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2009 .
1. ..6
1.1 .....7
.........8
..............8
World Wide Web (WWW)..9
3D- ...9
...9
().10
1.2. .......11
.11
12
12
2. ...13
2.1 13
2.1.1. ...13
..14
16
..17
...19
.21
23
...23
2.1.2 24
.26
2.2 .27
2.2.1 .27
2.2.2 ...28
3. . ....37
3.1 ...37
3.2 ...39
3.3 .41
3.4 .48
.48
...50
.51
...52
...53
.56
3.5 ..65
. 65
.66
.66
...67
.68
....69
(Levels)70
..71
.73
2
7.1.3 141
7.1.4 .142
7.1.5 . .144
7.2 ..146
7.2.1 ...147
7.2.2 ..147
8. ...154
8.1 ...154
8.1.1 ..154
8.1.2 .156
8.2 ...160
8.3 .....161
8.4. 162
8.5 ...164
8.6 ..172
9. ....181
9.1 ...181
9.2 ....181
9.3 181
9.4 i82786.....182
9.5 ()..183
9.6 DP-8500....184
9.7 ..185
9.8 .186
9.9 () ....187
10. ..189
10.1 NGP (Network graphics rotocol)...189
10.2 .190
10.3 ...193
Core-System.....193
GKS (Graphical Kernel System)..194
GKS-3D (Graphical Kernel System for Three Dimensions)...196
PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System).196
PHIGS+....197
CGI (Computer Graphics Interface).198
10.4 ....198
10.4.1 - ..198
TEKTRONIX.199
REGIS.199
HP-GL.199
10.4.2 199
PostScript200
PCL.201
10.4.3 - ...201
10.4.4 - 203
11. ..205
11.1 ..206
11.2 ...208
11.3 ..211
11.4 218
12. ( ).....223
12.1 ...223
4
12.2 ....227
12.3 .230
12.4 ...232
..233
..234
..234
...235
..235
..237
...238
12.5 ...238
12.6 ..238
12.6.1 .239
12.6.2 .241
12.6.3 ..241
12.7 ..242
12.8 ..242
12.9 ...242
12.10 ()....245
12.11 ...246
.247
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165
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170
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172
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: 2D - D - . ,
, 2D-
D- . 2D-
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173
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175
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. , , - ,
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176
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). i- :
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, :
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.
= * P n ,
,
, .
:
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Mi = Mi-1 x Ri x Ti,
M1 = R1 x T1.
177
. 8.20. .
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.
(
vertex blending).
vertex
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vertex skinning , (
, , )
, , . ,
.
, skinning matrices.
.
, ,
178
.
( ) ,
, , .
, V
vertex blending :
V= V1 x k + V2 x (1-k),
V1 , V2 , k
0 1.
vertex skinning - vertex blending ,
(1,2):
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ATI (matrix
skinning) RADEON.
, .. ""
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(Forward Kinematics)
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Kinematics) , ,
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179
), (, , ..)
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.
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.
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(particle systems).
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180
, , ,
.
, .
, , ,
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, ,
.
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. ,
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.
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(Motion Capture), ,
.
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181
9.
:
,
,
/,
.
, .
, , Unix, - Windows.
. 3D . 1980 2005 .
2 .
9.1
(3D , ) (
/, ).
:
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/ ;
, Z-;
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(FDDI, Ethernet Token Ring);
(IPI, SCSI);
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/ (VME, EISA, MCA)
;
;
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, .
9.2
. 9.1.
BitBlt ;
- ;
, ,
.
9.3
1) , -
, .
182
(Intel, i82786);
2) -
(),
(National Smiconductor, DP 85xx);
3) - ,
(Texas Instruments, TMS 34010, TMS 34020 Intel, i860).
9.4 i82786
. 9.2. i82786
:
Intel,
, .
22- - 4 ,
16- ,
- 10 ,
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:
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:
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-. - 1/16 .
183
. 9.3.
9.5 ()
,
. , AGCS 85xx (Advanced
Graphics Chip Set) National Semiconductor :
DP-8500 - (RGP - Raster Graphics Processor),
DP-8510 (BPU - BitBlt Processing Unit),
DP-8512 - (VCG Video Clock Generator),
DP-8515 - (VSR - Video Shift Register).
184
9.6 DP-8500
. 9.5. DP-8500
:
20 ,
100 ,
10 160 /,
, 28 , 16 ,
, 16 , 16 ,
,
,
,
185
, , ,
.
9.7
.
:
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2. "" ,
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3.
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:
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;
;
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;
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Z-;
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500 000 /.
186
. 9.6 . RISC
9.8
,
,
, .
:
(Silicon Graphics);
,
(Stardent);
() Silicon Graphics
(James Clark) 1981 . ,
3D .
. 1982 . Silicon Graphics, 1984 .
. . 1988 . SG
RISC- MIPS.
187
106 Z- .
- 20106 ./.
:
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Z-,
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,
( ,
/ ).
9.9 ()
,
( ,
..).
,
.
GS2000 Stardent.
188
. 9.9.
VFP (600 K 3D
), .
RP 80 /. (600
K 3D /, 10 160 K 100
c Z-).
189
10.
, ,
, .
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ARPA
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. 10.1.
,
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190
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.
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10.2
. 1974 .
GSPC /SIGGRAPH. 1975 .
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" " .
(),
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. ,
- ,
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), , - ,
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(. 10.2).
. 10.2.
(. 10.3):
1. . -
,
,
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.
191
2. .
, , ..
, ,
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3. .
(
), ,
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4. . 3D 2D
. , 2D 3D
, .
, ,
.
- , .
5. .
-
.
.
.10.3.
. 10.4.
,
.
- IGES
.
- (GKS)
.
.
-
(CGI) /,
.
-.
192
. 10.4.
ISO, IEC
ISO (International Organization for Standartization)
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). 1987 .
(JTC1) ISO/IEC
. 24-
(ISO/IEC JTC1/SC24). 1988 .
. :
1. GKS (Graphical Kernel System) - 2D .
2. GKS-3D (Graphical Kernel System for 3 Dimensions) - GKS
3D.
3. PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System) -
3D GKS-3D, GKS-3D,
, ,
.
PHIGS ,
, .
4. (Language bindings) -
.
5. CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile) - -
. ,
.
6. CGI (Computer Graphics Interafce) -
- -
.
7. CGRM (Computer Graphics Reference Model) -
,
.
8. -
, , escape- (
) .
9. -
: ,
,
.
24- 5 (WG):
193
WG1: . - CGRM -
.
WG2: .
.
WG3: .
, .
WG4: .
.
WG5: , .
.
10.3
. 10.4 ,
:
, ..
( ) - Core System, GKS, GKS-3D, PMIG, PHIGS,
PHIGS+ ..
( ) - IGES, CGM
.
,
,
, - - - CGM .
Core-System
CORE-SYSTEM (GSPC-77) ,
. 10.5. , CORE :
;
; - ,
, ,
; ,
; ,
;
.
: ;
; (, ,
..) (, , ..); ;
, , ,
, ; .
1979 . CORE-SYSTEM (GSPC79) . , ( )
. 266 ,
,
.
194
. 10.5. , CORE-SYSTEM
, ,
, ,
.
- , ,
. -.
:
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;
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:
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, .. ;
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.
, , , , .
:
2D
2D
;
3D - 2D 3D .
GSPC
.
GKS (Graphical Kernel System)
GKS.
, , . 10.6. 1979 . GKS
.
GKS ,
CORE-SYSTEM,
.
,
/,
.
:
;
,
; ,
, ,
; , ,
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,
195
- , ,
;
.
, ,
.
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, GKS
/, CORE.
GKS CORE,
(; ; ;
, "" , , ,
; ,
; ,
).
CORE GKS ,
. GKS 2
. -
CORE, ,
.
-
.
, .
, ()
, , GKS, CORE,
, / .
GKS CORE, GKS
- -
().
,
GKS .
. 10.6. , GKS
GKS,
CORE, .
.
:
0: . .
, .
. - .
- .
196
1: . 0.
. .
.
. /
. / .
( ). .
2: - . 1.
.
:
A: .
B: . ,
(request).
C: . B.
(event sample).
1985 . GKS . 1988 .
GKS c Fortran, Pascal, Ada, C .
GKS-3D (Graphical Kernel System for Three Dimensions)
GKS-3D GKS 3D :
(9 );
);
GKS GKS-3D, .. 2D
, GKS, 3D
- .
1988 . GKS-3D .
1988 1990 . ISO 8806 GKS-3D
. 1991 .
.
PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System)
( , ,
, ,
..).
GKS GKS-3D
, ,
/
.
PHIGS
, .
PHIGS , GKS-3D
"annotation text relative" .
PHIGS GKS , PHIGS
-
197
;
;
; ;
;
;
; ;
.
.. . "
" ,
.
"" ,
.
.
" "
.
" " .
.
PHIGS GKS-3D
" " (Execute Structure),
.
,
, .
,
" ".
.
,
.
, ,
.
PHIGS ,
GKS,
, , ,
.
PHIGS+
PHIGS+ - PHIGS,
, , (
),
.
1-3 PHIGS 4 .
" ",
.
198
" ".
, (
) (
).
,
, .
CGI (Computer Graphics Interface)
ISO -
( ) (). ( ANSI)
.
CGI -
:
,
,
,
,
,
.
CGI (
) :
, ,
, . CGI
. CGI
.
,
,
.
.
10.4
:
-
,
- ,
,
10.4.1 -
- ,
.
.
. ,
.
-
. ,
199
.
TEKTRONIX, REGIS HPGL.
.
TEKTRONIX
, .
TEKTRONIX'
.
(, VTERM, ST240, TEEMTALK)
IBM PC.
TEKTRONIX,
4010/12/14 41, 42, 43. 4010/12/14
.
TEKTRONIX 41XX
-
,
(hardcopy, , ).
( - Esc),
.
REGIS
VT (240 ).
LabTam
. REGIS
IBM PC (VTERM, ST240). REGIS
TEKTRONIX. ,
, ,
, ,
, .
HP-GL
HP-GL ( Graphic Language)
Hewlett Packard 1976 . ,
. HP-GL/2.
,
. 88 , 9
. 5 55 ,
. 3 33
. ,
, .
10.4.2
,
.
.
:
1. -
.
200
2. , ,
.
.
,
().
PostScript
PostScript , Adobe
,
-
.
PostScript -
. , ,
,
.
PostScript' ,
. (
) PostScript
.
, PostScript,
.
. -
,
(, ).
,
.
- , , ,
(, ).
. ,
, .
(, ,
)
LIFO.
:
;
, ,
;
(, , , ..);
, , ,
.
PostScript "-"
,
.
201
, PostScript,
Xerox ( Interpress) Imagen ( DDL).
PostScript Sun Microsystems
NEWS (the Network extensible Window System) .
PCL
Printer Communication Language (PCL)
Hewlett-Packard
. PCL5 64 ,
10 . Esc
( 01BH) .
, PCL,
, , PostScript,
.
10.4.3 -
-
.
,
(
)
. ,
.
- NAPLPS, GKSM, CGM WMF - Microsoft .
NAPLPS - North American Presentation Level Protocol Syntax
VIDEOTEX ( - SET).
:
-
,
.
,
7- 8- ASCII.
,
.
GKSM - Graphical Kernel System Metafile
de-facto
GKS ( GKS).
GKS
. , ,
GKS.
GKSM- ( GKS) , ,
( 5),
202
.
ESCAPE-
( )
.
GKSM , (,
)
NAPLPS CGM.
CGM - Computer Graphics Metafile
ISO .
CGI (Computer Graphics
Interface),
.
CGM
.
CGM - ,
. ( NAPLPS)
.
.
.
.
DXF
AutoCad.
- , (
) .
,
Autocad.
WMF - Windows Metafile Format
Windows Microsoft
. WMF
- , ,
,
, .
GDI (Graphical Device
Interface) . - ,
(placeable) (clipboard).
. Windows
.
-
2- ,
3D
. ,
CGM
3D .
,
203
(,
).
10.4.4 -
-
. (
),
,
.
.
, ,
,
( ) .
,
, , ..
,
(
..),
.
.
:
TIFF (Tag Image File Format),
GIF (Graphics Interchange Format),
PIC,
PCX,
MAC (MacPaint),
BMP (Bitmap).
TIFF (Tag Image File Format)
.
,
, ,
, .
, ,
""
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
, .
1.
, ,
. ,
, : "
".
204
2. ,
, , -
, , ,
.
3.
( GKS - 75 185, ..
40%).
. , , 1987 .
- " "
(, 16-20 1987 .) : " - ,
".
,
, , ,
.
, ,
, .
,
, .
, , ,
.
:
; ; ;
; .
,
. -
, , .
.
205
11.
. .
,
. , ,
Adobe PhotoShop .
,
CorelDRAW Adobe Illustrator, .
,
QuarkXPress Adobe PageMaker.
-, , ,
Microsoft PowerPoint, Macromedia Director
Web-.
.
.
,
.
( ,
, , .).
80- .
. , ,
,
.
,
.
.
( OPI).
,
.
OPI (Open Prepress Interface) , Aldus,
, ,
() .
, . OPI,
, (embedding) ( ,
), . OPI
, FreeHand
QuarkXPress, .
( , ).
(bitmap),
- (pixel - picture element).
: .
GIF, JPEG, BMP
. 72
( ), Windows ,
96 . , ,
,
. , ,
206
,
. .
, ,
, Print Size - .
,
(ppi, pixels per inch dpi - dots
per inch, - , ).
130 dpi ( ) 300 ( ),
.
,
: , , -
(spot)-, , (
), , .
11.1
(, , ,
. .). , .
.
11. 1.
11.1.
WMF
Windows MetaFile
WINDOWS
EPS
Encapsulated PostScript
DXF
Drawing Interchange
Format
, ,
CGM
Computer Graphics
Metafile
WMF (Windows Metafile)
WMF Windows , ,
.
(Clipboard). Windows,
. ,
, WMF
"" . WMF , ,
,
, .
, WMF-
CorelDRAW.
207
208
. ( 2 pt), ,
, .
11.2
:
, ( ),
.
.
,
.
,
- (. 11.1).
. 11.1.
. 11.2 ,
, . 11.1. ,
, ;
, ,
. ., .
. 11.2. ,
,
, . ,
1766 1528, 16777216,
8 (
1766 1528 24 / 8 / 1024 / 1024 ).
, . .
.
209
.
.
:
;
, .
,
() .
.
,
().
, .
DOS WINDOWS ZIP,
ARJ, RAR .
,
. ,
.
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, Adobe PhotoShop. TIFF
, Adobe PhotoShop.
TIFF .
.
:
, CorelDRAW, TIFF;
Adobe PhotoShop.
BMP (Windows Device Independent Bitmap)
Windows.
, .
, Windows ,
, . ( 256
), RGB- ( 16 . ).
RLE, ,
( .rle) .
OS/2.
BMP Windows
. - BMP ,
(), .
GIF (CompuServe Graphics Interchange Format)
GIF 1987
(GIF87a) CompuServe . 1989-
(GIF89a),
. GIF LZW-, ,
(, , ).
GIF " " (Interlaced),
, , ,
. , , 1, 5, 10 ..
, 2, 6, 11
, .
, ,
, , .
, , , .
210
GIFe ,
.
Alpha-, .
GIF , ,
.
(GIF-).
GIF ,
256 .
PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
PNG - ,
GIF. Deflate, LZW
( - 1995- LZW PNG).
PNG, , GIF', PNG RGB
TIFF.
PNG , 48 .
interlacing ( , ), , , GIF',
. GIF', -
, , PNG -
256 .
PNG -.
,
. , ,
. ,
, , Windows,
UNIX'. , WWW .
PNG Microsoft Internet Explorer 4 Windows
4.5 . Netscape PNG
, 4.0.4 .
,
-.
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
TIFF
Aldus PhotoStyler. , ,
, TIFF
. ,
. , TIFF
.
RGB, CMYK . TIFF
, -, ,
.
, - , FreeHand. TIFF-
PostScript-
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247
1. . . , . . . . . :
. , 2004 . 812 . ISBN 5-94723-758-
2. . . The Complete Idiot's Guide ti Computer
Illustration. : The Complete Idiot's Guide. . ,
2007 .
3. . . , . . , . . . . 2 .
:
-,
2007
.
88 . ISBN 978-5-8199-0284-4, 978-5-16-002734-0
4. . . , . . .
. : . , 2008 . 288 .
5. . . , . . , . . .
. : . , 2008 .
512 . ISBN 978-5-91134-230-2
6. .., .. " :
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7. .., ... " ACAD 2004". .: "", 2005 .
8. ., . 3D Studio . - .:
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248
.. . , 2009. 247 .
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