BOCTOKOBEAEt

. .

2002

-3*81.2(5 )
64

64

. .

( ). .: , 2002. 263 .
Kontsevich Lev R.
Chinese Proper Names in Russian Texts: Guide to Transcription. Moscow: Muravei, 2002. 263 pp.

, 80- .
. ,

() . .
( ,
, ) ,
. (),
(, , , ),
.
, .
. ,

.
, , , ,
, , ,
.

ISBN 5-8463-0090-1

.. , 2002
, 2002

1.

( 111)

12

( 1 2 4 )

17

. ( 1117)

1. ( 112)
2. ( 317)
3. ( 18)
4. , ,
( 1923)
5.
( 24117)
1) () ( 2537)
) ( ) ( 2527)
) () ( 2833)
) (), () ( 34)
)
() ( 353?)
2) ( )
(3862)
)
(38-44)
) ( 4546)
) ( ) ( 47 53)
) ( 54)
) () ( 5558)
) , , ( 5960)
) , ,
, ,
( 6162)

35

35
40
43
45
47
47
47
50
53
54
56
56
61
61
63
63
64

64

3) (), , ,
( 6374)
) ()
(63)
) () () ( 64)
) ( ) ()
(6566)
) ( 67)
) ,
(6869)
) ( 70)
)
( 7172)
) , , ( 7374)...
4) ,
(7577)
) ( 7879)
) ()
( 8081)
) ( 8283)
) ( 84)
) , , , ( 85)
) ( 86)
5) , , ( 8792)
6) ( 9398)
7) ( ,
; ; ,
, , ,- , ,
, ;
; ;
. .) ( 99105)
8) () (-, , ,
) ( 106117)

65
65
66
67
68
68
68
69
69
70
71
72
73
73
74
75
76
78

80

82

3 IV.
( 1 7 )

87

1. ( 34)
2. ( 57)

88
88

. .
( 110)

90
95

1. ()
96
2. ()
() (1958) ( , ) .... 101
3.
, (Wade)
(Giles)
106
4.

141
1)
141
2)
146
3)
147
4)
148
5)
(Zhuyin Zimu)
149
6)

154
5.
166
6.
228
7.
1)
231
2)
235
8.
1)
236
2)
238
9.
239
10. 24
240
11.
241
12.

242
1)
242
2)
243
13.
250



: ;
;
;

( )
;

; ,
;

, ,
.
- .
,
-
,

; , ,

,
.
(.., 1838; ., 1908; .., 1912;
.., 1927 - 1928; .., 1933; ..,
1950; .., 1967 .)
( - ),
- .
(..) .. (2 ., , 1886)
.. 1928 .
- . .. (., 1955 - 1959).
-
(4 . ., 1983 - 1984),

( - ,
).
,
.
- , -

,

, -

 . ,

.
, ,
,
. ,
. , , .
. , 1928 .
. . . -,
1929 . . . , 1966 .
. . . . . . . , . . , . . .

, . . (., 1960),
. . (, 1959). ,
60-

.
. . , . . , . . ,
. . , . . , . . . 1963 . .

, , 80- *.
- ,
. . . ()


(, 1983). .
. . . . . (., 1982). , .
8

 ,

.
-,
,
. . (), . . , . . , . . ;
. . (. ),
. . ( ), . . , . . ,
. . , . . , . . , . . ,
. . , . . , . . , . . . ,
,
,
,
.
, , .
. . ( )
. 1981 .

, . (18 . )
(50 .)
. .
(124 , ) . . 30 , 12 1982 .
.
, , . . (), . . (),
. . (), . . (), . .
(), . . (), . . (), . . (),
. . (), . . (), . . (), . . (), . . (), . . (), . . (), . . (, ), . . ( ),

. . (), . (), . . () .
. , , . . ().
,
. .
,
. . .

( ),
. .
, .


, . ,
, , (. . .). , 1, 4, 5, 9, 10, 13 . .
. .
, , , -, ,
, ,
.
,
, .


:
;
,
;
10

 , ,
;
-
,
( , , ,
,
, -).

(, 103031, , , 12, , . . ) , .
2001 . 2002 .

..

 I.

1.
,
() .

, ,
1979 .

.
: ; ,

; ; ;

; ,
;
, -
; , ,
.
12

 2. , , (), . . . 1867 . - . (. . ) . . 1888 ., 19171918 .

. . . - .
, ,
. ,
, , , ( , , . .).
3. - . , . , , .
:
- , . . ( ), ;

( )
, . . ( , , ) ( );
-

,
, ( ,
.), (, , ), , ,
, . .
4. , ., (), 13

 .

( Pinyin Zimu, . pinyiri) V 11 1958 . (. . .)
.
1 1979 .

, , , , .
.
III ( 1977 .) .
1976 .
/46 2 (). 1979 . 8-
2 113 ,
. 1981 . - , () . .
1979 . (Joint Publications Research Service) .
. , - , , , .
5. , , 14

 (), () , .
, , , . .
6.
( , ,
. .), , . . , ,
, .
- ,
.

( , ,
. .), , (, ) ,


.
7.

, , . .
, , . .
, , , . .

.
8. ,
. - .
-
, .
15

 9. ,
, .
.
10. , ,
, : ,
, .

.
11. ,
, , .
. -
, .
,
, . . , , . .; , , , , . .
, , , . ., , . . ,
.

1.
, . , , , , , + , ,
. ( ) .
. , , , : ) ] ( , , ); ) , , ,
, h (zh, ch, sh .) (ch>
.); ) , () , - (, . ; , .
.). , , , , , , ( ) , t, , , . . ', t', k'.
19171918 .
, i ( ). ,
(), : , , >, , , , ,
, , >,
17

: , . . ,
io, : io, , , , , , , ( ) I , , ,
I , I . , (
) , .
2. , , , -
.
.
3.
- .
, , . (. . 1 2).
()
(27 )
,

Bb,

Cc,

Dd,

Ff,

Gg,

Hh,

Ii*,

Jj,

Kk,

LI,

Mm,Nn,

Oo,

Pp,

Qq,

Rr,

Ss,

Tt,

Uu*. Ufl*, Vv**, Ww,

Xx, Yy,
Zz
, (*),
. 0 I lie.
** v .
( ' ),
, , , .
- .
1
*

3
an, ba,

[]

( )** , bang
[1?]

18

) ** - , cong
[ts']
) ch chu, chao

( ) - ding, dong
[4]

) [], [], [], [], [] - de, gen

( . . ** . 2)
) ( 1956 .; ) -*
[],

f
g

- [f]

fajeng

) ( ) - gao,gu
[g]
) -ng - gong, gang
[nj

) []
hai, hou
) sh, ch, zh she, cha,
- zhu
[$] [\ [$]

) [i] , j , q, mi, tiji, qi,

, , zh;
ri, xi, zhi
) [i] zi, ci, si
zi, ci, si
) ( - mian,fei
) [i]
) yi, yin,ying
,
[i]

( ) - jijian
[<jl|]
[']
19

ku, kao

1
m
n

2
[1]
[m]
) []

) ng
[]
) [] -ong
-iong
) [] -ong -iong, . .
-ng
[']

3
lei, lao
, meng
nai, tan
song, tang

po, kou,
niao, luo
hong, xiong
pu,piantj

qu, qiao
[t<?']

) - re, ren
*** [J] [] -
) [] [J]
er, huar

) - su, san
[s]
) sh shen, shai
[]

t
u

tu, teng
) []
) []

)
[] []

) wu []
)
[] [U]
[] []

20

ku, hun
gua, shuai
zou,

wu
yun,yue,
yuan

, ( )

) []

) wu []

[]
) [i]
) yi
[i]
)
[]
)
[]

wan, wei
wu

xi, xiao
yang,you
ying,yin
yu, yun
yuan,yue

) zao, zai
[d^] [dz]
) zh zhe, zhan
( )
[j] \]

* : . . (1927), . .
1 . . (1955), . . . (1961), . . (1962),.
*geza I. L. (1968), . ., - (1973), . . (1980) .

ie , , ^ (). ( )
*
ng. , , , . . , ,
, , , ,
, , , .
*** ( -) .

21

 4. : ,
() (), (
). . .

, ,
(. . 2.
:
(, , Wade) . 3, ;
. 45.
L
*

"

ch

ts'

ia

I?

ch

ie ;

men, meng, fen, feng,

ts'

***
***
A***

***
7

;
(. /)

AI
I

22

ng

10

ch, sh, zh

ch, sh, zh, yi, j, q, x, r

z, , s
, ,

12

ia

b, d, j, 1, m, n, p, q, t, x

13

ie

b, d, j, 1, m , n, p, q, t, x

14

io

ng

15

iu

16

U3

17

k'

18

19

20

21

ng

22

3
, ch, d, g, h, k, 1, n, s, t, y, z, u
zh

i, ia, ie, io, iu,

23

24

25

()

ie
iu
iu

p'
i, ia, io, iu,

tit'
J

26

27

sh

28

f
23

29

hui uo, a
j , q, x
hui ( )
hui (
, , huizu
)
j , q, x
-an, -n
j , q, x
j , q, x

30

ue

31

uo

, ch, d, g, h, k, 1, n, s, sh, t, z,
zh

U9

32

ii

(. )

I ,
Ue

33

()

34

,
WU

wu

35

wu

36

i, ia, ie, io, iu, u

37

ya

ja, ia

38

ye

je,ie

39

Ji.1

40

you

41

ng

in

42

"

43

yu

24

jou, iou

jy.iy

44

45

zh

5
dz

* 2 ,
( ), . . 1.
** :
Legeza I.L., I, pp. 2836.
** : 1) -
-ei [-ei] (bei [l?ei], hei [xei], lei [lei]...); 2) - -en [-an] (cert
[ts'm],fen [fan], zen [dzan]...); 3) - -eng [-],
g-, k-, h- [AJ] (deng [dm],feng [fog],
heng [XAIJ], ge ], ke ['], he []...); 4) -Y
, g-, k-, h- {ze [dzy], [ts'y], che [tc'y], de
WY]. ' e HY]); 5) - - i e [-ie], -ian [-ien], - u e [-]
yue [jye] (bian [|?1], bie ft'6], mian [mien], mie [mic], lue [lye],
xue[cue]...).
5. , ,
( . 3
):
1) ( ),
2) () , ( ),
3) ( ),
4) ( ),
, (
/) ( ),
(), (). , .
(.
. 3).
. , .
25

, (
)

1234

i
[ i
[

/]
i]

/]
]
/]

, , ,
, , ,

1) :
) 2

) 4

13 4
[

/]
[
]
[
a i]
1 2 3
[ ]
[
[

)1

a]
]

, , , ,

, *, *

23 4

]
D a i ]

[
[

/ ]

26

/ ]

, *, ", *,
*, *, *

2) :
) 1 2

3 4
[
/]
[
]

) 2 4

[a

i]

[A

J]

, , , ,

13
[
]
[

) 1 4

xa, , , ,

]
,*,*,*,*,
*, *

2 3

a]
[

]
3) :
) 1, 2, 4

3
fa] fel fi] ] ful

) 2, 3, 4
1, 2,3**

(1)

|y]

, , , , ,
{, , )

([m], [n], [r)])

, , .
I. , , .

. 3.
** . 10.
6.
, . 2. ", , ( 400;
. 3).
, , , , ( []) , ,
( ): , ,
27

. ., , , , , , , , , , , . .
, , ,
, , , (
[]) ,
. . , , , . .
, ,
, , . .
() (), . . , ,., , . (. ),
(. ).
7. , ,
(, )
, : -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -.

-', -', -'.
8. ,
( fiu]) ( []),
, () . .
U u i], [].
] flu],
[] (),
[] (, )
(, ).
9. .
: , , , , .
-:
, , , .

, , . ( )
, , (, ,
, ),
( = ,
ie = )
.
28

 10. , ,
, . . ,
. .

, , , . , , m, n, ng .
.
, ()
,
(. 3).
1 1 .
. ,
, ().
, , ,
,
, .
, . .
12. , , , , ( ).
, ,
. : , , , , , , , ,
, , . . , , . 14.
13. , , : ) , , , , ;
) , , , . , , , . . (
: q ). , , .
29

 14. , , ,
, , , , . . [i] (
: sh, r, ch, zh s, , z).
15. , , ,
, , . . , , , . .
,
.

.
16. , , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, . . ,
( ).
, , ,
, . [i]
, + .
17.
, , ,
[]
[] ng,
, [fan], [fag].

, : , , , . .

( , ,
. V).

, []
[] . -

30

 . .
18. , ( []), , ,
, , . . , , , , .
19. , ,
, , , -, -, -, ,
, (. 20).

, , , , ,
- . 50- XX .
.
:
1) , (
[l] / [*i] / [], . . ),
(, . .); , , , ,
, . . ;
2)
, , (.
. 2);
, ;
3)
( []).
20.
- , (, , , . .), ,
, , , , (), () .
21.
, , ,
, . .
31

 : ,

.
22. ( ) , . , ,
, . .
, , -*- //,
/, /
, , . , , .
:
) (* , * ?; ?,
* ?, * .; ,
, , , 3 5),
(* ), (* ),
(-* : * ) (*-+ , , > ?,
** , * ; ;
. 23); .
;
) ; :
( ) (
) [] , , ( ) , , ,
(
. . IV .: .., ., . 89196,
.: , 1962);
) ,
, ,
-, , : fd . . ?, . . /
32

?; ?, . . / . .
(
3;
. .: . . 12.
, 19581959).
. ,
, .
23. , .
- (3i), , (. )
, . . , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , .
,
. .

-
, [ . - ("") 2, . 4]. .
24. , , , . ,
, :
2
3
2
2
, j , 1
, . .,

, : * , * 2
; . . , , .
-
.
25. ,
,
.
. : 33

 -, .
. ,
( ):
1 - () ,
( 1 : 1 , m i );
2- () , ,
, 1 - ( 2 : 2,
' );
3- () -,
( 3 : 3 , m i );
4- () , ( 4 : 4 , Sna ).
, ,
(, ) ,
. , . . ,
( i ) , (*, *1).
,
3
3
, Iao 'hu (laohu) .
, , ,
. .
. ,
(),
. , ,
. .

 III.


1.
1. ,
, , ,
.
, .


(1956) ,
. . ( . . ) , ,
, , ,
. . .

, , .
2. , , .

.
35

 3. , , , . .
.
, , . .
, .
, :
. . ,
- ,
.
, ,
. ,
. .
4. ,

, . .
,
; , ; ; . .
5. ,
, , ( ) .

.
, .
,
. , ,
.

36

-!.- 6. , , , . ,
> , ,
. ., .
,
. ,
, . , . , , , O J t ) ( ^ )
<< . .
, ,
, . ' -, ' - (
). .
. , -
, -- ( ),
, . , . . , , , .
,...
.
7. .

, .
, . , , , -
, . ,
-.
37

 8. , ,
:
,
, .
() (), ,
(), ,
, , (2 + 2, 3 + 1, 3 + 2 . . ). , - . .
,
, ,
(., , 23) .
.
9. , , .

, , ,
:
)
, ;
) , , ,
, ;
) .
10.
.
, :
) ( ) , ;
38

<, ) ;
-*}. ) , , ,
i0U .
11.
,
( . ).

(1978 .)
.

; .
:
, , - ;
, - .
12. , , , .
, ,
.

-,
.
-, , , .
-, . , , .
.
-, ,
, : w ( )
('). , ,
(. ).
39

-,
. , , , ,
(
. 19).
2.
13.
(
), ( ) ( ). ( . 5, .)
14. .
, - ( ).
, , , , ,
.
,
(', ' . .)- () .
. '
, :
) ,
, da'an () (. Shaanxi ), '
(), gao ' , ' ;
) - -ng , en'ai , ming'e ,
fang'an , .
(Huai'an Xian , ' Xian
', Xian .).
an (5:) .

40

 , ,
, : ' () pi'ao , . .
- ( ).

.. .. , :
) (. . , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ) , , ;
) ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
.
, , ,
. ,
.
, , ,
.
",
15.
it ,
, .
([rj], ng)
(, , , ) . , , -,
, -, ( . )
'

, ,
.
,

-, - - , , , ,

(, , ). 41

 , .
.
, :
.

.
, , ,
, . , (
, ,
, , . . ).
16. , , , ( ), , , : ' ( ) ,
' ( ) ( ), ' (
) ( ), ' ( )
( ), ' (
) ' 1) ; 2) ( ) . .
17. ,
( ).
, :
,

: - (, + ); , (. 6365);

( , . .) : -, . ( . .) ( . );

(. 40);

42

 , (
);
, (-) ( - , , - ,
.) ,
.
, , . .
. :
) ;
)
;
) ,
;
)
, .
,
.

1979 . . , ,
, . ,
, , , .
3.
18. . ( );
, ( ),
43

 (-, -) ( .
), 117124).
:

,
. -
. .
(, . .) (, , ,
. .) .
(', '),
(-, -).
, ,
(, , , .), : -, -, -, -, -, -,
-, -, -, -, -,
-.

, : , , ( ), ,
. ., , {-,
- -).
-.

, .
, : -, -,
-, - -, '-, -, -,
- -, -, -, -,
-; -; -, -, -, - . .
, ,
(), :
-, - -, -, -, -,
-, -, -, -, - . .

, -, -.
- ,
;
- , .
44

 ; , - -,
- -.

:
) , ;
) .
, , ,
, . .
4. , ,
19. ()

. ,
.
.
, ,
, (Huang . , Zhang Jiang . ,
Hainan Dao . , Tong Xian , Xi
. ), , (Li Xiansheng 77 [ ],
Ma Shi - [ Ma], Sun Furen [ ], Wang Boshi [ ], Wu Lao
[ ] . .), [Zhongguoren
.). .
20.
,
.
(. 5).

(1956), ,
45

, .

.
21.
,
.
22.
() , , . : ,
.
, , (
) (, ) ( ,
, . .),
.
23. , , ,
( , , . .).
:
1 9 10, 100
1000; 11 19; ( 9)
10 100 ,
: 4952, 11, IS,
130 , 300 .
19 110 ,
. . 15.
-
, : , , 35-.
, :
1/3, 99%.
, , , : - (), - 3040 , - 78 .
, : ,
, . -

46


.00 . , :
, , . . , : ,
.
*'" , , , . 5.

5.

24. , , .
. ,
, .


.
* .
,
, , , :
,

1) - , -, -, - -;
2)
: , , ., , ,
.;
3) ,
, , . .

1) ()
) ( )
25.
. . , ; , 47

 , , , , ; , ,
, .
. 408 (
, , 1978) 568 ( 19SS .);
250. , , . , ( ) 13
, .
. , 200 (
, 60), ,
(. 6).
26. , , , , , . . . :

(- ), , , , . ., (
. ). :
) + , ,
; , , (.; , ),
(.; , );
) + ,
, , ;
) + ,
, ; ( ; ,
), (.; , );
) + (
; , ), .
48

- s
, ,
^ , .
jf/ .
, , , . ., (
. ), . 1(|| ,
, , : , 77 [] ,
, , , [] , - ,
- ( ) . .
, (ft) ; , , ()
, , , (U) : , ,
( , ) , : , ,
- - [] , -
, , (
, , ; , , .) , ,
: , ( , .
Hpice), , , .
(').
gf, .- , , , , ,
, :
, , ,
.
, [ ] ,
; , ( ), ( ): , ( , 49

 ) ( ), ( );
( ): .
( ^ )
... ( ), . .
: , ,
[], .
27. :
- ,
- , , , ,
- , ,
- , ,,
- , , ,
-
- , , , ,
- , ,
- ,
- ,
- ,

- ,
- , ,
- , ,
-
-
- ,
- , , (= )
- , ,
- ,
- , .

,
-, -, -, (. V).
) ( )
28. , , ,
. . . : ,
, ; , , , , .
1979 .
, . , . ,
,
.
29. . ,
, 50

 . ,
, .
, .
~3'~
;

,
,,

(%%> %>
, ^ , ) . . ,
, .
(& ),
(;35
'!'^ ),
.

30. .

, , . : , (); .
(); (
) (); (); .
( ). .

: ) (
, . ), ; ) (. ), (
; )
.
, ,

, . .
(.%>
).
51

 31. [ , (
) .] . , . :
, -;
; (
) . .
, , : - {. 2
+ ) , - (. 4 +
), - (. 5 + ).

( . 63).
.
: - (. . ) (
), - (. . ) (
). ,
. : - (. . ), -
(. . ).

{ ( ), ()
, ( ), ( ) . , (
, ) ,
,
. . , , , / ( ).
32.
.
. , , , . ., , . .
, , , .
(. 28), (, ).

(>%> ): - .
52

 33. ,
-/-, (
. II, 22 23). : , ;
(), ( ,
).
***' ) ( ^ ), ( )
34. , ,
( ),
, gue. ; - ,
.
, ,
. :
-* ( ), ( ),
( , ), ( ),
( ), ( ), ( ),
( );

'
' ( ),
( ), ( ); ,
, , , , (,
) ( ), ( ),
- (, ), --
, , [] );
0
- ( , ; . ), ( ),
. " "; . ).
( ^ ),
, ,
. , .
, , ,
, , , ( , %\ , % , %> *1
) , . ,
, .
53

 - ,
, : , ,
, , , , -, ,
, , ,
, , , , .
(^^ , .^ ) (%\
) (^ ) ,
.
) ()
35. , , :
1)
, . . ; - , : Kwang-chi Chang ,
Ping-ti , Yuen Ren Chao , Mousheng
Lin ;
2) , ; -
, , , : . V. Soong
, . . Kung , ,. . Wang
K.S. Chang ..;
3) , , :
) + : Ronald Je-lin
Cheng , Jonathan Tien-en Chao
, Theodore Hsi-en Chen ;
) ( ) + + : Thomas . . . . , Shubert S. . Liao
. . , John S. Wu . , Peter P. Cheng .
;
) + : Kenneth Chen
, Isabella . Chang . , Wellington 54


( ), Carson Chang ( ), Alfred Sze ( ), Wilton Chen
, Eugene Chen ( );
) : Jupeon .
1 36. , ,
. , .
. :
) + ( ,
) ., . ., , , () ;
. ) + () (
), . . :
:, 1-: ;
. ) : ), { );
) - : . . -.
37. ,
, , , , .
,
': (-, -), (, ,
), ( ), ( , ,
), ( , . ),
( ), (, ),
( ), ( ),
( ), (, ,
), (, ), ( ),
( ) .
, ,
, :
(Matteo Ricci), (Marco Polo),
(Giovanni de Piano Carpini),
(Giuseppe Castilione),
- (Jean-Francois Gerbillon), Co
(George Bernard Shaw), (Roosevelt) . .
55

2) ( )
)
38.
, (
. ).
, ,
, ,
, .
39. , ( ), .
.
{) ) , (cjSttt ). ,
, . , - , ;
- : , ; , -, , ()
() .
,

( , , . .),
(. 31, , ). : -, -, -, -, -, -.
,
! () . . 40.
40. , ( )
( ),
,
( ),
.

56

 , . , - , .
. .

'

1 1

'

,
, : -, --, -- . .
, , , :
-, -, -.
,
, : - - (
, ), -
( , [
], ).

:
' ' - ; ( - (- -, ), - (, - -,
); - (-),
- (-), - (-);
.. - ( ,
, .) -, -, -, -,
-, -;
_.
- ( ); . ;
- , - ( ): -, 1, -, -, - (-), -, - . .
; , -
, , , .
( ) , ( -),
(- - -, ).
( -, ; -, );
- , ( ): -, -,
-, -. 57

 , ; , : -
( ), - ( ), - ( ),
- ( ) .

(- .),
(, , , ), ,
( .).
,
( ), . : - , - , - -
[] . , . . . , , - (-), - (-), (-), - (-), - ( ).

, . . , ,
. -, .
-, . - . .
, , -, ; -,

; -, .

( ^ 5 $ ), , - - ( ),
-, -, - . - (. . ), - (. . ), - (. . ) . .
, ,


.
58

 41. ( ) . , -,
,
, ,
- ( )
.
, , . ,
, .
, , , ..
42. .
, , , ,
. : , . ,
, . , .
. , , . . .
,
. : - ( -), -,
, ( -), , ,
, . .
43.
. (), ().
: , , , .
, . . (), (), . .
, -
.
(), (), . 59

 , .
:
-: - ( ), -, -, -,
-, -, -, -, - .;
-: -, -, -, -, -
; -, -, - ., ;
-: -, -, -, -, -, - ( ) .;
-: -, - .;
- : -, -
( ; ), -
( ), - ( ), - ( ), - ( ) . .
, ( ), ,
, ( ), ( ) . .
.
(). , , -, -, -, - .

XX . () , ,
: , , . - . -,
-.
44. () ( # S f ) ,
, , , , .
, , :
- (. . ), 60

 - (. . ), - (. -) . . ,
, (), :
- (. -), - - (. TifWP)> - (.
. .
)
'" 45. , , , , :
, , , , ; , , , , , .
, , ,
, , :
( ), , -, -,
, -; , ,
. (
1. 46.)

'
,,,

. . ,
.
36 . , .

<', 46. ,
,
, , : , , , , .

.
. : ( $ ) , (), (), ().
) ( )
47. , , ,
(. . ), , : , , , , (),
61

, , . . - {. -), - {.
- ), - {. ) .
. , , (
, ) .
48. , ,
, ,
, ,
. . , , , , : -, -, -, -
( , \), -, -, -
(- -), -, -, -, -, , , , , , -,
, -, -, -, .

, , : , ( ), ( ),
( ), - ( ), ( ).
49. , , , : {
) , , (.
) .; ( ),
( ), -, - . ( , ), ( ).
50. ; , : -, - . .
51.
, : - (), - ( ), - ( ), ( ).
52.
, , 62

, : (
), - ( --), -
-- - ( ) . .
53. ,
, -;
, :
(), - (), (), [] (),
(), ().
)
54. ,
,
, , . ., : ,
, , , , , ( ) .
) ()
55. , ,
,
( . , , . , . .
, . , . , . , .
. .), .
, , . : , , ,
, , , , , ; , , , , , , , . ( .
7.) .
IV.
(
) , . .
56. ,
,
( ). : - ( ) -, -,
63

-, -, -, -; - ( ), - ( ),
-, -; - ( ), -, , -
( ); [], - . .
57. , :
() , , ,
, , , , .
58. ,
, : -, -, -,
-, -, -, -; , , , . .
) , ,
59. , , , , , . : , , , , , , ;
, ; , , , ,
.
60. , , , , , : (), (),
(), ( ) (. ),
(. ), (), () . .
,
, , : (
), ( ), (
).
) , , , ,
61. , , , ;
,
, : ().
(, ), (), (),
(), (),
64

 (), ( ; ), - (); ( ,
, ), ( ) .
- -,
, : (), (),
(), {), (). (, )
, .
, ( ) (
), : , . .
62.

, , , , :
- ( ;
), - ( ), - ( ), -
( ), - ( ), - ( ), - ( ; ) . .
3) ( ) ,
, ,

) (^5 )
63.
.
: ( ^ ' ~^^ 10
) ( + ; 15
12 ),
60- (. 9).
, (? ),
: (1) (2) , (3) (4) ,
(5) (6) , (7) (8) , (9) (10)
. (12-) : (1) , (2) , (3) ,
(4) , (5) , (6) , (7) ,
(8) , (9) , (10) , (11) ,
65

(12) .
, .
5- .
12 , , : , .

60- , , ,
, , : 2- (, , ) - (
:
--), 7- - ( : -), 55- - ( : , :) . . : .

, : Jiawu -
. .

, : 15-
-, -.

, : -
() , - . .
) () (^- )
64. ( ) ,
.,
XX ., (
). . 40.
( 18)
, , ,
.
.
.
, : -, -, -; -, -; --.
: .
66

*
, ,
, , : - -, - -, - -, -.

, : - ,
(-), - ,
(-) . .
) ( ) ( ft )
65. () ,
, .
, , ,
, .
' '
, : ; ; ; .
:

: ;
: () ();
:
, . . , , . . ;
'
( , , , ,
, ),


: []
, []
, , ,
( ); . 8;

: - ,
-, , .;

: - , . .
67

 ,
, : ().
66. , ,
, , . .
(, . .), , , , (, ,
) (, ).
)
67. ,
, , , .
(
). : , , ( )
( ) . .
. 8.
) ,
68. , . , , . :
[], [], [], [],
[], [], [], []; , , , ; (), , , (), , , , , ().
69. , : ( ), ( ) . .
)
70. (, ,
. .) - (, , )
68

 . ,
. : (- ),
4 (- ), (
), (
), (- ), - 7 1923 . ( ), ( ,
), , - ( ), ( ),
( ), 1936 . ( ),
( ; ) . .

: , -
( - ) . .
)

71. 24 (-\-~ )
,
( , ), ; ,
, . . . 10.
72. , , , ,
, : (10- );
)> 2- , 5- , 8- , 11- ; ;
1- , () 10- ,
() 11- (2- ) . .
) , ,
73. . : ( ), ( ,
69

) (15 1- ),
, ( , , , )
, (5 5- ), (15 8- ),
(9 9- ) .
74. . . :
4 (- ), 1
(-), 1 (-), 1
(- ), 1 (- ), 8 () . .
4)

75. , , , . .,
, ,
.
, ,
, . :
( ), (
) . .
76.
:
) , , ;
) ,
, .
, .
, . . ,
.
- .

.
:
, , . . -

70

 , , : ,
, , , , [] . .
. 12.
, , , ; . :
, (),
, , , , . .
, ,
, ,
. : ( ), ( , ; . ) . .
, ,
, . : > (
), (
) . .
77. , ;
, , . .
, 76, :
)
78. ,
, , ( ),
:
71

 ( ) ( ),
( ), ( ), - ( . 62);
( ) ( ), ( ), ( ),
( ), .
( , );
( )
: ( ),
( ), ( ) .

( ), ( ), ( )
; ( ), ( )
, , .
( - -), ( ) .
, : , , , , , ,
; , , ( ) ( ).
79.
,
, : (VajrachedikS sQtra
), (Amitabha sutra),
(Saddharma pundarikS sfltra), (Suvarna
prabhasa sOtra), () . .
) (JEjfe )
80. , ,

, : ( ),
( ), ( ),
( [] ), (
; ), ( ), ( ),
( ) .
72

 81.
, , : (
), ( ), -
( -), ( ),
( ), -
( ), (
), ( ), ( ),
( , ), ( ), - (
), ( ),
( , ) . .
)
82. , 76, : ( , ), (
[. . ]), (
), ( ).
83. ,
, , : -, -, -, -, , -, -, -, .
)
84. , , , , , , ,
, :
( ),
( ), ( [ ] "
"), (
), Coy (
), ( );
73

 ( ),
( ), ( ),
(), (
);
( ), (
), ( ), -
( );
( ), ( ),
( ), (
), ( ), ( ), (
), ( );
( ),
( ) .

.
) , , ,
85. , -, , 76
,
( , .),
:
( ), (
[ ]), - ( ), ( ),
( ), (
), ( ),
( );
- ( ), (
), ( ), (25
), - ( ), (13 ), ( );
( ), ( ), (74

 ), ( "[] "), ( ), ( "[] "),

( ), ( ) - ( -), ( ),
( ), ( ),
( ) . .
)
86. , ,

. .
, - , , , , , : (), (), ( ), ( ), (), (),
(. . ).

, , : ( ), ( . ), (
).
, - ,
.
. .
, : , , ,
( ), ( ). .
12.
, ,
, : ( ), (), ( ), ( );
, , ,
: ( ), ( ) .
75

 , , ( ) . , :
( ), ( ).
, , , , : ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ),
( ), ( ),
( ).

, : ( ), (- ), ( ),
( , . . ), ( ).
; , ; , , . . , : ( ),
( ), ( [ ] ), (
). . 12.
5) , ,
87. , , , , ,
, , , , , -

, . : , ,
, ,
- , 4- , , ,
, ,
, , . .
76

 88. , ,
,
.
) :
, : , ,
, ,
, , ,
.;
, , , , , , , ., : ; , ; , ;
, , ,
; ,
; , , , ,
. .
) :
: , (
);
, : (
) ( ), - , , .
89.
, , :
{. ) , , {. )
. .
90.
XX ., ,
, .
, (
). .
: ( ), (
), ( ), ( ), ( ), (
), ( 77

), ( , ),
, , , . .
91.
, . , (: ), , , , (: ) , ,
, ( ) , , . . ( ), ( ), ( ), (
), ( ), ( ), ( - ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ),
( ), (
), ( ) .
.
, : - {. ,
).

92. , , ( )
, . : ( ), ( ),
( ), ( ),
( ), ( ), (
), ( , . ),
( ), (
), (
[ ]) .
6)
93. ,
, ,
78

, , , , : (, ), ( ), (,
), ( , -), (), (), ( ),
(, , ),
( , . . ) .;
( ), ( 1 ), ( 2- ), ( 3-
) . .; ( ), ( ), (), (
); (
), ( ), ( ).
.
3 8 - 4 3 .
94. ( ) , ,
, , ,
(
), , ,
, , . .
, : ( ), ( ), ( ), (18- ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ),
( ), ( ), ( ), ( 1-
, ), ( 3- , ), (-) . .
95.
, , : ( , , [] ),
( ),
( ,
).
96.
, ,
79

 , : ( , , ), ( ,
), , . .
, , , :
( ), ( ) . .
97. . .
:
. .,
, , : ,
, . . .
( . 62), ; ., , : - - ( ), -, -.
,
, ; :
( ), ( ), ,
. .
98. , .
, , .

7)
99. ( , ), ( )
. . : , , , , , ; -, -, - . .,
; , , , - - ();
, , , - - (); , , , , - - ();
( ), (), ( ), . .
100. (), , 80

 , ,
.
,
. :
( ; ), (
; ), ( , , ; ),
( ; ) ( );
( 28 ;
) (.-. ; . ), (.-. ;
), (), (), .-. (, ), .-. (, );
(; , ), ( ), ( ), ( ) (, ), ( ; ), ( );
(.-. , ; ),
(.-. ; ), (), (),
() .
,
.
101. , :
( -) .
102. , , ,
, , , . .

, - ,
: , , ( ), , ,
, , (, , , ,
) . .
103. , , : (
), (), ( ), , , , , ,
, -, - ( ) . .
81

 104. ,
, , , , , : ( ) .
105. ,
.. ,
: , , .
8) ()
106. ,
,

.
-,
, . , ,
(.
. . ; . . . . ., 1982).

,
( . II, 1921).
107. , ,
: - , , , , , ,
, -
.
,
,
, .
108. ,
, :
(. ), 82

 (. )
. . ,
, , , , .
, ,
.
109. - , , , : (. ),
(. ), (.
), . (. ),
, . .
110. .
, : , () , ; , ,
, . .

, : , ; , ; , ; , ; ; .
111. , . . , ,
. . .
,
. .
: , , , , ,
, ( ) .
( ): ,
.
83

 :
, , .
, , , , , . (. 65).

: (
) , . .
( ).
112.
, , , .
. :
( ), ; , ; (
!) ; ( );
( ) ( ), -; ,
- ; - , , ; (
) . .
113.
, ,
.
, , ( , , , .)
. : ( )
( ) ; ( )
( ) ; (
), ( )
( ) (); ( ) ( ) (.
); ( [ ] ), ( [], . . ,
84

 ), , .
.
, ,
. ., : ( ) ( ); , (
) ( , ), {. , , . ), (
, ) . .

, , ( )
. . .
114. , , , -,
.

,
, : - . ; - ; -
() ( ).
, , : . . ;
. ; . ^ [.
, , : . (. ,
, , , ); (
,
); ( ;
, ); (
, . . , ).
115. ,
. ,
: . ; . ;
85

 1) . (. ), 2) . . ;
. .
.
, : (
)
; (
) .
116. ( , )

, : (,
), (
), ZZ/ ( ), (
, , . ) .
117. , .
, , , : , ,
, (
), - ( - ) . . 7,
(. . . . . . . 1-3. , 1982), .

 IV.

1. , , ,
. , ( )
. .
.
2. (, , )

, . , (), .
.
,
. , , . ,
, , ,
. ., : ( '), (
'), (
), ( -'), ( ').
87

1.
3. ,
,
, :
-[] , ;
- , -, , : ( -), /, /, ;
- , -: ;
-- : ^;
-, --, -- ,
, : , /n (
), !/> ;
- ,
: , .
-, --, --
( ) ( , ) -, --,
-- ,
- ., .
4. -, - , :
( ), ,
, .
2.

5. , . ,
,
.
6. ( ) : - (-), -, -, -, -, -, (-), -, - , : /, , , .
88

 -, -, -, : ., , iep: , , , &, .
7. ,
, , , | . ( . / / .)
4;
,

^, --, -, : ,
, ( /), .

- -, --, : ( ), , ( ), ( ).
--,
( ) . .

- , -,
() , : , , ,
.
\

5 -
|ji; : , /. > , - -,
() , i --, -- .
, , ,
,
^, , .
, ,
1 -, -.

 .
.

.

1.
,
. ( )
, . .
, .
.

.
, .
2. , ( , .1. , 1952, . 2122).
, ,
, .

( , , .) , ,
, -, -, -; , , . ., : , ,
, , .
90

 ( , , , , , -, .)
.
: (, .), (. .), ()
(. .), () (. .),
(, .), , , , (, .),
(. .), (. .), [] (. .), , (. .).
,
.
, , : -
( ), (, ), ( ) .
3. . , , , , , , . .


( . .).
.

-, -, -, -, -/- . : , , , ,
, ( , ), /,
, , , , , , ,
, ( ; ), (
, ), . .
.
( ), (
), ( ) .
4. (),
, :
1) : ,
-, -, -, -, -, - -, -, -, -, -;
2) : ,
-, , -, -;
3) : , -, -, -;
91

4) : , -.
5. , ,
, . . . , -, -,
-, -, - -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, : , , , , , , , ,
; , , , , -,
, , , . .
6. , , . . -, - -, (
-), . , :
, ( , , ), (
), ( ), ( ), ,
, . .
7. , . . -, -
- , , , : , , , , , , (. .
al-, .
. -yl-, , .
1-, . .
).
, , . . , (
', '); - ,
( .), : (
'), ( ), (
'), ( ).
,
, , : , (),
().
(
. .) , :
, * ( ).
( ) ( ),
, . . , , , . .
8. , ,
. - (

92

-, -, -, -, -, -, -, -)
, (, ,
) ,
(, , ) .
.
() . :

, : , , .
, -, . (,
, . .)
, , : , . -

.
, , , ,
( ),
, : [] , ,
, ( ), []
, [] , , ( ) . .
, , ,

, : () . .
9.
. ,
., : , , , ,
. .
10. .

, : ,
, , , , . . .

, , : , . .
93

 1.
1
()
,
1835 ., . . (. ) , ,

, , , .
, . . ,
. . (.
) - , . . 1888 . ,
1918 . ( , i , , ) 2 .
, ,
. .
, ,
:
[]

[]

[]

[i]

[]

[] , , [].

. .
(., 1962, . 293300). , . 13
II.
2
- . . . . (. 1. .,
1952; . 2 1955) .
96

 ( ) :

[]
(, )

[q] ng
(, )

[]

()
fi]

(, )

[]
(, day), (, ).
, , , ,
(, ), [] . ,
[], ,
, . . ,
, , [ju].
( ) :
[i] , , (, , ,
). you [joy] ;
[] (, , ,
); (, ,
, ). []
[] (, , , , );
[] (,
). , [] []
( ) (, ).
:
[]
[]

[]

[f]

[d]

[]
[1]

[g]

97

[]

[h]

(j] ^
[q]
[
[]
J
zh
[] ch
[s] sh
[]
[z] ]
[]
\
[s]
J

,
, ,

,

, , ,

. , [i]
-: , , (, , ,
), (, , ).
, , .
[] , , (, , , , . .),
[] (,
). ,
(); (). : 50- XX .
, , , ,
, , , , ( ), , , .. , , , .
[] :
, ,
,
, , .
, , , , , , ,
(, ).
, ,
,
.
98

, , :
1. , [iui],
[].
2. , ,
[],
.
3. [],
[] (, )
(, ), . ,
[iu],
] []. [iu],
, , [iou].
4. , . ,
[] :
) . , ;
) : , ;
) ; , .
5. , , , [i] :
, , , ;
, , .
6. , , , ,
[i] , : , . . ,
, , . .
7. , , , ,
.
[d] [t] ,
.
8. , , ,
[].
9.
, : , ..
99

10. []
.
11. [] .
12. , , ,
, , ( ) , , , .
13. , , , , , . .
14. , . . , , ,
, .
,
.
, , . ,
, .
, , . , XIX . . . . .
. . ,
.
, , .
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
3
.
3

. - . . .,
1928, . 6. .: . . . ., 1967.

 2. ()
( ) ( 1 9 5 8 )

( , )

(15), V
1958 . (.: .
. : - - . , 1958, . 57
62), ,
. -.
.
13 .
1
(1) (^-, 26 )

Bb

Nn

ula...]

Dd

|...|

Qq
Rr

Ff

Ss

p,
c|a...l

Tt

Uu
Vv*

Ww

[1=|...|

Gg
Hh
II
Jj
Kk
LI

Mm

|...|

Xx
Yy
Zz

[...] = - .
|...|

* , v , .

101

 2
(2) (&, 23 )
b

zh**

ch**

****

W***'

[]

(]

[]

q*
[]

[]

|]

(]

[]

h
sh**

* , (*), : [] , , , , ,
.
** , , s zh, ch, sh.
*** (. . 4).
*** w.
3
(3) ( $ , 24 )
i

ai

uai

()

ei

uei

, ()

ia

ie

ou

an

ian

en

in

()

()

iao

(you)

ang

iang

eng

ing

ong

iong

uan

()

un/*uen

/()

uang

()

ueng

()

102

 . 3:
1) , ^0 , , if , , , , , i, . . : zhi, /,
shi, ri, zi, ci, si.
2) , {. JL), ;
, . :
ertong, huar.
3) ( -tt) , .
4) i , i (. i),

: ^? yi ; , ; >
; ; IE you ;
; yin ; yang ; 3^ ying
; yong .
, (. ),

: ,% wu 1) ; 2) ; wa ; wo
; wai ; wei ; wan
; lm wen ; f wang ;
weng . [
w
-. * -* .

. ..]
0 , ,
: :
; ; ". yuan ; ft ( 0 ).
(. ) j , q , : IBju ; qu
; . ; .
1 : ic ,
S ().
5) iou, uei uen , : iu, ui un.
: * niu ; qui ; lun
.
6) ng .
103

(4) .

()

()

()

()

, ,
; (
. . .). :
<

""
()
(5) .
, , ,
,
('), : & pi'ao .

104

- [-] ()

ia

ai

an

ian

iar

uai uan

ie

ier

ei

i

en

in

yap

iian iie

or
op

UO

op

uei

ier

uen
/

iin

iao

our ang

iaor iou

iour iang iar

[]

OU

uang
[]

ong or
eng
[] []
ing

iar
iong ior
[]/ []
[]

ueng

[]

* , ( ). , 1985, . 56.
. 4:
1) ()
,
(/) .
2) , a (a), ai (), an (),
() () . .
3) ger [ ( + )] , &)L ger [ ( +
)] .
, [] .
4) [i] zi (), ci (), si () zhi (), chi (), shi () ri
() [] [or], : %)\. [zar] [ ( + )] ; , )1
[shsr] [ ( + )] .
5) ( ) , 5, , ( . ..).

 3.
,
(WADE) (GILES)

,
, . . .
( )
.
III .
3 , .
XX . - 403 ( ) 420 ( ).
(1943), 421 ; 187 , 147 , 48 39
. , , 1324 (
). Legeza (1968) 407 . : 316 846
.
. . . . (1966)
(. VI), 1500
.
400430, (, , , , ,
.).
,
:
) ( . ,
, , .);
) ( , 106

, , , , ,
, , , , .);
) ( , ; , , . , .,
, , ; . /, /, /, /, 1 .
, , , , ; );
)
1917 . ( ; , , ,
, , , .).
, 5, 434 . ( . , 1985), (., 19831984),
( . .
. , 1986),
. , , ,
. , , , .
, . , ,
.
5 ,
.
. , ( :
" , ;
;
. II, 25 2).
.

. (40%) (6%) ; (33%); 13% 8% . , , .
107

 . 7 8

. . (. 11),
7.
5

1
2
3
4
5

WadeGiles

ai

15
1-4

ai

an
ang

1,3,4
1,2,4

14

an
ang

ba

15

pa

bai
ban
bang

15
1,3,4

6
7
8
9
10

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

bian
biao
bie
bin
bing
bo
bu

22
23

ca
cai

bao
bei
ben
beng
bi

1,3,4
1^
1,35
1,3,4

14
1-4
1,3,4

1,3,4
1^1

1,4
1,3,4
15
14

pai
pan
pang
pao
pei
pen
peng
Pi
pien
piao
pieh
pin
ping
po
pu

1,3
14

108

ts'a
ts'ai

can
cang
cao

14
1,2
13
4

28

*cei

ts'ei

29

cen

1,2

ts'en .

30

ceng

1,2,4

ts'eng

31

cha

14

ch'a

32

chai

14

ch'ai

33

chan

14

ch'an

34

chang

14

ch'ang

35

chao

14

ch'ao

che
chen
cheng
chi
chong
chou
chu
chua
chuai
chuan
chuang
chui
chun
chuo
ci
cong
cou

1,3,4

1,4
14
1,2
4

40

ch'e
ch'en
ch'eng
ch'ih
ch'ung
ch'ou
ch'u
ch'ua
ch'uai
ch'uan
ch'uang
ch'ui
ch'un
ch'o

cu

1,2,4

cuan

1,2,4

24
25
26
27

36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
- 44
- 45
46
47
48
49
50
51

52
53
54
55
56
57

15
14
14
1-4
14
14
1

\
14
14
1,2
1

*cui

1,3,4

cun
cuo

1 ^
14

TPT

109

Wade-Giles
ts'an
ts'ang
ts'ao

ts'e

ts'u
ts'ung
ts'ou
ts'u
ts'uan
ts'ui
ts'un
ts'o

TPT

Wade-Giles

ta

D
58

da

15

59

dai

1,3,4

tai

60

dan

1,3,4

tan

61

dang

1,3,4

tang

62

dao

14

tao

63

*de

1,2,5

te

64

*dei

1,3

tei

65

*den

(ten)

66

deng

1,3,4

teng

67

di

14

ti

68

*dia

(tia)

69

dian

1,3,4

tien

70

*diang

(tiang)

71

diao

1,3,4

tiao

72

die

1,2

tieh

73

ding

1,3,4

ting

74

diu

till

75

dong

1,3,4

tung

76

dou

1,3,4

tou

77

du

14

tu

78

duan

1,3,4

tuan

79

*dui

1,4

tui

80

dun

1,3,4

tun

81

duo

14

to

E
82

15

e/o

83

1-^

(eh)

84

*ei

14

(ei)

85

en

1,4

en

86

*eng

eng

87

er/r

1,3,4

erh

110

TPT

WadeGiles

fa

15

fa

89

fan

14

fan

90

fang

14

fang

88

91

fei

1-^

fei

92

fen

14

fen

93
94

feng

14

feng

*fiao

(fiao)

95

fo

fo

96

fou

fou

97

fu

\4

fu

14

ka

98
99

ga
gai

1,3,4

100

gan

1,3,4

kan

101

gang

1,3,4

kang

102

kai

gao

1,3,4

kao

103
104

ge
gei

14
3

ke/ ko

105

gen

14

kei
ken

106

geng

1,3,4

keng

107

*go

(ko)

108

gong

1,3,4

109

gou

1,3,4

kou

14

111

gu
gua

1,3,4

ku
kua

112

guai

1,3,4

kuai

113
114

guan

1,3,4

kuan

guang

1,3,4

kuang

115

gui

1,3,4

kuei

116

gun

3,4

kun

117

guo

14

kuo

118

H
ha

14

ha

111

kung

TPT

Wade-Giles

119

hai

1-4

hai

120

han

1-4

han

121

hang

hang

1,2,4

122

hao

1-4

123

he

1,2,4

124

hei

125

hen

1,3,4

hen

126

heng

1,2,4

heng
(hm)

hao
he/ ho
hei

127

*hm

128

*hng

()

(hng)

129

hong

14

hou

14

hung

130
131

hu

14

hu

132

hua

1,2,4

hua

133

huai

2,4,5

huai

134

huan

14

huan

135

huang

14

huang

136

hui

14

(, ) hui

137

hun

1,2,4

hun

138

huo

14

huo

hou

J
139

ji

14

chi

140

jia

14

chia

141

jian

1,3,4

chien

142

jiang

1,3,4

chiang

143

jiao

14

chiao

144

jie

15

chieh (chiai)

145

jin

1,3,4

chin

146

jing

1,3,4

ching

147

jiong

1,3

chiung

148

jiu

1,35

chiu

149

Ju

14

chu

112

TPT

WadeGiles

150

juan

1,3,4

chiian

151

jue

14

chiieh (chiio)

152

jun

1,4

chun

153

ka

1,3

k'a

154

kai

1,3,4

k'ai

155

kan

1,3,4

k'an

1,2,4

k'ang

156 _ , kang
157

kao

1,3,4

k'ao

158

ke

14

k'e/ k'o

159

*kei

k'ei

160

ken

3,4

k'en

161

keng

keng

162

kong

1,3,4

k'ung

163

kou

1,3,4

k'ou

164

ku

1,3,4

k'u

165

kua

1,3,4

k'ua

166

kuai

3,4

k'uai

167

kuan

1,3

k'uan

168

kuang

14

k'uang

169

kui

14

k'uei

170

kun

1,3,4

k'un

171

kuo

k'uo

L
172

la

15

la

173

lai

1,4

lai

174

Ian

1,3,4

Ian

175

lang

14

lang

176

lao

14

lao

113

TFT

Wade-Giles

177

le

1,4,5

1 (1)

178

lei

15

lei

179

leng

14

leng

180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199

li

15
3

li

lia
lian

1,3,4

lien

Hang

1,3,4
14

lie

1,35

Hang

lin

24

lin

ling

14

ling

liu

1-4

liu

*Io

long

14

lung

lou

15

111

15

lii

1,3,4

luan

1,3,4

luan

(liien)

ltteh (, lio)

*luan
lue

3,4

lun

14

lieh

(to)
lou
lu
lii

lun

(lun)

14

lou

1,4

(m)
ma
mai
man

*Ifin
luo

200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208

*m
ma
mai
man

1,3,4

14

mang

13

mao
*me

1-4
5

mei

1,3,4

men

1,2,4,5

15

114

mang

mao
(me)

mei
men


209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220

TPT

meng

1-4

mi
mian

\-A
1,3,4
14

Wade-Giles
meng
mi

mien

1,4
2,3

miao
mieh

24

ming

1-4

13
1,3,4

mo
mou
mu

2-4
15
3,4

14
1-4

miao
mie
min
ming
miu

*mm
mo
mou
mu

min
miu
(mm)

N
221
222

223
224
225
226
111
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241

*n
na
nai
nan
nang

nao
*ne
nei
nen
neng
*ng
ni
*nia
nian
niang
niao
nie
nin
ning
niu
nong

(n)
na
nai
nan

1,4,5
3,4

nang
nao
(ne)

nen

2
1,3,4

neng

()

14
2

(ng)
ni

14
2,4
3,4

14

1,2,4
2
24
14

2,4

115

nei

(nia)
nien
niang
niao
nieh
nin
ning
niu
nung

TPT

242

*nou

243

nu

24

244
245

nuan
niie

3,4
3
4

246
247

WadeGiles
(nou)

nu
nii

nuan

niieh (nuo, nio)

*nun

nun

248

nuo
0

2,4

no

249

ou
p

14
1,3,4

250

(o)
ou

251

pa

252

pai

1,2,4
14

253
254

pan
pang

1,2,4
1-4

255
256
257

pao
pei

14
1,2,4
1,2,4

258
259
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269

pen
peng
Pi
pian
*piang
piao
pie
pin
ping
po
pou
pu

14
1-4
14
14
1,3,4
14

/
/

1,2
15
13
14

14
14
14
14

p'a
p'ai
p'an
p'ang
p'ao
p'ei
p'en
p'eng
P'i
p'ien
(p'iang)
p'iao
p'ieh
p'in
p'ing
P'o
p'ou
p'u

Q
270
271
272
273

qi
qia
qian
qiang

116

ch'i
ch'ia
ch'ien
ch'iang

TPT

WadeGiles

274

qiao

1-4

ch'iao

275

qie

14

ch'ieh

276

qin

14

ch'in

277

qing

14

qiong

ch'ing

278

ch'iung

279

qiu

2
1

ch'iu

280

qu

15

ch'u

281

quan

14

ch'tian

282

que

1,2,4

ch'ueh (ch'io,
ch'iio)

283

qun
R

1,2

ch'iin

284

ran

2,3

jan

285

rang

14

jang

286

rao

24

287

re

3,4

288

*rem

289

ren

jen

290

reng

1,2

jeng
Mh

jao

je
Gem)

291

ri

292

rong

2,3

293

rou
ru

2,4

294
295

*rua

296

ruan

2,3

297

rui

24

298

run

2,4

jui
jun

299

ruo

2,4

jo

300

S
sa

1,3,4

sa

301

sai
san

1,4
1,3,4

302

sai
san

303

sang

304

sao

1,3,4
1,3,4

24

117

Jung
jou
ju
0a)
juan

sang
sao

TPT

305

se

se

306

*sei

(sei)

307

sen

sen

308

seng

seng

309

sha

1,3,4

sha

310

shai

1,3,4

Wade-Giles

shai

311

shan

1,3,4

shan

312

shang
sbao

shang

313

1,3-5
14

shao

314

she

1-4

315

shei

(shei)

316

shen

2
14

shen

317

sheng

1-4

shi

15

sheng

318
319

shou

1-4

shou

320

shu

14

shu

321

shua

1,3,4

shua

322

shuai

1,3,4

shuan

1,4

shuai

323
324

shuang
shui

shuang

325

1,3
2-4

326

shun

3,4

shun

327

shuo

1,4

sho

328

si

1,35

ssu (su, szu)

329

song

sou
su

coy

sung

330

14
1,3,4
1,2,4

sou
su

1,4
1-4
1,3

suan

1,3

sui
sun
so

1,3,4

t'a

331
332
333
334
335

suan

sui
sun
suo

she

shih

shuan
shui

T
336

ta

118

TPT

Wade-Giles

337

tai

14

t'ai

338

tan

1-4

fan

339

tang

14

fang

340

tao

14

t'ao

341

te

4,5
1

t'e

t'eng

t'i
t'ien

(t'iana)

342

*tei

343

teng

344

ti

1,2
14

345

tian

14

346

*tiang

t'ei

347

tiao

14

t'iao

348

tie

1,3,4

t'ieh
t'ung

349

ting

14

350
351

tong

14

tou

14

t'ou

352

tu

14

t'u

353

tuan

14

t'uan

t'ing

354

tui

14

t'ui

355

tun

14

t'un

356

tuo

14

t'o

W
wa
wai

15

wa

358

1,3,4

wai

359

wan

14

wan

360

wang

wang

361

*wao

(wao)

362

wei

14

wei

363
364

wen

1-4

wen

357

weng

1,3,4

weng

1,3,4
14

wo

366

wo
wu

wu

367

X
xi

hsi

368

xia

hsia

365

14
1,2,4

119

369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380

TPT

xian

14
14
1-^

Wade-Giles
hsien

hsiang

hsiao

xie
xin

\4

hsieh

\4

hsin

xing

14

xiong

1,2,4

xiu
xu

1,3,4
15

xuan

14

hsfian

xue
xun

\A

hsiieh (hsio, hsuo)

1,2,4

hsiin

ya

15

*yai

yan

1-^t

ya
(yai)
yan

yang

yi/i
yin

yu

15
14
1-4
\A
14
1-^
1,5
1-4
14
1^

yuan

1-^t

yue
yun
Z
za
zai
zan

1,3,4

yueh (yo)

14

13

tsa

1,3,4

tsai

15

zang

1,3,4

tsang

xiang
xiao

hsing
hsiung
hsiu
hstt

381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400

yao
ye
yi
yin
ying
*yo
yong
you

yang
yao
yeh

ying

()

yung

yu

yu
yuan

120

yun

tsan

TPT

401
402
403
404

zao
ze
zei
*zem

14
2,4
2

405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433

zen
zeng
zha
zhai
zhan
zhang
zhao

3,4

434

zhe
*zhei
zhen
zheng
zhi
zhong
zhou
zhu
zhua
zhuai
zhuan
zhuang
zhui
zhun
zhuo
zi
zong

1,4
14
l^t
1,3,4
1,3,4
1^1
15
4
1,3,4
1,3,4
14
1,3,4
14
14
1,3
1,3,4
1,3,4
1,3,4

WadeGiles
tsao
tse
tsei
(tsem)
tsen
tseng
cha
chai
chan
chang
chao
che
(chei)
chen
cheng
chih
chung
chou
chu
chua
chuai
chuan
chuang
chui
chun
cho

zui
zun

1,4
1,3
1,2
1,3,4
1,3,4
1,3,4
13
1,3,4
1,3,4
1,3,4

tsung
tsou
tsu
tsuan
tsui
tsun

zuo

14

tso

zou
zu
zuan

121

tzu (tsu)

 . 5:
1(). #5 (. , . )
cui () . . i,
de (/) (<feu) (de5)
) . (mt.de)
{) .
dia(dx) .
diang () Dg (. dang)
dui () i,
() ., $ ;
[ei] ()
eng () . (. heng)
/() . .
go () ., "0 (. ge)
gut () i,
hm () ., (
hng(xH) ., ?
kei () . $ (. )
1 () ., (. /)
[1\ () . * . (. . /)
[] () . (. . luri)
() .
() ., . , (. , )
mm () ., D (. )
() .
() . (5) Big (. /)
ng(m) .,
nia () . . (.) . (. niang)
() , .
() .
() , I, _ (. wo, e, huo)
piang () . . -^ (. . pang)
() . . (. . )
() . (. )
sei () . . (. . se)
tei () . (. te)
tiang () . (. . dang)
wao(eao). (.)
() . (. . yd)
() } (. - -)
() . . & (. )
xhei () . . (. ze)
122

TPT

TPT

dang

dan

wo
wei

dao

die

(wao)

()
BO

ai
ang

weng

an

wen

di
ding

S*
gai

duo

gang

du

gan
gao

duan
dui

guo, go

dun

ba

bai

bang

ban

bao

bie

gou

bi

bing

g
gua

bin

guai

bo

guang

bu

guan

deng

bei

gui

den

beng

gong

diu

ben

gun

bian

biao

ge
gei

dian

geng

diao

gen

wa

wai
wang

wan

123

dong

de
dei

dia
diang

da
dai

dou

ye

()
. /

TPT

TPT

kua

TPT

rang

kuai

ran

kuang

rao

kuan

lu

ri

kui

liie

ruo

kong

rou

kun

Hang

ru

ke

Han

rua

kei

liao

ruan

keng

rui

ken

rong

run

re

luan

ma

la

mai

lai

mang

reng

lang

man

ren

Ian

mao

lao

mie

lie

mi
ming

yi
ying

li

yin

ling

min

lin

mm

luo, lo

mo

lou

mou

lu

mu

luan

ka

kai

kang

long

kan

lun

kao

le

kuo

lei

me

kou

leng

mei

ku

liu

meng

124

TPT

TPT

men

niie

piao

miu

nia

mian

niang

ca

sa

miao

nian

sai

niao

sang

san

na

cao

sao

nai

oy

ou

xie

nang

xi

nan

na

pa

xing

nao

nao

pao

xin

()

pai

suo

ng
nie

pang

su

ni

pan

coy

sou

ning

pie

suan

nin

sui

nuo

P
ping

song

nou

pin

sun

nu

po

si

nuan

pou

se

nong

pu

sei

nun

seng

ne

sen

nei

xiu

neng

xuan

nen

pei

niu

peng

pen

xu

piang

xiong

pian

xun

nu

125

TPT

TPT

fang

hong

fan

nun

fo

xiang
xian

fou

xiao

fu

he

hei

ta

heng

tai

hen

tang

tan

fei

ca

tao

feng

cai

tie

fen

cang

ti.

fiao

can

ting

cao

tuo

ha

qie

tou

hai

q>

tu

hang

qing

tuan

han

qin

tui

hao

cuo

tong

hm

cou

tun

()

hng

cu

te

huo

cuan

cui

cong

tei

teng

tiang

hou

cun

tian

hu

ci

tiao

hua

ce

huang

cei

huai

ceng

huan

qiu

hui

quan

wu

fa

126

TPT

zen

TPT

cheng

jiu

chen

juan

qu

qiong

qun

que

qia

zha

zhai

ju

zhang

jiong

zhan

qiang

jun

zhao

qian

jue

zhi

qiao

J*

jiang

zhou

jian

zhu

za
zai

jiao

zang

zan

zao

zhuo

zhua

zhuai

cha

zhuang

chai

zhuan

jie

chang

zhui

ji

chan

zhong

jing

chao

zhun

jn

chi

zhe

zuo

40

chuo

zhei

zou

chou

zheng

zu

chu

zhen

zuan

chua

zui

chuai

zong

zun

zi

chuang

shai

chuan

shang

chui

shan

ze

chong

shao

zei

chun

zeng

che

shuo

127

sha

shi

TPT

TPT

shou

shu

yong

shua

()

yun

shuai

ei

yue

shuang

eng

shuan

en

shui

er

yai

shun

yang

she

you

yan

shei

yuan

yao

sheng

shen

. 6:
* .
, .
, , .

128

 7

*
Wade

TPT

TPT

Wade

Wade

TPT

chiu

ch'i

chiung

ch'ia

ai

cho

ch'iang

an

chou

ch'iao

ang

chu

ch'ieh

chu

ch'ien

chua

ch'ih

cha

chuai

ch'in

chai

chuan

ch'ing

chan

chiian

ch'iu

chang

chuang

ch'iung

chao

ch'o

40

che

chueh
(chiio)

ch'ou

(chei)

chui

ch'u

chen

chun

ch'ti

cheng

chun

ch'ua

ch'uai

ch'uan

chi

chung

chia

CH'

(chiai)

ch'a

ch'iian

chiang

ch'ai

ch'uang

chiao

ch'an

ch'ang

chien

ch'ao

ch'tieh
(ch'io,
ch'iio)

chieh
chih

che

ch'ui

chin

ch'in

ch'un

ching

ch'eng

ch'un

129

Wade
ch'ung

TPT

Wade

TPT

Wade

TPT

hen

hung

heng

huo

xo

(hm)

()

(eh)

(hng)

([])

jan

(ei)

hou

xoy

Jang

en

hsi

jao

eng

()

hsia

je

erh

hsiang

(jem)

()

hsiao

jen

fa

hsieh

jeng

fan

hsien

jih

fang

hsin

jo

fei

hsing

jou

fen

()

hsiu

ju

hsiung

(jua)

()

feng

()

hsti

juan

hsiian

jui

(fiao)

()

jun

fo

jung

fou

hsueh
(hsio,
hsiio)

fu

hsiin

ka

hu

kai

kan

ha

hua

hai

huai

kang

han

huan

kao

hang

huang

hao

hui

kei

he/ho

ken

hei

keng

hun

/
/

130

Wade

TPT

TPT

Wade

Wade

TPT

keng

k'un

(Iiien)

()

()

()

k'ung

Iun

kou

roy

k'uo

(Iun)

()

ku

ry

lung

kua

rya

la

luo

kuai

lai

kuan

Ian

(m)

()

kuang

lang

ma

kuei

lao

mai

kun

le (Io)

man

kung

lei

mang

kuo

leng

mao

li

(me)

()

K'

k'a

lia

mei

k'ai

liang

men

k'an

liao

k'ang

lieh

meng

k'ao

lien

'
(')

lin

mi

ling

miao

k'ei

()

liu

mien

k'en

(Io)

mien

k'ou

lou

min

k'u

lu

ming

k'ua

miu

k'uai

luan

(nun)

()

k'uan

mo

k'uang

mou

k'uei

liieh
(,
lio)

mu

131

Wade
N

TPT

Wade

TPT

TPT

Wade

nun

p'ei

nung

'

(n)
na

(H)

nai

()

nan

OU

oy

nang

nao

(ne)

()

nei

()

()

p'i

p'iao

pai

p'ieh

pan

p'ien

nen

pang

p'in

neng

pao

p'ing

(ng)

()

pei

p'o

ni

pen

p'ou

(nia)

()

ping

p'u

niang

Pi

niao

piao

sa

nieh

pieb

sai

nien

pien

san

nin

pin

sang

ning

ping

sao

niu

po

se

no

pu

(sei)

()

(nou)

()

sen

nu

p'a

seng

nu

p'ai

sha

nuan

p'an

shai

p'ang

shan

(p'iang)

()

shang

p'ao

shao

111

p'eng

P'

132

'

Wade
she

TPT

Wade

TPT

Wade

TPT

te

tu

(shei)

tei

tuan

shen

(ten)

tui

sheng

teng

tun

shih

ti

tung

sho

UIO

(tia)

()

shou

tiao

tzu
(tsu)

shu

tieh

shua

uiya

tien

t'a

shuai

ting

t'ai

shuan

tiu

fan

shuang

to

fang

shui

tsa

t'ao

shun

tsai

fe

so

tsan

(t'ei)

()

sou

coy

tsang

t'eng

ssu
(su, szu)

tsao

fi

tse

(t'iang)

()

su

tsei

t'iao

suan

(tsem)

t'ieh

sui

tsen

fien

sun

tseng

t'ing

sung

tso

Vo

tsou

fou

ta

tsu

fu

tai

tsuan

t'uan

tan

tsui

fui

tang

tsun

fun

tao

tsung

fung

133

Wade

TPT

TS'

TPT

Wade

TPT

Wade

ts'un

(yai)

()

ts'a

ts'ung

yan

ts'ai

tz'u

yang

ts'an

yao

ts'ang

wa

yen

ts'ao

wai

yi(0

ts'e

wan

yin

(ts'ei)

wang

yng

ts'en

wei

(yo)

()

ts'eng

wen

yu

ts'o

weng

yu

ts'ou

wo

yuan

ts'u

wu

yueh

ts'uan

yun

ts'ui

yung

. 7:
(ch', k', \
t', ts') , (ch, k, p, t
ts, t). ,
5, -
.
,
. , ,
.

134

 8

*

TPT

Wade

TPT

Wade

Wade

wang

keng

ken

wan

ai

BO

wo

ang

wei

ta

an

weng

tai

wen

tang

tan

pa

ka

tao

pai

kai

tieh

pang

kang

ti

pan

kan

ting

pao

kao

to

pieh

kuo

ou

()

(ko)

tu

ping

kou

tuan

pin

ku

tui

po

kua

tung

pu

kuai

tun

pei

kuang

te

peng

kuan

tei

pen

kuei

teng

pien

kung

()

(ten)

piao

kun

tiu

ke/

()

(tia)

ko

tien

kei

tiao

wa

wai

135

TPT

Wade

Wade

TPT

Wade

k'an

lu

yeh

k'ao

luan

(/)

()

k'uo

lung

k'ou

lun

jang

k'u

le (lo)

jan

k'ua

lei

jao

k'uai

leng

jih

k'uang

liu

jo

k'uan

()

(Iuen)

jou

k'uei

ju

k'ung

()

(lun)

()

Oua)

k'un

juan

k'e (k'o)

lueh
(luo, lio)

jui

()

k'ei

lia

jng

keng

Hang

jun

k'en

lien

je

liao

()

(jem)

la

jeng

lai

()

(m)

jen

lang

ma

Ian

mai

yi(0

lao

mang

yng

lieh

man

yin

mao

()

(yo)

ling

mieh

lin

mi

k'a

(lo)

ming

k'ai

luo

min

k'ang

lou

()

(mm)

136

TPT

Wade

TPT

Wade

TPT

Wade

mo

nun

noy

p'ou

mou

()

(ne)

ny

p'u

mu

nei

p'ei

()

(me)

neng

p'eng

mei

nen

()

meng

niu

'

nu

()

nueh
(nuo,
nio)

p'ien

p'iao

men

miu

mien

()

(nia)

sa

miao

niang

sai

nien

sang

niao

san

sao

hsieh

hsi

hsing

()

(n)

na

nai

nang

nan

nao

p'a

hsin

()

(ng)

p'ai

so

nieh

sou

ni

p'ang
(p'iang)

coy

()

su

ning

p'an

suan

nin

p'ao

sui

no

p'ieh

sung

()

(nou)

P'i

sun

nu

p'ing

ssii

nuan

p'in

nung

p'o

(o)
ou

137

(su, szu)

se

Wade

TPT

TPT

Wade

Wade

()

(sei)

t'ung

()

(hm)

seng

t'un

()

(hng)

sen

t'e

xo

huo

hsiu

()

(t'ei)

xoy

hou

hstian

t'eng

xy

hu

hsti

()

(t'iang)

xya

hua

hsiung

t'ien

huai

hsiin

t'iao

huang

hsueh
(hsio,
hsuo)

huan

hui

hsia

fa

/
/

hsiang

fang

hung

hsien

fan

hun

hsiao

fo

he/ho

fou

hei

wu

t'a

fu

heng

t'ai

fei

hen

t'ang

feng

fan

()

t'ao

en

t'ieh

()

t'i

()

(fiao)

t'ing

t'o

t'ou

ts'a

ts'ai

ts'ang

ts'an

ts'ao

ha

ch'ieh

hai

ch'i

t'u

hang

ch'ing

t'uan

han

ch'in

t'ui

hao

ts'o

138

Wade

TFT

Wade

TPT

chieh
(chiai)

ch'a

Wade

ts'ou

ts'u

ts'uan

chi

ch'ai

ts'ui

ching

ch'ang

ts'ung

chin

ch'an

ts'un

tso

ch'ao

tz'u

tsou

ch'ih

ts'e

tsu

40

ch'o

()

(ts'ei)

tsuan

ch'ou

ts'eng

tsui

ch'u

ts'en

tsung

ch'ua

ch'iu

tsun

ch'uai

ch'uan

tzfi (tsu)

ch'uang

ch'u

tse

ch'uan

ch'iung

tsei

ch'ui

ch'iin

()

(tsem)

ch'ung

ch'ueh
(ch'io,
ch'iio)

tseng

ch'un

tsen

ch'e

chiu

ch'eng

ch'ia

chiian

ch'en

ch'iang

chu

ch'ien

chiung

cha

ch'iao

chun

chai

chiieh
(chiio)

chang

chan

tsa

tsai

chia

chao

tsang

chiang

chih

tsan

chien

cho

tsao

chiao

chou

139

Wade

TPT

TPT

Wade

Wade

chu

shao

()

(ei)

chua

shih

eng

chuai

sho

en

chuang

shou

erh

chuan

shu

chui

shua

yu

chung

shuai

yiian

chun

shuang

che

shuan

yung

()

(chei)

shui

yiin

cheng

shun

yUeh (yo)

chen

she

(shei)

sha

sheng

()

(yai)

shai

shen

yang

shang

yan

shan

yao

e/o, (eh)

. 8:
* .
, . ,
. , , .

 4.

, ( ). ,
(I. L. Legeza, 2 vols.,19681969) 50 ,
, , , , ,
, .
, ,
(,
[IPA], , . , ,
, . . .).
.

, , ,
. , .
1.
1)
.
. , , .
(Sir Thomas Wade, 18181895)
Hsin Ching Lu, or Book of Experiments (Hongkong, 1859) Yii- tzit-irh chi... a
Progressive Course Designed to Assist the Student of Colloquial Chinese
(London, 1867). - , (.: Giles H.A. A Chinese-English Dictionary. London, 1892) (Mathews),
.
ng-,
. . ( ' ' ) k, p, t ch, ts
(k', p ' , t \ ch', ts') 141

 (
) u (), () () ,
(), ( ), h .
(, \ 2, 3, * ). , , - ,
. ,
, , - .
(*) , .

*nga
ai
*ngai

an

an
an

*ngan
ang
*ngang
ao
*ngao

*nge
en

*ngen

eng

hui
hui
*huei
hui
hun
hun
*huen
hun
hsiian
hsiian
hsiian
*hsiien
kun (k'un)
kun (k'un)
*kuen (k'uen) kun (k'un)
chi (ch'i)
chi (ch'i)
*tsi (ts'i)
chi (ch'i)
hsi
hsi
hsi
*si
*chio (ch'io) chiie (ch'iie)
*hsio
hsiieh
lueh
*Iio
niieh
*nio
*yo
yiieh

a
ai
ai

ang
ang

ao
ao

en

en

*ngeng

eng
eng

*ngo
ou
*neou

ou
ou

(
.: ., . 301305).
142


) [] ( ) - ( ) -i- -n (pien, nien, hsien);
) [] ( ) : () - ( ) , - -ng (tse, wen, wing, irk);
() ( ) i (ei, mei); () -eh -i- -- (pieh,
lueh);
) [i] ( i yi
) : () -i (li, ni, i/yi);
() yi- , - -ng (yin, ying); () -in ch-, ch'-,
sh-, j - (chih, ch 'ih, shihjih); () -u ( i , )
tz-, tz'-, ss- (tzu, tz'u, ssu);
) [u] [u] ( wu
yu )
- - wu, yii
, (, lu, shu . . wu; nil, lu, hsti . .
, ).

) [i], [u] [] ( yi, you, yu; wu)
-, w- yii- (yao, yeh, yu; wei, wen,
wang; yuan, yiieh), (
i, u, ) i, u, (pien, tiao, hsiang; kuai, shuang, huo; lueh,
chileh, hsiian; lai, mei, shui);
) [] - ,
, -u (ou, tou),
- (, had);
) [] - -, '-, sh-, h- (, ', shuo, huo), - (, so .);
) -ui - '- -uei (kuei, k'uei).
( )
) ( )
( b, d, g, j , z zh) , t, k, ch ( z zh
), ( , t, k, q )
143

 , , . . ', t', k', ch' ( q );

) () ( j , q, , z, zh), a
( sh)
: () ch- ch'- i, -, -ih (chi, chien, ch 'iao, hsieh, chiieh, hsii) ()
ch-, ch'-, sh- j - , -i -,
-ih (chao, ch ', chih, ch 'ih, shihjejih);
) ,
- z-, - ( -i, -)
tz- tz'- (tzu, tz'u), ts- ts'- (tsung, tsao, ts 'ung, ts 'ao .);
) ( s) - ss- (ssu),
s- (sung, sao, so .);
) ( )
j (jao,jen,ji,jui . .);
) ( -/-, )
-rh (erh, hurh . .).
,
, .

.
.
2) ,
.
R. Morrison'a A Dictionary of the Chinese Language
(Shanghai, 1879). :
) ( ' kh' q );
) 3, ,
, , I, , /- urn;
) -/- () - - g-, k-, h- (
) -eh
;
) -eng () -ong f-;
) -i ( - ) -ih z-, -, s-
-Ih ;
) i ( ) ;
144

) - () -eh b, p, m ;
) -ui () -wei g - , hui hvnti;
) -un () -win g, , -un
;
) - () -wo -W6 g, k, h, sh -
- .
3) . Williams S. W. A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language... Shanghai, 1874,
. :
) w
w (chw'ang, tw'an .);
) S, , ; er/ 'rh;
) -i ( z, , s), . . zi, ci si (, , ),
tsz', ts'z' sz\
.
4) Bailer F. W. An Analytical Chinese-English Dictionary, Compiled for the China Inland Mission. Shanghai, 1900. , XIX . . :
) () - -oh %-, - -eh ;
) i (, / ) -ih zh-, ch-, sh-, - -I -, -, s-;
) -iong () -iong j - q-
-iung ;
) - () -eh b-, p-, m- ;
) -ui () -uei g-, k- h-;
) - () - -uoh g-, -, h- -
-oh .
5) :
Mateer . W. A Short Course of Primary Lessons in Mandarin. Shanghai, 1904.
The Mateer Language Series, (American Presbyterian
Mission Press). -i -, - s- -I -i,
yi i.
145

6) (Institute of Far Eastern Languages, Yale University) - ( , ).

1943 . . (G A. Kennedy) .
{J. De Francis. Beginning
Chinese. New Haven, 1946).
, w yw i, u yii .
, dai dayi . . , i
( / ) j , ch, sh (jr, chr,
shr), , s, z s (ts, sz, dz).

, (J. Edkins, 1857),
(W. F. Mayers, 1874), (F. M. Muller, 1882), (J. J. M. de
Groot, 18921910), (. Leaman, 1897),
(Educational Association of China E.A.C., 1904),
(G S. Gardner, 1931), (. Karlgren, 1940), (J. Needham,
1954) .,
.
2.

, . (.: Vissiere A. Methode de transcription francaise des sons chinois, adoptee par le
Ministre des Affaires Etrangeres. Paris, 1902) ,
(Bulletin d'Ecole Francais d'Extreme-Orient, .
BEFEO).
'BEFEO. .
(P. Seraphin Couvreur) Dictionnaire classique de la langue
chinoise (Ho Kien Fou, 1904).
. (Paul Demieville) Materaux
pour l'enseignement elementaire du chinois: ecriture, transcription, langue
parlee nationale (Paris, 1953). ,
. (S. Julien, 1842), . (L. de Rosny, 1875),
. (. de Harlez, 1893), . (. Chavannes, 1895
1905), . (L. Wieger, 1905) .,
.
146

 BEFEO
:
) tch-, tch'- ch-, ch'-
(tchao = chao = , tch 'ao - ch 'ao = );
) ch- (
) sh- (chen = shen = );
) -,
-u (sou = su = ), - -, -ua (houa, hoa = hua = );
) ss- sseu ( si, );
) ( b-, d-, g-, j-)
-, t-, k-, -/ is- ( -, t-, -, q-)
'-, V-, '-, '-/ ts'-;
) ( ) - d-, t-, zh-, ch-, sh-,
r-, z-, -, s- (to, t'6, tcho, tch '6, chojd, tso, ts '6, so), - 1- - ;
) -eang ( -iang) 1-
-iang ;
) - ( -iao) 1- iao ;
) - ( -) g-, k-,
h-, sh- (, ', houo, chouo) - .
3.
. (W. Rudenberg) . (von Hans . . Stange), . . (Lessing und Othmer), (Hirth, 19041907), . (R. Wilhelm, XX .), (J. J. M. de Groot, 1918), . (A. Forke, 1922),
. (. Haenisch, 1929), . (. Franke, 19301952) .
:
1) , . (W. Rudenberg) . (von Hans . . Stange) Chinesisch-Deutsches Worterbuch (Hamburg, 19581963). :
) , , -, t-, k-, p 4 t ' - , '-;
) zh-, ch-, sh-, -, - (
) tsch-, tsch'-, sch-, ts-, ts'-,
;
147

) g- j - , k- q- ( ) - '-;
) - ( ) j - ;
) - ( ) - g-, k-, h- (, ',
hoi), sh- (sche) ;
) - i ( , -/- ) -i zh-,
ch-, sh- (tschi, tsch 'i, schi), - - (ji) - s- -, - (sse, tse, ts 'e);
) yi ( ) i;
) -ui ( )
-uei g-, k- (kuei, k'uei) -ui ;
) - ( ) - %-, k-, h-, sh- (,
', huo, schuo) - .
2) . . (F. Lessing
und W. Othmer) Lehrbuch des nordchinesischen Umgangssprache (Tsingtau, 1912).
) , ,
b-, d-, g-,
( ) -, t-, k-;
) j - , q-, zh-, ch-, sh-, z-,
- ( ) dj-, tj-, dsch-, tsch-, ds-, ts-,
;
) - - ( ) hs- j - ;
) (
) orl ( ), -- -- - -ng (-en, -eng
en, -eng ), -i -i (
- ), - -ie ( ) - - ( );
) - ( ) %-, k-, h-, sh- - .
4.
1) (Gwoyeu Romatzyh) , . 1918 .
, ,
. 1928 . (. ) ,
('''^-
, 1932). ,
148

 . ,
. (Walter Simon) (The New Official Chinese Latin Script
Gwoyeu Romatzyh. London, 1942 .) A Beginners' ChineseEnglish Dictionary (London, 1947), [Yuen Ren
Chao (Zhao Yuan-ren)] [Lien Sheng Yang (Yang Lian-sheng)]
Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese (Cambridge, Mass., 1947),
. .
, . .
, : ai, tsuen, dang
(1- ), air, tswen, darng (2- ), ae, tsoen, daang (3- ), ay, tsuenn,
danq (4- ). -
.

(Latinhua Sinwenz, Latinxua Sin wenz),
20- 30- ,

,
,

.
,
, , , . . , . . ,
. . , . . . ( . . . ., 1932; . .,
. 239242; . . . ., . 2223; . .
; . . ..., . 2223, .).
5.
(Zhuyin Zimu)

, XIX XX . (
, , .), .
149

 1912 .
( ). , 15 1913 .,
,
. 39 . , 23 1918 .
( ^ ^ .
).
16 1919 .
(. . 9). 1920 . ct /,
. 29 1930 .
71, , 75, ,
( ).
. ()
. , ,
(@1ff^ft. , 1932) Commercial Press.
.


,
(),
().
,
(^
).
( ) -, .
24 ( S ), 3 ( ) 13 ( ).

150

 9
'
1) ( ) (24)
/
- 2

1
2
3

1
%

4
5

in

6
7
8
9
10

iz
7i

TPT

b-

6-

m-, mh-

Pm-

f-

f-

V-

V-

B-

3
-

M-

(. w )
dtn-, nh1-, Ih-

dtnI-

ggkkng- (. *ng
(. )
)
hh-

TH-

r-

12

*71

13

14

<
*

J-(0

j-

-()

q-

-()
*-

ch-(i)
gn(. n-)
sh-(i)

X-

-()

jchshr-, rh-

zhch
sh
r-

tztss-

z-

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

*}

*
fiii
.i$

cs151

K-

*-

X-

2) ( ,
) (16)
/

25

1/

27

TPT

-i/

-/

-u-

-U-

-iu-

.7

26

3

1) (
)
2) - (

)

28

29

**

(408)
30

-ft*

"

-a
-

1) --

-e

-,-

-e

-,-

-a

-0

-0

-
-

)
2)

31
32
33
34
35
36
37

)1

-ai

-ai

-ei

-ei

-ao

-ou

-an

-an

-
-

-en
-ang

38
39

-en

-eng

-ang
-eng

-el

-er/r

(-)

(
)

( )

152

 . 9:
1

: . ,
1948, . 305; Tables de concordances..., 1967, pp.1315; Legeza I. L, I, 1968,
pp. 1415; . #., 1962, . 89100; - .
, 1955, . 1220 .
2


(ti&19 ^ & # ! 1 . , 1924). : ( [rj] ,
" [ ] ; , , - [v]
), . .
i t , ^ , f , , V , ~ , L
,
. ( i,
) .
3

,
.
4
() .
5

. , ,
6

.
7
.
, .
8
<t
. , Z. / %
ft .

:
1) ( , , ):

\ , , U , - , , h , it .

153

2) ( , , , , , , ): , , ~*1 , V , ,
* , ? .
3) ( I , , U
) : I , I , , , U-kt , U
.
4) ( , . .
, I ,

, U ): , 5? , \ , - it , L ,
ik . .
5) , ()
.
. :
) I (10): I Y - , * i Z -/ ( ), I -, * I -, I
-, I~%-, I ^-, I -, ] -, I L- -;
*7 I & , % I , " I ^ , I
, < I ;
6) >< (8):
Y -, 2 - (
), % -, :>< \ -, -, -, -, L
-; , ~*5
, V,
4 , V ;
) U (4): U -t -, U -,
-, L -; < u -tf
, U .
,
(.: . ., . 228242; . #.,
. 88100).
6.

, , ( ) ,
.
154

 10

'
1) ( )

>s

s
1-

ii

Ji

BEFEO

b-

Pm-

Pm-

Pm-

Pm-

Pm-

PP'"
m-

b-

Pm-

f-

f-

f-

f-

f-

f-

f-

pm-,
mh
f-

tt'n-

tt'n*-

tt'n*-

dtn-

tt'n-

tn-

dtn-,
nh-

1-

I-

1-

1-

1-

I-

1_,

f-

f-

dt% n-

t-

n-

tt'n-

1-

1-

1-

P-'
m-

* -

t'- 2

d-

10

AVUM

>s

11

12

~ -

9]

g-

k-2

k-

k-

k-

k-

k-

k'-2

k'h

k'-

k'-

h-

h-

kh'- khh-

ch(i)- 3 ch-

ch-

k-,
ts-

ts-

hj

I q-

h-

ch'(i)- ch'-

ch'-

i
X-

hs- 3

hs-

hs-

g-

k-,

k-

g-

ore

Ih-

k'-

k-

h-

h-

kh-

X-

j-

()-

ch-

<

()-

sh-

()-

k(i)- dj-

jy-

k'-, kh'-, ch-, k'(i)- tjts'- ts'- chrh(i)- hsh-, s- h-, ssy155

-'

'I

1 *

'<

-qs

to

-qs
-qs

tchdsch-

-qs

()-,

()

Ol

tsch- ch-

-zp

ch-

-ZS

ch-

ch-,
chr

-SS

ch-

ch'-

tch'-

sch-

* +

CO

()

fcaaa

jb

ch-

sh-,
shr

09

, *>

tz-

-'

1 *

1 *

ds-

. &

ts-

v>

CO

sh-

tsz

ts'z'

ch'-

ts-

ts'-

-qs

II

2) ( -, -ng, -r)
. lU-ttg

a,
ah

a,
nga

5
0*

6
a

10

. .
BEFEO

>
1

11

12

ah

-a

-a,

-a

ai

-ai

ai

-ai

ai

-ai

-a,

-a,

-a

-ah,
-oh*

-u

ai,
ngai

ai,
ngai

ai
ae,
ngae

-al

-ai

-ae

-ah

-ai

-a

-
-
-
-ah

ngai

ai

-ai

-ai

ai
air
ae
ay
-ai

-air

an

an

an

an,

an,

an,

an

ngan an

-an

ngan ngan ngan

-an

ang

-an

ang

-an

ang

-an

ang

-an,
-en,
-wan

-an

-en

ang

ang,

ang

-an,

-an

-ae
-ay
an
arn
aan
ann
-an

-arn
-aan
-ann

ngang

ngang ang

ang
arng
aang

anq
157

-ang -ang -ang -ang -ang -ang, -ang -ang -ang

-wang

ngao au

-ang
-arng
-aang
-anq
au
aur
ao
aw

ao

ngao aou, au
ngaou

-ao

-ao

-aou -au

-ao

-au

-au
-aur
-ao
-aw

eh,
,
oh

o,
oh,
ngo,
ngoh

ngeh, e
o,
ngo,
ng5

ngo

e
er

eh

-,
-eh,
-

-e,
-eh,
-o,
-oh

-ay,
-e,
-eh,
-6

-e

-,

-6

-e
-er
-
-eh

-ei

-ei-

-ei,
-ei

-a,

-ei

-ei

-ei

-0

en

ngan ngan en

-en

-en

en

-an

eng

eng

eng

eng ngang ngang eng

-5n,
-in,
-un

-en

158

12

ao

-ao

t,

-,

tt

-0

-e

-ei
-eir
-eei
-ey

ngenn en

en
ern
een
enn

-en, -en,
-enn -en

-en
-ern
-een
-enn
eng
erng
eeng
enq

-ei

-e,
-eh,
-ei,
-uy

en

11

10

10

11

-eng -eng

-eng -eng -ang, -ang, -eng

-ing, -ing,
-ung -ung

-eng, -eng
-ong,
-oung

-eng L
-erng
-eeng
-enq

er/r

ri

eui

el
erl
eel
ell

erh

er

'rh

urh

er/r

orl,

or

-ii

-in,

-i,

-u

-ih

-i,
-V

-i,
-ih,

-Ih,
-e

-i 5

-e,
-eu

-i

-
-yr

12
-

;i

-,
-

-yy
-yh

-12

-i

-i,

-i

-ih

-ia

-ia

-ian -ien

i,
-ih

-e,
-elh

-i

-i

-i

-i
-yi
-ii
-ih

-ia,
-iah

-ia

-ia,
-iah

-ea,
-

-ya

-ia

-ien

-ien

-ien

-yan -ien

-ia

-ia
-ya
-ea
-iah

IY

-ian,
-ien

-ian
-yan
-ean
-iann

I -

-iang -iang -iang -iang -iang -eang -yang -iang, -iang -iang
-eang
-yang
-eang
-ianq
-iao

-iao

-iao

-iao

-iao

-eaou -yau -iao,

-eao

-iau

-ie

-ieh

-ie,
-ieh

-ie

-ie,
-ieh

-eae, -ye
-,

-ia

-
159

-ie

-iau
-yau
-eau
-iaw
-ie
-ye
-iee
-ieh

I .

I k -
1-: -

10

-in

-in

-in

-in

-in

in

-in

-in

-in

-ing

-ing

-ing -ing

-ing

-ing

-ing

-ing -ing

11

12

-in
-yn
-iin
-inn

Ih

-ing
-yng
-iing
-inq

IL

-iong -iung -iong, -iung -iung, -eung -yung -iong -iung -iong
-iung
-iung
-yong
-eong
-ionq

-iu

-iu

-iu

eh,
oh

-0

-o

-eh,
-oh,

-iu

6,

oa

-e,

-oa

-iu

-ew

-you -ieou -iu

-0

I * -

-o,

-o
-or

-,
-

-6

-00

ngo,
e,
ngoh, ng6,
oh, o,
eh
6
-o,
-oh

-iou
-you
-eou
-iow

u t -

-eh,

ngo

-o

-0

-o

-oh
-ong -ung -ong -ung -ung -ung, -ung -ong -ung -ong
-wang
-orng
-oong
-onq

ou

ou

-ou -ou

eo

ou

-eo

-ou

ngeu ngow ou

ngeou ou

-au*, -ow

-eou

-ou

-ou

ou
our
oou
ou
-ou
-our
-oou

-eu

-ou
160

-u

-ua

-u

-ua

-u,

-u,

-00,

-uh

-uh

-uh,
-wuh

-ua, -wa
-uah

-w'a, -wa, -wa

-wah -wa

-u

-u

10

11

-ou

-u

u
wu
uu
uh

-oua

-ua

-ua
-wa
-oa
-uah

-uai
-wai
-oai
-uay

-uai -uai -uai -wai -w'ai -wae -wai -ouai

-uai

12

-y

Y
-

-uan -uan -uan -wan -w'an, -oan, -wan -ouan -uan -uan X
-wan
-w'en -uen,
-wan
-oan
-uann

-uang -uang -uang -wang -w'ang -wang -wang -ouang -uang -uang X
-wang it
-oang
-uanq

-ui

-ui, -uei, -wei -ui, -uy, -wei -ouei

-uei -ui
-w'ei -wuy,
-wei

-un

-un

-uo

-uo, -oh, -woa -oh, -o,

-wo
-ueh,
-uh, -6,
-0
-uoh,
-w'oh, -wo,
-w'uh -w6
-0
-u, -ii
-ii
-a, -eu, -yu
-uh -euh
-uh

-ii

-uen -un

-ui

-un, -un, -wun -ouen -un

-un, -win
-w'un

161

-ouo, -uo,
-0

-0

-iu

-u

-uei
-wei
-oei
-uey

X
\

-uen X
-wen 4
-oen
-uenn

X
-uo
-wo cT
-uoo
-uoh
LJ
-iu
-yu
-eu
-iuh

-0

-fian

-fie

-fieh -fie,

10

-Oen -uen -Sen -euen -ywan -iuan -fian -iuan

-yuan
-euan
-iuann

11

12

-Ua

-iue
-yue
-eue
-iueh

u-tt

-ueh

-ioa, -ue, -, -ywe -iue

-lie -ueh, -eue,
-ioh* -euh

-On

-fin

-fiin

-tin

-iun -eun -yun -iun

-tin

-iun
-yun
-eun
-iunn

ah

wa

wa

ua

wa

wa, wa,
wah wa

XY

wai

wai

uai

wai

wai

wa

wa,
oua6

wa

ua
wa
woa
wah

wae wai

wai,
ouai

wai

uai
X97
wai
woai
way

uan
wan
woan
wann

wang wang uang wang wang wang wang wang, wang uang
ouang
wang
woang
wanq

x\

wan wan uan wan wan wan wan wan, wan

ouan

wei

wei

uei

wen wen uen

wei

wei, we,
wi
wei

wen

wan

wei

wSn wen

162

wei,
ouei

wei

uei
wei
woei
wey
wen, wen, uen
ouen, wen wen
woen
wenn
wenn

weng weng ong

weng wSng ung

wo

o*,
oh

woS o*

u,
uh

wu

wu

wo

wu

wu

10

11

12

weng wong, weng, ueng XZ-

ouong,weng weng
woung
woeng
wenq

w5,
wo

wo

uh,

wu

wo,
ouo

wo

wu,

wu

u
wu
wuu
wuh

wou,

wuh,
woo

uo

BO

wo
woo
woh

ou

ia

ya

ya

ya,
ya

ya

ya,
ia

ya

ia
ya
yea
yah

IY

yai* yai

iai

yai

yai

yae

yai*

I 9;

yan yen

ien

yien

yen

yen

yan

yen,

yen,

ian

ien

yan

yan

ya

ya

yean
yann

yang yang iang yang yang yang yang yang, yang iang
iang
yang
yeang
yanq

I *

yao

iau
yau
yeau
yaw

I k

ie
ye
yee
yeh

I*

i
y

yao

iao

yao

yao

yaou, yau

ye
ye

yi

yeh

ie,
ieh

yie

i,
ih

yeh

yay, ye

yi

yih

e,
yih

yi

yao,
iao

yao,

yau

yai,
ye,
iai,
ie

ye,

yi,

ya

i.

yih
163

yin

yin

in

ying ying ing

10

yin

yin

yin

yin

yin,
in

yin

in
yin
yiin
yinn

ying ying ying ying ying, ying, ing

ing
ing
ying
yung
yinq

11

I h

IL

yong yung iong yung yung yung yung yong, yung iong UL
hung
yong
yeong
yonq

you you

yu

iu

yiu

yu

yew you

u,

,
yuh

yu,
yuh

iuh

yuan yuan iien

yu

yeou, yu
iou

yu,
iu

io,
iue
iiin

I 3

iu
yu
yeu
yuh

u^

u-tfc ,
yue, iue
/
yua, yue
yeue

yueh

yun yun yun yun yun, yun

iun

iou
you
yeou
yow

yiien yuen yuen ywan yuan, yuan iuan

iuen
yuan
yeuan
yuann

yue yuah, ueh, yue, yueh, yue, ywe yo*,

yo*7 ioh* * yoh* *
yue,

yun yun

12

iun
ub
yun
yeun
yunn

. 10:
1

,
: Legeza I. L Guide to Transliterated Chinese into the Modern
Peking Dialect. 2 vols. Leiden, 19681969; Tables de concordances pour l'alphabet
phonetique chinois. La Haye Paris, 1967; . , . .
. ., 1966 .
164

,
( ) ( ), . . \ t f . .,
b () (), d () t () . .
3
,
, , :
- -, -, -, - - ( - -);
- ( - -ia) + , , , ( -, -, -);
- - -, - -.
4

(), +
+ ( , ng),
, ( w). (*) .
5
( )
z , . . sz, dz, tsz,
( ) , , , . . ,
jr, chr.
6
(BEFEO) w .
w i, . . wa oua, ya ia . ., 1904 .. i .
7
.

 5.

, , ( ), , .
( ): 1) (Gwoyeu Romatzyh, 1928),
, ;
(Walter Simon) (The New Official Chinese Latin Script
Gwoyeu Romatzyh. London, 1942 .) A Beginners' Chinese-English
Dictionary (London, 1947), [Yuen Ren Chao (Zhao Yuanren)] Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese (Cambridge, Mass., 1947);
2) : ) (Sir Thomas Wade), 1867 . , - , (.. Giles) (Mathews); ) (Morrison);
) (Williams); ) ; ) (Bailer); e) (Mateer); ) (); )
(1943); 3) , (Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient, . EFEO)
1902 . BEFEO, ..
; (P. Seraphin
Couvreur) -
(Paul Demieville); 4) :
) , (W. Rudenberg) (von Hans . . Stange) Chinesisch-Deutsches WOrterbuch (Hamburg, 1958
1963); ) (Lessing und Othmar); ) (. Wilhelm). ,
(, . ,
, . . .),
.

, ',
', ' , ', , , TSVTZ', TSCH', . : I, ft; , , , ; , I; , ; 0, . (*)
, . <
.
166

 ,
. , ,
, , . , .
.
.
: Tables de concordances
pour alphabet phonetique chinois. Priparits par le Centre de linguistique chinoise
(Ecole Pratique des Hautes EtudesVI section). La Haye Paris, 1967;
. ., . . . .,
1966; Legeza I. L. Guide to Transliterated Chinese in the Modern Peking Dialect. 2 vols.
Leiden, 19681969, ., , .
11

TPT

aang

ah
ai
air
an
ang
ann
anq
ao

a
a
an
ang
ai
a
ai
ai
an
ang
an
ang
ao

a
a

am
arng

aur
aw

ay

ba
baa
baan
baang
bae

TPT

ao
a
an
ang
ao
ao
ao
ai

ao
a

ao
ao
ao

ba
ba
ban
bang
bai

167

TPT

TPT

ba
bai

6a

bern

ben

berng

beng

bey

bei

ban

bai
ban

bi

bi

bang

bang

bia ()

bie

bann

ban

bian

bian

banq

bang

bian (H)

bian

bao
bar

biann

bian

biau (H)

biao

barn

bao
ba
ban

biaw

biao

barng

bang

bie

bie

bau

bao
bao
bao

bie ()

bie

biee

bie

bieh

bie

bai

bien (H)

bian

bo,

bih

bi

bah
bai
bair

baur

baw
bay

be

bei(H)

bii

bi

bean

bian

bun

bin

beau

biao

biing

bing

bee

bei

bin

bin

beei

bei

bing

bing

been

ben

binn

bin

beeng

beng

binq

bing

bei

bei

bjua (H)

bie

beir

bei

bjSn (H)

bian

ben
()

ben

bjau (H)

biao

ben

()

bo
bo

ben

(H)

beng (H)

beng

boh

bng (H)

beng

bon

benn

ben

b6ng(H)

beng

benq

beng

boo

bo

168

(H)

TPT

TPT

bor

bo

bu

bu

6y

shang^), ,

buh

bu

zhang

buu

bu

chanq

chang

bwo

bo

60

chao

chao,

bwu

bu

byan

bian

byau

biao

bye

bie

byi

bi

byn

bin

byng

bing

cha,
sha (),
zha

,
,

cha

zha

chaa

cha

sheft),

chaan

chan

8()

chaang

chang

zhi

chae

chai,
zhai,
zhe

,
,

che

zhe

che

zhe

chah

cha,
zha

chea

qia

chean

qian

chai

chai,
shai (),
zhai

,
,

cheang

qiang

cheau

qiao

chee

che

chair

chai,

she ()

chan

chan,
shan (),
zhan
zhen

,
,

cheen

chen

cheeng

cheng

cheh

che,

zhe

chang

60

shao (), ,

CH
cha

chang,

zhao

chaou

zhao

char

cha

charn

chen

charng

chang

chau

chao

chaur

chao

chaw

chao

chay

chai,

zhe

che

169

*chei
chen

TPT

zhei

chen,

chiah

TPT

qia,

jia

shan (), ,

chiai

jie

shen (),

chian

qian

zhan,

chiang

Jiang,

zhen

qiang

chen

zhen

chiann

qian

cheng

cheng,

chianq

qiang

chiao

jiao

chiau

qiao

chiaw

qiao

chie

qie,

jie

qie

sheng () ,
zheng

cheng

zheng

chenn

chen,

shen ()

chenq

cheng

cheo

zhou

cheong

qiong

cheou

chiee
chieh

shou (), ,

qie,

jie

chien

jian

chih

zhi,

qiu

cher

che

chern

chen

qi,

cherng

cheng

ji

cheu

qu,

chih

zhi

zhi

8()

chTh

zhou

chii

cheuan

quan

chiin

qi
qin

cheue

que

chiing

qing

cheun

qun

chin

Jin,

chi

ji>

qin,

zhen

jing,

qi

chi

zhi

chia

jia,

qin&

qia

zheng

ching

170

TFT

chinn

qin

chinq

qing

chio

jue

chioh

jue

choang

chuang,

TPT
,

shuang()
choei

chui,

shui ()

choen

chun

jiong

choenn ()

shun

chionq

qiong

choh

zhuo

chiou

qiu

chong

chong,

chiow

qiu

zhong

chiu

jiu,

chonq

chong

qu

choo

zhu

chiuan

quan

choong

chong

chiuann

quan

choou

chou

chorng

chong

chou

chou,

chiong

chiue

qiong,

que

chiueh

que

chiuh

qu

zhou,

chiun

qun

shu ()

chiung

jiong

choua ()

shua

chiunn

qun

chouai ()

shuai

cho

zhuo,

chouan()

shuan

she,

chouang ()

shuang

shuo()

chouei ()

shui

cho

()

()

shun

ch6

zhuo

()

shun

choa

chua,

()

shuo

shua ()

chour

chou

choS

zhuo

chow

chou

choai

chuai,

chr

chi

shuai ()

chu

chu,
zhu

ju

choan

chuan,

shuan ()

chu
171


chua
chuah
chuai
chuan
chuan
chuang
chuann
chuanq
chuay
chue
chueh
chuei
chuen

chuen
chuenn
chuey
chuh
chuh
chuh
chui
chiiin
chun
chun
chung

TPT
chua,
,
zhua

chua

,
chuai,
zhuai

chuan,
,
zhuan

juan

chuang, ,
zhuang

chuan
chuang

chuai
jue

jue

chui

chun,
,

zhun

zhuan

juan
chun

chui

chu,
,
zhu

ju
zhu

zhui

jun

zhun
jun

,
zhong,

chong

chuo
ditto
chuoh
chuoo
chuu
chuy
chwa
chwae
chwai
chwan
chwang
chwei
chwen
chwo
chy
chya
chyan
chyang
chyau
chye
chyh
chyi
chyn
chyng
chyong
172

chuo
jue
chuo
chuo
chu
zhui
chua,
zhua
zhuai
chuai,
zhuai
chuan,
zhuan
chuang,
zhuang
chui,
zhui
chun,
zhuan
chuo
chi
qia
qian
qiang
qiao
qie
chi

qin
qing
qiong

TPT
40

40
40

TPT

TPT

chyou

qiu

ch'eo

chou

chyr

chi

chi

chyu

qu

ch'i

qi
chi

chyuan

quan

ch'ia

qia

chyue

que

ch'iah

qia

chyun

qun

ch'iai

qie

chyung

qiong

ch'iang

qiang

chywan

quan

ch'iao

qiao

chywe

que

ch'ie

qie

chyy

chi

ch'ieh

qie

ch'ien

qian

ch'ih

chi,

CH'

ch'a

cha

ch'S

cha

ch'ae

chai,

ch'ih

q
chi

che

ch'ih

chi

cha

ch'in

qin,

chen

ch'ing

qn&
cheng

ch'ai

chai

ch'an

chan

ch'Sn

chan

ch'ang

chang

ch'io

que

ch'ao

chao

ch'ioh

que

ch'aou

chao

ch'iong

qiong

ch'ay

che

ch'iu

qiu

ch'e

chi

ch'iung

qiong

ch'o

chuo

40

ch'6

chuo

40

ch'ah

ch'e
ch'e

che

ch'eh

che

ch'oa

chuo

40

ch'en

chen

ch'oh

chuo

40

ch'en

chen

ch'ong

chong

ch'eng

cheng

ch'oo

chu

ch'eng

cheng

ch'ou

chou

che

173

TPT

TPT

ch'ow

chou

ch'u

chu

da

da

ch'fl

qu

daa

da

ch'ua

chua

daan

dan

ch'uai

chuai

daang

dang

ch'uan

chuan

dae

dai

ch'tian

quan

dah

da

ch'iiian

quan

dai

dai

ch'uang

chuang

dair

dai

ch'ue

que

dan

dan

ch'iieh

que

dang

dang

ch'uen

chun,

dann

dan

chuan

danq

dang

ch'iien

quan

dao

dao

ch'uh

chu

da

chu

dar

ch'uh

darn

dan

ch'uh

chu

darng

dang

ch'ui

chui

dau

dao

ch'un

chun

daur

dao

ch'uin

qun

daw

dao

ch'un

qun

day

dai

ch'ung

chong

de

de,

ch'iio

que

ch'uy

chui

de(H)

de

ch'wa

chua

dean

dian

ch'wae

chuai

deau

diao

ch'wai

chuai

dee

de

ch'wan

chuan

deei

dei

ch'wang

chuang

deeng

deng

ch'wei

chui

deh

de

ch'wen

chuan

dei

dei

dei

174

(H)

(H)

djan ()

TPT

TPT

jian

djang(H)
djau ()

jiang

dji

deng

djia

j
jia

deou

diu

djia ()

jie

der

de

djian ()

jian

derng

deng

djiang ()

jiang

dey

dei

djiau ()

jiao

di

di

djin ()

Jin

dii (H)
dian

die

djing ()

jing

dian

djiu ()

jiu

diin (H)

dian

djiung ()

jiong

diann

dian

dju ()

jiu

diau (H)
diaw

diao

dju ()

diao

die

die

die (H)

die

djiia ()
djiian ()
djiin ()

ju
jue

diee

die

dieh

die

dien (H)

deir

dei

den
deng

den

deng

deng (H)

deng

denq

jiao

jun

djung ()

jiong

do(H)

duo

dian

do(H)

de

dih

di

doan

duan

dii

di

ding

dui

diing
ding (H)

dun

dong

deng
dong
dong

juan

ding
ding

doei
doen
dong

dong (H)

diou
diow

diu

donq
doong

diu ()

diu

dja(H)
djS(H)

doou
dorng

dong

jie

dou

dou

dinq

diu
jia

175

dou

TPT

TPT

dour

dou

dse ()

zei

dow

dou
zi

dse ()

ze

dsee ()

zei

dsen ()

zen

ds'(H)
dsai(H)

za
zai

dsen ()

zen

dsan (H)

zan

dseng ()

zeng

dsang (H)

zang

dseng

zeng

dsau (H)

zao

dsh'()

zhi

dscha (H)

zha

dsha ()

zha

dschai ()

zhai

dsi ()

ji

dschan (H)

zhan

dsT(H)

zi

dschang (H)

zhang

dsia ()

jia

dschau (H)

zhao

dsiang ()

Jiang

*dsche (H)

zhei

dsiau ()

jiao

dsche (H)

zhe

jie

dsa (H)

dschen (H)

zhen

dsie ()
dsien ()

jian

dschen (H)

zhen

dsin ()

jin

dscheng (H)

zheng

dsing ()

jing

dscheng (H)

zheng

dsiu ()

jiu

dschi(H)

zhi

dsiung ()

jiong

dscho (H)

zhuo

dso ()

zhe

dso ()

dschou (H)

zhou

dson ()

zuo
ze
zen

dscho (H)

dschu (H)

zhu

dsong ()

zeng

dschua (H)

zhua

dsou ()

dschuai ()

zhuai

dsu ()

zou
zu

dschuan ()

zhuan

dsu ()

ju

dschuang(H)

zhuang

dsuan ()

zuan

dschui (H)

zhui

dsuan ()

juan

dschun (H)

zhun

dsuee ()

dschung (H)

zhong

dsui ()

zui
zui

176

TPT

TPT

dyng

ding

dsfln ()

zun
jun

dyou

diu

dsung ()

zong

dz

zi

dsflo ()

jue

dza

za

dswan ()

zuan

dzai

zai

du

du

dzan

zan

duan()

duan

dzang

zang

duann

duan

dzau

zao

duee ()

dui

dze

ze

duei

dui

dzei

zei

duen

dun

dzen

zen

duenn

dun

dzeng

zeng

duey

dui

dzou

zou

dub

du

zu

dui ()

dzu

dui

dzung

zong

dun

dun

dzwan

zuan

dung

dong

dzwei

zui

duo

duo

dzwo

zuo

duoh

duo

dzwun

zun

duoo

duo

duu

du

e,

dwan

duan

dsun ()

(H)

dwei

dui

dwen

dun

dwo
dwu

duo

du

eel

er

dwun

dun

een

en

dyan

dian

eeng

eng

dyau

diao

eh

dye
dyi

e,
*ei

die

*ei

ei

di

el

er

177

,
(H)

TPT

er
en

eng ()

en
en
eng

eng

eng

eng ()
enn

eng

ell
()
en

TPT

fanq

fang

far

fa

farn

fan

farng

fang

fe

fei

fee (H)

fei

feei

fei

feen

fen

feeng

feng

fei

fei

er

ou
e

feir

fei

er/r

er/r,

/,

fen

fen

ri

fen

fen

er

er

fen(H)

fen

erh

er

feng

feng

!(,)

er

feng

feng

em

en

feng(H)

feng

erng

eng

fenn ()

fen

eul

er

fenq

feng

eull

er

feo

fou

feu

fou

()

enq
eo

en
eng

F
fa

fa

feou ()

fou

ft
faa

fa

fern

fen

fa

ferng

feng

faan

fan

fey

fei

faang

fang

fiao

fiao

fah
fan

fa

fo

fo

fan

f6

fo

fan

fan

foa

fo

fang

fang

foh

fo

fann

fan

fon(H)

fen

178

TPT

TPT

fong ()

feng

ganq

gang

fong ()

feng

gao

gao

rao

foo

fo,

gar

ga

fu

gan

fou

gam

foou

garnq

gang

for

fo

gau

gao

rao

fou

fu,

gao

rao

fou

gaur

gaw

gao

rao

foung ()

feng

gay

gai

four

fou

ge

fow

fou

ge,
gei (H)

fu

fu

ge,
gei (H)

gee

fuh

fu

fuh

fu

gei

fen

geei

fun

geen

gen

fung

feng

geeng

geng

fuu

fu

geh

fo

gei

ge
gei

fwo

fwu

fu

geir

gei

gen

gen

ga

ga

gen (H)

gen

gaa

geng

geng

gaan

ga
gan

geng (H)

geng

gaang

gang

genn

gen

gae

gai

genq

geng

gah

ga

ger

gai

gai

gern

ge
gen

gair

gai

gerng

geng

gan

gan

gey

gei

gang

gang

gi(H)

ji

gann

gan

gia (H)

jia

179

TPT

giang(H)

Jiang

gou

giau ()

jiao

gour

gie(H)

jie

gien ()

jian

gin ()
ging(H)
giu ()
gni ()

TPT

roy

gow

gou
gou
gou

gu

gu

ry

jin

gu(H)

jng

gua

j"
gua,

jiu

gu(H)

ry

ni

guah

gua

rya

gniang ()

niang

guai (H)

guai

gniao ()

niao

guan(H)

guan

gnie ()

nie

guan (H)

juan

gnien ()

nian

guang(H)

guang

gnin ()

nin

guann

guan

gning ()

ning

guanq

guang

gnio ()

nue

guay

guai

gniou ()

niu
nu

gue (H)

guee(H)

guei

goa

ge
gua

guen

goal

guai

guenn

gui
gui
gui
gun
gun

goan

guan

guey

gui

goang

guang

guh

goei

gui

gui (H)

goen

gun

gun (H)

gSn ()

gen

gun (H)

gu
gui
gun
jun

gong

gong

gung

gong

gong(H)

geng

guo(H)

gong

goong

gong

goou

gou

guoo

guo
jue
guo
guo

gonq

gorng

gong

guu

gu

gniu ()
go(H)

guo(H)

guoh

180

roy
roy

rya,

TFT

TPT

gwa

gua

rya

haw

hao

xao

gwai

guai

hay

hai

gwan

guan

he

he,

gwang

guang

1(,), ,
xi

gwei

gui

gwen

gun

he

he

gwo

guo

hea

xia

gwu

gu
gun

"

heae

xie

heang

xiang

heaou

xiao

gwun
H
ha

ha

hee (H)

he

haa

ha

hee

xie

haan

han

heei

hei

haang

hang

heen

hen

xian

hae

hai

heen

hah

ha

heeng

heng

hai

hai

heh

he

hair

hai

11()

hei

han

han

heih

xi

hun

han

heir

hei

hang

hang

hen

hen

hang

hang

hen

hen

hann

han

hen (H)

hen

hanq

hang

heng

heng

hao

hao

heng

heng

haou

hao

heng ()

heng

har

ha

henn ()

hen

harn

han

henq

heng

harnq

hang

heo

hou

hau (H)

hao

xue

haur

hao

heou ()

hou

181

TPT

TPT

her

he

hiue ()

xue

hern

hen

hiuen ()

xuan

herng

heng

hiun ()

heu

hou

hitin

xun
xun

xu

hiung

xiong

heue

xue

ho

he(H),

heuen

xuan

huo

heuh

xu

ho

he

heun

xun

hd

he

hew

xiu

hoa ()

hua

hey

hei

hoai ()

huai

hi

xi

hoan ()

huan

hia

xia

hoang ()

huang

hiai

xie

hoei ()

hui

hiang

xiang

hoen

hun

hoenn ()
hoh

he

xie

hun

hon(H)

hen

hieh

xie

hong

hong

Men

xian

hong(H)

heng

hien (H)

xian

honq

hong

hieou ()

xiu

hoo

hu

hin

xin

hoong

hong

hing

xing

hoou

hou

hio ()

xue

horng

hong

hiong ()

xiong

hou

hou,

hiou ()

xiu

hu

hioung ()

xiong

houa

hua

hiu

xiu,

houai

huai

()

houan ()

huan

xuan

houang ()

huang

hiao

xiao

hie

xie

hie (H)

hiuan ()

182

TPT

TPT

hsiie

xuan
xue

houei ()

hui

hsiian

houen ()

hun

houenn ()

hun

hstien

xuan

houng ()

hong

xue

houo()

huo

hsiieh
hsiih

hour

hou

hsiiin

how

hou

hsiin (H)

xu
xun
xun

hsi

xi

hsiio

xue

hsia

xia

hu

hu

hsia (H)

xie

hu(H)

xu

hsiah

xia

hua

hsiai

xie

huah

hua
hua

hsian

xian

huai

huai

hsian (H)

xian

huan

huan

hsiang

xiang

hiian (H)

xuan

hsiao

xiao

huang

hsiau (H)

xiao

huann

huan

hsie

huanq

huang

hsieh

xie
xie

huang

huay

huai

hsien

xian

hue

hsih

hue

hsin

xi
xin

xue
xue

huee (H)

hui

hsing

xing

huei

hui

hsio

huen

hun

hiien

xuan

hsioh

xue
xue
xue

huenn

hun

hsiong

xiong

huey

hui

hsiu

xiu

huh

hu

hsiung

xiong

hui

hui

hsu

xu
xue

hun

hun

hun (H)

xun

hsioa

hsua (H)

183

TPT

TPT

hung

hong

iao

yao

huo

huo

iau

yao

huo()

xue

1()

ye

huoh

huo

xo

ieh

ye

huoo

huo

xo

ien

yan

huu

hu

xy

ih

hua

xya

()

yi
yin

hwa
hwa

hua

xya

ing

ying

hwae

huai

io

hwah

hua

/,

hwai

huai

yao ()

hwan

huan

iong

yong

hwSn

hun

iou ()

you

hwang

huang

ioung ()

yong

hwang

hong

()

yu

hwei

hui

iuan

yuan

hwen

hun

()

yue

hwo

huo

iuen ()

yuan

hwoa

huo

iuh

hwoh

huo

()

yun

hwu

hu

hwui

hui

zha,

hwun

hun

()

hwuy

hui

ja

()

jaa

zha

jaan

zhan

jaang

zhang

jae

zhai,

*yai ()

j xya

ja

/
i
ia
iai

*
ya

ye,
*yay

ian

yan

jah

zha

iang

yang

jai

zhai

184

TPT

TPT

jair

zbai

jeau

jiao

jan

ran,

jee

zhe,

()

zhan

jan(H)

yan

jeen

zhen

jSn

ren

jeeng

zheng

Jang

rang,

jeh

zhe

zhang,

jen

ran,

yang (H)

ren (, ), ,

Jang

reng

zhen

jann

zhan

jen

ren

janq

zhang

jen(H)

ren

jao

rao,

jeng

reng,

zhao

zheng

jaou

rao

jeng

reng

jar

zha

jeng(H)

reng

jam

zhan

jenn

ren (),

jarng

zhang

zhen

jau

rao,

jenq

zheng

zhao,

jeonq

jiong

yao

jeou

rou ()

jaw

zhao

jer

zhe

jay

zhai,

jern

zhen

re

jerng

zheng

re,

jeu

ri (),

ri,

ju>
rou

je

(H)

zhe

JS(H)

re

jeuan

juan

re

jeue

jue

jea

jia

jeun

jun

jean

jian

ji

jeang

jiang

JI(H)

ri

185

TPT

TPT

jia

jia

jiue

jue

jiah

jia

jiueh

jue

jian

jian

jiuh

Jiang

jiang

jiun

ju
jun

jiann

jian

jiunn

jun

jianq

jiang

jo

jiau

jiao

ruo,
yue (H)

jiaw

jiao

jo" (, )

re

jie

jie

joa

zhua

jiee

jie

joa

ruo

jieh

jie

joai

zhuai

jih

Ji.
ri

joan

zhuan,

ruan ()

jih

ri

joang

zhuang

j"
jiin

ji
jin

joei

zhui,

rui ()

jiing

jing

joen

zhun

jin

jin,

joenn ()

run

ren,

joh

ruo

yin(H)

Jong

rong (), ,

jing>
reng,
ying (H)

,
,

jinn

zhong

jonq

zhong

joo

ru

jin

joong

zhong

jinq

jing

joou

zhou

jiong

jiong

jorng

zhong

jou

rou,
ru (),
zhou

j'ng

jionq

jiong

jiou

jiu

jiow

jiu

Jiu
jiuan

Jiu

jouan ()

ruan

juan

jouei ()

rui

186

TPT

TPT

jouen ()

run

jui

rui

joung()

rong

jun

run

jour

zhou

jung

rong,

jow

zhou,

yong (H)

rou

juo

zhuo

jr

zhi

juoh

zhuo

ju

ru,

juoo

zhuo

zhu,

juu

zhu

you (H)

rui

zhua

jua

"
zhua

juy
jwa

jwai

zhuai

jfla(H)

yue

jwan

ruan,

juah

zhua

zhuan

juai

zhuai

jwang

zhuang

juan

ruan,

jwei

zhui,

zhuan

rui

juan(H)

yuan

jwen

zhun

juang

zhuang

jwo

zhuo

juann

zhuan

jwu

zhu

juanq

zhuang

jwun

zhun

juay

zhuai

jy

zhi

juei

zhui

jya

jia

juen

zhun,

jyan

jian

run,

jyang

Jiang

ruan

jyau

jiao

juenn

zhun,

jye

jie

run

jyh

zhi

juey

zhui

juh

ru
ru
zhu

jyi
jyn

j
jin

jyng
jyong

jing

jiong

jtt(H)

juh
juh

187


jyou
jyr
jyu
jyuan
jyue
jyun
jyung
jywan
jywe
jyy

ju
zhi
JU
juan
jue
jun
jiong
juan
jue
zhi

TPT

kaou
kar
karn
karng
kau
kaur
kaw
kay
ke

keae
keang
keaou
keay
kee

gao
ka
kan
kang
kao
kao
kao
kai
ke,
ge((J>)
ji
ge
jia
jia
jie
Jiang
jiao
jie
ke,

kee
keen
keen
keeng
keh

ji
jie
ken
jian
keng
ke,

ka
kaa
kaan
kaang
kae
kah
kai
kair
kan
kan
kang
kang
kann
kanq
kao

,
()
ka

kan

kang

kai,
,
gai

ka

,
gai,
kai()

kai

gan,
,
kan (H)

gen
gang,
,
kang (H)
geng

kan

kang

,
gao,

kao
ga,

ke

kea
kea

kei
kelh
ken
ken
188

ge
gei
ji
gen,
ken (H)
gen

TPT
rao

ken

ken

keng

TPT

TPT

kie(H)

qie

geng,

kieh

kien

jie
jian

keng (H)
keng

geng

kien ()

qian

keng

keng (H)

kieou ()

jiu

kenn

ken

kin

kin

kenq

keng

ji
jin,
qin

gen ()
keo

gou

jue

keou ()

gou

ker

ke

kern

ken

kerng

keng

kioung ()

keu

gou,

kiu

ju
jue

keue
keuen

juan

kefih
keun

j
jun

kew

(H)

king

,
(H)

jing,
qing (H)

kio

jue

kiong ()

jiong

kiou ()

jiu
jiong

jiu,
ju (),
qiu (H)

kiuan ()

juan

kiue ()

jue

kiuen ()

juan

jiu

kiun ()

jun

ki

\u

kiiin

jun

kiung

jiong

kia

qi(H)
jia,
qia (H)

kiung

jiong

ko

ge,

kiah

jia

()

kiai ()

jie
Jiang,

ge
kua,

gua ()

kiang

,
qiang (H)

koa

jiao

koai ()

kuai

kiau (H)

qiao

koan ()

kuan

()

jie

koang()

kuang

kiao

189

TPT

koei ()

kui

()

kun

koenn ()

kun

koh

ge

()

ken

kong

kua

TPT

gua,

rya,

kua(H)

kuah

kua

rya

kuai

guai,

kuai (H)

kong,

gong

kong ()

keng

kuan

konq

kong

kuang

koong

gu
kong

koou

kou

korng

kong

kou

kuan

guan,

kuan(H)

juan,

quan(H)

guang,

kuang

kuann

kuan

kuanq

kuang

gou,

kuay

kuai

kou (H),

kue (H)

kui

gu(l>)

ktie

jue

koua()

gua

kuee (H)

kui

kouai ()

guai

kueh

jue

kouan ()

guan

kuei

kui,

kouang ()

guang

gui

kouei ()

gui

kun,

kouen ()

gun

gun

kouenn ()

gun

kuen

juan

koung ()

gong

kun

kouo ()

guo

kuey

kui

kour

kou

kuenn
kuh

ku, gu

kow

kou,

gou

kiih

ju

g,

kui

gui

kui (H)

kun

gun,

kun (H)

ku

()

ku

ju,
qu( H )

kuen

190


kung

TPT

jun,

kwuh

qun(H)

kwun

TPT

ry

gu
gun,

kun

gong,

kong

guo,

k'a

ka

kuo (H)

k'ah

ka

kiio ()

que

k'ai

kai

kuoh

kuo,

k'an

kan

guo

k'an

ken

kuoo

kuo

k'ang

kang

kuu

ku

k'ang

keng

kwa

kua,

k'ao

kao

gua

k'e

ke

k'e

ke

ke

kuo

kwa

gua

>

kwae

guai

k'eh

kwai

kuai

k'en

ken

kwan

kuan,

k'en

ken

guan

k'eng

keng

kwun

gun

k'eng

keng

kwang

kuang

k'enn ()

ken

kwang

gung

k'eo

kou

kwei

kui,

^,

k'eou ()

kou

gui

k'eu

kou

kwen

kun

k'i

kwo

kuo,

k'ia

qi
qia

guo

k'iah

qia

kw6

guo

k'iai ()

qie

kwoa

guo

k'iang

qiang

kwoh

guo

k'iao

qiao

kwu

ku

k'ie ()

qie

gu

k'ieh

qie

kwuh

191

TPT

TPT

k'ien

qian

k'oua ()

kua

k'ieou ()

qiu

')

kuai

k'ih

qi
qin

k'ouan ()

kuan

k'in

k'ouang ()

kuang

k'ing

qing

k'ouei ()

kui

k'io

que

k'ouen ()

kun

k'iong ()

qiong

' ()

kun

k'iou ()

qiu

k'oung ()

kong

k'ioung ()

qiong

' ()

kuo

k'iu

qiu,

k'ow

kou

k'u

ku

quan

'

qu

'

kua

k'iuan ()

()

k'iue ()

que

k'iuen ()

quan

k'uah

kua

k'iun ()

qun

k'uai

kuai

k'iun

qun

k'uan

kuan

k'iung

qiong

'

quan

k'iiing

qiong

k'uang

kuang

k'o

ke

k'iie

que

k'oa ()

kua

k'ueh

que

k'oai ()

kuai

k'uei

kui

k'oan ()

kuan

k'uen

kun

k'oang ()

kuang

'

quan

k'oei ()

kui

k'uang

kuang

k'oenn ()

kun

k'uh

ku

k'oung

kong

k'uh

qu

k'oh

ke

k'ui

kui

k'o

ke

k'un

kun

k'ong

kong

k'iin

qun

k'ou

kou,

k'ung

kong

()

k'uo

kuo

192

TPT

TPT

k'uoh

kuo

kh'eun

qun

k'wa

kua

kh'eung

qiong

k'wah

kua

kh'ew

qiu

k'wai

kuai

kh'in

qin

k'wan

kuan

kh'ing

qing

k'wang

kuang

kh'o

ke

k'wei

kui

kh'6

ke

k'wo

kuo

kh'oo

ku

k'woa

kuo

kh'ow

kou

k'woh

kuo

kh'uh

ku

k'wun

kun

kh'ung

kong

kh'wa

kua

KH'
kh'ae

kai

kh'wae

kuai

kh'an

kan

kh'wan

kuan

kh'3n

ken

kh'wan

kun

kh'ang

kang

kh'wang

kuang

kh'ung

keng

kh'wei

kui

kh'aou

kao

kh'w6

kuo

kh'e
kh'ea

q>
qia

la

la

kh'eang

qiang

la

la

kh'eaou

qiao

laa

la

kh'ee

qie

laan

Ian

kh'een

qian

laang

lang

kh'eh

ke

lae

lai

kh'elh

qi

lah

la

'

lai

lai

Ian

Ian

kh'eue

que
qu
que

lang

lang

kh'euen

quan

lang

leng

kh'euh

qu

lairn

Ian

kh'eu

193

TPT

TPT

lanq

lang

lao

lao

laou

lao

lau

lao

liie

law

lao

leou

liu,

lay

lai

lou ()

le

lei (),

Iu,

le,

lou

Ii

leue

liie

leue

Iue

*liian

1()

le

lenq

leng

leo

liie,

lou

leu

le

*leuen

1()

lia

leuh

lii

lea

lia

lew

liu

lean

lian

ley

lei

leang ()

Hang

lha

la

leang

Hang

lhai

lai

leao ()

liao

Ihan

Ian

leaou

liao

lhang

lang

leau

liao

Ihau

lao

lee

le,

Ihe

le

Iei(H)

Ihei

lei

lee

lie

lheng

leng

leei

lei

Ihi

li

leen

lian

lhia

lia

leeng

leng

lhian

lian

Ieh

le

lhiang

Iiang

lei

lei

lhiau

liao

lelh

li

lhie

lie

leng

leng

lhin

lin

leng

leng

Ihing

ling

leng(H)

leng

lhiou

liu

194


lhiu
Ihiue

TPT

Hi
lue

TPT

liing

ling

lin

lin

ling

Ihong

long

ling

Ihou

lou

linn

lin

lhu

lu

linq

ling

lhuan

luan

Ho

lue

Ihuen

lun

lioa

lue

liu

Ihuo

luo

liou ()

li

li

How

liu

lia

lia

liu

liu,

lie

liah

lia

liai

lie

lian

lian

Han (H)

lian

Hang

Hang

liann

lian

lianq

Hang

Hao

liao

liau (H)

liao

Haw

liao

lie

lie

lie (H)

lie

lie

Heh

lie

lien

lian

lien (H)

lian

lieou

lia

(H)

()

*liuan ()

*luan

Hue ()

lue

liueh

lue

*Huen ()

*luan

Huh

liu

Hun ()

lun

Ija ()

Ha

P(H)
()

lie

lian

Ijang (H)

Ijang

UU(H)

liu

lo

luo,

Ie

IS (, )

le

16

luo

loa

luo

loan ()

luan

liu

loen

lun

lih

li

loh

luo

Hi

li

long()

long,

liin

lin

leng (H)

195

TPT

lonq

long

loo

lu

loong

long

loou
lou

TPT

luo

luo

luo

luoh

luo

lou

luoo

luo

lou,

luu

lu

1()

luy

lei

loua

Iwan

luan

louan ()

luan

Iwo

luo

1()

lun

lwun

lun

loung()

long

lya

Ha

louo ()

luo

lyan

lian

low

lou

lyang

liang

lu

lu

lyau

liao

lfi

lii

lye

lie

lua ()

lue

lyou

liu

luan

luan

lyu

lu

*luan

luan

lywan

luan

*luan (H)

*Iuan

lywe

lue

luann

luan

lywun

lun

lue

ma

ma

liieh

ma

maa

luen

lun

maan

man

*luen

*luan

maang

mang

luenn

lun

mae

mai

luh

lu

mah

ma

liih

lu

mai

mai

lui

lei

man

man

lun

lun

mSn

men

lQn

lun

lung

long

mang
196

mang


mang

TPT

meng

TPT

men

()

men

mann

man

manq

mang

mao

mao

maou

mao

mau

mao

maw

mao

may

mai,

mie

me,

mei (H),

(),

mi

me

mo

mean

mian

miu,

()

me

meng

meng

meng

meng

meng()

meng

()

men

menq

meng

meaou

miao

meau

miao

mee ()

mei

mew

miu

mie

mei

meei

mei

mha

ma

meen

men

mhai

mai

mha

man

meen

mian

mhang

mang

meeng

meng

mhau

mao

mhei

mei

mhen

men

meh

mo

mei

mei

melh

mi

men

men

mheng

meng

mhi

mi

197

TPT

TPT

mhian

mian

minn

min

mhiau

miao

ming

mhie

miou ()

miu

mhin

mie
min

minq

miow

miu

mbing

mmg

miu

miu

mhiou

miu

mja(H)

mie

mho

mjan (H)

mian

miao

mju

miu

mi

mi

mjau (H)

mhu

mo
mou
mu

mo

mo

mia(H)

mie

md

miai

me
mo
mo
mo

mhou

(H)

mie

m5

mian

mian

moi

mian(H)

mian

moh

miann

mian

mdn

miao

miao

miau (H)

miao

miaw

miao

mie

mie

mie(H)

mie

miee
mieh

mie
mie

mien

mian

mien (H)

mian

mieou ()

moou

mou

mou

mou,

mii

miu
mi
mi

()

miin

min

moung()

meng

miing

ming

mo
mou

mih

(H)

men

mong ()

meng

m6ng (H)

meng

moo
moon

mo,

mu

men

min

min

mouo()

ming

ming

mow
198

mu

mu

muh
muh
mun

mu
mu
men

mung

meng

TFT

naw
nay
ne

TFT

nao
nai

ne,

Haq

nei

ni

ne

ne

(H),

nean

nian

niang

muu

mu

neang

mwan

neaou

niao

mwo

man
mo

neau

niao

myan

mian

nee (H)

myau

miao

mye

mie

myou

miu

neen

nei
nie
nei
nen

neen

nian

neeng

neng

nei

nei

nelh

ni

nen

nen

nen
nen

nen

nen

neng

neng

neei

N
na
n&
naa

naan

na
na
na
nan

naang

nang

neng

neng

neng (H)

neng

nan

nai
na
nai
nan

nenn

nen

nang

nang

nenq

neng

nSng

neng

nan

neo

nou

nann

nanq

nang

nao

nao
nao
nao

nab
nai

naou

nau

neou

neu

199

nue
niu,

nou ()

nfi,

nue

TPT

TPT

neue

nue

nheng

neng

new

niu

nhi

ni

ney

nei

nhian

nian

nga

nhiang

niang

ngae

ai

nhiau

niao

ngai

ai

nhie

nie

ngan

an

nhin

nin

>ig5n

en
ang
eng

nhing

ning

nhiou

niu

nhiu

nu

ao
ao
e
e
en

nhiue

nue

nhong

nong

nhu

nu

nhuan

nuan

nhuen

nhuo

nun
nuo

ni

ni

nisi (H)

nie

niai

nie

nian

nian

nian (H)

nian

niang

niang

ngang
ngang
ngaou
ngao
nge
ngeh
ngen

ngeu

en
ou
ou

ngo

e,

ngenn
ngeou ()

ngoh

e
e

ngou

ou

ngow

ngd

niann

nian

ou

nianq

niang

nha

na

niao

niao

nhai

nai

niau (H)

niao

nhan

nan

niaw

niao

nhang

nang

nie

nie

nhau

nao

nie ()

nie

nhei

nei

niee

nie

nhen

nen

nieh

nie

200

TFT

TFT

nian

nuo

HO

nian

nong

nong

nieou ()

niu

nong()

neng

nih

ni

nonq

nong

nii

ni

nu

niin

nin

noong

nong

niing

ning

(),

nin

nin

ning

ning

ninn

nin

nien

nien ()

ninq

ning
niie

nio

*nou (H)

nouan ()

nuan

nouen ()

nun

noung()

nong

()

nuo

*now

nu

nioa

niie

nu

niou

niu

()

nu

niow

niu

()

niie

niu

niu,

nuan

nu

nuan

niie

nue

niueh

nue

niie

niuh

nii

nun

nja ()

nie

nun

njan (H)

nian

nuh

nu

njang (H)

niang

nuh

nu

njau (H)

niao

nui

nei

nju

niu

nun

nun

niin

nun

nung

nong

nuo
nuo
nuo

nuo

noan ()

nuan

nuo

noen

nun

nuoh

niue ()

(H)

no

201

nuo
(H)

niie
nuo

nuoo

nuo

nuu

nu

nuy

TPT

TPT

HO

ouei

wei

HO

ouen

wen

nei

ouo

wo

nwan

nuan

ouong

weng

nwo

nuo

HO

our

ou

oy

nwun

nun

ow

ou

oy

nyan

nian

nyang

niang

ba,

6a,

nyau

niao

()

na

nye

nie

ba

6a

nyou

niu

paa

pa

na

pan

p
pa

nyu

nil

paan

nywe

nue

paang

pang

pai,

bai

pa,

bai

bai,

pai (H)

0
0

o,

pah

3()

o3

oh

pair

pai

6()

en

pan

ban,

pan (H)

pai

ong (H)

eng

oou

ou

pun

ben

6()

er

pang

bang,

orl (H)

er

pang(H)

ou

wu (),

pSng

beng

ou

pann

pan

wa

panq

pang

pao

bao,

pao

bao

oua
ouai

wai

ouan

wan

ouang

wang

paou

202

TPT

TPT

par

pa

na

peng

beng

parn

pan

Peng ()

peng

parng

pang

penn

(),

pau

pao

pen

paur

pao
pao
pai

penq

peng

*peou ()

bou
pen

paw
pay
pe

pern

pei (),

perng

peng

bo (),

pew

biao

bi

pey

pei

pe

bei

Pi

bi,

pean

pian

pi(H)

peaou

biao

pia(H)

pie

peau

piao

piai

bie

pee (H)

pei

pian

pian

bie

pian (H)

pian

piann

peei

pei

pian

peen

pen

piao

biao

peen

bian

piau (H)

piao

peeng

peng

piaw

piao

peh

bei

pie

bie,

pei

pei,

pie

bei

pie (H)

pie

pelh

bi

piee

pie

peir

pei

pieh

pie,

pen

pen (H),

bie

ben

pien

bian

pen

ben

pien (H)

pian

pen (H)

pen

pih

Pi

peng

beng (), ,

pii

peng (H)

piin

pin

203

TPT

TPT

piing

ping

puh

bu

pin

bin,

pun

ben

pin (H)

pung

beng

bing,

puu

ping (H)

pwan

pu
ban

pinn

pin

pwo

po

pinq

ping

pwu

pu

pJ*OO

pie

pyan

pian

pjan (H)

pian

pyau

piao

pjau (H)

piao

pie

po

bo,

>

Pi
pin

pyng

ping

ping

()

poa

bo

poh

po,

bo

pen

p'a

pa

p'ae

pai

p'ah

pa

pon (H)

P'

pong ()

beng

poo

po,

p'ai

pai

bu

p'an

pan

poou

pou

pan

pen

por

po

p'ang

pang

pou

(),

p'Sng

peng

pou

p'ao

pao

poung ()

beng

p'aou

pao

pouo()

bo

p'e

po (),

pour

pou
pou

'

Pi
pei

pow

pu

pu,bu

p'eaou

piao

puh

bu,

'

pie

'

pian

pdng(H)

peng

pu

204

TPT

TPT

p'un

pen

pei

p'ung

peng

p'wan

pan

P'en ()

Pi
pen

p'en

pen

er/r,

/,

p'eng ()

peng

ri

P'eng

peng

raan

ran

p'enn ()

pen

raang

rang

p'eo

pou

rae

re

p'eou ()

pou

ran

ran

p'eu

pou

rang

rang

P'i
p'iai

P>
pie

rann

ran

ranq

rang

p'iao

piao

rao

rao

p'ie

pie

rau

rao

p'ieh

pie

raw

rao

p'ien

pian

re

re

p'in

pin

ree

re

p'ing

ping

reen

ren

p'o

po

reeng

reng

p'oa

po

reh

re

ren

ren

reng

p'eh
p'ei
p'elh

p'oh

pei

po

p'ong ()

peng

reng

p'oo

pu

renn

ren

p'ou

pou,

reo

rou

pu

renq

reng

'rh

ri

p'oung ()

peng

'()

po

rhan

ran

p'ow

pou

rhang

rang

p'u

pu

rhau

rao

rhe

re

p'uh

pu

205


rhen

ren

rung

rong

rheng

reng

ruo

ri
rong

ruo

rhi
rhong

ruoh
ruoo

ruo
ruo

rhou

ruu

ru

rhu

rou~
ru

rhuan

ruan

rwa
rwan

rua
ruan

rhuei
rhuen

rui
run

rwei

rui

rwo

ruo

rhuo

ruo

rwun

run

rhy

ri

ri

rih

ri

T
ryh

ri

roan

ruan

ryy

ri

roei
roen
rob
rong
ronq
roong

rui
run
ruo
rong
rong

sa

roou
rou
row
ru
ruan
ruann
ruei
ruen
ruenn
ruey
ruh
rui

rong
rou
rou
rou

ru
ruan
ruan
rui
run
run
rui

ru
rui

TPT

TPT

S
sa
sa
saa
saan
saang

sae
sah
sai
sair
san

sun
sang
sing
sann
sanq
sao
saou
206

sa
sa
san
sang
sai
sa
sai
sai
san
sen
sang
scng
san
sang
sao
sao

TPT

TPT

sar.

sa

ca

schuee ()

shui

sarn

san

schui ()

shui

sarng

sang

schun ()

shun

sau

sao

cao

schuo ()

shuo

saur

sao

cao

schwan ()

shuan

saw

sao

cao

schwang ()

shuang

say

sai

se

sch'(H)

shi

xi,

scha (H)

sha

*sei(H)

schai (H)

shai

uiait

se(H)

se

schan (H)

shan

seang

xiang

schang (H)

shang

seaou

xiao

schao (H)

shao

seay

xie

schau (H)

shao

see

xie

sche ()

she

see

se

schei (H)

shei

seen

sen

schen (H)

shen

seen

xian

seeng

seng

(),

schen (H)

shen

scheng (H)

sheng

seh

se

scheng (H)

sheng

*sei

sei

schi (H)

shi

selh

xi

SChl(H)

shi

sen (, )

sen

sch6 (H)

she

sen(H)

sen

schdn (H)

shen

sen (H)

sen

schdng (H)

sheng

seng (, )

seng

schou (H)

shou

seng

seng

schu (H)

shu

seng (H)

seng

sen

schua (H)

shua

senn()

schuai (H)

shuai

senq

seng

schuan (H)

shuan

seo

sou

coy

schuang (H)

shuang

se6

xue

207

TPT

TPT

seou ()

SOU

coy

shaou

shao

ser

se

shar

sha

sern

sen

sham

shan

serng

seng

sharng

shang

seu

(),

shau

shao,

sou,

coy,

rao

xu

shaur

shao

seue

xue

shaw

shao

seuen

xuan

shay

shai,

seuh

xu

she

seun

xun

sew

xiu

sh'

shi,

ri(H)
sha

(H)

she,

shi

she

she

she

she

sha

shea

xia

shaa

sha

shean

xian

shaan

shan

sheang

xiang

shaang

shang

sheau

xiao

shae

shai

shee

she

shah

sha

sheei

shei

shai

shai

sheen

shen

shair

shai

sheeng

sheng

shan

shan,

sheh

she

ran

shei

shei

she

shun

shen

sheir

shei

shang

shang,

shen

shen,

rang (H)

shan

shSng

sheng

shen

shen

shann

shan

sheng

sheng

shanq

shang

sheng

sheng

shao

shao

shenn

shen

(H)

208

TPT

TPT

shenq

sheng

shiing

ring

sheo

shou

shin

xin,

shen

xing,

sheng

sheong

xiong

sheou

xiu

sher

she

shern

shen

shinn

xin

sherng

sheng

shinq

xing

sheu

xu,

shiong

xiong

shou

shionq

xiong

xuan

shiou

shiow

sheuan
sheue
sheun

xue
xun

shing

shiu

xiu
xiu
xu
xuan

shey

shei

shiuan

shi

xi

shiuann

xuan

shi

shi

shiue

shia

xia

shiueh

shiah

xia

shiuh

shian

xian

shiun

shiang

xiang

shiunn

xue
xue
xu
xun
xun

shiann

xian

sho

shuo

shianq

xiang

sho (H)

re

shiau

xiao

shd

shuo
shua

shiaw

xiao

shoa

shie

shoS

shuo

shoai

shuai

shieh

xie
xie
xie

shoan

shuan

shih

shi,

shoang

shuang

xi

shoei

shui

shi
xi
xin

shoen

shun

shoh

shuo

shon (H)

ren

shiee

shlh
shii
shiin

209

TPT

TPT

shdng()

reng

shuoo

shuo

shoo

shu

uiy

shuu

shu

shoou

shou

shwa

shua

shou

shou,

shwi

shua

rou

shwae

shuai

(H)

shour

shou

shwai

shuai

show

shou

shwan

shuan,

shr

shi

ruan (H)

shu

shu,

shwang

shuang

()

shwei

shui

shua

shua

shwen

shun

shuah

shua

shwo

shuo

shuai

shuai

shw6

shuo

shuan

shuan

shwoa

shuo

shuang

shuang

shwoh

shuo

shuann

shuan

shwu

shu

shuanq

shuang

shwun

shun

shuay

shuai

shwuy

shui

shuee ()

rui

shy

shi

shuei

shui

shya

xia

shuen

shun

shyan

xian

shuenn

shun

shying

xiang

shuey

shui

shyau

xiao

shuh

shu

shye

xie

shuh

shu

shyh

shi

shui

shui

shyi

xi

shun

shun,

shyn

xin

()

shyng

xing

shung (H)

rong

shyong

xiong

shuo

shuo

xiu

shuo

shyou

shuoh

shyr

shi

210

TPT

shyu

xu

so (, )

shyuan

xuan

shyue
shyun

xue
xun

shyy

TPT

sd

se
suo

sou

suo

CO

soan

suan

shi

soei ()

si

xi

soen

si

si

sui
sun

soey

sui

sia

xia

soh

suo

song

song

sonq

song

soo

su

soong

song

soou

sou

coy

sorng

song

sou

sou,

coy,

su(cj>)

CO

siang

xiang

siao

xiao

siau (H)

xiao

$!()

xie

sie (H)

xie

sieh

xie

sien ()

xian

sien (H)

xian

sieou ()

xiu

souan()

suan

sin

xin

souei ()

sui

sing

ring

souen ()

sun

sio

xue

soung ()

song

sioh

xue

sounn

sun

siou ()

xiu

souo ()

suo

siu

(),

sour

sou

coy

xiu

sow

sou

coy

siuan ()

xuan

ss' (H)

si

siue ()

xue

ssa (H)

sa

siuen ()

xuan

ssai (H)

sai

siun ()

xun

ssan (H)

san

sittn

xun

ssang (H)

sang

siung

xiong

ssau (H)

sao

so

suo

sse

si

211

TPT

TPT

ssee ()

sei

suan

xuan

sseu ()

si

suann

suan

ssi ()

xi

stieh

ssin ()

xin

suei

xue
sui

ssing ()

xing

suen

sun

ssja ()

xia

siien

xuan

ssja ()

xie

suenn ()

sun

ssjan ()

xian

suh

ssjang ()

xiang

sun

ssjau ()

xiao

su
su

sui

sui

ssju ()

xiu

sun

sun

ssjung ()

xiong

sun

xun

sso ()

suo

sung

song

suo

suoo

suo
xue
suo
suo

suu

su

suy

sui

sso ()

se

ssdn ()

sen

suo

ssong ()

seng

suoh

ssou ()

sou

coy

ssu ()

su

ssii ()

xiu

ssu

si

swan

suan

ssua ()

xue

swei

sui

ssiian ()

xuan

swen

ssuee ()

sui

swo

sun
suo

swu

ssiin ()

sun
xun

swun

ssung ()

song

si

sswan ()

suan

sya

xia

su

su

syan

xian

sii

xu

syang

xiang

su

si

syau

xiao

suan

suan

sye

xie

ssun ()

212

su
sun

syin

si
xi
xin

sying

xing

syou
syr

xiu
si

syu

xu

syung

xiong

sywan

xuan

sywe

xue

sywun

xun

si

sz
sz'
sze

si

si

si

szu

si

da,

ta(H)

taan

da
ta
tan

taang

tang

tae

tai,

dai

syh
syi

TPT

tang

ta
taa

tah
tai
tair

tan

TFT

dang,

tang (H)

tang

deng,

tann

tan

tanq

tang

tao

dao,

tao

taou

dao

tar

ta

tarn

tan

tarng

tang

tau

tao

taur

tao

taw

tao

tay

tai

tcha ()

zha

tchai ()

zhai

tchan ()

zhan

tchang ()

zhang

tchao ()

zhao

tche

zhe (),

zhi ()

tehee ()

zhe

*tchei

zhei (),

ta,

tchen

zhan (), ,

da

dai,

tai

ta

zhen ()

tcheng ()

zheng

tchenn ()

zhen

tcheou ()

zhou

dan,

tcheu ()

zhi

tan

tcho ()

zhuo

(H)

tai
(H)

213

TPT

TPT

tcho ()

zhe

teeng

teng

tchoa ()

zhua

teh

te,

tchoai ()

zhuai

de

tchoang ()

zhuang

tei

dei

tchoei ()

zhui

telh

di

tchoen ()

zhuan

teng

deng,

tchoenn ()

zhun

teng (H)

deng

tchong ()

zhong

teng

tchou ()

zhu

teng ()

teng

tchoua ()

zhua

tenq

teng

tchouai ()

zhuai

teou ()

dou

tchouan ()

zhuan

ter

te

tchouang^)

zhuang

terng

teng

tchouei ()

zhui

diu

tchouen

zhun (), ,

tew
ti

di,
ti(H)

tia (H)

tie

tiai

die

tian

zhuan
tchouenn^)
tchoung ()

zhun
zhong

tchouo^)

zhuo

tian

te

(),

tiSn ()

tian

te,

tiann

tian

di

tiao

diao

de,

tiau (H)

tiao

te(H)

tiaw

tiao

tie

die,

tie

te
tean

tian

teaou

diao

teau

tiao

tie (H)

tie

teay

die

tiee

tie

tee

te

tieh

die,

tee

die

tie

teen

dian

tien

dian

214

TPT

tien ()

tian

tieou ()

diu

tih

ti

tii

ti

tiing
ting

to

TPT

<1(),

te(H)

t6

duo

toS

duo

ting

toan

tuan,

ding,

duan

ting (H)

toei ()

tui

tinq

ting

toen

tun

tiou ()

diu

toenn ()

dun

tiu

diu

tja(H)

qia

toh

duo

tja(H)

qie

tong

dong,

tjan (H)

qian

tong

tjang (H)

qiang

tong (H)

teng

tjau (H)

qiao

tonq

tong

tji(H)
tjia(H)

too

du

qi
qia

toong

tong

tjia ()

qie

toou

tou

tjftn (H)

qian

torng

tong

tjiang (H)

qiang

tou

dou,

tjiau (H)

qiao

>

tjin ()

qin

du^),
tou (H)

tjing (H)

qing

touan

duan

tjiu(H)

qiu

touei ()

dui

tju(H)

qu

touen ()

dun

tjuS (H)

que

touenn ()

dun

dong

tjuan (H)

quan

toung()

tjuan (H)

quan

touo()

duo

tjun (H)

qun

tour

tou

tjung (H)

qiong

tow

to

duo,

tou,
dou

tuo

ci

(H)

ts'(H)
215

tsa

TFT

ca,

za

tsa

za

tsaa

ca

tsaan

can

tsaang

cang

tsae

cai

tsah

ca,

za

cai,

tscha
tschai
tschan

cha (H),

zha

chai (H),

zhai

chan (H), ,
zhan

tschang

TPT

chang (H), ,
zhang

tschao

zhao

tschau (H)

chao

zai

tsche

zhe,

tsair

cai

tsan

can,

zan

tsan

zen

tschen (H)

tsang

cang,

tscheng

zang

tsang

zeng

tscheng (H)

cheng

tsann

can

tschi

zhi

tsanq

cang

tschi(H)

chi

tsao

cao,

tscho

chuo (H),

40,

zao

zhuo

tsaou

zao

tschd (H)

che

tsar

ca

tschon (H)

chen

tsarn

can

tschong (H)

cheng

tsarng

cang

tschou

chou (H), ,

tsau

cao

tsaur

cao

tsaw

cao

tsay

cai

tsch' (H)

chi

tsai

che
tschen

(H)

zhen,

chen (H)

chen

zheng,

cheng (H)

tschu

zhou

chu

(H),

zhu
tschua

chua (H), ,
zhua

216


tschuai

tschuang
tschuee ()
tschui (H)
tschun

ce,

zei,

cei

ji
cen,

zen

tsen

zen

tsen (H)

cen

tseng

ceng,

zeng

tsei

chuang (H), ,

tseTh

zhuang

tsen

chui

chui,

zhui

chun (H), ,
zhun

TPT

ze

tseh

chuan(H) ,
zhuan

chuai (H), ,
zhuai

tschuan

TPT

chong (H), ,

tseng

zeng

zhong

tseng

ceng (H)

tschwa (H)

chua

tsenn

cen,

tschwai (H)

chuai

zen ()

tschwan (H)

chuan

tsenq

ceng

tseo

zou

jue

tschung

tschwang (H) chuang

tS'(H)

ci

tse6

tse

ce,

tseou ()

zou

ze(<W,

tser

ce

zi,

tsern

cen

tserng

ceng

tse (H)

ji
ze

tseu

zi (),

tseang

Jiang

jiao

tseue

ju
jue

tseaou
tseay

jie

tseuen

juan

tsee

ce

tseun

jun

tsee

jie

tsew

jiu

tseen

cen

tsi

tseen

jian

jb
qi(H)

tseeng

ceng

ci

tsi'(H)

217


tsia
tsiang
tsiao
tsiau (H)
1()
tsie
tsie ()
tsieh
tsien
tsien
tsieou ()
tsih
tsin
tsing
tsio
tsiong ()
tsiou ()
tsioung ()
tsiu

tsiuan ()
tsiue ()
tsiuen ()
tsiun ()
tsiun
tsiung

TPT

Jia,
qia (H)
Jiang,
qiang (H)
jiao
qiao
jie
jie
qie
jie
jian
qian
jiu
ji
jin,
qin (H)
jing,
qing(H)
jue
jiong
jiu
jiong
jiu,
qiu (H)

tso

tso

ts5
tsol
tsoan

tsoei
tsoen
tsoh
*tson ()
tsong
tsong (H)
tsonq
tsoo
tsoong
tsoou
tsorng
tsou

Ju(<W
juan

jue
juan

jun

jun

jiong,
,
qiong (H)

tsouan ()
tsouei ()
tsouen ()
tsoung ()
tsouo ()
tsour
tsow

218

cuo (H),
zuo
()
()
zuo
zuo
cuan,
zuan
cui,
zui ()
cun
zuo
cen
cong,
zong
ceng
cong
zu
cong
cou
cong
cou,
zou,
()
zuan
zui
zun
zong
zuo
cou
cou,
zou

TPT
,

,
,

tsu

tsu

TPT
>

ju,

tsuoo

qu(H)

tsuu

tsuy
tswan

cuan,

zuan

cui,

tsuan

cuan (H), ,
zuan

juan,

tsuoh

tswei

zui

quan(H)

tsuann

cuan

tswen

tsuee (H)

tswo

tsuei

cui
jue
jue
cui

tsuen

cun,

zun

tsiien

juan

tsuenn

(),

zun

tsuey

cui

tsuh

cu,
zu

tsuh

zu

tsui

cui (H),

zui

tsueh

tsun
tsun
tsung

TPT

zu

zi

tsue

cuo
cuo
cuo
cu
zui

tsu

tsuan

tsuo

cu,

tsze (H)

cun
cuo
cu
cun
ci
ci
ci
ci
ci
zi
zi

tu

du,

tswu

tswun

tsy

tsyh
tsyr
tsyy

tsz
tsz'

tu(H)

duan,

tuan (H)

tuann

tuan

tuee (H)

tui

tuen

tun,

dun

tuan

cun (H),

zun

jun,

tuenn

qun (H)

tuey

tun
tui

cong,

tuh

tu,

zong

du

219

TPT

TPT

tzan

zai
zan

tzang

zang

dun,

tzann

zan

tun

tzanq

zang

dong,

tzao

zao

tong

tzar

tuo

tuo

tzarn

za
zan

tuoh

tzarng

zang

tzau

zao

tuu

tuo
tuo
tu

tzaur

tuy

dui

tzaw

zao
zao

twan

tuan,

tzay

zai

duan

tze

ze,

tui,

zi

dui

dyfi

tzee

tun
tuo
tu

tzeei

two
twu

tzeen

ze
zei
zen

tzeeng

zeng

tyan

tian

tzeh

ze

tyau

tiao

tzei

tye

tie

tzeir

tyi

ti

tzen

tyng

ting

zei
zei
zen

tzeng

zeng

tza

tzenn

zen

tzenq

zeng

tzaan

za
za
zan

tzer

tzaang

tzern

ze
zen

zang

tzae

zai
za
zai

tzerng

zeng

tzeu

tzey

zi
zei

tfih

du

tzair

tui

dui,

tui(H)

tun
tung

tuoo

twei
twen

tzaa

tzah
tzai

(H)

220

TPT

TPT

tzoan

zuan

tzyr

zi

tzoei

zui

tzyy

zi

tzoen

zun

tzong

zong

fa

ta

tzonq

zong

fa

ta

tzoong

zong

t'ae

tai

tzoou

zou

t'ah

ta

tzorng

zong

fai

tai

tzou

zou

fan

tan

tzour

zou

fang

tang

tzow

zou

t'ung

teng

tzu

zu

fao

tao

tzu

zi

faou

tao

tzuan

zuan

fe

teOM,

tzuann

zuan

tuo,

tzuei

zui

ti

tzuen

zun

t'

te

tzueinn

zun

feaou

tiao

tzuey

zui

fee

tie

tzuh

zu

feen

tian

tzuo

zuo

feh

te

ti

tzuoh

zuo

feTh

tzuao

zuo

t'eng

teng

tzuu

zu

feng

teng

tzwan

zuan

f eou ()

tou

tzwei

zui

t'i

ti

tzwen

zun

t'iai

tie

tzwo

zuo

fiao

tiao

tzwu

zu

fie

tie

tie

tian

tzy

zi

fieh

tzyh

zi

fien
221

TPT

TPT

t'ing

ting

t'o

TO

tch'a ()

cha

tch'ai ()

chai

t'd

tuo
te
tuo

TO

tch'an ()

chan

t'oa

tuo

TO

tch'ang ()

chang

chao

*'5()

'

t'oan ()

tuan

tch'ao ()

t'oei ()

tui

tch'e

t'ouenn ()

t'oh

tun
tuo

t'ong

tong

t'oo

tu

t'ou

tou,

)
t'ouan ()
t'ouei ()

(),

Chi ()

tch'ee ()

che

tch'en

(),

chen ()

tch'eng ()

cheng

tch'enn ()

chen

tuan

tch'eou ()

chou

tch'eu ()

chi

tch'o ()

chuo

40

t'ouenn ()

tui
tun
tun

tch'o ()

che

t'oung ()

tong

tch'oa ()

chua

t'ouo ()

tch'oai ()

chuai

t'ow

tuo
tou

t'u

tu

t'uan

tuan

t'uen
t'uh

t'ouen ()

tch'oang () chuang

tch'oei ()

chui

tch'oen ()

chuan

tun

tch'oenn () chun

tch'ong ()

chong

tch'ou ()

chu

t'un

tu
tu
tui
tun

t'ung

tong

t'uy

tch'oua ()

chua

tch'ouai ()

chuai

tch'ouan () chuan

tui

tch'ouang () chuang

t'wan

tuan

tch'ouei ()

chui

t'wei

tui

tch'ouen ()

chun

t'fih
t'ui

222

TPT

TPT

tch'ouenn () chun

ts'6

que

tch'oung () chong

ts'eou ()

cou

tch'ouo ()

40

ts'eu

),
qu

chuo

TS'/TZ'

ts'a

ca

ts'eue

que

ts'ae

cai

ts'euen

quan

ts'ah

ca

ts'ew

qiu

ts'ai

cai

ts'i

ts'an

can

ts'ia

qi
qia

ts'an

cen

ts'iang

qiang

ts'ang

cang

ts'iao

qiao

qie

ts'Ing

ceng

ts'iett)

ts'ao

cao

ts'ie

qie

ts'aou

cao

ts'ieh

qie

ts'e

(),

ts'ien

qian

ts'ieou ()

qiu

ts'ih

ts'in

qi
qin

ts'e

ce

ts'eang

qiang

ts'ing

qing

ts'eaou

qiao

ts'io

que

ts'eay

qie

ts'iong ()

qiong

ts'ee

qie

ts'iou ()

qiu

ts'een

qian

ts'ioung ()

qiong

ts'eh

ce

ts'iu

ts'elh

ts'en

q
cen

qu,
qiu ()

ts'iuan ()

quan

ts'en

cen

ts'iue ()

que

ts'eng

ceng

ts'iuen ()

quan

ts'eng

ceng

ts'iun ()

qun

ts'enn ()

cen

ts'iun

qun

ts'eo

cou

ts'iung

qiong

223

ts'o

cuo

*'()
ts'oS

ce
cuo
cuo

ts'oan ()
ts'oei ()

TPT

TPT

ts'uy

cui

ts'wan

cuan

no

ts'wei

cui

ts'z'

ci

cuan

ts'ze

ci

tz'e

ci

ts'oh

cui
cuo

tz'u

ci

ts'ong

cong

ts'oo

cu

tsch'a

cha

ts'ou

cou,

uoy,

tsch'ai

chai

()

tsch'an

chan

ts'ouan ()

cuan

tsch'ang

chang

ts'ouei ()

cui

tsch'ao

chao

ts'ouen ()

cun

tsch'e

che

ts'oung ()

cong

tsch'en

chen

ts'ouo ()

cuo

tsch'eng

cheng

ts'ow

tsch'i

chi

tsch'o

chuo

40

ts'u

cou
cu
qu

tsch'ou

chou

ts'uan

cuan

tsch'u

chu

ts'tian

quan

tsch'ua

chua

ts'iieh

tsch'uai

chuai

ts'uen

que
cun

tsch'uan

chuan

ts'iien

quan

tsch'uang

chuang

ts'uenn ()

tsch'ui

chui

tsch'un

chun

tsch'ung

chong

ts'un

cun
cu
cu
cui
cun
qun

ts'ung

cong

u
ua
uah

ts'd

ts'u

ts'uh
ts'uh
ts'ui
ts'un

TSCH'

224

wu

wa

wa

TPT

TPT

uai

wai

weng

weng

uan

wan

weng

weng

uang

wang

weng()

weng

uei

wei

wenn()

wen

uen

wen

wenq

weng

tien

yuan

wey

wei

ueng

weng

wi

wei

uh

wu

wo

wo

iiin

yun

w6

wo

ung

weng

woa

wo

uo

wo

woai

wai

urh

er

woan

wan

woang

wang

W
wa

wa

woei

wei

w3

wa

woen

wen

wae

wai

woeng

weng

wah

wa

woh

wo

wai

wai

won (H)

wen

wan

wan

wong()

weng

wan

wen

wong(H)

weng

wang

wang

woo

wo

wang

weng

wou ()

wu

wann

wan

woung ()

weng

wanq

wang

wu

wu

way

wai

wuh

wu

wu

wu

we(H)

wei

wfih

wee (H)

wei

wuu

wei

wei

wen

wen

ya

wen

wen

()

ye

wen (H)

wen

yS

ya

225

yai
ya

TPT

TPT

yie

yien

ye
yan

ye,
*yai (H)

e,

yih

ylh

yi

yii
yiin

()

yan
yan

yin

yang

yang

yiing

ying

yann

yan

yin

yin

yanq

yang

ying

yao

yao

yinn

ying
yin

yaou

yean

yao
yao
yao
ye
ye
ye
ya
yan

yeang

yang

yeau

yen

yao
ye
ye
yan

yeong

yong

yeou ()

yah
yai

yan

yau
yaw
yay
ye

ye
yea

yee
yeh

yinq

ying

yiu

you

yo

you

(,),
/,
yo,

yao

yue
yong

yong

you

yow

you

"

yu
you

you

yong ()
yonq

yu

()

yue

you

yuan ()

yuan

yeu

"

yuan

yeuan

yuan

yuann

yeue

yue ()

yew

yue
yun
you

yue
yue

yi

yi

yueh

yuan
yuan
yue
yue
yue
yue

yeun

226

TPT

TPT

yueh

yue

yun

yuen

yuan

yung

yong

yfien

yuan

yunn

yun

yuh

"

()

yue

yuh

yu
yun

ywan

yuan

ywe

yue

yun

 6.

Boli
Weichi
Weisheng
Wenren
Guliang
Gongbin
Gongbo
Gongwang
Gongwen
Gonggan
Gongdu
Gongde
Gongran
Gongrao
Gongliu
Gonglii
Gongliang
Gonglian
Gongming
Gongmeng
Gongnan
Gongniu

&=?

Gongxi
Gongxi
Gongxi
Gongxing
Gongsuo

Gongsu
Gongsun
Gongsi
Gongxiu
Gongxu
Gongxia

228

Gongxiang
Gongxian
Gongtao
Gongtuo
Gongfang
Gongfu
Gongfu
Gonghu
Gonghu
Gonghe
Gongjing
Gongjin
Gongzu
Gongzu
Gongzi
Gongjii
Gongjia
Gongjian
Gongjian
Gongqi
Gongqi
Gongqiu
Gongqiang
Gongzhi
Gongzhu
Gongzhong
Gongchou
Gongchu
Gongcheng
Gongsha
Gongshang
Gongshang
Gongshan

*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*

Gongshi
Gongshi
Gongshi
Gongshu
Gongshu
Gongsheng
Gongye
Gongyi
Gunwu
Gongyou
Gongyu
Gongyue
Gongyang
Diwu
Duankan
Duanmu
Dongwang
Dongguo
Dongguan
Donggong
Dongge
Dongling
Dongmen
Dongxiang
Dongfang
Dongyang
Ransi
Yiyang
Linghu
Luqiu
Lezheng
Liangqiu
Moqi
Murong
Nangong
Nanmen
Ouyang

mm

"]

II 'f

mm
.&

an

&

^*
&

Tie

-
f?L

?-
TIE.
229

*
*

*
*
*

*
*

*
*
*

Puyang
Ximen
Sigong
Sikou
Sikong
Sima
Situ
Sicheng
Xuanyuan
Xianyu
Xiangyang
Xiahou
Taishu
Tantai
Tuoba
Wuma
Huangfii
Huyan
Helian
Zaifu
Zuoqiu
Zongzheng
Zibo
Ziwo
Ziwei
Ziguo
Zigong
Zige
Zigeng
Zidang
Ziran
Ziren
Ziyi
Ziying
Zikong
Zimang
Zimeng

=$%

4-

=f-m
4-
=^

-
4

-.
?

4-7%

4
4')

Zinang
Zinan
Zisang
Zixi
Zixing
Zisong
Zixia
Zisang
Zixian

J-
4-@l
^
4~
4~.

4
4
^
4

Ziwu
Ziwu
Zifang
Zifo
Zifeng
Zihan

4-
4
-f-
-f-
3-
3*?^

Zihua
Zizang
Ziji
Ziju
Ziju
Zijia
Zijian
Ziqi
Ziqi
Ziqi
Ziqin
Ziquan
Ziqian
Zizhan
Zizhou

IF*
'

fkffi

*
*
*

^
-
^

^ ^

*
*
*
()

Zizhong
Zishang
ZisM
Zishi
Zishu
Ziyou
Ziyou
Ziyu
Ziyu
Ziyu
Ziya
Ziyang
Ziyang
Ziyan
Jiagu
Jianbi
Qiguan
Qidiao
Zhangsun
Zhuansun
Zhuge
Zhongli
Zhongsun
Chunyu
Shangguan
Shanyu
(Chanyu)
Shentu
Yuwen
Yangshe

" (,
1955) - (, 1955).
() .

 7.1)

( , ; . , ,
.) , (/ , , ) Achangzu (Echang, Mengche, Hanche)
( , , , . .
) & (-f, /; ;) Baizu(Baizi, Baini; Minjia)
( ) ^ Bao'anzu ,
( , , ; . ,
, , ; . , ; . ) $
(1\, 'fiJrt, ~$, ^ # ; ?, ) Buyizu (Buyayi, Buzhong, Burao,
Buman; Zhongjia, Yijia) ,
( . , , , ;
. ) ^(}, , , , ) Bulangzu (Niao, Wenggong, Awa, Wa; Puman)
( . , , .)
(in, &, , * F B , $ I S 1 ) Benglohgzu(Ang,Leng, Liang, Bulei,
Naannuomai)
( , ; . , ; . , , ) { (fMilK, , , ) Wazu (Kawazu,
Barao, Burao; Awa, Lewa)
(, ; ,
, ,
, ) \^ {, , ) Gaoshanzu (Amei, Paiman,
Taiya) - ()
( , ; . , . ;
, ) . (1, feffi, ^)Gelaozu(Jilao, Gelao)
.
(, ) &
{^/
&,
*)
Dawo'erau (Dahur, Dagur) , . ,
( ) . Dulongzu
( , ; . , )
(, flA)Dongzu(Dongmin, Dongren) , ,
(.; . . ; , , , ) (() Huizu (Huimin)
, , , , , , , ,
,
231

 (, ; . -)
Dongxiangzu ,
(; [ ], , ; .
; . ) (, , 5 ; ) Yizu (Nousu, Nasu,
Niesu, Yiren) , , ,
$&. Hasakezu , ,
.
^ Ke'erkezizu
( ) (, ) Hanzu (Hanmin,
Hanren)
{. ) Chaoxianzu , ,

Lahuzu
( , , , , , , .)
(-, /, # , , ) Lizu (, Gei, Zun, MOi-fau, Shai) ,
.
(, ) Lisuzu ,
( . , , , .)
%& (, ,
# & , ) Luobazu (Bogar, Ningpo, Bangpo, Degen)
(. , ;
; . ) Manzu , , , , . ,
( ; . ,
) (/, , 2 / WM) Maonanzu (Anan, Maotan)
^ .
( ; )
^ () Mengguzu (. Mengzu) . , ,
, , , , , , ,
(. . , ;
, ; . , ; . ; .
, ) (^, ~) Tuzu (Menggur,
Chahan Menggur) , ,
(. ; , ) {\& (/,
, ^ ) Mulaozu (Jin, Bujin)
( ) F ^ E i Menba
(; ) ~ Miaozu , ,
, , , ,
232

 (. ; , , ,
, , ; . ) (7, SP/E,
., Hezhezu (Nanai, Nani, Naniao, Nabei)
( , , ; . . , )
(, , ) Naxizu (Na, Naru, Naheng) ,
( , , , ) (, %&, ,
) Nuzu (Enu, Nusu, Ami, Along)
(; ; . ) Nongzu

(. ) ^ Elimchunzu
( . , , ; .
. ) * ( * 3 # , # # , i g # ; ) Pumizu (Puingmi,
Purimi, Peimi; Xifan)
1 Eluosizu ,
(. ; ) Salazu ,
,
(; ) Xibozu , ,
( , .)
^ Suolunzu
''& Tajikezu
( , , ; . , ,
, , .) (, , , ) Daizu (Daile,
Daina, Daiya, Daibeng)
% Tata'erzu
(. ; , ) () Zangzu
(Bod) , , , ,
i- .
( ) ~& Tonggusi
( , ; .
. ) ( ^ ^ ; %-) Tujiazu (Bicika; Kejia)
,
-& Wuzibiekezu
(. , ) (\1) Weiwu'erzu
(Huihuizu)
(, -) ~ Ke'erkezizu
(, ; ;
[ . ], , , .)
"&/g& (, , -&, , Hanizu (Yam, Biyao, Kado, Haoni,
Enu)
233

 .
.
.
(, ; , ; , ) (MM=L}(b)
Jingzu (Jingzu sandao)
(; . , ) () Jinuozu
(Youle)
(.; . ; ,
; . , , ) (1&,,)
Jingpozu (Zaiwa, Laqi, Lang'e)
( , ; . , )
^ (, ) Qiangzu (Erma, Ermie)
(; , , , , .) (, , , ^,
^ ) Zhuangzu (Buzhuang,
Buyue, Buyayi, Bunong, Buman) , ,
? Shazu
(. ; ) Shanzu
( ; . , ) (^) Shuizu
(Shuijia)
ShSzu , , ,
( , ; . ) .^
( $ # ) Ewenkezu (Elunchunzu)
(; , .
: 1
.)
(^M^- ) rtiguzu(Saliweiwu)raHbcy
(, , , ; . ; , , ,
.) (; , ^, &?% &) Yaozu (Min; Mian, Bunu, Jinmen,
Lajia) , , , ,
* , ,
.
. ,
. .
, : . . . , 1957, 4, . 117124; . , . , 1981; - . , 1988; audM. Les langues dans le monde chinois. Paris, 1987, ^'^
(
). zitJsC, 1984 .
234

2)

(. .; . ) Bohai
(, ; . ) i^ffl. Woju
*$- Gaoju
(; . ) Dada
(. .) $ Di
- ( ) . Dong Yi
- ( ) Dong
(, ) (, KP
[] (. .) jJc Rong
(. .) Yi
- (. .) . R Yi Di
Yilou
(. . ; . ) ^ Qidan
1$ Kumoxi
(. .) Man
[] Mohe
(, ) ~ (^ClE)Nuzhen
(. . ) Sushen
- ( . ) Si-Yi
() % Xiongnu
- Xianbei
(. ) Dangxiang
(. ) Xizangzu
Tuoba
? Tufa
(. ) . Tujue
t f c ^ l ? Tuyuhun
. Wusun
(.. ) Wuhuan
^ J ^ Wuji
(. ) & Fuyu

( . ) Huaxia
(. , . . ) {\ Huihu
Jie
[] Qiang
.
?(.) Shiwei
Si Yuezhi

 8.1)

-
-

it.
i,

itM

&
mm

/
-

%.

Bei Wei
Bei Liang
Bei Song
Bei Han
BeiQi
Bei Zhou
Bei Yan
Dong Wei
Dong Han

960-1127 .

25220 .
.
317-420 .
Dong Jin
Dong Zhou 770256 . . .;
.
Ran Wei

Liu Song

Liang Han . .
(. .)
. .
Liang Jin
(. .)
Liang Zhou . .
(. .)
Nan Liang []

Nan Liang '

Nan Ming


Nan Ping/

Jingnan

1) ,
Nan Song
. -;
2) , 1127 1279 .
Nan Tang

Nan Han

NanQi

Nan Chen

236

Nan Yan
XiWei
Xi Liang
XiHan

XiJin
XiQin
XiZhou

-
-

XiYan
Tuoba-Wei
Wu-Yue
: Hou Liang
!(' Hou Liang
() Hou Tang
!() : Hou Han

.
.

/
-

/
-

Hou Jin
Hou Qin
Hou Zhou
7 Hou Shu/
Cheng Han
1() Hou Yan
( ^[) Huainan, Wu
Cao-Wei

-
-

mm

Qian Wei
Qian Liang
Qian Han
Qian Qin
Qian Zhao
Qian Shu
Qian Yan
Shu-Han
Yuan-Wei

.
,

.




.
.

206 . .
25 . . . .

265317 .

XI . 771 .
. .

\). ;
2)

' . -

237

2)

mm
~

Eft

mm

Bei Chao

386581 .
.
749-481 .
. .

Lie Guo

( )

Liu Chao
.
Minguo
19121949 .
( 1949 .
)
Nan-Bei Chao
386589 .

Nan Chao

420589 .
San Guo

220280 .
San Huang
[]

WuBa
683590 .
. .
WuDai
. IX .
X .
WuDi
[]

Qi Xiong
.
Zhanguo

475221 .
[] ..
Chunqiu
770476 .
. .
(.
722481)
.
Shi Guo

Shi Liu Guo

304-439 .

 9.

12
(60- )
: )
/ .

n/n .

jiazi
yichou

31

*F
Z,*

bingyin
dingmao

33

-
-
-

jiawu

32
34

TI

-
-

wuchen
jisi

35

-
-

dingyou
wuxu

gengwu

37

xinwei
- renshen
-
guiyou
-
jiaxu

38

'
-

Z&.

-
-
-

4
5
6

7
8

?*

9
10
11
12
14
16

Z.E

-
-

-
-

-
-
-

dingchou
wuyin
jimao

44

-
-
-
-

gengchen
xinsi
renwu

47
48

guiwei

50

jiashen
yiyou
bingxu

51
52
53

-
-
-

dingsi

-
-
-
-

dinghai
wuzi
jichou
gengyin
xinma

54
55

56

-
-

-
-

renchen
guisi

-
-
-

wuwu
jiwei
gengshen
xinyou
renxu
guihai

20

22

Z-S

23

-
-

25

27
28
29
30

-
-

41

renyin
guimao
jiachen

42

21

26

yihai
bingzi

19

24

39
40

xinchou

-
-

17
18

jihai
gengzi

13
15

36

yiwei
bingshen

43
45
46

49

5^

Zi

57
58
59
60

239

-
-
-
-
-

yisi
bingwu
dingwei
wushen
jiyou
gengxu
xinhai
renzi
guichou
jiayin
yimao
bingchen

 10. 24

13

( + )

1
2
3

lichun
yushui
jingzhe

chunfen

qingming
guyu
lixia
xiaoman
mangzhong

10

xiaozhi

11
12
13
14 1
15
16 f*#

xiaoshu
dashu
liqiu
chushu
bailu
qivfen

17
18
19
20
21
22

hanlu
shuangjiang
lidong
xiaoxue
daxue
dongzhi

23
24

xiaohan
dahan

5
6
7
8
9

US

240

3
4

6

7
8

*
4-5.II
19-20.11
5-6.
20-21.
4-5.IV
20-21.IV
5-6.V
21-22. V
5-<5.VI
21-22.VI
7-8.VII
23-24.VII
7-8.VIII
23-24.VIII
7-9.IX
22-24.IX
8-9.
23-24.
7-8.XI
22-23.XI
7-8.XII
21-22.XII
5-6.1
20-21.1

 . 13:
.
1
, .
2
.
3
, .
4
.
5
, .
6
.
7
, .
8
.
9
.

1 1 .

--, , * :

-:
-:
-:**
-:
-:
-:**
-:
-:
-:

/, /
/
/, /
/, /
/, /
/
/, /
/
/, /

-:
/, /
-:
/, /
-:
/, /
-:
/
-:
/
-:
/, /
-:
/, /
-:
/, /
-:
/, /
-:
/
-:
/, /
241

 ( )
-:
/, /
-:
/, /
-:
/, /
( )
-:
/ (.)
-:
/ (.)
-:
/ (.)
* .
** - --.

12.

1) *
flj
,
,
I I () . .







,
Ift ISlfti ,



, ,
()
,

f!]
.
242



*
(., 1979) .
2) *
; ;

,


, ;
; ( )

; ()
() , ,
, ; ( )
. , ;

( )
()
, ( )
, ;
( )
1) ( ); 2) .
, () (
,
)
,
;

;
, ; ;
; ,
/ , ;


243

 ()
~ ( )
JzisZ.

7. ,
, ;
0 IS


> (
)
( ),

()
;

\


utfyu


()
1 & , , , ,
# ()
' ,
, ,

,
Sm ; ;
1
,
( )
'

: , (, )
244


. , (, . .)
,
Bfr () ; ;

@ , ;
;
( )
, , () ( )
- ; ,
^f-
,

, ;

(); ();
,

,
, ,
,
(, )

/? () () ( ), ,
( )


,

( ),

IB
,
>
( ),
/we ;
; ,
245


, ,
;
. 1) ,
*!; 2) ( )

1) ; 2)

>
() ;
~Ji ( );
;
. , ( )


# ( )
# :
# ( ,
);
4 ( )
^
" ;

,
,
( )
, ; ;
, ,

; ...;

,
1 , ;
; ; 4-
( )
; ; ,
246

 ,
, ,
, ,
(. . )
; ...
,

; , ();

, , ;
( )
( - ), ;
,

# 2 ^ ; ^ ,
( )

,
...; ,


,
@ ,
* #
( , ), ,
( )

1) ( ), ; 2) ( )
, ; ; ; ;
( )
U



.... ... () ,
- ( )


247


,
^ t i {^.) () ; ()
# ,
& 1) , ; 2) ,
&.
(/ ) ( , . .),
JH ffi ;
'
()
;
; , ,
1
. , ;
;
( )
( )
( )
IE i t
)
i ; 2-
1# ,
, ; ( )
,
,
JNFJS ;
;

) ; ;
^.
..., ...;
1) ( ); , ; 2)
; ( );


@ ,
248

 ,

(
);



, ( )
, ; ; ; ...

, ;
1

&

- . ,
( ) . .
.

 13.

14



(1)

ia, ya,
ja,'a

ei, ej

ie, ye,
je,e

/',

55

(S)

()

it
35

S5

ft

()

.'
i, U.

&

io, yo,

, ,

it

jo,'o

yu, iu,

ft

&

55
fl

55

3SS

it

&

tt

it

tt

if

ju(u)

ai, ay, aj

au, ao

ui, uj

an, an'

yan, an,

ian, 'an'

ft

it

250

ft
()

tt

:
(*)

91

ft


(1)

en, en'

en, en'

&

. 14
T

,
,

in, in'

on, on1

un, un'

yun

s
a
a

(2)

3,

z, dz

ia, ya,
ja,'a

55

ei, ej

ie, ye,
je,e

/".
.'

, ,
,

i, ij, iy'

io, yo,
jo,'o

yu, iu,
ju(u)

35

&
ft
Mi

zh

sh,
ch

dzh,
j

fl"

ft

, ,

tt

&

(80

SH

()
(

X
251

&
PI

(51)

ch,
tch

 . 14

(2)

,,

z,dz

zh

sh,
ch

dzh,

ch,
tch

ai, ay, aj

ui,uj

an, an'

yan, an,
ian, 'an'

en, en'

,
,

en, en'

in,in'

on, on'

un, un'

yun

ft

&

(^)
%
3

&

&

# &

(3)

,,
.,
,

shch

ts,c

kh,ch

ja,'a
/

ei,ej

()

()
&

252

(W)

 . 14
a, an,

(3)

kh,ch

m
()
^a
m
()

m
()

m
()

()
()
m
cm
m

.,
,

shch

ts,c

ie,ye,
je,e

()

y/yi,

, ,
,

Ui, iy

io, yo,
jo,'

(*)

m
it

u
", iu,

&

ai, ay, aj

au, ao

ui,uj

an, an'

yan, an,

(50

IS

ju(u)
,

m
% % m

<*)
*

(D

ian, ' a n '

en, en'

,
,

en, en'

in, in'

on, on'

un, un'

yun

m
m

m
*s m

m
n

. ft

*
253

m
m m
% m
m

#
(*)

()

el

 . ,
.
.
, , ,

.
.
(1,2, 3), .

1. .
2. , -,
- - ft wo.
3. ft sh.
he.
4. -- -- ffi yi.
5. , , , ] 1.
6. . dong, xi ,
; hai, jiang
.
7. , , , , , , $> sha, wa,
lei, 31 xiu, ni, lin, & zhen, luo, dai .
8. ~ , fit ,
,
9. -- -- wa wa.
10. , : - -* gele, - - {.: zuofu,-
-* geluode.


.
- / . . . . .
4- . .: , 19831984 (. . 1:
, , , , , ).
. . .
- . ., 1867.
. - ,
: , . ( . . ) . 2- .
: . . , 1909.
(. . ) . . . -
... 2- . : . --, 1888.
- / . . . . . 3-, .
. .: . - . . , 1959. (
- / . . . . . . , 1959.)
/ . . . ,
. . . 3- . .: , 1982.
Gazetteer of the People's Republic of China. Pinyin to Wade-Giles. Wade-Giles
to Pinyin. United States Board on Geographic Names. Washington,
1979.
Romanization of Chinese Names of Persons and Places. Beijing Review,
No 1, January 5, 1979.
ISO/DIS 7098. Documentation. Romanization of Chinese (Table of Chinese
syllabic forms).
ISO/ 46/SC 2 No 132 March 1981. Romanization of Chinese. Basic Points
of Pinyin Orthography. Chinese Proposition (Chinese characters, corresponding to Pinyin spelling in the orthography).
ISO/ 46/SC 2 No 131 Mars 1981. Romanisation du chinois. La pratique du
pinyin: le lianxie. Proposition francaise.
( . .
, , ). . 1-8. , 1943.

( ). . 1-2. : , 19581959;
. . , 1985.
255

 ( [
]). , 1977.
( [
]). : , 1985.
(
). : ,
1975.
- (-
]). : , 1978.

( ). . .
: , 1964.
(- ) (
). , 1977.
. ( ). :
, 1974.
(
). : , 1962.
( . . .). : ,
1948.

. ir#
( . . .). 4 . : , 19791983.

. *

(
). :
, 1975.
( ). :
, 1958.

256

.
1.
-- . . . .: . . , 1912; -- . . . . II. : . , 1963.
. ., . . . : , 1960.
. ., . . : . . 3-. .: , 1985.
. .: ,
1970.
. . . ., 1981.
. . . . :
, 1966.
. ., . . .
. 2-. : , 1973.
. . . ..:, 1962.
, . . .: , 1970.
. .-.:
- , 1963 (. . . , . . , . . , . . .).
. . . : , 1965.
. : , 1964.
. .: , 1965.
. . . :
, 1978.
. . . . . . .: , 1968.
. . . : , 1991.
. . . . .: ,
1973.
. .: , 1956.
. : , 1964.
. . . . , 1960, . XIX; . 6.
. . I. : , 1980.
257

 . .: , 1986 [. . ( . . , . . ), . 164-170].
. . . : , 1967.
... / . . . .
. 2-. . .: , 1985.
. . .
.: , 1962.
. . . , , . .: , 1971.
. . . : , 1973.
. . . . . 6. ., 1965.
. . ( ). .: , 1969.
. . . .:
, 1978.
. . . .: , 1968.
. . . . , 1935.
. . . : - . , 1986.
. .: , 1964.
( ... 1959 .
- ). , 1960.
. . . : , 1957.
. . . . . I.
., 1931.
. . . .: , 1974
(. . III. , , ).
. . .
. .: . - . . , 1939.
. . . .-.:
- , 1941.
. . .-.: - ,
1941.

. . . .: - , 1932.
258

 . . . 1 . ,
1914.
. , . . . , 1910.
, ., ., . . .: . . . ,
1908 (
, 1907/08, . XVIII, . 1).
. . . .: - -
. , 1962.
. . .
, 1956, 3.
. . . .: , 1984.
. ., . . . , 1955, 1.
. . . . . . .: - , 1962.
. .
. .: . .: - ,
1963.
. ., -. . ., 1973.
. ., .. . .: . - , 1930.
. /
. . . . .: , 1983 (
).
- . .
. .:, 1929.
. ., . . .: , 2001.
.., ..
. , 1974, 374, . 17. I. 70- . . . .
. . . .: . , 1933.
. .
. . 1.., 1932.
.. . .:
. .-.: , 1963.
259

 . ., . ., . ., . .
. .: , 1961.
. ., . (, ,
). .: . . . - -
, 1978.
. . : ? .: . : , 1971.
. . ( ).
.: , 1972.
. . .
. . IX. ., 1931.
-, -, . . . .: , 1955.
. ., . . . : , 1966.
. . . , XX . , 1968.
. . XXII. /
. . . . .: , 1989.
. . . , 1958 ( .
.).

(Latinhua Zhungguo wenz' pingjin xo siefadi cankaoshu)/
.
. , . , . ,
. , . ; . . . . .: .
, 1932 ( . . .). [,

,
].
. .
( - ). .: .
, 1927.
. . - -. , 1927, 2.
, . . .: , 1966.
. - . .
.: , 1928.
. .
. : , 1960.
260

 . . . , 1958, 3.
. . . . 14.
. 1978, 2 .
. . . .: . .: . . . - , 1980.
. . ().
, 1978, 5 .
. . (). .:
. .: . , 1979.
. . . .: , ,
. .: . , 1979.
. . ( ). .: - , 1972.
. . .
, 1957, 4.
. .
. , 1959, 5.
. . . .: ,
1959.
. . . , 1958, 1.
. . .
, 1958, 3.
. . .
, 1958, . 3.
. . . .: , 1996.
. . . .: , 1979.
. . .
, 1978, 3.
. . .
, 1976, 4.
. . : . .: [ ], 1980.
. .
, 1931, 11-12.
.. : -. .: , 1999.
. . (), 1956, 5.
. . ,
2.., 1930.
261

 . (Zhongguo Latinhua di
zemn). M.: . , 1930.
. . . . I. . ... , 1918,
47.
. . .
. . 2-. : . -, 1915.
. . (19281931).
, 1961, 6.
. . (), . . . 23. . .: , 1982.
. . .
. . 15. . .: , 1973.
. . . . . 3. .: , 1964.
. .
. .: . : , 1980.
. .
.
. . I. ., 1962.
. . ,
1957, 3 .
Bauer W. Die chinesishe Personenname. Wiesbaden, 1959.
Demiiville P. Materiaux pour l'enseignement elementair du chinois: ecriture,
transcription, langue parlee nationalee. Paris, 1953.
Gardner C. S. The Western Transcription of Chinese. Journal of the North
China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1931, Vol. 62.
Hucker Ch. O. A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. Stanford
(Cal.): Stanford University Press, 1985.
Karlgren B. The Transcription of Literary Chinese. Bulletin of the Museum
of Far Eastern Antiquities. Stockholm, 1951.
Legeza I. L. Guide to Transliterated Chinese in the Modern Peking Dialect
Leiden: E. J. Brill, 19681969. Vol. I. Conversion Tables of the
Currently Used International and European Systems with Comparative
Tables of Initials and Finals; Vol. II. Conversion Tables of the Outdated International and European Individual Systems with Comparative Tables of
Initials and Finals.
262

Okamoto M. A Chinese Pronunciation Dictionary in Peking Dialect Tokyo:

Bunkyudo-Shoten, 1939.
Simon W. Chinesisch. In: Lautzeichen und ihre Anwendung in verschiedenen
Sprachgebieten / Hrsg. von M. Heepe. Berlin, 1928.
Tables de concordances pour l'alphabet phonetique chinois. Preparees par le
Centre de Linguistique Chinoise (Ecole Pratique de Hautes etudes. VI section). La Haye - Paris: Mouton & Co, 1967 (Maison des sciences de
Fhomme. Materiaux pour l'Etude de PExtreme-Orient moderne et contemporain. Etudes linguistiques, II).
Trolliet P., Nguyen A., Rachline M. Noms propres de geographie, d'histoire et
litterature modemes de la Chine. Table de concordance des transcriptions). Paris: Imprimerie rationale, 1968 (Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des
langues orientates vivantes, XXI).
Yee D.K. Chinese Romanization Self-study Guide. Comparison of Yale and
Pinyin Romanization, Comparison of Pinyin and Wade-Giles Romanizations. Honolulu, 1975.
. ( ). , 1963.
. ( ).
, 1958.
, . ( ,
). : , 1958.
(
). , 1940.
. ( ). , 1958.