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A bouncing basketball captured with a stroboscopic flash at 25 images per second. Ignoring air resistance, the square root of the ratio of the height of one bounce to that of the preceding bounce gives the coefficient of restitution for the ball/surface impact. The coefficient of restitution (COR) of two colliding objects is a fractional value representing the ratio of speeds after and before an impact, taken along the line of the impact. Pairs of objects with COR 1 collide elastically, while objects with COR < 1 collide inelastically. For a COR = 0, the objects effectively "stop" at the collision, not bouncing at all. An object (singular) is often described as having a coefficient of restitution as if it were an intrinsic property without reference to a second object, in this case the definition is assumed to be with respect to collisions with a perfectly rigid and elastic object. COR = (relative speed after collision)/(relative speed before collision).[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Further details o 1.1 Sports equipment 2 Equation 3 Speeds after impact o 3.1 Derivation 4 See also 5 References 6 External links
[edit] Equation
Picture a one-dimensional collision. Velocity in an arbitrary direction is labeled "positive" and the opposite direction "negative". The coefficient of restitution is given by
for two colliding objects, where is the final velocity of the first object after impact is the final velocity of the second object after impact is the initial velocity of the first object before impact is the initial velocity of the second object before impact Even though the equation does not reference mass, it is important to note that it still relates to momentum since the final velocities are dependent on mass. For an object bouncing off a stationary object, such as a floor:
, where is the scalar velocity of the object after impact is the scalar velocity of the object before impact The coefficient can also be found with:
for an object bouncing off a stationary object, such as a floor, where is the bounce height is the drop height For two- and three-dimensional collisions of rigid bodies, the velocities used are the components perpendicular to the tangent line/plane at the point of contact.
and
where is the final velocity of the first object after impact is the final velocity of the second object after impact is the initial velocity of the first object before impact is the initial velocity of the second object before impact is the mass of the first object is the mass of the second object
[edit] Derivation
The above equations can be derived from the analytical solution to the system of equations formed by the definition of the COR and the law of the conservation of momentum (which holds for all collisions). Using the notation from above where represents the velocity before the collision and after, we get:
gives:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_restitution
Definition: "Coefficient of Restitution" (often just "COR") is a technical term describing the energy transference between two objects. The coefficient of restitution of Object A is a measurement of Object A's ability to transfer energy to Object B when A and B collide. Golf club designer Tom Wishon, in our FAQ, What is COR?, provides the technical definition this way: "Coefficient of restitution is a measurement of the energy loss or retention when two objects collide. The COR measurement is always expressed as a number between 0.000 (meaning all energy is lost in the collision) and 1.000 (which means a perfect, elastic collision in which all energy is transferred from one object to the other)." How does coefficient of restitution enter into golf? Golf clubs collide with golf balls, and the more energy that is transferred from the club to the ball in that collision, the farther the ball can travel. Coefficient of restitution can be measured for all golf clubs, but is most commonly associated with drivers. Currently, the USGA and R&A place a limit of .830 on COR; COR cannot go above that in a club. The term came into the popular golf lexicon as ultra-thin-faced drivers began to proliferate in the early 2000s. An effect of the thin faces is known as the "spring-like effect" or "trampoline effect": The face of the driver depresses as the ball is struck, then rebounds - providing a little extra oomph to the shot. A driver that exhibits this property will have a very high COR. Coefficient of restitution is rarely advertised by golf manufacturers these days because almost all drivers are at the limit set by the governing bodies. Drivers above the limit are non-conforming under the rules.
http://golf.about.com/cs/golfterms/g/bldef_cor.htm
coefficient of restitution
Definition/Summary For a collision between two objects, the coefficient of restitution is the ratio of the relative speed after to the relative speed before the collision. The coefficient of restitution is a number between 0 (perfectly inelastic collision) and 1 (elastic collision) inclusive. Equations The coefficient of restitution is Breakdown Physics > Classical Mechanics >> Newtonian Dynamics See Also
Images
C.O.R.=|v1f ||v1i |
In the center-of-mass reference frame of two
objects of mass m1 and m2 -- and only in that frame -- the initial and final total kinetic energies are related to the C.O.R. by
KEfKEi=C.O.R2
where
Extended explanation Elastic and perfectly inelastic collisions The coefficient of restitution describes the inelasticity of collisions. If the C.O.R. is 1, the collision is elastic and kinetic energy is conserved. A C.O.R of zero represents a perfectly inelastic collision; after the collision the objects stick together and, in the center-of-mass frame, have zero velocity.
Simplifying 1-d collision problems In a 1-dimensional elastic collision (C.O.R. = 1), the conservation-of-energy equation may be replaced with
v2fv1f=v1iv2i
In other words, the relative velocity of the two particles has the same magnitude, but is reversed in direction, before and after the collision. By using this equation instead of the conservation-ofenergy equation directly, the work of solving a collision problem is simplified as there are no
Commentary
Redbelly98 @ 06:46 PM Mar24-11 Hopefully going over to MathJax in the near future will fix the LaTeX problems. tiny-tim @ 03:53 PM Mar24-11 Fixed missing LaTeX again. No other changes.
tiny-tim @ 12:26 PM Nov25-10 Fixed missing LaTeX. No other changes. tiny-tim @ 02:55 AM Jul13-09 "For an object bouncing off a stationary object " is wrong: it must be stationary both before and after, so it has to be off a fixed surface, but even then the motion must be perpendicular to the surface explaining this really requires a comment on the direction of the constraining force, and the difference between constrained and unconstrained collisions. Redbelly98 @ 10:21 AM Jun23-09 (EDIT: This comment is no longer relevant, since the equation has since been corrected.) In the equation for C.O.R., should that be calculated in the center-of-mass frame? That's the only frame in which
|| vf || = 0
for a completely inelastic collision.
http://www.physicsforums.com/library.php?do=view_item&itemid=270
he Coefficient of Restitution The Coefficient of Restitution (e) is a variable number with no units, with limits from zero to one. 0e1 'e' is a consequence of Newton's Experimental Law of Impact, which describes how the speed of separation of two impacting bodies compares with their speed of approach.
If we consider the speed of individual masses before and after collision, we obtain another useful equation: uA = initial speed of mass A uB = initial speed of mass B vA = final speed of mass A vB = final speed of mass B relative initial speed of mass A to mass B = uB - uA relative final speed of mass A to mass B = vB - vA
note: in this equation the absolute of uB - uA and vB - vA are used ( |absolute| no net negative result )
Example A 5 kg mass moving at 6 ms-1 makes a head-on collision with a 4 kg mass travelling at 3 ms-1 . Assuming that there are no external forces acting on the system, what are the velocities of the two masses after impact? (assume coefficient of restitution e = 0.5 ) uA = initial speed of 5 kg mass (mass A)= 6 ms-1 uB = initial speed of 4 kg mass (mass B)= 3 ms-1 mA = 5 kg mB = 4 kg
substituting for e, mA , uA , mB , uB we obtain two simultaneous equations from the conservation of momentum, 5 x 0.6 + 4(-3) = 5 vA + 4 vB 3 - 12 = 5 vA + 4 vB -9 = 5 vA + 4 vB 5 vA + 4 vB = -9 from the coefficient of restitution expression, (i
0.5(uA - uB) = vB - vA (0.5 x 6) - (0.5(-3)) = vB - vA 3 + 1.5 = vB - vA 4.5 = vB - vA vB - vA = 4.5 multiplying (ii by 5 and adding 5 vA + 4 vB = -9 (ii
- 5 vA + 5 vB = 22.5 9 vB = 13.5 vB = 1.5 ms-1 from (ii 1.5 - vA = 4.5 vA = 1.5 - 4.5 = -3 vA = -3 ms-1 Ans. The velocities of the 5 kg and 4 kg masses are -3 ms-1and 1.5 ms-1, respectively.
back to top Oblique Collisions For two masses colliding along a line, Newton's Experimental law is true for component speeds. That is, the law is applied twice: to each pair of component speeds acting in a particular direction. Example A particle of mass m impacts a smooth wall at 4u ms-1 at an angle of 30 deg. to the vertical. The particle rebounds with a speed ku at 90 deg. to the original direction and in the same plane as the impact trajectory. What is: i) the value of the constant 'k' ? ii) the coefficient of restitution between the wall and the particle? iii) the magnitude of the impulse of the wall on the particle i) There is no momentum change parallel to the wall.
ii) The coefficient of restitution'e' is the ratio of the speed of separation to the speed of approach:
iii) The impulse is the change of momentum. Since the vertical unit vectors are unchanged, the momentum change just concerns the horizontal vector components. hence,
http://www.a-levelphysicstutor.com/m-momimp-coeffrest.php COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION Well, "restitution" is what you give back. And "coefficient" means a single number that describes how much. Got it? The coefficient of restitution is a number which indicates how much kinetic energy (energy of motion) remains after a collision of two objects. If the coefficient is high (very close to 1.00) it means that very little kinetic energy was lost during the collision. If the coefficient is low (close to zero) it suggests that a large fraction of the kinetic energy was converted into heat or was otherwise absorbed through deformation. Let's take a closer look:
When a moving object (say a rubber ball) collides with an immobile flat surface (say a massive marble floor), the object will rebound with some fraction of its original energy. If the collision is perfectly elastic, then the ball will rebound with all of the energy it arrived with and its rebound velocity will be the same as its approach velocity. In this case, the coefficient of restitution is said to be precisely 1.00. On the other hand, if there is considerable permanent deformation of either the object or the surface (or both) then the object will rebound with much less energy than it originally arrived with. In this case, the coefficient of restitution will be close to zero. In the latter case, the surface was probably soft or otherwise absorptive. In the first case, the surface might have been particularly hard... or it may have been particularly springy. And this is where the coefficient of restitution becomes important in golf. We won't bore you with explanations of momentum, but the example above would have also worked with an initially motionless object (say, a teed up golf ball) being struck by a moving surface (the face of a driver). There is nothing magic about this number called the coefficient of restitution. It doesn't make one driver any better or worse than another any more than a speedometer can make its car go faster or slower than another. The speedometer merely tells you how fast the particular car is going. And the coefficient of restitution merely tells you how much of the original kinetic energy remains after a collision of the clubhead with the golf ball. The higher the coefficient of restitution, the faster the ball will be propelled by the clubhead for a given impact speed. So why all the fuss over this figure? It's because the USGA is trying its best to limit the influence of technology in golf. Theory being that golf should challenge the skill and savvy of the individual rather than the technology in his or her bag. And this is probably a good thing for the sport. After all, it would be very effective to go bass fishing by dropping depth charges over the side of your boat. Just scoop 'em up when they float to the surface. But would that really be bass fishing? So the USGA has adopted limits of 0.830 on the coefficient of restitution a given clubface may have as part of its effort to define the boundaries of technology in the game. For a discussion of the politics involved and the ultimate compromise resolution, refer to COR. http://www.leaderboard.com/GLOSSARY_COEFFICIENTOFRESTITUTION