Prophet (S) gave them 10 days to leave Madina. After some resistance, they left Madina, demolishing their houses so that the Muslims could not occupy them. They were allowed to take all the possessions that they could carry, except for weapons of war. Some of them went to Syria and others settled with the Jews of Khaybar. On settling down at Khaybar, the Bani Nuzayr became determined to take revenge on the Muslims. They contacted the Quraysh in Makkah and 20 leaders from the Jews and 50 from Quraysh signed an agreement near the Holy Kaaba that as long as they lived, they would fight the Holy Prophet (S). Thereafter, the Jews and Quraysh contacted their allies and sent agents to a number of tribes for help. In this way 10,000 soldiers gathered. They marched toward Madina under the command of Abu Sufyan. This was in the year 5 AH. When the news of these preparations reached Madina, the Holy Prophet (S) consulted his companions. Salman Farsi advised to dig a deep and wide ditch on the unprotected side of Madina. This plan was accepted and the Muslims were divided into parties of 10, and each party allotted about 9 meters (10 yards) to dig. The Holy Prophet (S) himself participated in this task. The ditch or moat (Khandaq) was completed in time, just three days before the forces of the enemy reached Madina. The Muslims could gather only 3,000 men to oppose this huge army. They camped a few miles outside Madina. Meanwhile, the leader of Bani Nuzayr met secretly with some Jews who still lived in Madina. He convinced them to violate the treaty which they had concluded with the Muslims. Thus, the Muslims were exposed to danger within Madina, and the Jews began terrorizing the women and children. When the Holy Prophet (S) learnt about what was happening he sent back 500 men to patrol the city.
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The enemy was astonished to see the moat because it was a new thing for Arabs. They tried day and night to cross over, but each time they were repelled by the Muslim soldiers. The enemy began to shower arrows and stones at the Muslims in their frustration. Finally, some of the Quraysh's warriors - including the famous Amr bin Abdwud - succeeded in crossing the moat at a point where it was not very wide. Amr was one of the best warriors in all of Arabia. In battle, he was considered equal to 1,000 warriors. He began to challenge the Muslims to fight, but his reputation made them hesitate. Three times the Holy Prophet (S) urged the Muslims to fight Amr. Each time only Imam Ali (A) stood up. Finally, the Holy Prophet (S) allowed him to proceed, giving him his own sword and tying a special turban on his head. When Amr learnt about Imam's (A) identity, he refused to fight him, saying that Abu Talib had been his friend and he did not want to kill his friend's son. Imam Ali (A) told him not to be concerned about his death because if he died he would be blessed with a place in Heaven while Amr would end up in Hell. He then reminded Amr that he had once said that if any opponent made three requests, Amr would always grant one of them. Amr agreed to this. Imam Ali (A) then invited Amr: to accept Islam or to return to Makkah or to come down from his horse, as Imam (A) had no horse and was on foot. Amr agreed to the last request and came down from his horse. A fierce battle ensued. For a while, so much dust covered both warriors that nobody knew what was happening. Amr sent a murderous blow to the head of Imam Ali (A). Although Imam Ali (A) blocked it with his shield, Amr's sword broke through and inflicted a serious cut on his head. Imam Ali (A) then struck a blow to Amr's feet which brought Amr down. Suddenly the shout of "Allahu Akbar" was heard from Imam Ali (A) as he chopped off Amr's head. The killing of Amr shocked the other warriors who had crossed the moat, and they fled away.
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The battle was brought to an end because of three factors: i) ii) iii) The Holy Prophet (S) signed an agreement of peace with some of the tribes who had gathered to fight the Muslims. The enemy was demoralized at the death of Amr ibn Abdwud. The severe winter caused the enemies' horses to perish and their food was almost finished.
Finally, the Holy Prophet (S) went to the place where the Mosque of Victory (Masjid ul Fath) now stands, and prayed to Allah (SWT) for help. A fierce storm raged which uprooted the tents of the enemies, sending their belongings flying on all sides, and causing terror in their ranks. The Makkans and Jews fled away from the battle field. This battle is known as Ahzab (Battle of the Tribes) or Khandaq (Battle of the Moat), and the Muslims emerged victorious in spite of their fewer numbers. The Holy Qur'an says: O you who believe! Remember the blessing of Allah unto you when the tribes came to you. We sent upon them a strong wind and an army that you did not see. And Allah sees all that you do. Al Ahzab (33): 9
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The Pledge of Ridhwan

Around 5 AH the Holy Prophet (S) received the commandment of Allah (SWT) making Hajj obligatory on all Muslims. In the following year he saw in a dream that he was actually performing the Hajj along with his companions. He therefore decided to perform Hajj that very year. The Holy Prophet (S) announced to the Muslims that he intended to go for pilgrimage to Makkah in the month of Dhul Qadah, 6 AH. The Muhajireen, who had migrated to Madina with the Holy Prophet (S), were delighted at this opportunity to return to their beloved home town. The Ansar, who were the original residents of Madina, were also keen to undertake this blessed journey. In all, about 1400 Muslims prepared to accompany the Holy Prophet (S) to Makkah. The Holy Prophet (S) left Madina on schedule and sent an advance party to scout the route ahead and to warn him of any threat from the Quraysh. He ordered the Muslims not to carry any arms other than swords. Along the journey, the Holy Prophet (S) and his companions put on their Ihram, and chose 70 camels for sacrifice during the Hajj. Meanwhile, the Quraysh learned of the advance of the Muslims towards Makkah and dispatched 200 soldiers to stop them. When the Holy Prophet (S) received word that an ambush awaited them, he asked their guide to take them on a route that would bypass the enemies. Finally, after traveling through rough country, they reached a place where there was a well by the name of Hudaybiya, 10 miles from Makkah. Here, the Holy Prophet (S) ordered the Muslims to stop and pitch their tents. He then sent a message to the Quraysh that he wished to enter Makkah to perform the pilgrimage. He also let them know that he had come in peace and wished to settle matters by discussions. The Holy Prophet (S) then asked Umar bin Khattab, who had not fought the Quraysh in any battle, to act as a representative of the Muslims and go to Makkah. Umar excused himself, saying that his position was weak. The Holy Prophet (S) therefore sent Uthman bin Affan, who was the nephew of Abu Sufyan, the chief of the Makkans. Because he was related to Abu Sufyan, Uthman was warmly received in Makkah. The Quraysh told him that he was free to do the Hajj himself, but they would not allow the rest of the Muslims to enter the city. Uthman refused to perform the Hajj alone, so he was detained in Makkah.
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When Uthman did not return, the Muslims feared that he had been killed. The Holy Prophet (S) said that there was a possibility of battle breaking out, so he took a solemn oath of allegiance from the Muslims that they would support him even in the face of death. This famous allegiance was taken under an acacia tree, and is known as the Pledge of Ridhwan. The event has been mentioned in the Holy Qur'an as follows: Indeed Allah was well pleased with the believers when they pledged their allegiance to you under the tree. He knew what was in their hearts, so He sent down peace on them, and rewarded them with an immediate victory. Al Fath (48): 18 Soon afterward, Uthman returned from Makkah, safe and unharmed. With him was a man called Suhail who was sent by the Quraysh with instructions to settle the dispute peacefully. As a result of the discussions between Suhail and the Holy Prophet (S), a peace treaty was signed between the Muslims and the Quraysh. This was known as the Treaty of Hudaybiya. The conditions of the treaty were: 1. The Muslims should return to Madina that year without performing Hajj. 2. They could return the next year, but their stay would not exceed 3 days. 3. The Muslims should not bring any arms with them except sheathed swords. 4. There would be no war between the Quraysh and the Muslims for 10 years. 5. Any idolater or Makkan Muslim visiting Madina without permission of his tribe would be sent back to Makkah, but a Muslim of Madina going to Makkah without permission would not be allowed to return. 6. Any tribe of Arabia would be free to join any of the parties to the treaty and the allies also would be bound by this treaty. At the conclusion of this treaty, Umar accused the Holy Prophet (S) of selling them short. Although some of these terms seemed to be against the interests of the Muslims, it proved not to be the case. After staying for 3 days at Hudaybiya, the Muslims returned to Madina. On the way, Sura Fath (Victory), was revealed, which described the treaty as an open victory for the Muslims.
Class 9
The Treaty of Hudaybiya brought peace to Arabia after a long period of unrest. In the 2 years after this treaty, more people accepted Islam than in the whole 19 years since the beginning of the Holy Prophet's (S) mission.
Activity
Why was the Pledge of Ridhwan so important? What made Umar upset with the peace treaty? Why was the treaty described as a great victory by Allah (SWT)?
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The Invitation of Foreign States to Islam

In the peace that followed the signing of the Treaty of Hudaybiya, the Holy Prophet (S) had a great opportunity to spread the religion of Islam. In 7 AH he wrote letters to several neighbouring states inviting their rulers and people towards Islam. At the time, there were 4 powerful states around Arabia. 1. Iran, which ran from Central Asia up to Iraq. 2. Byzantine, known as Rome amongst the Arabs. The Byzantine Empire included Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine. 3. Egypt, which had been a part of the Byzantine Empire, but was now independent. 4. Abyssinia, which lay to the south of Egypt, and whose influence extended to other populated areas in Africa. A brave officer by the name of Abdullah Huzafah was sent by the Holy Prophet (S) to Khusro Parvez, the Emperor of Iran. When the letter inviting him to Islam was read before him, the Emperor flew into a rage. He tore the letter to pieces and rudely turned Abdullah out of his court. When Abdullah returned to Madina and related his experience, the Holy Prophet (S) was displeased and cursed Khusro saying, "O Lord! Break his kingdom into pieces." Meanwhile, the arrogant Emperor sent a letter to the ruler of Yemen, who was under him, ordering him to send some men to capture the Holy Prophet (S) and bring him to his court. Two officers came from Yemen to Madina to carry out his orders. When they saw that the Holy Prophet (S) had the powerful support of the Muslims, they realized that they had no chance of capturing him. However, they informed the Holy Prophet (S) of their orders and warned him of the consequences of displeasing the powerful Emperor of Iran. In reply the Holy Prophet (S) told them that Khusro Parvez had just been killed by his own son, Shirviyah, who was now the new Emperor. The Holy Prophet (S) then advised them to tell the people of Yemen to come out of Iranian control and come towards Islam. The officers were so impressed with the miraculous knowledge of the Holy Prophet (S) that they accepted Islam on the spot and later many people from Yemen also became Muslims.
Class 9
To Hercules, the Kaiser of Rome, the Holy Prophet (S) sent Dihyah bin Kalbi with a letter of invitation to Islam. The Kaiser received Dihyah with honour and was impressed with the contents of the letter. After making enquiries in Arabia and discussions with the Roman priests, he was convinced that the message was from the very same Prophet whose coming had been foretold in the Tawrat and Injeel. However, he was afraid that if he openly declared himself a Muslim, he would be removed from power by the influential Christians priests. Nevertheless, he wrote a letter to the Holy Prophet (S) expressing his faith and devotion to him and sent to him several presents. Amongst the gifts were a white mule named Duldul which later remained with Imam Ali (A) and his progeny for many years. The Kaiser also sent two slave girls. One of them, Maria Qabtia, was married by the Holy Prophet (S) while Hasan bin Thabit married the other. To the Maqauqis, the Ruler of Egypt, the Holy Prophet (S) sent Haatib bin Abi Balta'ah, a wise and experienced traveler. After the king read the message he thought over the contents of the letter for a long time. In the discussion that followed, Haatib explained in length the message and mission of the Holy Prophet (S). Although he was convinced by the arguments of Haatib, the Maqauqis was not prepared to give up his position as the head of the Coptic Church. He wrote a letter of regret to the Holy Prophet (S) and sent some presents back with Haatib. When the Holy Prophet (S) received the letter in Madina he remarked, "He has not accepted Islam on account of fear for his rulership, but his rule and authority will come to an end soon." To Asmaha, the Negus of Abyssinia, the Holy Prophet (S) sent two letters with Amr bin Umayyah. In one letter he invited the Negus to Islam. In the other he requested him to allow and make arrangements for the return of Ja'far bin Abu Talib and the other Muslims who had migrated to Abyssinia in the early difficult days of Islam. The king received the messenger of the Holy Prophet (S) with great respect and kissed the letters as a mark of respect before reading them. On finishing the letter regarding the invitation to Islam, the Negus immediately recited the Kalima and became a Muslim.
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He also obeyed the request of the Holy Prophet (S) regarding the arrangements for the return of the Muslims and sent his own son Raarhaa with them. In addition, the Holy Prophet (S) also sent letters to many other tribes and states, notably the Prince of Ghassaan, and the ruler of Yamamah. Both these men, however, did not give a firm commitment to Islam because it did not suit them politically. However, many other chiefs and rulers became inclined towards Islam and sent their representatives to Madina to learn more about the Holy Prophet (S) and Islam. By sending his messengers far and wide, the Holy Prophet (S) showed that Islam was a religion not only for the Arabs, but for the whole world.
Ponder:
How can we relate the invitation of foreign states to Islam, as was accomplished by the Holy Prophet (S), in comparison to the propagation of Islam in the 21st Century? What is our role?
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The Battle of Khaybar - Part I

To the north of Madina was situated a fertile land known as the Valley of Khaybar. The area was populated by 20,000 Jews who were skilled in farming and warfare. They had built 7 strong forts in Khaybar to protect themselves from any attack. When the Jewish tribes of Bani Qaynuqa and Bani Nuzayr were expelled from Madina because of their plots against Islam, some of them settled at Khaybar. Here, they continued in their old ways, encouraging and helping the Arab tribes to harm the State of Islam. Even after the Jews had lost against the Muslims in the Battle of Ahzab, they remained a source of danger to the Muslims. Moreover, the Holy Prophet (S) had sent letters to various leaders of neighbouring countries, and he was worried that those leaders who had rejected the message of Islam might pair up with the Jews of Khaybar and threaten the Muslims. Since he had just signed a peace treaty with the Quraysh, the Holy Prophet (S) knew that he would have no trouble from them and he could thus concentrate on removing the danger to Islam from Khaybar. He therefore ordered the Muslims to get ready to conquer the last center of the Jews in Arabia. The Muslim army consisted of 1600 men, of whom 200 were mounted soldiers. The army marched out under the standard of Imam Ali (A). To stop the tribes of Bani Ghatfaan and Bani Fazarah from assisting their Jewish allies, the Holy Prophet (S) first marched towards them so that they moved away from their homes. Then, the Holy Prophet (S) changed his direction for Khaybar and by the time the two tribes realized that the real target was the Jews, it was too late for them to help their allies. The 7 forts of Khaybar were named: o o o o o o o Katibah Na'im Nastaat Qamus Shiq Sulaalim Watih
All the forts had watchtowers with sentries posted to keep a lookout for any trouble. The forts were specially constructed to defend the entire area and the walls were equipped with weapons like giant catapults to push back an enemy attack.
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The Muslim army reached the area of Khaybar and after studying the situation, they occupied all the important points of access so that the Jews could not escape. The arrival of the Muslims went unnoticed and when the farmers came out of the forts the next morning, they were shocked to find themselves confronted by an army. The Jews rushed back into the forts and held meetings to decide how to tackle the situation. Finally, it was decided to move the women and children to one fort and the food to another. This could be done because the forts were connected by underground tunnels. The Jews then planned to attack the Muslims with the best warriors from each fort. Meanwhile the Muslims also prepared for war. The first fort of Khaybar to fall to the Muslims was Na'im. In the conquest of this fort, some Muslims were killed and many were wounded. These soldiers were taken to a make-shift hospital where their injuries were treated by the women of the Bani Ghifar tribe. The next fort that was attacked was Qamus. After a struggle, this fort was also captured. Two women who were present in the fort were arrested, one of whom was Safiyah, daughter of Hay bin Akhtab. This lady later became the wife of the Holy Prophet (S). The conquest of the two forts greatly increased the confidence of the Muslims, while the Jews became very disturbed and frightened. As the days passed, one fort after another came under the hands of the Muslims. Time and again, the heroes of Islam showed their bravery and spirit of selfsacrifice to attain the blessings of Allah (SWT).
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The Battle of Khaybar - Part II

After capturing the forts of Na'im and Qamus, the Muslims turned their attention to the forts of Watih and Sulaalim. These forts were very heavily guarded and the Muslims could not gain victory even after trying for 10 days. Both Abu Bakr and Umar led the Muslims on separate occasions to try and enter the forts but they were forced to retreat. Umar even demoralized the Muslims by praising the courage of the chief of the Jews, a fearful warrior by the name of Marhab. This action of Umar displeased the Holy Prophet (S) very much. Finally, the Holy Prophet (S) declared: "Tomorrow I shall give the standard to a person who loves Allah and the Prophet and who is loved by Allah and the Prophet, and Allah will accomplish the conquest of this fort at his hands. He is a man who has never turned his back to the enemy and does not run away from the battlefield." All the soldiers were curious to learn who that person would be, and the next morning they gathered around the Holy Prophet (S) to see who would be chosen to lead the soldiers. The Holy Prophet (S) asked, "Where is Ali?" He was informed that Imam Ali (A) was suffering from an eye infection so severe that he was unable to see. The Holy Prophet (S) ordered that Imam Ali (A) be brought to him. When Imam Ali (A) came, the Holy Prophet (S) rubbed his eyes and prayed for his recovery. The eyes of Imam Ali (A) were instantly cured and he never had trouble with them again. The Holy Prophet (S) then ordered Imam Ali (A) to advance against the enemy. He told him to ask the chiefs of the forts to accept Islam. If they refused he was to ask them to surrender and live freely under Muslim protection and pay tax to the Muslim state. If this offer was also refused, then he should fight. Imam Ali (A) approached the forts wearing a strong coat of armour and carrying his twin-tongued sword, Zulfiqar. The Jews sent out one of their best warriors, Harith, the brother of Marhab, to fight the Muslims. The soldiers of Islam were struck with fear when they saw the powerful Harith advance toward them. However, Imam Ali (A) met his challenge and after a brief fight, Harith lay dead on the ground.
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The death of his brother enraged Marhab. He came out of the fort fully armed and in a deadly mood. He was dressed in a heavy coat of armour and wore on his head a cap made of stone which he had covered with a helmet. As he challenged the Muslims, he recited his war poem stating, The walls of Khaybar testify that I am Marhab. I am the best of warriors and those who face me in the battlefield are coloured with their own blood. Imam Ali (A) stepped forward and recited his own poem, stating, I am the person whose mother named him Haider, a wild lion. In battle I make short work of my enemies. The words of Imam Ali (A) were carefully chosen. He knew that Marhab had recently been having bad dreams about being ripped apart by a lion and his words therefore caught Marhab by surprise and disturbed him. However, Marhab advanced with a terrible fury, determined to use all his skill to avenge his dead brother. The blows of the two warriors struck awe in the hearts of the onlookers. Suddenly Marhab plunged his three-pronged lance towards Imam Ali, who avoided the thrust and struck a powerful blow to the head of Marhab. The sword of Imam Ali (A) broke through the helmet, stone cap and head of Marhab and finally stopped at his teeth. A silence fell as the Jews unbelievingly watched their champion fall dead. As he shouted "Allahu Akbar" in victory, Imam Ali (A) was surrounded by several experienced Jewish soldiers. However, they could not match his skill and soon they lay dead. During the fight someone struck a blow at Imam Ali (A), breaking his shield. He turned to the gate of the fort and wrenched it off its hinges and used it as a shield. When he finally threw it away, even 10 Muslims could not lift it. Imam Ali (A) later commented that he had lifted the gate by the strength granted to him by Allah (SWT) due to his firm faith in the Day of Judgment. As a result of the bravery of Imam Ali (A), the fort was taken and soon all forts were within the hands of the Muslims. The Muslims lost 20 men in this battle while the Jews lost 93 men. The Holy Prophet (S) had made the Jews realise how useless it was to plot the downfall of the Muslims. After the victory, he restored all their land to them with the orders that half of the profit from their agricultural activity should be given to the Muslims in return for protection.
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On the day of the victory, the Muslims who had migrated from Makkah to Abyssinia returned home. The Holy Prophet (S) was overjoyed and commented that he did not know what pleased him more - the victory at Khaybar or the return of his cousin Ja'far bin Abu Talib with the Muslims from Abyssinia. The consequences of this war were: It completely wiped away the stronghold and influence of Jews in and around Madina. The Muslims were now completely independent of the economic stronghold of the Jews. The Islamic propagation could go ahead at full speed without the fear of sabotage from the Madinite Jews, who were now neutralized.
Lessons we learn: One persons bravery can motivate and inspire the whole army. Even the strongest enemies are no match in the face of true faith.
Ponder What were the 3 choices that the Holy Prophet (S) told Imam Ali (A) to give to the enemy? What does this tell us about the concept of war in Islam?
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Fadak
After his victory at Khaybar, the Holy Prophet (S) decided to destroy the remaining strongholds of the Jews and thus end the potential danger to Islam. He therefore turned his attention to the Jewish village of Fadak, which was a fertile territory 180 km north of Madina. He sent an envoy to the elders of Fadak. The chief of the village preferred peace and in return for the protection of the Muslims, he agreed to give half of the produce of the region to the Holy Prophet (S). According to the rules of Islam, the lands conquered through war and military power are the property of all the Muslims and their administration lies with the ruler of the Muslims. However, those lands that are submitted to the Muslims without war, as in the case of Fadak, belong to the Holy Prophet (S) and after him, to the Holy Imam (A) of the time. They have the right to distribute such properties as they see fit. This is evident from the following verse: Whatever God has bestowed on His Prophet from the people of the towns, is for God, and the Prophet, and his relatives, and the orphans, and the needy, and the wayfarer, so that it may not circulate among the rich ones of you. Al Hashr (59): 7 The land of Fadak thus came into the possession of the Holy Prophet (S). He left half of the land to the Jews for their own upkeep, and gifted the other half to his dear daughter Lady Fatimah (A). This was according to the following verse: And give the kinsman his due, and the needy and the wayfarer Bani Israail (17): 26 He did this for several reasons. Firstly, because he was divinely commanded to give his near ones their due. The Holy Prophet (S) and all the Muslims were indebted to Bibi Khadija (A) who sacrificed her entire wealth for the sake of the early Muslims. Her money had been used to spread Islam, free those Muslims who were slaves and support them in their times of trouble as in the three years of social boycott that they had faced in Makkah. Now the Holy Prophet (S) could return her favours by gifting her daughter the rich land of Fadak. He also knew that after him, Imam Ali (A) would need Fadak as a source of income to safeguard his position as Caliph.
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Finally, he wanted to leave some provision for his daughter and grandchildren so that they could live with dignity after his death. However, after the Holy Prophet (S) passed away, Abu Bakr, who had stolen the right of Imam Ali (A) to the Caliphate, took Fadak away from Bibi Fatima (A). He did this to ensure that Imam Ali (A) would not have the means to regain his rights. When her agents informed her that they had been replaced by the Caliph's men at Fadak, Bibi Fatima (A) decided to contest her right by legal means. Abu Bakr refused to acknowledge her claim, and asked her to provide witnesses. Although she already possessed the property of Fadak and there had never been any doubt about her ownership, she brought two witnesses. These were Imam Ali (A) and a woman named Umme Ayman, about whom the Holy Prophet (S) had guaranteed that she would go to heaven. Even then, Abu Bakr would not agree and he quoted a fake tradition from the Holy Prophet (S) saying, We, the group of Prophets do not inherit, nor are we inherited and what we leave is for alms. This was a blatant lie and moreover no one but Abu Bakr claimed to have heard it. Bibi Fatima (A) then gave an eloquent lecture in which she first explained about the Oneness of Allah (SWT) and the nature of the mission of her father. She then proved that Abu Bakr was lying by quoting the following verse: And Sulaiman inherited Dawood Naml (27): 16 Although Abu Bakr was ashamed of his conduct and decided to return Fadak to her, she never forgave him for his actions. She did not speak to him again as long as she lived, and at her funeral six months after her father died, he was not allowed to take part, as per her will. Eventually, Abu Bakr wrote a certificate to the effect that Fadak was the absolute property of Bibi Fatima (A) and gave it to her. However, when she was going back to her house, Umar Khattab chanced to meet her and came to know the contents of the certificate. He brought it back to Abu Bakr saying, "As Ali is a beneficiary in this case, his evidence is not acceptable. As for Umme Ayman, being a woman, her testimony is also of no value on its own."
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Saying this, he tore up the certificate in the presence of Abu Bakr. This action grieved Bibi Fatima (A) so much that she cursed him saying, "May Allah cause your abdomen to be torn in the same way." This prayer proved fateful, because in 24 AH, Umar was stabbed thrice in the stomach by his killer, Abu Lulu. After this, Fadak remained in the hands of successive rulers until the time of the Umayyad caliph, Umar bin Abdul Aziz, who returned it to Imam Muhammad alBaqir (A). However, the next caliph took it away and it remained with the Bani Umayyah Caliphs until their rule ended. During the rule of the Bani Abbas it was returned briefly, but then taken away forever. Important to consider how: The rights and property of the Prophets (S) family were usurped (taken over). Lady Fatimah (A), the daughter of the Holy Prophet (S) was hurt and mistreated by the earlier Caliphs.
Activity
What is the Islamic rule on lands conquered through war, and those without war? Support your response with references from the Holy Quran.
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The Umra
One of the conditions of the Peace Treaty of Hudaybiya was that the Muslims would be permitted to visit Makkah the following year. They would be allowed to stay there for 3 days to carry out their religious duties. After a year had passed, the Holy Prophet (S) declared that the Muslims should prepare for the Umra, the minor Hajj. The announcement was met with great joy, especially by the Muhajirs, who had not seen their relatives and hometown in seven years. 2000 Muslims prepared to make the journey. The Holy Prophet (S) put on his Ihram in the mosque and the others followed him. Then the Muslims proceeded to Makkah reciting the Talbiyyah. They took with them 80 camels for sacrifice. The sight of this caravan, which possessed so much majesty and dignity, made many idolaters inclined towards Islam. As a result, many became Muslims. One of the conditions of the treaty was that, when entering Makkah, the Muslims should be unarmed except for a single travelers sword. The Holy Prophet (S) knew that this made them vulnerable to attack from the Quraysh, whom he did not trust. Therefore, he sent 200 well armed men in a valley near Makkah and to wait there for his arrival. When the Quraysh learnt of this action of the Holy Prophet (S) they realized that it was useless to plan any surprise attacks on the Muslims. They therefore opened the gates of Makkah and vacated the city for the nearby mountains and hills. From here, they could observe all their activities of the Muslims during their three days' stay. The Holy Prophet (S) entered Makkah with the Muslims and the sound of "Labbayk" echoed throughout the city, filling the Makkans with awe. He performed Tawaaf of the Holy Kaaba while mounted on his camel. At this stage he ordered that the Muslims join him in saying: "There is no god but Allah. He is One and Matchless. He has acted according to His Promise (that the Muslims would visit the Holy Kaaba soon). He helped His servant. He raised the army of One God to the highest rank and condemned the armies of the idol worshippers to loneliness." On that day all the centers of pilgrimage and the places where ceremonies of Umra are performed, including Masjidul Haraam, the Holy Kaaba and the hills of Safa and Marwa were under the control of the Muslims.
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Seeing the Muslims perform their sacred rites at these places made a great impact on the leaders of the Quraysh, and now they finally believed that this mighty religion and its leader could never be stopped. The time for noon prayers arrived. The Holy Prophet (S) ordered Bilal to recite the Adhaan. Bilal climbed onto the roof of the Holy Kaaba, and loudly announced the call to prayer. Every word was like an arrow in the hearts of the listening Quraysh. Afterwards, the Holy Prophet (S) led the Muslims in performing Sa'ee between the hills of Safa and Marwa. The hypocrites and idolaters had spread the rumour that the Muslims had become weak due to the poor climate in Madina. To show them that they were wrong, the Holy Prophet (S) did "Harwalah" during part of the Sa'ee, and the Muslims followed him. Harwalah is a type of quick walking, just short of running. Then the Muslims sacrificed their camels and came out of the state of Ihram and had their hair cut. The Holy Prophet (S) then ordered that 200 Muslims should proceed to the valley where the Muslim soldiers were camped, to replace them so that they could come and perform their Umra. The rites and ceremonies of Umra came to an end. The Muhajirs went to their homes to meet their relatives. They also invited some Ansar to their homes to return some of the hospitality that the Ansar had shown them on their arrival in Madina. The short visit of the Muslims and the glory of Islam had made a deep impression on the minds of the citizens of Makkah. Many of them were left with a longing to learn more about the religion and the conduct of the Muslims had won a greater victory than any war. The Holy Qur'an says: Allah made the dream of His messenger come true for a genuine purpose. If Allah wills, you (believers) will enter the Sacred Mosque in security, with your heads shaved, nails cut and without any fears in your heart. Al Fath (48): 27
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The Battle of Moota

By 8 AH there was security in most of Arabia and the call of Islam had extended to many parts. The Jews in the north and the Quraysh in the south had been subdued by the victories of the Muslims in battle and they did not pose a threat any longer. The Holy Prophet (S) sent envoys to neighbouring countries and invited their rulers to embrace Islam. Some of these envoys were well received, while others were mistreated and even killed. One such envoy, Harith bin Umayr Azdi was sent with a letter to the ruler of Syria. Before he could reach his destination, he was captured at Moota by Shurahbil, the governor of the ruler of Syria in the border towns. Disregarding the universal law about the safety of envoys, Shurahbil killed Harith. In a separate incident, 15 missionaries sent to the Syrians were also killed. When the Holy Prophet (S) received the sad news, he was deeply grieved and decided to punish Shurahbil and those who obstructed the spread of Islam. He gave orders for Jihad and 3000 men assembled at Jurf, the military station of Madina. He instructed the army to march towards Moota and first invite the people to become Muslims. If they accepted Islam, the murder of the envoy would not be avenged but if they resisted, the Muslims should fight against them in the Name of Allah. Ja'far bin Abu Talib was appointed as the commander of the army and the Holy Prophet (S) said that if Ja'far was killed then Zayd bin Harith would lead them, and if he was killed then Abdullah bin Rawaahid would assume command. If he too was killed, then the Muslim army should select their commander from amongst themselves. Before dispatching the expedition, the Holy Prophet (S) instructed them to observe the following rules: 1. Not to interfere with the monks and nuns who were worshipping in their monasteries. 2. Not to lift their hand against any women, children or old people. 3. Not to cut down trees or destroy buildings These instructions were an example of the Holy Prophet's (S) vision and the efforts he was making to bring about changes and reforms in all walks of life, in a period in Arabia when no scruples were exercised, particularly in war.
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In response to the news of the march of the Muslim army, Hercules of Rome and the Syrian Ruler sent their best troops to the borders, and Shurahbil gathered an army of 100,000 soldiers. In addition to being hopelessly outnumbered, the Muslims were also facing a professional army. Due to their constant wars with Iran, the Romans had become experts in war strategy and tactics. They were also equipped with better weapons and transport. Also, the Romans had the advantage that they were fighting at home while the Muslims were in a foreign land. Despite being in a weaker position, the Muslim forces gave a heroic account of their valour. Ja'far divided his men into 3 divisions and the armies met at Sharaf near Moota. The battle began with single combats but soon turned into a full scale war. The Muslims fought courageously but soon the differences in number proved too great. Ja'far was surrounded and lost one arm and then the other. Eventually, he was killed with a blow to the head and after him Zayd and then Abdullah were also martyred. By the end of the first day the Muslim army was in disarray and their numbers were severely reduced. As their new commander, the Muslims chose Khalid bin Walid. During the night, Khalid ordered the remaining wings of the Muslim army to change sides with each other, and the sound of the movements of a large number of men convinced the enemy that reinforcements had arrived. On the next day Khalid arranged the Muslim army in such a way as to give an impression that new troops had joined them. These tactics made the enemy hesitate and Khalid took the opportunity to withdraw the Muslim army and return to Madina. The retreat of the Muslims was not well received by some in Madina who said that they should have fought on till the very end. However, given the circumstances, Khalid was right in bringing them back because it would have been pointless to sacrifice the lives of more Muslims. The Holy Prophet (S) was much grieved at the loss of Muslim lives and especially that of his cousin Ja'far. He saw in his dream that Ja'far had been given 2 wings like angels in heaven and since then Ja'far in known as Tayyaar - the one who flies. Just before his death, the Holy Prophet (S) prepared a strong force under Usama bin Zayd, to return to Moota. However, this expedition never got off the ground because of his illness.
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Although Usama was ready to march, some Muslims, especially Abu Bakr and Umar, were worried that they would be absent from Madina when the Holy Prophet (S) passed away. They had actually devised their own deceptive plans to deprive Imam Ali (A) from his right of successorship.
Activity
Reflect upon the instructions given to the army by the Holy Prophet (S). What does this tell us about our etiquette and attitude, even during war?
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The Battle of Dhatus Salaasil

From the day the Holy Prophet (S) entered Madina and made it the capital of the Muslims, he set up a network of secret agents and observers throughout Arabia. These men informed him about the plans of his enemies and allowed him to take precautionary measures. At the times of the Battles of Uhud and Ahzab these agents had proved invaluable to the Holy Prophet (S). In 8 AH, the intelligence network of the Holy Prophet (S) reported to him that, in the valley of Yaabis, thousands of people were gathering to sign a mutual agreement to make a full-scale attack on Madina. They were willing to lay down their lives to destroy Islam and their main objective was to kill the Holy Prophet (S) or his valiant officer Imam Ali (A). On receipt of the news, the Holy Prophet (S) gathered the Muslims in the mosque and informed them of the danger. A group of men were appointed to counteract the threat, and Abu Bakr was nominated as its commander. The small unit left Madina for Yaabis. When they reached the stony valley of Yaabis, they found their way blocked by the men of Bani Salim. The chiefs of the tribe asked Abu Bakr, "What is the purpose of this military expedition?" Abu Bakr replied, "I have been appointed by the Prophet of Allah to present Islam to you and to fight you if you decline to accept it." At that moment, the chiefs displayed the large number of men in their army and this sight frightened Abu Bakr. He ordered the Muslims to retreat to Madina although they were inclined to put up a good fight. The return of the army disappointed the Holy Prophet (S). He now entrusted the army to Umar. This time the enemies were on the alert and had hidden themselves behind the stones and trees at the entrance to the valley. When the Muslims arrived they were ambushed by the enemy and Umar ordered a retreat. Amr al-Aas, a cunning politician who had just become a Muslim, came to the Holy Prophet (S) and said, "War is deceit." He meant that victory in war was not always achieved by strength and valour but could also be achieved by clever planning and deceit. He added, "If I am allowed to lead the soldiers I will achieve victory."
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The Holy Prophet (S) accepted this proposal but the overconfident Amr was no more successful than the two commanders before him. The successive defeats had demoralized the Muslims. Now the Holy Prophet (S) organized an army once more but this time selected Imam Ali (A) as commander and gave him the battle standard in his hand. Imam Ali (A) marched ahead of the Muslims, carrying a spear. As he watched him ride off, the Holy Prophet (S) commented, "He is an attacking commander who never flees the battlefield." This statement shows what the Holy Prophet (S) thought of the disgraced earlier commanders. Imam Ali (A) took an entirely different route to Yaabis to avoid being spotted by any scouts of the Bani Salim. He traveled by night and concealed his men by day. When they arrived closer to the valley he ordered the men to rest and refresh themselves. The next morning, after praying the dawn prayers, he led his men up the mountainous land behind the valley. From that point the army descended into the valley. Inspired by the presence of Imam Ali (A), the Muslims proceeded forth in an irresistible tide. They caught the enemy by surprise and caused havoc in their ranks. Before the enemy could organize themselves they were facing the furious onslaught of Imam Ali (A) who overpowered them by quickly killing seven of them. Some more men were killed and the others ran away leaving a large booty behind. The brave and victorious commander returned to Madina and the Holy Prophet (S) came forward to receive him. On seeing the Holy Prophet (S), Imam Ali (A) dismounted immediately in respect. The Holy Prophet (S) patted the back of Imam Ali (A) and said, "O Ali, mount the horse, Allah and His Prophet are pleased with you." At that time the Holy Prophet (S) uttered a famous sentence saying, "O Ali, if I had not been afraid that a group of my followers might say the same thing about you as the Christians say about Prophet Isa (A), I would say something about you that would make people gather the dust of your feet as an article of blessing."
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The bravery and conduct of Imam Ali (A) was so valuable that Allah revealed Sura Aadiyaat about the event. The Sura contains powerful and stirring oaths in appreciation of the military spirit of the soldiers who took part in the battle. The Holy Qur'an says: By the snorting chargers (of the warriors), whose hooves strike against the rocks and produce sparks, while they run during a raid at dawn, and leave behind a trail of dust that engulfs the enemy. Al Aadiyaat (100): 1 5
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The Conquest of Makkah - Part I

The treaty of Hudaybiya was signed between the Quraysh of Makkah and the Holy Prophet (S), in which they agreed that there would be no fighting between the Muslims and the Quraysh for ten years. In the years following the treaty, there was general peace and the Muslims went freely to Makkah to perform their pilgrimage in the presence of thousands of idol worshippers who were the enemies of Islam. In the month of Jamaadi Awwal of 8 AH, the Holy Prophet (S) sent 3000 soldiers to the frontiers of Syria, to punish the Romans for killing unprotected Muslim missionaries in a cruel manner. The Muslims however, did not engage in full battle but retreated after a few attacks. Although very few lives were lost, the expedition was not as successful as had been expected. When the Quraysh heard the news, they thought that the military might of the Muslims had weakened and they got bold and decided to disturb the peaceful situation. The first action of the Quraysh was to encourage their friends, the Bani Bakr, to launch an unexpected attack on the people of Bani Khuza'ah, who were the allies of the Muslims and under their protection. The Bani Khuza'ah, who were caught by surprise could not offer much resistance and were killed in their beds and in prayers. The ones who remained alive were made prisoners. When the news reached the Holy Prophet (S), he promised to avenge the innocent blood of the Bani Khuza'ah. The Quraysh, on hearing that the Muslims were taking this breach of the peace treaty very seriously, began to regret their hasty action. To try and calm things down, they sent Abu Sufyan to Madina with instructions to hide the details of their crimes by all means. When Abu Sufyan arrived in Madina, he went straight to the house of his daughter, Umme Habiba, who was the wife of the Holy Prophet (S). When he wanted to sit on a mattress that was used by the Holy Prophet (S), his daughter folded it up. Abu Sufyan asked, "Did you not think that the bedding was suitable for me, or was I not suitable for it?" His daughter replied, "I do not wish that a person who is an unbeliever and Najis should sit on the bedding of the Holy Prophet (S)."
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The experience at his daughter's house left Abu Sufyan very uneasy but he decided to go meet the Holy Prophet (S) anyway. When he met him, Abu Sufyan talked unashamedly of strengthening the bond of peace between the Muslims and the Quraysh, as if their actions against the allies did not matter. However, the Holy Prophet (S) remained silent, thus showing him that he did not care for the proposal at all. Abu Sufyan realized that he had no chance of changing the mind of the Holy Prophet (S) or stopping the revenge of the Muslims, so he returned to Makkah to warn the Quraysh. The Holy Prophet (S) decided to use this opportunity to bring Makkah under the control of Islam once and for all. However, he wanted to capture this last base of the idol worshippers with as little bloodshed as possible. He planned to move swiftly and secretly to Makkah with a huge army. He hoped that when the Makkans would be faced with a powerful army that appeared by surprise, they would lose heart in fighting. According to this plan, the Holy Prophet (S) mobilized the Muslim army on 10th Ramadhan 8 AH, and marched towards Makkah with about 10,000 men. When they reached a place called Kadid a few miles from Madina, the Holy Prophet (S) and the Muslims broke their fasts and then continued onward towards Makkah. Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib, who was the uncle of the Holy Prophet (S), lived in Makkah and used to inform the Holy Prophet (S) about the decisions of the Quraysh. Although he was a Muslim, he had good relations with the chiefs of the Quraysh. While the Holy Prophet (S) was proceeding towards Makkah, Abbas left towards Madina and met him at a place called Ju'fah. The presence of Abbas proved very useful in the conquest of Makkah. The Muslim army finally stopped to camp a few miles from Makkah. The Makkans, who were unaware of the Muslim presence, were shocked when they suddenly saw the hills around Makkah light up with hundreds of fires from the Muslim camp. Abu Sufyan and some other chiefs of the Quraysh came out of Makkah to investigate. He was met by Abbas, who protected him from the swords of the Muslims and guided him to the Holy Prophet's (S) tent.
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When the Holy Prophet (S) saw him he said, "Has the time not come for you to accept that there is no god but Allah?" However, Abu Sufyan was not very willing to give up his belief in idols. Seeing him hesitate, Abbas warned him that if he waited for much longer, his life would not be safe. Abu Sufyan realized the danger he was in, and accepted Islam, although in his heart the hatred for the Holy Prophet (S) burned as strong as ever.
The Conquest of Makkah - Part II

Although the Holy Prophet (S) was well aware that Abu Sufyan had only become a Muslim to save his life, he decided to accept the man's words because it would help to secure the city of Makkah without bloodshed. In order to show Abu Sufyan that he did not have any ill feelings against him, the Holy Prophet (S) declared: Abu Sufyan is authorized to assure the people of Makkah that whoever Takes refuge within the Masjidul Haraam near the Holy Kaaba Lays down his weapons Stays in his house Takes refuge in the house of Abu Sufyan will all remain safe from the actions of the army of Islam. The Holy Prophet (S) wished to show Abu Sufyan the military strength of the Muslim army so that the rest of the Quraysh knew how useless it would be to try and fight the Muslims. So, Abbas, the uncle of the Holy Prophet (S), detained Abu Sufyan in a narrow valley so they could watch the Muslim army march past. The power and grandeur of the entire Muslim army left Abu Sufyan frightened, and all thoughts of resistance vanished from his mind. The Holy Prophet (S) set him free to return to Makkah. When he got there, Abu Sufyan told the Makkans what he had seen and gave them the message of the Holy Prophet (S). He further added that it would be impossible to attack an army so large and well equipped. The morale of the Makkans was completely weakened when they heard the words of Abu Sufyan. The Holy Prophet (S) entered the city of Makkah with great dignity riding on his camel al-Qaswa. Nobody stood to oppose him. He stopped at the side of the grave of his uncle Abu Talib and pitched his tent at that place. Each unit of the Muslim army entered the city through different gates with no incident except for the unit of Khalid bin Walid. Some people tried to stop him
Class 9
and fighting broke out which was stopped by the Holy Prophet (S). Soon, the entire city of Makkah surrendered to the Muslims. The Holy Prophet (S) won the hearts of the Makkans by saying that he would take no revenge for their past actions, and that they were all free. He then mounted his camel and proceeded towards the Holy Kaaba for Tawaaf. During the first round of Tawaaf, he turned towards the three big idols named Hubal, Isaf, and Na'ilah, which had been put above the door of the Holy Kaaba. He knocked them down with a stick he was carrying and recited the following verse from the Holy Qur'an: Say, "Truth has come and falsehood has been banished; and falsehood is certainly doomed to banishment." Bani Israail (17): 81 The Holy Prophet (S) then entered the Holy Kaaba to clear it of the idols that were in there. He broke many idols himself. Some of them were placed too high for him to reach, so he asked Imam Ali (A) to stand on his shoulders and pull the idols down. Thus, the last traces of idol worship were removed from the Holy Kaaba and Masjidul Haraam. By now the time for Dhuhr prayers had set in. The Holy Prophet (S) asked Bilal to recite the Adhaan. All the Muslims offered their prayers led by the Holy Prophet (S), who then delivered a speech regarding the message of Islam. The entire population of Makkah then offered their allegiance to the Holy Prophet (S). Allah had kept the promise he had made to his beloved Prophet (S) when He said in the Holy Qur'an: (O Muhammad!) Allah, Who has commanded you to follow the guidance of the Qur'an will certainly return you victoriously to your place of birth. Al Qasas (28): 85 Lessons we learn: We must prepare for the time when our 12th Imam (A) reappears so that we are on the side of Truth and not on the side of Falsehood. We should never accept the rules of Islam out of fear, otherwise faith will never truly settle in our hearts. If there are people who give us trouble or do wrong to us, we must remember the example of the Holy Prophet (S) and forgive them.
Class 9
The Battle of Hunayn

Makkah was the main centre of the UNBELIEVERS and the IDOLATORS; the next centre was Taif, about 32 km (70 miles) south east of Makkah. The Taif region was inhabited by the tribes of Bani Hawazin and Bani Thaqeef. The news of the fall of Makkah in 8 AH created great surprise and disturbance among these surrounding tribes as until now they had not taken part in any campaign between the Quraysh and the Muslims. So about 4000 of the Hawazin and the Thaqeef left Taif to march on to Makkah to battle with the Muslims. Meanwhile, the Holy Prophet (S), after conquering Makkah prepared to leave after having stayed there for 15 days. He appointed a guide to educate and instruct the people, entrusted the government and administration of the city, as well as the duty of leading prayers, to a pious Muslim from Madina. The Prophet (S) got reports of the invading Taif army, and to avoid bloodshed in the Holy City, he marched out to meet them in Shawwal 8 AH. He now had about 12,000 men with him (10,000 from Madina and 2000 from Makkah). The two armies met at Hunayn, a mountainous region halfway between Makkah and Taif. The commander of the enemys army sent three spies into the Muslim army to find out their strength. The spies returned with their hearts full of fear at the power of the Muslims. On hearing their bad news, the enemy became demoralized. Their commander knew he was hopelessly outnumbered, so he decided to fight the Muslims by making a surprise attack when they crossed the mountain pass leading into Hunayn. When the Muslim army arrived at the narrow pass, they were forced to march in small groups. Moreover, they were overconfident because of their huge numbers, and this made them careless. As soon as the Muslims entered the pass, the enemy attacked them from above with stones and arrows. Thereafter, a special group of skilled soldiers came down the mountain side and attacked the Muslims with their swords. The sudden attack broke up the Muslim ranks and they lost their courage. Many of them began to run away from the battle, despite the command of the Holy Prophet (S) to stay and fight. The enemy made the Holy Prophet (S) their chief target hoping to kill him and finish the war there and then. When Imam Ali (A) realized their intention, he stood next to the Holy Prophet (S) and the enemy could not overcome his skill at combat.
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A famous warrior by the name of Abu Jundal came out to fight from the enemy side but unfortunately for him, he came up against Imam Ali (A) and soon lay dead. At this time Imam Ali (A) began to actively attack the enemy and struck terror into their hearts. By the time he stopped fighting, he had killed 40 enemy soldiers. The Muslims gained courage from this and returned to the battle. Result: The enemy could no longer contain the Muslims, who fell upon them from all sides. By the end of the war a further 30 enemy soldiers were killed. Finally, the Muslims won over the Taifis in Hunayn. Many Taifis managed to escape to Autas (Ootas), an area towards Taif. There they regrouped and fought again. The Holy Prophet (S) sent a large force to deal with them. Eventually the Muslims won this battle, but not before their commander had been killed. They also took a large number of prisoners and war booty. Though, in the battles of Hunayn and Ootas, a large number of Muslims were killed in the initial confusion, overall, it was a victory for the Muslims, because the enemy fled leaving behind 6,000 captives, 24,000 camels, 40,000 sheep and 4000 Waqih of Silver. (One Waqih equals 213 grams approximately.) Allah (SWT) has referred to this battle in the Holy Quran in the following words: Allah has helped you on many occasions including the day of Hunayn; when you were happy with the number of your men, who proved to be of no help to you, and the whole vast earth seemed to have no place to hide you (from your enemies), and you turned back in retreat. At Tawbah (9): 25 The Holy Prophet (S) ordered that the entire war booty be transferred to a place called Jarana until he returned from Taif.
Ponder:
There are some people who run away from difficult tests, whilst some stay and defend with their sword. What will our position be when the 12th Imam (A) arrives?
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The Battle of Taif

Taif is one of the fertile country towns of Arabia. It is situated to the south-east of Makkah. On account of its fine weather, gardens and palm groves, the town of Taif was the centre of a group of people who led very comfortable lives. This town was inhabited by the Bani Thaqeef who were one of the most powerful and popular tribes of the Arabs. They were amongst the people who fought against Islam at Hunayn. After suffering a defeat in this battle, they took refuge in a strong fort in their own town. The Muslim army pursued these runaways and decided to lay a siege around the fort. The Battle: The fort of Taif was situated at a great height and had very strong walls, and its watch towers fully controlled the outside area. Plan 1 The army of Islam proceeded to surround the fort but it had not yet been completely encircled when the enemies attacked with a shower of arrows Result - Some Muslims were killed. Plan 2 Salman Farsi suggested to the Holy Prophet (S) that the fort of the enemy might be stoned by means of large catapults. The Muslim soldiers erected a catapult and stoned the interior and towers of the fort for about 20 days. Result - The enemies continued to shoot arrows and thereby inflicted injuries to the soldiers of Islam. Plan 3 In order to make the enemy surrender, it was necessary to attack it from all sides. A military vehicle was made of wood and was covered with thick leather. Strong soldiers took their places inside it and pushed it towards the fort and began making holes in the wall under its cover. Result - The enemies threw melted iron on top of the vehicle and burnt the roof covering. The Muslim soldiers became exposed to enemy arrows and so this tactic had to be abandoned.
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Plan 4 The Bani Thaqeef were rich and possessed a large number of slaves. In order to get information about the state of affairs inside the fort and to assess the strength of the enemy, the Holy Prophet (S) announced that those slaves who came out of the fort and took refuge with the army of Islam, would become free. Result - This message proved effective to some extent and about 20 slaves escaped from the fort very skillfully and joined the Muslims. From them, it was learnt that those within the fort were not prepared to surrender at any cost, and even if the siege continued for one year they would not be faced with any shortage of food and provisions. Final decision: The Holy Prophet (S) decided that the conquest of the fort would require further activity and patience, and he did not wish to prolong the war for several reasons. These were: The siege of the fort had already resulted in the deaths of several Muslims. The Holy Prophet (S) did not want more Muslims to be killed. The Muslim army was becoming restless at the lack of results and wanted to receive their share of booty from the battles of Hunayn and Ootas. The month of Shawwal was coming to an end, and the month of Dhul Qadah was approaching. This is one of the 4 months during which war is forbidden. The Hajj season was near and the Holy Prophet (S) wanted to take advantage of it, as it was the best occasion to spread Islam further. Keeping all these matters in mind, the Holy Prophet (S) gave up the siege of Taif and proceeded along with his soldiers to distribute the war booty in Jarana. In the distribution of the booty the Holy Prophet (S) gave larger shares to the newly converted Muslims. From his own share, he gifted the chiefs of Quraysh. Such people are known as Muallafatul Qulub (those whose hearts are encouraged towards Islam). This gesture of the Holy Prophet (S) made the new converts come closer to Islam but upset the older Muslims, especially the Ansar.
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The Holy Prophet (S) came to learn of their disappointment and addressed them as follows: O group of Ansar! Why have you been grieved because I have given some small property to the Quraysh so that they may become steadfast in Islam, when I have given over Islam to you? Are you not satisfied that while others take away camels and sheep, you shall take away the Prophet (S) with you? By Allah! If all other people go one way and the Ansar go the other way, I will choose the way of the Ansar. Then he called for Allahs (SWT) blessing for the Ansar and their children. The words of the Holy Prophet (S) made the Ansar weep with shame and they said, O Prophet of Allah! We are content with our share.
Another Form of Victory for Islam While he was still in Jarana, the Bani Hawaazin surrendered to the Muslims and approached the Prophet (S) to request the release of their relatives. The Holy Prophet (S) released all the prisoners who had fallen in his share and the share of the other members of Bani Hashim. When they heard of his action, all the Muslims did the same. In this way about 6000 prisoners were released. On the 18th of Dhul Qadah 8 AH, the Holy Prophet (S) performed Umra and then left for Madina after appointing a deputy in Makkah. On his way to back to Madina he visited the grave of his mother in Abwa. The Holy Prophet (S) arrived back in Madina on the 1st of Dhul Hijjah having been away for 3 months.
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The Battle of Tabuk

The expanding power of the Muslims across Arabia worried the neighbouring non-Muslim rulers. One such ruler was the Kaiser of Rome, the King of Byzantine. When he saw that the government of Makkah had fallen and the chiefs of the Quraysh had become Muslims, he felt that his own empire was under threat. Therefore, in 9 AH, he decided to launch a surprise attack on the Muslims. Syria was one of the colonies of the Roman Empire and its capital was Constantinople. The people were Christians and took orders directly from the Kaiser. On the road leading from Hijr to Damascus there was a strong fort called Tabuk. The Kaiser sent out an army of 4000 mounted soldiers equipped with the latest armour and weapons to fight the Muslims. The Roman army decided to camp at the fort and await further orders. When the trade caravans returned to Arabia from Syria they informed the Holy Prophet (S) that the Romans were gathering an army at the borders of Syria. The Holy Prophet (S) realized that the threat to the Muslim state would have to be stopped, so he sent messages to Makkah and around Madina asking the Muslims to come to fight in the path of Allah (SWT). Strategies that the Holy Prophet (S) used to prepare for war: The Prophet (S) made an appeal for donations for provisions, transport and armoury for the long journey ahead; the donations came in abundance, from rich and poor alike. He also asked the rich people to pay their Zakat, which would also provide towards the expense of war. At the call of the Holy Prophet (S), 30,000 Muslims gathered near Madina, ready to participate in battle. 10,000 of these men were mounted soldiers, while the rest were infantrymen. At that time it was extremely hot in Madina. A hypocrite called Abdullah bin Ubayy started weakening the spirit of some Muslims by warning them of the great strength of the enemy and the difficulty of marching the long distance to Tabuk in the terrible heat. With his words this hypocrite managed to change the minds of some members of his own tribe, the Khazraj. The following verse of the Holy Quran was revealed at this time:
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They did not wish to strive in Allahs way with their wealth and their selves; and they said (to the others), Do not go in the heat Say (O Muhammad), The fire of Hell is fiercer in heat if only they could understand. At Tawbah (9): 81 The day of departure of the Muslim army arrived, and the Holy Prophet (S) addressed the soldiers to strengthen their morale. Then the army marched out of Madina towards Tabuk. The Commander of the Faithful, Imam Ali (A) had always been in the front of every Islamic battle. However, in the Battle of Tabuk he stayed back in Madina on the orders of the Holy Prophet (S) himself. The Holy Prophet (S) knew that Tabuk was the farthest place that he had traveled for battle, and that there was a strong chance that anti-Islamic groups might create disturbance in Madina in his absence. So, the Prophet (S) left Imam Ali (A) in charge of Madina at this critical time: When Madina was undefended from within To defend the hard won peace in Madina To welcome the envoys who were regularly coming to Madina. The people who had decided to cause trouble in the absence of the Holy Prophet (S), were dismayed at the presence of Imam Ali (A), who was constantly alert. To get Imam Ali (A) out of Madina, they started a rumour that the Holy Prophet (S) was not happy with him and that was the reason he had left him behind. In order to clarify this matter, Imam Ali (A) followed the Holy Prophet (S) and met him at a place called Jaraf. When the Holy Prophet (S) heard what the hypocrites were saying in Madina, he uttered a very famous statement that is clear proof of the right of Caliphate of Imam Ali (A). He said: O my brother! Return to Madina, because no one is more suited to preserve the dignity and position of Madina than myself and you. Dont you feel happy when I say that your relationship with me is similar to the one between Haroon and Musa, except that no Prophet will come after me?
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Just as Prophet Haroon was the immediate successor of Prophet Musa, you are my successor and Caliph after me. The journey of the Muslim army was filled with difficulties and the weather was extremely hot. At one point they ran out of water but there was a heavy shower of rain that brought relief to the advancing army. Finally, the Muslims reached Tabuk but the Romans had already retreated when they received news of the size and strength of the Muslim forces. The Holy Prophet (S) stayed in Tabuk for 20 days and when the enemy did not come back, he decided to return to Madina. The journey to Tabuk was not wasted because the Holy Prophet (S) managed to get most of the surrounding chiefs to accept Islam while the others agreed to pay tax to the Muslim state in return for protection. Furthermore, the Romans changed their mind about ever disturbing Muslim territories after having seen the might of the Muslim army. On the way back, the Holy Prophet (S) passed the valley of Uqba through a narrow hilly road with steep slopes on either side. Huzayfa bin Yamani and Ammar Yasir were helping the Holy Prophet (S) to ensure his safe passage, when suddenly there was some lightning. In the flash of light the Holy Prophet (S) and Huzayfa saw a group of people who wanted to kill the Holy Prophet (S), by letting off oil boulders from a ledge on a hill with the intention to frighten the camel on which the Prophet (S) was saddled thereby causing him to fall off from the high ridge. When they were seen, they ran away. Although their faces were masked, the Holy Prophet (S) told Huzayfa that they were Muslims and gave him each and every ones identity and asked him never to reveal this knowledge. The Holy Prophet (S) did not want take revenge of these people. Since then, Huzayfa was always known as Keeper of the Holy Prophets (S) secret.
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Islamic History - Class 9: Topics

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Class 9

ISLAMIC HISTORY - CLASS 9

Husayni Madrasah DSM

TABLE OF CONTENTS TOPICS

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ISLAMIC HISTORY SECTION

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Fort: Hospitality: Hypocrite:

Spontaneous: Strategy: Unwavering: Warfare:

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Imam Muhammad At-Taqi (A)

Name: Title: Kuniyyat: Father: Mother: Birth: Imamah: Martyrdom: Buried:

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Imam Ali An-Naqi (A)

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Imam Hasan Al-Askari (A)

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Husayni Madrasah DSM

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Imam Al - Mahdi (A)

Name: Title: Kuniyyat: Father: Mother: Birth: Imamah: Martyrdom:

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Imam Al - Mahdi (A)

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Imam Al - Mahdi (A)

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Imam Al - Mahdi (A)

Husayni Madrasah DSM

The Signs Indicating the Reappearance of the Holy Imam (A)

Husayni Madrasah DSM

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The Three Battles (Ghazwas)

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The Missionaries of Islam

Husayni Madrasah DSM

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The Battle of Ahzab

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Husayni Madrasah DSM

The Pledge of Ridhwan

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Husayni Madrasah DSM

The Invitation of Foreign States to Islam

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Husayni Madrasah DSM

The Battle of Khaybar - Part I

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The Battle of Khaybar - Part II

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Husayni Madrasah DSM

Husayni Madrasah DSM