Purity and Impurity

Pure things: Ganga, saints, gold, Brahmans, ritual

implements impure things: bodily substances, dead bodies, menstrual blood, birth, death, leather, hair

Gandagi
pan spit, excrement
dirty wastewater drains and solid waste soap from bathing and washing bad business Moral degeneracy in the Kali Yuga

Can religious groups and institutions help?

Create public awareness Mobilize sentiment toward specific goals Put pressure on agencies controlling water and

wastewater management Maintain a public appreciation for and worship of rivers Connect the study of ecology, hydrology and water resources to fundamental values, beliefs and worldviews

Swatcha Ganga Campaign

RIVER ACTION PLAN

CPCB identified polluted water bodies, which leads to formulation of action plan for restoration of the water body. Based on CPCBs Recommendations, Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1986 to restore the WQ of the Ganga by interception, diversion and treatment of wastewater from 27 cities/towns located along the river. Based on the experience gained during implementation of the Ganga Action Plan, Govt of India extends river cleaning programme to other rivers and lakes.

Objective of Ganga Action Plan Phase I

At the time of launching the main objective of GAP was to improve the water quality of Ganga to acceptable standards by preventing the pollution load reaching the river. However, as decided in a meeting of the Monitoring Committee in June, 1987, under the Chairmanship of Prof. M.G.K. Menon, then Member, Planning Commission, the objective of GAP was recast as restoring the river water quality to the Bathing Class standard which is as follows:
Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand Dissolved Oxygen Total Coliform Faecal Coliform 3 mg/l maximum 5 mg/l minimum 10,000 per 100 ml 25,00 per 100 ml

Objective of Water Quality Monitoring

# For rational planning of pollution control strategies and their prioritisation; # To assess nature and extent of pollution control needed in different water bodies or their part; # To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures already in existence; # To evaluate water quality trend over a period of time; # To assess assimilative capacity of a water body thereby reducing cost on pollution control; # To understand the environmental fate of different pollutants. # To assess the fitness of water for different uses.

The Sankat Mochan Foundation, Varanasi, India (SMF)

Founded in 1982 and working as a catalyst agent to arouse interest in

cleaning Ganga, SMF drew the attention of the Government Of India.

In response, the Government created the Central Ganga Authority (CGA) and the Ganga Project Directorate (GPA) in 1985. In 1986, the Ganga Action Plan (GAP) was launched to clean the Ganga River in Varanasi and other important cities. A total of about 4oo crores Rs. (out of which 50 crores were spent in Varanasi) had been spent to intercept and divert the sewage coming into the river, to treat the sewage, and to create a distribution system to allow the treated sewage to be used by farmers for agricultural purposes

Salient features of the SMF proposal for the GAP phase II include:
A pond system (AIWPS); a total interception and diversion of the

sewage currently flowing into the Ganges using a watertight interceptor running parallel to the river.
This interceptor would use no electricity-dependent pumps and

would depend on gravity for sewage removal to completely bypass the religious bathing areas.
The proposed sewage treatment system described by the SMF is

technically appropriate and is already working effectively. SMF needs to be able to support the needed technical work to fully formulate the construction plans for the sewage collection and treatment systems. There is much to be done, but success is definitely in sight.

Govt to take IITs help in effort to clean up Ganga :

India has turned to seven Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) to help it prepare a plan to clean the Ganga. The move comes after the government has failed to do so after spending around Rs 900 crore over 25 years through the Ganga Action Plan. The joint committee comprising representatives from the IITs at Bombay, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras and Roorkee will submit their first plan to the ministry of environment and forests (MoEF) . Jairam Ramesh, Indias environment minister, said the situation would have been worse without GAP and added that the involvement of the IITs is a good step for the Ganga and all other river conservation (efforts) in the future.

IIT-Kanpur will co-ordinate the effort, monitor progress of the plan and help set up a project management board and project implementation and coordination committee, according to the agreement between the ministry and the IITs (both in Uttarakhand) has been shelved

Unfortunately, the GAP was monopolized by the bureaucracy and there was no room for citizens or the SMF to participate effectively in implementation of the GAP. With support received from SBI and SNF, the SMF set up a first class water quality testing lab at Tulsi Ghat on the banks of the Ganga in Varanasi and started monitoring the rivers water quality, the quality of treated effluent coming out of the sewage treatment plant, and the overall performance of the GAP.

International Conference on Rivers, Kumbha Mela 2001

New initiative seeks to protect river :

In November 2010, the government declared the Ganges a national

river and established the Ganga River Basin Authority to protect the river.

This new initiative comes a quarter of a century after the first "Clean Ganga Campaign" began.

The government says its plan replaces older piecemeal efforts with an integrated approach that looks at both the quantity and the quality of the water flow.
Now the government of India has considered Ganga Mya as a

national river. We are giving thanks to them after 50 years Ganga is a matter of pride for all the Ganga putras.

National River Conservation Directorate

The Central Ganga Authority, established in 1985 under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister, lays down the policies for works to be taken up under the Ganga Action Plan. With the approval of the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) in July 1995, the Central Ganga Authority has been redesignated as the NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION DIRECTORATE (NRCD). The NRCD coordinates the implementation of the schemes under the Ganga and other Action Plans.

The methodology

Impact of Schemes on Health

The efficacy of the schemes taken up under the Ganga Action Plan in the towns of Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) and Nabadweep (West Bengal) was evaluated for the effects on the health of the people particularly those who were directly affected by Ganga water. All India Institute of Public Health and Hygiene, Calcutta along with NEERI, Nagpur carried out studies in these towns. The studies revealed that as the projects under GAP were being completed there was a decreasing trend in the incidence of water borne diseases. However, in case of sewage farm workers handling untreated sewage, there was prevalence of diarrhea, helminthic infection, skin diseases and respiratory tract infection.

Limitations of Monitoring Programme

Problems in data validation due to fluctuation in water quality. Flow in many rivers dwindles due to short period of monsoon. Environmental flows are not maintained, hence only urban wastewater flows in the rivers after major abstraction points. Removal of outliers during validation of data may devoid valuable information related to flushing of Industrial effluents responsible for episodal pollution and fish kill. Need of software for processing, validation/trend analyses and format data storage. Priorities for water quality management varies widely from developed countries to developing countries.

Constraints in Maintaining the Network

Sustainability of infrastructure and maintenance of instruments and equipments. Financial as well as Manpower resources are inadequate and reducing due to policy shift. Travel to long distances for monitoring and preservation of samples in warm weather conditions adversely affect the results. Analysis results needs in-depth validation and repeated interaction with laboratories. Improper reporting of units, variation in analysis methods and quality control of chemicals are cause of concern. Lack of training for laboratory and field staff. Lack of software to analyse the data for trend analyses and data validation.

Problem areas (Iyer)

forecasts of water scarcity, food insecurity; drought-prone

areas, arid zones, and other water-short areas flood-related damages and loss bitter and divisive inter-State river-water disputes and ineffectiveness of the constitutional conflict-resolution mechanism unresolved issues relating to rivers with Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh acute water conflicts between users (agriculture / industry/ drinking water) and between areas (rural / urban) difficulties meeting UN Millenium Development Goals for safe drinking water and sanitation facilities depletion of groundwater aquifers shrinking of wetlands pollution and contamination of water sources overall waste of water uncertainties arising from predictions of climate change

Exploitation
The principal sources of pollution of the Ganga River can be

characterised as follows: Domestic and industrial wastes. It has been estimated that about 1.4 106 m3 d-1 of domestic wastewater and 0.26 106 m3 d-1 of industrial sewage are going into the river. Solid garbage thrown directly into the river. Non-point sources of pollution from agricultural run-off containing residues of harmful pesticides and fertilizers. Animal carcasses and half-burned and unburned human corpses thrown into the river. Defecation on the banks by the low-income people. Mass bathing and ritualistic practices.

The Action Plan

It was realised that comprehensive co-ordinated research would have to be conducted on the following aspects of Ganga: The sources and nature of the pollution. A more rational plan for the use of the resources of the Ganga for agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, forests, etc. The demographic, cultural and human settlements on the banks of the river. The possible revival of the inland water transport facilities of the Ganga, together with the tributaries and distributaries.

Strategies

Strategies
Industrial waste
Integrated improvements of urban environments Public Participation Technology option Operation and maintenance Implementation problems River Water Quality Management

Conclusion
The GAP is a successful example of timely action

due to environmental awareness at the governmental level. Lessons learned

poor resource recovery due to poor resource

generation, the need for control of pathogenic contamination in treated effluent