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Yalom (1995) has empirically identified eleven factors based on the intricate interplay of human experience and that opens the pathway to therapeutic change. These eleven factors are: (1) Instillation of hope, (2) Universality, (3) Imparting information, (4) Altruism, (5) The Corrective Recapitulation of the Primary Family Group, (6) Development of Socializing Techniques, (7) Imitative Behaviour, (8) Interpersonal Learning, (9) Group Cohesiveness, (10) Catharsis and (11) Existential Factors. The following is a description and therapeutic explanation of each of the eleven therapeutic factors. 1. Instillation of Hope: Hope is crucial to the therapy process. Group members (and facilitators) need to achieve and maintain hope that change is possible. Hope is required to not only keep clients in therapy, but faith in a treatment mode can in itself be therapeutically effective. As the group facilitator, you must be able to communicate how this group approach will help group members. In addition, you should attempt to capitalize on their hope in the efficacy of this treatment approach whenever possible ( e.g. early group sessions, reinforce positive expectations, educate when faced with negative preconceptions, and direct attention to improvements displayed during the course of the group). 2. Universality: Clients may enter group therapy with the preconceived idea that they are alone with their problems and that others do not share similar difficulties. While this is true to some extent, the disconfirmation of their uniqueness may be a powerful sense of relief. That is, clients learn that they are universally similar to one another. It is assumed as clients begin to share and learn about each others similarities, they will become more trusting and open with each other. Your role is to aid in the development of group universality by pointing out similarities among group members. When clients present with problems or goals that are similar it is important that you indicate the universal nature of their issues. This may be most easily achieved during the first group session. As clients begin to discuss their lives, you will help the group identify commonalities in their life histories, issues and goals. 3. Imparting Information: This therapeutic factor includes both didactic instruction (e.g. psycho-education) and direct advice (by the facilitator as well as group members). In general clients in interpersonal process-oriented groups do not highly value didactic instruction or advice giving, and Yalom discourages such practices. As the facilitator you may chose to use psychoeducation or offer suggestions to some group members to facilitate their growth and improvements. However it is recommended that you not over-use these interventions. Group members will also give advice to one another, especially in early stages of the group. While group members typically do not find the advice of other group members as highly beneficial, advice giving 1
Reference: Yalom, Irvin D. The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy. 5th edition, Basic Books. 2010