CHNG I.

CU TO NGUYN T BI TP T LUN P N

Bi 1. So snh in tch v khi lng ca proton, ntron v electron da vo bng sau: Tn Electron Proton Ntron K hiu e p n Khi lng me= 9,1095 x 10 kg me= 0,549 x 10-3 u mp= 1,6726 x 10-27kg mp = 1 u -27 mn= 1,6750 x 10 kg mn= 1 u
-31

in tch -1,6.10-19C +1,6.10-19C 0

Bi 2. Da vo bng trn, hy tnh khi lng ca mt nguyn t cacbon( gm 6p, 6n v 6e). Tnh t s khi lng ca electron trong nguyn t so vi khi lng ton nguyn t. p n : MC = 20,07.10-27kg;

= 3 phn vn . Bi 3. Electron trong nguyn hiro chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn bn trong mt khi cu c bn knh ln hn bn knh ht nhn l 10.000 ln. Nu ta phng i ht nhn ln thnh qu bng c ng knh 6 cm th bn knh khi cu s l bao nhiu? p n : r = 300 m. Bi 4. Bit rng nguyn t st gm 26p, 30n v 26e. a) Tnh khi lng electron c trong 1kg st. b) Tnh khi lng st cha 1 kg electron. p n : a) 0,255 g; b) 3920 kg. Bi 5. Nguyn t km c bn knh l r = 1,35.10-10m, c khi lng nguyn t l 54 u. a) Tm khi lng ring ca nguyn t st.

b) Thc t hu nh ton b khi lng nguyn t tp trung vo ht nhn vi bn knh r = 2.10-15m. Tnh khi lng ring ca nguyn t km. p n : a) d = 10 g/cm3 b) 2.1039 u hay 3,32.1015 gam (hn 3 t tn). Bi 6. Tnh bn knh gn ng ca nguyn t canxi, bit th tch ca mt mol canxi bng 25,87cm3. Bit trong tinh th, nguyn t canxi ch chim 75% th tch, cn li l cc khe trng. p n : r = 1,97.10-8 cm. Bi 7. Xc nh bn knh gn ng ca Ca, Fe v Au nu t khi (khi lng ring) ca cc kim loi ln lt l 1,55 ; 7,9 ; 19,3. Cho Ca = 40,08; Fe = 55,935; Au = 196,97. p n : rCa = 1,97.10-8 cm; rAu = 1,44. 10-8cm; rFe = 1,28. 10-8cm. Bi 8. a) Bao nhiu electron mang in tch tng cng 1 Culong? b) 1mol electron mang in tch tng cng l bao nhiu Culong? p n : a) 6,25. 1018 e; b) 96.368 C. Bi 9. Tnh khi lng bng gam ca mt 1mol electron, 1mol proton. p n : 0,0005675 gam ; 1,0074 gam. Bi 10. Bit rng 1 nguyn t oxi c to nn bi 8p, 8n, 8e . Tnh t s khi lng cu electron trong nguyn t so vi khi lng ton nguyn t. T c th rt ra kt lun g khng? p n : 0,000272. Bi 11. Tnh bn knh gn ng ca nguyn t Au 200C bit nhit khi lng ring ca Au l 19,32 g/cm3, v gi thit trong tinh th cc nguyn t Au l nhng hnh cu chim 75% th tch, phn cn li l nhng khe rng. Cho khi lng nguyn t Au l 196,97.

p n : rAu = 1,44.10-8 cm. Bi 12. Cho rng ht nhn nguyn t v chnh nguyn t H c dng hnh cu. Ht nhn nguyn t hiro c bn knh gn ng bng 10-15 m, bn knh nguyn t H bng 0,53.1015 m. a) Hy xc nh khi lng ring ca ht nhn v nguyn t H. b) So snh kt qu tm c so vi khi lng ring ca Au kim loi:19,32 g/cm3. p n : d = 2,66 g/cm3 Bi 13. Cho bit khi lng ca nguyn t C gp 11,905 ln khi lng ca nguyn t H. Hy tnh nguyn t khi ca H ra u v ra gam. Cho bit khi lng ca nguyn t C bng 12 u. p n : 1,008 u v 1,673.10-24gam Bi 14. Bn knh nguyn t hidro gn bng 0,053 nm, cn bn knh ht nhn gn bng 105 nm. Cho rng c ht nhn v nguyn t c dng hnh cu, hy tnh t l th tch ton nguyn t so vi th tch ht nhn. p n : 1,5.1014 ln. Bi 15. Bn knh gn ng ca mt ntron l 1,5.10-10 m, cn khi lng ca ntron l 1,675.10-27kg. Tnh khi lng ring ca ntron (xem ntron c dng cu). p n : 118.109 kg/cm3. BI TP T LUN P N

Bi 1. a) nh ngha nguyn t ho hc. b) V sao s hiu nguyn t li c trng cho mt nguyn t ho hc? Bi 2. Nu s khc nhau gia in tch ht nhn v s khi. Bi 3. Vit cng thc cc loi phn t nc bit rng hiro v oxi c cc ng v sau:

Bi 4. Tnh khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca cc nguyn t niken bit rng trong t nhin, ng v ca Ni tn ti theo t l sau:

67,76%

26,16% 2,42%

3,66%

T kt qu trrn hy gii thch v sao nguyn t c s hiu nguyn t nh li c khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ln v ngc li. p n : 58,7 Bi 5. ng c 2 ng v . Khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca ng l 63,54. Tnh thnh phn phn trm ca mi loi ng v tn ti trong t nhin. p n : 27% v 37%. Bi 6. Hiro i ch t nc nguyn cht c khi lng nguyn t trung bnh l 1,008. Hi c bao nhiu nguyn t ca ng v ng v l ). p n : 5,35.1020 nguyn t. Bi 7. Oxi trong t nhin l mt hn hp 3 ng v trong 1ml nc? (Trong nc, ch yu tn ti 2

99,757%

0,039%

0,204% .

Tnh s nguyn t ca mi loi ng v khi c mt nguyn t

p n : 2558 v 5 nguyn t. Bi 8. Agon tch ra t khng kh l mt hn hp ca 3 ng v :

40

Ar (99,6%)

38

Ar (0,063%)

36

Ar (0,337%)

Tnh th tch ca 20 gam agon iu kin tiu chun. p n : 11,21 lt. Bi 9. Cn c v u ngi ta bit rng gia nguyn t hiro (Z=1) v nguyn t urani (Z=92) ch c 90 nguyn t, khng cn nguyn t no khc?

Bi 10. Cc nguyn t ho hc c in tch ht nhn Z > 82 u c tnh phng x, ht nhn nguyn t khng bn v t phn hu. a) Da vo bng tun hon, xem xt i vi cc nguyn t c Z < 82 th t s ntron/proton cao nht bng bao nhiu ? Thp nht bng bao nhiu? b) Trong s 20 nguyn t u, tr hiro ra th t s cao nht l bao nhiu, thp nht l bao nhiu ?

Bi 11. Mt nguyn t X c hai ng v c t l s nguyn t l . Ht nhn ca X c 35 proton. ng v 1 c 44 ntron. ng v 2 c nhiu hn ng v 1 l 2 ntron. Tnh khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca X. p n : 79,92. Bi 12. Nu s khc nhau gia s in tch ht nhn v s khi ca nguyn t. Bi 13. Nguyn t X c 3 ng v l A chim 92,3%, B chim 4,7%, C chim 3%. Tng s hki ca 3 ng v l 87. S ntron trong B nhiu hn A mt ht. Khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca X l 28,107 u. a) Hy tm s khi ca A, B ,C. b) Nu trong A c s n = s p. Hy tm s ntron trong mi ng v. p n : a) A = 28 ; B = 29 ; C = 30 ; b) A = 14 ; B = 15 ; C = 16 . Bi 14. Cho mt dung dch cha 8,19 g mui NaX tc dng vi mt lng d dung dch AgNO3 thu c 20,09 g kt ta. a) Tm khi lng nguyn t v gi tn X. b) X c hai ng v t nhin trong ng v mt c s nguyn t nhiu hn ng v hai l 50%. Ht nhn ng mt c t hn ht nhn ng v hai l 2 ntron. Tm s khi ca mi ng v. p n : 35,5 (Clo) ; 35 v 37. Bi 15. Oxi c 3 ng v l : . Cacbon c 2 ng v l : . Hi c th c bao nhiu lai phn t kh cacbonic? Vit cng thc phn t v tnh khi lng phn t ca chng.

Bi 16. Cho cc nguyn t sau, cc nguyn t no l ng v ca nhau:

Bi 17. Xc nh in tch ht nhn, s n v in tch ht nhn, s proton, s ntron, s electron, nguyn t khi ca nguyn t sau:

Bi 18. Vit k hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t sau, bit: a) Silic c in tch ht nhn l 14+, s ntron l 14. b) Km c 30 electron v 35 ntron. c) Kali c 19 proton v 20 ntron. d) Neon c s khi l 20, s proton bng s ntron. Bi 19. Xc nh cu to ht (tm s electron, s proton, s ntron), vit k hiu nguyn t ca cc nguyn t sau, bit: a) Tng s ht l 115, s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 25 ht. b) Tng s ht l 95, s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 25 ht. c) Tng s ht l 40, s ht khng mang in nhiu hn s ht mang in dng l 1 ht. d) Tng s ht l 36, s ht mang in gp i s ht khng mang in. e) Tng s ht l 52, s ht khng mang in bng 1,06 ln s ht mang in m. f) Tng s ht l 49, s ht khng mang in bng 53,125% s ht mang in. p n : Bi 20. Liti trong t nhin c hai ng v: 7Li chim 92,5% v 6Li chim 7,5%. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Li Bi 21. Brom c hai ng v : 79Br chim 50,7% cn li l bnh ca Br.
81

Br. Tnh nguyn t khi trung

Bi 21. Tnh nguyn t lng trung bnh ca cc nguyn t sau, bit trong t nhin chng c cc ng v l:

p n : a) 58,74 ; b) 16,00 ; c) 55,97 ; d) 207,20 BI TP T LUN P N

Bi 1. a) Cn c vo u sp xp cc electron theo tng lp trong v nguyn t? b) Cc electron thuc lp K hay lp L lin kt vi ht nhn cht ch hn? Bi 2. Trong nguyn t, nhng electron no quyt nh tnh cht ho hc ca mt nguyn t ? Bi 3. Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t c s hiu nguyn t t 1 n 11? Nhn xt s bin i s electron lp ngoi cng. Bi 4. C bao nhiu electron lp ngoi cng trong nguyn t ca nguyn t c s hiu nguyn t : a) 3, 11, 19 ; b) 8, 16 ; c) 9, 17. Bi 5. a) Vit cu hnh electron ca cc cp nguyn t c s hiu nguyn t l : 3, 11 ; 4, 12 ; 7, 15 ; 8, 16 ; 10, 18 b) Nhn xt s electron lp ngoi cng ca tng cp.

c) Nhng cp no l kim loi, phi kim, kh him ? Bi 6. Tng s ht ntron, proton v electron trong nguyn t ca mt nguyn t l 40 . a) Xc nh s khi ca nguyn t . b) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t . p n : a) 27. Bi 7. Cho bit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t sau: 1) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 2) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1 3) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 a) Nguyn t no l kim loi ? phi kim ? khi him ? b) i vi m nguyn t, lp electron no lin kt vi ht nhn cht ch nht ? c) C th xc nh khi lng ca cc nguyn t khng ? v sao? Bi 8. Da vo bng tun hon gi tn cc nguyn t c c hnh electron sau: a) 1s2 2s1 b) 1s2 2s2 2p5 c) 1s2 2s2 2p6 d) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 e) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 f) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

Nhng nguyn t no l kim loi ? phi kim ? kh him ? C bao nhiu electron ngoi cng ? Bi 9. Vit cu hnh electron ca oxi (Z = 8) v lu hunh (Z = 16), nit (Z = 7) v phot pho (Z = 15). Nhn xt v s electron ngoi cng ca tng cp. Chng l kim loi hay phi kim ? Bi 10. Lp electron ngoi cng c nhng c im g ? Bi 11. Bit c s phn b electron trong nguyn t ca cc nguyn t th c li g ? Bi 12. Trong nhng nguyn t c s hi nguyn t t Z = 1 n Z = 36, nhng nguyn t no c cu hnh electron tha mn 2 iu kin : - Lp ngoi cng c 8 electron. - Lp ngoi cng cha s electron ti a.

Bi 13. a) Vit cu hnh electron y cho cc nguyn t c lp electron ngoi cng l : a) 2s1 b) 2s2 2p3 c) 2s2 2p6 d) 3s2 3p1 e) 3s2 3p3 f) 3s2 3p5 g) 3s2 3p6

b) Cn c vo nguyn tc no c th vit c ? c) Gi tn cc nguyn t ? Bi 14. K tn, vit k hiu, s hiu nguyn t ca 5 nguyn t c lp electron ngoi cng bo ho. Bi 15. Cng cu hi trn i vi 5 nguyn t lp ngoi cng ch c 1 electron. i vi 5 nguyn t lp ngoi cng c 7 electron. Bi 16. S dng bng tun hon hy xc nh cc nguyn t v vit cu hnh electron theo obitan nu cho bit s electron ca cc nguyn t trn tng phn lp nh sau : a) 2,2 b) 2, 5 c) 2, 8, 5 d) 2, 8, 3 e) 2, 8, 7 f) 2, , 8, 2

Bi 17. Hy cho bit cc nguyn t c s hiu nguyn t t 1 n 36, nguyn t no c : a) 8 electron lp ngoi cng. b) 2 electron lp ngoi cng. c) 2 electron c thn lp ngoi cng. d) 7 electron lp v ngoi cng. Bi 18. Nguyn t X c 3 lp electron. Lp th 3 c 4 electron. a) Nguyn t X c bao nhiu electron ? Bao nhiu proton ? b) S hiu nguyn t ca X l bao nhiu? Bi 19. Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t c Z = 21, 23, 26, 28. Nhng nguyn t no l kim loi, phi kim hay kh him? Bi 20. Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t sau ln lt l 3s23p1 ; 3s1 ; 3s23p6; 3s23p63d5 ; 4p3. a) Vit cu hnh electron y ca mi nguyn t.

b) Cho bit mi nguyn t c my lp electron, s electron trn mi lp l bao nhiu? c) Nguyn t no l kim loi, phi kim, kh him? Gii thch? Bi 21. Cho cc nguyn t sau: A: c in tch ht nhn l 36+. B: c s hiu nguyn t l 20. C: c 3 lp electron, lp M cha 6 electron. D: c tng s electron trn phn lp proton l 9. a) Vit cu hnh e ca A, B, C, D. b) mi nguyn t, lp electron no cha s electron ti a? Bi 22. Ba nguyn t A, B, C c s hiu nguyn t l 3 s t nhin lin tip. Tng s e ca chng l 51. Hy vit cu hnh electron v cho bit tn ca chng. p n: 16: S, 17: Cl, 18: Ar Bi 23. Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t mt nguyn t l 21. a) Hy xc nh tn nguyn t . b) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t . c) Tnh tng s electron trong nguyn t ca nguyn t . Bi 24. Nguyn t X c cu hnh electron sau: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5. a) Cho bit nguyn t X c bao nhiu electron. b) X c my lp electron, mi lp c my electron. c) X l kim loi, phi kim hay kh him? Ti sao.