rozner (jsr958) 019 Ghosh (99438) 1

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Multiple-choice questions may continue on
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Students,
This is your last UTHW (19)for the year
unless you want me to post a couple for the
summer vacation! Your brain may stay active
that way. Anyway, please go over the related
materials from your book and work accord-
ingly. It is due on Wednesday night (9:00
PM) this time due to your fast approaching
tests and AP exams. Good Luck! Mrs. Ghosh
001 10.0 points
Quantities that are conserved in all nuclear
reactions include which of the following?
I. electric charge
II. number of nuclei
III. number of protons
1. II only
2. I, II and III
3. I and III only
4. I only correct
5. II and III only
Explanation:
In nuclear reactions, electric charge is con-
served; in fact, electric charge is conserved in
all 4 known basic interactions in nature.
On the other hand, neither number of nu-
clei nor number of protons is conserved. For
example, in nuclear ssion, a uranium nucleus
is split into two or more nuclei of other ele-
ments. And in decay, the number of protons
in the nucleus is changed also.
Thus, I is the correct statement.
keywords:
002 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
Complete the following nuclear reactions:
27
13
Al +
4
2
He ? +
30
15
P
1.
1
0
n correct
2.
1
1
H
3.
4
2
He
4.
2
4
Be
5.
10
4
Be
Explanation:
The charge is conserved and the nucleon
number is conserved.
A = 27 + 4 30 = 1
Z = 13 + 2 15 = 0
1
0
? is a neutron:
27
13
Al +
4
2
He
1
0
n +
30
15
P
003 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points
1
0
n + ?
4
2
He +
7
3
Li
1.
2
1
H
2.
10
4
Be
3.
11
5
B
4.
10
5
B correct
5.
12
6
C
Explanation:
A = 4 + 7 1 = 10
Z = 2 + 3 0 = 5
10
5
? is boron:
1
0
n +
10
5
B
4
2
He +
7
3
Li
004 10.0 points
rozner (jsr958) 019 Ghosh (99438) 2
Cobalt 60 is a radioactive source with a half-
life of about 5 years.
After how many years will the activity of a
new sample of cobalt 60 be decreased to
1
8
its
original value?
1. T = 10 years
2. T = 2.5 years
3. It depends on the original amount of
cobalt 60
4. T = 15 years correct
5. T = 5 years
Explanation:
After 5 years, the activity would be reduced
to
1
2
its original value; after 10 years,
1
4
; after
15 years,
1
8
.
005 10.0 points
A muon with a lifetime of 2 10
6
s in its
frame of reference is created in the upper
atmosphere with a velocity of 0.984 c toward
the Earth (where c is the speed of light in
vacuum).
What is the lifetime of the muon, as mea-
sured by an observer on the Earth?
Correct answer: 1.12253 10
5
s.
Explanation:
Let : v = 0.984 c and
t
0
= 2 10
6
s .
The lifetime of the muon as seen by the
earthbound observer will seem greater than
the lifetime seen by an observer moving with
the muon. Using the time dilation equation,
t =
t
0
_
1
v
2
c
2
=
1.12253 10
5
s
_
1 (0.984)
2
= 1.12253 10
5
s .
006 10.0 points
At noon a radioactive sample decays at a
rate of 4,000 counts per minute. At 12:30 p.m.
the decay rate has decreased to 2,000 counts
per minute.
What is the decay rate
d N
dt
at 1:30 p.m.?
1.
d N
dt
= 500 counts per minute correct
2.
d N
dt
= 1, 333 counts per minute
3.
d N
dt
= 1, 000 counts per minute
4.
d N
dt
= 0 counts per minute
5.
d N
dt
= 667 counts per minute
Explanation:
The rate of decay decreased by half from
12:00 p.m. to 12:30 p.m. (dening a half-life
of 30 minutes), so the decay is
1
2
from 12:00 to 12:30 p.m.
1
4
from 12:30 to 1:00 p.m.
1
8
from 1:00 to 1:30 p.m.
and the decay rate is
1
8
(4000 counts/min) = 500 counts/min .
007 10.0 points
The graph below shows the decay of a sam-
ple of
14
C that initially contained N
0
atoms.
rozner (jsr958) 019 Ghosh (99438) 3
N
0
A B C D E F G H J
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
U
n
d
e
c
a
y
e
d
A
t
o
m
s
Time
Decay Plot
Which of the lettered points on the time
axis could represent the half-life of
14
C?
1. C
2. B correct
3. D
4. A
5. E
Explanation:
The half-life of an radioactive sample is the
time it takes for half of the material to decay
into something else. Initially, there were N
0
carbon 14 atoms. At time B, only
N
0
2
atoms
remained. The other half atoms had decayed.
Therefore, the half-life of
14
C is represented
by point B on the time axis.
N
0
N
0
2
A B C D E F G H J
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
U
n
d
e
c
a
y
e
d
A
t
o
m
s
Time
Decay Plot
008 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
A sample of radioactive material is initially
found to have an activity of 132 decays/min.
After 6 d, 1 h, its activity is measured to be
79.5 decays/min.
Calculate the half-life of the material.
Correct answer: 198.22 h.
Explanation:
Let : t
1
= 6 d, 1 h ,
R
0
= 132 decays/min and
R
1
= 79.5 decays/min .
t
1
= (6 d)
24 h
1 d
+ 1 h = 145 h .
R
1
= R
0
e
t
R
1
R
0
= e
t
R
0
R
1
= e
t
=
ln
_
R
0
R
1
_
t
1
,
so the half-life is

1/2
=
ln 2

=
ln 2 T
1
ln
_
R
0
R
1
_
rozner (jsr958) 019 Ghosh (99438) 4
=
(145 h) ln2
ln
_
132 decays/min
79.5 decays/min
_
= 198.22 h .
009 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points
How long (from the initial time) will it take
for the sample to reach an activity level of
15.5 decays/min?
Correct answer: 25.5224 d.
Explanation:
Let : R
2
= 15.5 decays/min .
The time is
t
2
=

1/2
ln2
ln
_
R
0
R
2
_
=
198.22 h
ln 2
ln
_
132 decays/min
15.5 decays/min
_

_
1 d
24 h
_
= 25.5224 d .
010 10.0 points
What is the energy released in the alpha
decay of
238
92
U? The mass of
234
90
Th is 234.044 u,
of
238
92
U 238.051 u, of
4
2
He 4.0026 u and 1 u =
931.5 Mev.
1. 10.5628 Mev
2. 4.0986 Mev correct
3. 2.98764 Mev
4. 1.56298 Mev
5. 0.78109 Mev
6. 7.89735 Mev
Explanation:
Let : m
Th
= 234.044 u ,
m
U
= 238.051 u ,
m
He
= 4.0026 u .
The energy released in the decay
238
92
U
4
2
He +
234
90
Th
is
Q = mc
2
=
_
m
U
(m
He
+m
Th
)
_
c
2
=
_
238.051 u (4.0026 u + 234.044 u)
_
(931.5 Mev/u)
= 4.0986 Mev .
011 10.0 points
What is needed for controlled thermonuclear
reactions to work?
1. All of these correct
2. high density
3. high temperature
4. None of these
5. long time
Explanation:
012 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
The atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on
August 6, 1945, released 5 10
13
J of energy
(equivalent to that from 12000 tons of TNT).
Determine the number of
235
92
U nuclei s-
sioned if each
235
U ssion releases 208 MeV of
energy.
Correct answer: 1.5024 10
24
.
Explanation:
Let : E = 5 10
13
J and
ssion energy = 208 MeV.
rozner (jsr958) 019 Ghosh (99438) 5
Suppose each
235
U ssion releases 208 MeV
of energy. Then, the number of nuclei that
must have undergone ssion is
N =
total release
energy per ssion
=
5 10
13
J
(208 MeV)(1.6 10
13
J/MeV)
= 1.5024 10
24
nuclei .
013 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points
Estimate the mass of this atomic bomb.
Correct answer: 0.586197 kg.
Explanation:
Let : m235
U
= 235.044 u
The mass of this number of
235
U atoms is
m =
_
1.5024 10
24
_
(235.044 u) (1.66 10
27
kg/u)
= 0.586197 kg .
keywords:
014 10.0 points
An all-electric home uses approximately
1942 kWh of electric energy per month.
How much uranium-235 would be required
to provide this house with its energy needs for
9 year? (Assume 100% conversion eciency
and 208 MeV released per ssion.)
Correct answer: 8.85216 g.
Explanation:
Let : p = 1942 kWh/month ,
t = 9 year ,
E
fission
= 208 MeV 1.60 10
13
J/Mev
= 3.328 10
11
J , and
m
U
= 235.044 u .
The total energy required for one year is
E =
1942 kWh
1 month
(3.6 10
6
J/kWh)
(12 months/year)
= 8.38944 10
10
J/yr .
The number of ssion events needed will be
N =
E
E
event
=
8.38944 10
10
J/yr
3.328 10
11
J
= 2.52087 10
21
/yr .
So the mass of this number of
235
U atoms is
m = N m
atom
= (2.52087 10
21
/yr) (235.044 u)
(1.66 10
27
kg/u)
1000 g
1 kg
= 0.983574 g/yr .
Therefore, the energy needs for 9 year is
(0.983574 g/yr) (9 year) = 8.85216 g .
keywords:
015 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
Determine the product of the reaction
7
3
Li +
4
2
He ? + n .
1.
12
6
C
2.
8
4
Be
3.
10
5
B correct
4.
10
4
Be
5.
10
6
C
6.
12
5
B
Explanation:
7
3
C +
4
2
He
10
5
B +
1
0
n
016 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points
Find the Q value of the reaction. The mass of
7
3
Li is 7.016 u, the mass of
4
2
He is 4.0026 u and
the mass of the neutron is 1.00866 u.
rozner (jsr958) 019 Ghosh (99438) 6
1. 5.09873 Mev
2. 32.0987 Mev
3. 123.099 Mev
4. 28.0977 Mev
5. 2.79077 Mev correct
6. 3.09877 Mev
Explanation:
Q = (m) c
2
= (m7
Li
+m4
He
m10
B
m
n
) c
2
= [7.016 u + 4.0026 u 10.0129 u
1.00866 u](931.5 Mev/u)
= 2.79077 Mev .
keywords:
017 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
The rst known reaction in which the product
nucleus was radioactive (achieved in 1934)
was one in which
27
13
Al was bombarded with
alpha particles. Produced in the reaction were
a neutron and a product nucleus.
What was the product nucleus?
1.
27
14
Si
2.
30
15
P correct
3.
30
13
Al
4.
31
15
P
5.
28
14
Si
6.
26
12
Mg
Explanation:
27
13
Al +
4
2
He n +
30
15
P
018 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points
What was the Q value of reaction?
1. 10.9873 Mev
2. 1.7845 Mev
3. 2.6734 Mev correct
4. 3.5678 Mev
5. 2.0987 Mev
6. 5.0987 Mev
Explanation:
Let : m27
Al
= 26.9815 u ,
m4
2
He
= 4.0026 u ,
m
n
= 1.00866 u , and
m30
P
= 29.9783 u .
Q = mc
2
= (m27
Al
+m4
He
m
n
m30
P
) c
2
= (26.9815 u + 4.0026 u
1.00866 u 29.9783 u)(931.5 Mev/u)
= 2.6734 Mev .
019 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
Consider nuclear ssion for which the reac-
tion
235
92
U+
1
0
n
138
56
Ba +
95
36
Kr + neutrons + energy
is a good example.
How many free neutrons are in the products
of this reaction?
1. 3 correct
2. 4
3. 2
4. 6
rozner (jsr958) 019 Ghosh (99438) 7
5. 5
Explanation:
In such nuclear reactions, the total baryon
number (the sum of the protons and the neu-
trons) is conserved, as is the total charge.
(235 92) +1 = 144 is the neutron number
before the reaction. In the product, Ba and
Kr have a total neutron number of (138
56) + (95 36) = 141, so the total number of
free neutrons in the product is 144 141 = 3.
020 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points
Which statement is always true for neutron-
induced ssion reactions involving
235
92
U?
I. The end products always include Ba and
Kr.
II. The rest mass of the end products is less
than that of
235
92
U +
1
0
n.
III. The total number of nucleons (protons
plus neutrons) in the end products is less
than that in
235
92
U +
1
0
n.
1. I, II, and III
2. III only
3. II only correct
4. I and III only
5. I and II only
Explanation:
The kinetic energy of the initial (thermal)
neutron is negligible.
Nuclear reactions have many channels (dif-
ferent products), so statement I is false.
The nucleon number is conserved, so state-
ment III is false.
Because of conservation of energy and the
fact that the end products carry kinetic en-
ergy and/or additional energy in terms of
rays (electrons, etc.) and rays (photons),
the rest energy of the product must be less
than that of the initial particles.
021 10.0 points
If an all-electric home uses approximately
1541 kWh of electric energy per month, how
many fusion events described by the reaction
2
1
H +
3
1
H
4
2
He +
1
0
n
would be required to keep this house running
for one year?
Correct answer: 2.36532 10
22
events.
Explanation:
Let : p = 1541 kWh/month ,
t = 1 year ,
m
H2
= 2.0141 u ,
m
H3
= 3.01605 u ,
m
H4
= 4.0026 u , and
m
n
= 1.00866 u .
The energy released in the reaction
2
1
H +
3
1
H
4
2
He +
1
0
n
is
Q = (m) c
2
= [m
H2
+m
H3
m
He4
m
n
] c
2
=
_
2.0141 u + 3.01605 u 4.0026 u
1.00866 u
_
c
2
931.5 MeV/u
c
2
(1.6 10
13
J/MeV)
= 2.81447 10
12
J .
The total energy required for one year is
E =
1541 kWh
1 month
(3.6 10
6
J/kWh)
(12 months/year)
= 6.65712 10
10
J/yr ,
so the number of fusion events needed for one
year is
N =
E
Q
=
6.65712 10
10
J/yr
2.81447 10
12
J
= 2.36532 10
22
/yr .
022 10.0 points
Find the energy released in the fusion reaction
1
1
H +
3
2
He
4
2
He +e
+
+
rozner (jsr958) 019 Ghosh (99438) 8
1. 14.3 MeV
2. 8.5 MeV
3. 20.6 MeV
4. 18.8 MeV correct
5. 10.7 MeV
Explanation:
Let : m1
H
= 1.00782 u/c
2
,
m3
He
= 3.01603 u/c
2
,
m4
He
= 4.0026 u/c
2
, and
m
e
= 0.000549 u/c
2
.
To the reaction for nuclei,
1
1
H +
3
2
He
4
2
He +
0
+1
e +
e
,
we add three electrons to both sides to obtain
1
1
H atom+
3
2
He atom
4
2
He atom+
0
+1
e+
e
.
Then we use the masses of the neutral atoms
to compute
Q = (m)
2
= [m1
H
+m3
He
m4
He
2 m
e
] c
2
=
_
1.00782 u/c
2
+ 3.01603 u/c
2
+4.0026 u/c
2
2 (0.000549 u/c
2
)

c
2
= (0.020154 u) (931.5 MeV/u)
= 18.7735 MeV .
keywords: