Survey Lecture 3 -Transits Concepts Covered (Pages 57-86 of Lecture Notes) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Definitions: traverse, angles, bearings and azimuths

Reading a vernier scale Measuring angles Doubling the angle Booking your work Balancing the traverse Latitude and departure Closure error Adjusting your closure error Numerical Example Discuss field assignment #3

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Definitions A traverse is a series of consecutive lines whose lengths and directions have been determined from field measurements. Traversing is the act of establishing traverse stations. There are two basic types of traverses: A closed traverse returns to its starting point or to another known point. An open traverse consists of a series of lines which are connected but do not return to either the original starting point or another known point. A hub (typically a wooden stake with a nail on top) is set at each traverse station.

Bearings (Always draw a sketch) Bearings are one way of specifying direction.
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The bearing of a line is the acute angle between a reference meridian (true or magnetic north) and the line. The angle is measured from either the north or south and referenced towards the east or west, providing a reading less than 90 degrees.

Azimuths (Always draw a sketch) Azimuths are angles measured clockwise from any reference meridian.
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In plane surveying, azimuths are generally measured from north. As with bearings, azimuths may be true, magnetic or assumed, depending on the meridian used.

Verniers A vernier consists of a short (auxiliary) scale set parallel to a primary scale. The purpose of a vernier is to allow the user to obtain fractional parts of the smallest divisions of the main scale without interpolation. Lets start by examining a simple vernier scale.

Single Vernier for Reading Angles This vernier can only be read in one direction.

Double Vernier for Reading Angles A double vernier can be read either clockwise or counterclockwise. Only half of the vernier is used at any one time.

Lets Try Another One

Measuring the Angles Defining Your Traverse For field assignment #3, an interior angle will be measured at all hubs.

Doubling your Angles (p. 73-74 of survey notes) Transits are often out of adjustment and systematic errors will arise when we measure angles in the field. Standard surveying practice specifies that when measuring angles, we double the angle. By plunging the scope and doubling the angle, we can generate compensating errors that significantly improve our field work.

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Booking Your Work (p. 75 of survey notes) STA A1 SIGHT A3 A3 ANGLE 00 00 00 60 36 11 SIGHT A2 A2 ANGLE 60 36 11 121 13 42 MEAN ANGLE 60 36 51

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Closure Error (p.77-84) After we have corrected or balanced our angles, we now adjust (correct or balance) our traverse in order to create a perfect or an exact closure. How do we do that?

Closure of a traverse is initiated by computing the latitude and departure of each line or course defining the traverse. The latitude of a course is its orthographic projection upon the north-south axis of the survey. The departure of a course is its orthographic projection upon the east-west axis of the survey.

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A1 L

y12

A2 X12

The latitude of a course is simply the Y component of a line in the rectangular grid system (y12). The departure of a course is simply the X component of a line in the rectangular grid system (x12).

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Lets put in some numbers. Assume that the interior angle at hub A1 is 70 degrees and that the length of A1-A2 is 125.000 metres.
A1 70 y12 L = 125.000 m

A2 x12

From simple trigonometry, we can find

y12 = (125.000 m) [cos(70)] = 42.753 m

x12 = (125.000 m) [sin(70)] = 117.462 m

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A1 70 42.753 m L = 125.000 m

A2 117.462 m

In traverse calculations, latitudes and departures can be either negative or positive. North latitudes and east departures are considered positive, similar to the x and y directions in a Cartesian coordinate system. South latitudes and west departures are considered negative. After applying our trigonometry theory, we have to carefully modify our latitudes and departures according to their proper sign: latitude A1-A2 departure A1-A2 = - 42.753 m = + 117.462 m
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If we incorporate the azimuths of the traverse course, the sign of the latitudes and departures are accounted for automatically. this will be very important if you want to perform your calculations on a computer. Lets examine our course A1-A2 one more time.
A1 70

A2

Measured counter-clockwise from the east, the azimuth of course A1-A2 is 340 degrees.

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Our traverse calculations can now use the following equations: latitude departure = L sin = L cos (Eqn. 6.2) (Eqn. 6.3)

where represents the counter-clockwise azimuth of the specified course measured from the east and L is the length of the traverse leg. For our example: latitude = = = = = = = = L sin 125.000 sin (340) 125.000 (-0.342) -42.753 L cos 125.000 cos (340) 125.000 (0.940) 117.462
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departure

Now, lets consider an example traverse consisting of 5 hubs.

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We can examine the traverse data in a tabular format. Based on the data, we need to compute the latitude and departure for each leg of the traverse.

COURSE A B C D E B C D E A

BEARING N 26 10 S 75 25 S 15 30 N 01 42 N 53 06 00E 00E 00W 00W 00W

LENGTH 28.510 61.045 72.048 20.300 64.702

AZIMUTH

LAT. (y)

DEP. (x)

Lets start with Leg A-B. Leg A-B has a bearing of N 26 10 00 E.

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Measured counter-clockwise from the east, leg A-B has an azimuth of: 63 50 or 63.833 degrees. latitude (A-B) = L sin departure (A-B) = L cos = 28.510 sin (63.833) = 28.510 cos (63.833) = 25.588 = 12.572

COURSE A B C D E B C D E A

BEARING N 26 10 S 75 25 S 15 30 N 01 42 N 53 06 00E 00E 00W 00W 00W

LENGTH 28.510 61.045 72.048 20.300 64.702

AZIMUTH 63.833

LAT. (y) + 25.588

DEP. (x) + 12.572

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We can quickly fill in the remaining values. COURSE A B C D E B C D E A BEARING N 26 10 S 75 25 S 15 30 N 01 42 N 53 06 00E 00E 00W 00W 00W LENGTH AZIMUTH 28.510 61.045 72.048 20.300 64.702 26.167 345.417 254.500 91.700 143.100 LAT. (y) + 25.588 - 15.370 - 69.427 + 20.291 + 38.848 DEP. (x) 12.572 59.078 19.254 0.602 51.741

+ + -

In theory, for a closed traverse, our starting point and finishing point must be the same. In other words, the algebraic sum of the latitudes must equal zero and the algebraic sum of the departures must equal zero.

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COURSE A B C D E B C D E A

BEARING N 26 10 S 75 25 S 15 30 N 01 42 N 53 06 00E 00E 00W 00W 00W

LENGTH 28.510 61.045 72.048 20.300 64.702

AZIMUTH 26.167 345.417 254.500 91.700 143.100

LAT (y) + 25.588 - 15.370 - 69.427 + 20.291 + 38.848 = -0.070

DEP (x) + 12.572 + 59.078 - 19.254 - 0.602 - 51.741 = +0.053

The linear error of closure (z) represents the distance from the actual location of point A to the computed location of point A:

z= =

( X ) 2 + ( Y ) 2 ( 0.053) + ( 0.070 )
2
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(eqn. 6.4)

= 0.088

Correcting or Balancing the Traverse (office work) For our closed traverse, we need to distribute the closure error throughout the traverse. For this course, we will use a method called the transit rule for distributing our error. For any leg of the traverse, the correction in latitude or departure is in proportion to the ratio of the absolute value of the latitude or departure for the traverse leg and the absolute summation of all latitudes or departures associated with the traverse. For leg A-B, we can write: correction in latitude for leg A-B total closure in latitude = abs (latitude A-B) sum of abs (latitudes)

correction in departure for leg A-B = total closure in departure

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abs (departure A-B) sum of abs (departures)

rearranging the expression for the correction in latitude, we get: correction in= latitude for leg A-B total closure X abs (latitude A-B) error in latitude sum of abs (latitudes)

Mathematically, we can write: Correction in latitude for leg A-B where

y A, B = Y DY

Y y A, B DY

represents the closure in latitude represents the absolute value of the latitude (A-B) represents the absolute summation of the latitudes

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Finally, we can easily develop an expression for the corrected or balanced latitude for leg A-B.

Y A, B = y A , B

y A, B Y DY

(Eqn. 6.7 of survey notes)

Similarly, the corrected departure for leg A-B is found using:

X A, B

x A, B = x A , B X Dx

(Eqn. 6.6 of survey notes)

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Going back to our example traverse, we can now compute the corrected or balanced latitudes and departures.

LEG

A B C D E -

B C D E A

Uncorrected Latitudes (Y) + 25.588 - 15.370 - 69.427 + 20.291 + 38.848 = -0.070 Dy=169.524

Correction Corrected in Latitudes Latitude (Y) -0.011 + 25.599 -0.006 - 15.364 -0.029 - 69.398 -0.008 + 20.299 -0.016 + 38.864 = 0

Uncorrected Departures (X) + 12.572 + 59.078 - 19.254 - 0.602 - 51.741 = +0.053 Dx=143.247

Correction Corrected in Departure Departure 0.005 + 12.567 0.022 + 59.056 0.007 - 19.261 0.000 - 0.602 0.019 - 51.760 = 0

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Assignment #3 READ YOUR SURVEY NOTES CAREFULLY BEFORE YOU GET TO THE FIELD!! YOU WILL ELIMINATE MANY HOURS OF FRUSTRATION IF YOU DO. 1) Your field instructor will explain the operation of your transit: compass upper and lower plates clamp screws tangent screws setting a transit over a station Complete transit tests 1, 2, 3, and 4. Establish a triangular traverse similar to the traverse used in Assignment #2. One side will be approximately 20 metres while the other two sides will have a length of 40-60 metres.
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2) 3)

4)

For leg A1-A2, determine the approximate bearing and correct for magnetic north. Proceed around your traverse measuring the interior angles. Check with your field instructor to see if the sum of your interior angles is satisfactory. If not, repeat your field work. Calculate the bearings and azimuths for each side of your traverse. Tape the length of each leg of the traverse (same as Assignment #2) Calculate your closure error (Eqn. 6.4)

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7) 8) 9)

10) Check with your field instructor to see if your closure is satisfactory. If not, repeat your field work. 11) Later, distribute your closure error and complete your field notes as described in your survey notes (p. 85-86).
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