Коноплев.Базовый курс Linux

1.
Linux
Open Source.........................................................................................................................................................................7
GNU Project ..........................................................................................................................................................................7
Linux ...............................................................................................................................................................7
Linux ..........................................................................................................................................................8
Linux .........................................................................................................................................8
Linux .......................................................................................................................................................9
2. Linux
..................................................................................................................................................... 10
CD/DVD- ....................................................................................................................................... 10
1. ............................................................................................................................ 10
2. - ...................................................................................................... 11
3. ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
4. ................................................................................................................................ 11
5. ......................................................................................................................... 12
6. ............................................................................................................... 12
7. ............................................................................................................ 12
8. ............................................................................................................................... 13
9. ..................................................................................................................... 13
10. ..................................................................................................... 14
11. ......................................................................................................................................... 15
12. ...................................................................................................................................................... 15
13. .............................................................................................................. 15
14. ............................................................................................ 16
15. ......................................................................................................................... 16
16. ? ...................................................................................... 16
17. 1 ........................................................................................................ 17
18. 2 ........................................................................................................ 17
19. Gateway DNS- ................................................................................................... 17
20. .............................................................................................................................. 18
21. ..................................................................................................................... 18
22. ............................................................................................................................ 18
23. ................................................................................................................ 19
24. ......................................................................................................................................... 19
25. .................................................................................................................................. 20
26. ..................................................................................................................... 20
27. ............................................................................................................................................. 21
3. Linux
........................................................................................................................................................ 22
init ................................................................................................................................................................ 22
login ............................................................................................................................................................ 23
................................................................................................................................................ 24
.............................................................................................................................................. 24
GRUB .............................................................................................................................................................. 27
GRUB ..................................................................................................................................... 27
GRUB ........................................................................................................................................ 29
GRUB ............................................................................................................. 31
4.
.................................................................................................................................. 32
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard ................................................................................................................................... 33
ext3 ............................................................................................................................................... 34
ext3 ........................................................................................................... 36
......................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Inode .................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
.................................................................................................................................................................... 38
............................................................................................................................................. 39
SUID ............................................................................................................................................................................ 40
SGID ............................................................................................................................................................................. 41
Sticky .......................................................................................................................................................................... 41
................................................................................ 42
mount ............................................................................................................................................................... 42
umount ............................................................................................................................................................ 43
/etc/fstab ................................................................................................................................................................ 44
/etc/mtab ............................................................................................................................................................... 45
/etc/ilesystems .................................................................................................................................................... 46
/proc ............................................................................................................................................. 46
: , , , .................................................... 48
: , , , ............................................. 50
ls: ......................................................................................................... 51
cd: ...................................................................................................................................... 53
pwd: ..................................................................................................... 54
cat: .............................................................. 54
grep: ........................................................................................................................... 55
chmod: ....................................................................................................... 55
chown: ....................................................................................... 57
umask: .................... 58
mkdir: ..................................................................................................................... 59
rmdir: ........................................................................................................................ 60
rm: ....................................................................................................... 60
cp: ............................................................................................... 60
mv: .............................................. 61
ln: ................................................................................................. 61
touch: .................................................. 62
df: .............................................................. 62
du: ................................................ 63
echo: ....................................................................................................... 63
wc: , ................................................. 64
head: .......................................... 65
tail: ........................................ 65
less: .................................................................. 65
ind: .................................................................................................................................... 66
.............................................................................................................................. 68
5. BASH
........................................................................................... 69
BASH .......................................................................................................................... 73
.................................................................................................................................................... 73
Bash .......................................................................................................................... 73
........................................................................................................................................................... 73
..................................................................................................................................................... 74
....................................................................................................................................... 74
............................................................................................................................................................. 75
/........................................................................................................................... 76
........................................................................................................................................................................ 79
Builtin ........................................................................................................................................................... 79
................................................................................................................................................................... 81
............................................................................................................................................ 82
............................................................................................................................................. 83
................................................................................................................................................... 85
.................................................................................................................................................................. 86
.......................................................................................................................................................... 87
................................................................................................................... 87
echo ESC- .................................................................................................................................. 87
6.
.................................................................................................................................................... 89
UID GID ............................................................................................................................................................................ 89
/etc/passwd ....................................................................................................................................................................... 89
/etc/shadow ...................................................................................................................................................................... 90
/etc/group .......................................................................................................................................................................... 91
/etc/gshadow.................................................................................................................................................................... 91
/sbin/nologin .................................................................................................................................................................... 92
.............................................................................. 92
/etc/login.defs ...................................................................................................................................................... 93
useradd: .................................................................................. 94
usermod: .............................................. 95
userdel: ...................................................................................... 95
groupadd: ............................................................................................... 96
groupmod: ....................................................................................................... 96
groupdel: .................................................................................................................... 97
gpasswd: /etc/group /etc/gshadow ..................................... 97
pwck: ............................................................................ 98
grpck: ................................................................................. 99
.................................................................................................................................................................. 99
7.
? .....................................................................................................................................................101
(PID) .............................................................................................................................101
(PPID) ..........................................................................................101
(UID) ...................................................................................................................102
(EUID) ...................................................................................102
(GID) .................................................................................................................................102
(EGID) .................................................................................................102
...............................................................................................................................................102
...................................................................................................................................................102
.....................................................................................................................................103
............................................................................................................................................................................104
kill: ........................................................................................................105
killall: .......................................................................107
. nice renice..................................................................107
fg, bg jobs: ..............................................................................................108
ps: .....................................................................................................110
nohup: HUP.....................................................113
top: ......................................................113
top .....................................................................................................................................114
vmstat: ........................................................................................115
free: ................................................................................................117
8.
RPM.....................................................................................................................................................................................118
RPM ....................................................................................................................................................118
RPM ...........................................................................................................................................................118
........................................................................................................................................................118
rpm: RPM Package Manager ..................................................................................................................119
rpm- .............................................................................................................................................120
rpm- ..............................................................................................................................................120
rpm-..............................................................................................................120
RPM- ............................................................................121
....................................................................................................122
RPM- ........................................................................122
Yellowdog Updater Modiied (YUM) ......................................................................................................................123
..........................................................................................................................................................124
...........................................................................................................................................................124
......................................................................................................124
.....................................................................................................................................125
..........................................................................................................................125
...................................................................................................................125
.............................................................................................126
yum.conf ....................................................................................................................127
chkconig: .......................................................................................................................128
..........................................................................................................129
9. VIM
vim....................................................................................................................................................131
vim ......................................................................................................................................................131
vim .............................................................................................................................................................131
vim ...................................................................................................................................................................132
vim .............................................................................................................................................................132
vim...................................................................................................................................133
................................................................................................................133
vim ..................................................................................................133
...........................................................................................................................133
............................................................................................................................................................133
.................................................................................134
............................................................................................................................................................134
(cut-paste) ...........................................................................................................................134
(copy-paste) .........................................................................................................................135
..........................................................................................................................................136
................................................................................................................................................................................136
...........................................................................................................................................................136
.....................................................................................................................................137
................................................................................................................................137
.....................................................................................................................................137
.........................................................................................................................................137
.....................................................................................................................................138
vim...............................................................................................................................................................138
......................................................................................................................................................138
.vimrc...........................................................................................................................139
10. Linux
..........................................................................................................................140
....................................................................................................................................142
network, ifdown, ifup ...............................................................................................................................143
ifconig ...........................................................................................................................................................143
...........................................................................................................................................................144
....................................................................................................................................146
..........................................................................................................................................................148
netstat .......................................................................................................................148
netstat .....................................................................................................................................................149
......................................................................................................................................................149
traceroute .....................................................................................................................................................150
..............................................................................................................................150
.....................................................................................................................................151
(hostname) ....................................................................................................................151
system-conig-* ........................................................................152
adsl-* ADSL- ..................................................................................152
11.
NFS .............................................................................................................................................................154
..................................................................................................................155
NFS- ................................................................................................................................156
......................................................................................................................156
........................................................................................................................................157
..............................................................................................................................158
12.
man.....................................................................................................................................................................................159
whatis ................................................................................................................................................................................160
apropos .............................................................................................................................................................................160
info ......................................................................................................................................................................................161
help.....................................................................................................................................................................................161
locate .................................................................................................................................................................................161
which .................................................................................................................................................................................162
..........................................................................................................................................................162
13. Linux
................................................................................................................164
crontab- ..............................................................................................................................................164
crontab-...............................................................................................................................................................165
crontab...........................................................................................................................................................166
......................................................................................................................................168
mc ..........................................................................................................................................171
ssh: .........................................................................................172
14.
....................................................................................................................................................175
Syslog.................................................................................................................................................................................175
(facilities) Syslog ...............................................................................................................176
(priorities) Syslog.......................................................................................................177
Syslog...................................................................................................................................177
............................................................................................................................................................178
........................................................................................................................................178
logrotate ...........................................................................................................................................................................178
/etc/logrotate.conf ............................................................................................................178
logger .............................................................................................................................................................179
..............................................................................................180
.............................................................................................................................180
.......................................................................................180
S.M.A.R.T. - .................................................................................181
Linux ..................................................................................................................181
........................................................................................................182
.................................................................................................................183
..........................................................................183
.....................................................................................................184
..........................................................................184
DNS- ..........................................................................185
proftpd ............................................................................185
....................................................................................................................186
-.........................................................................186
15.
...................................................................................................................187
........................................................................................................................................................187
? ..................................................................................................................188
..............................................................................................................................................188
...........................................................................................................................188
.......................................................................................................190
..........................................................................................................................................190
6 ....................................................................................................................................................191
sysctl: .................................193
16. Linux
/etc/ .......................................................................................................................194
................................................................................................198
.............................................................................................198
........................................................................................199
................................................................................................................200
, ..........................................................................200
............................................................................................................................................201
..............................................................................................................................................................203
.............................................................................................................................................203
..........................................................................................................................................203
......................................................................................................................204
..........................................................................................................................................205
.....................................................................................................................................205
............................................................................................................................205
...................................................................................................................206
................................................................................................................................................206
............................................................................................................................................206
.........................................................................................................................................................207
.................................................................................................................................207
..............................................................................................................................................................209
...............................................................................................................................................................210
...............................................................................................................................................................................210
1. Linux
Open Source
Open Source 1998 ,
, OSI (Open Source Initiative),
Open Source.
Open Source
:
;
;
.
GNU Project
1984

GNU system (GNU .
GNU`s Not Unix GNU UNIX!). GNU
(tar, sed, make, bash, ) .
.
1991
Linux- .
GNU ,
. GNU/Linux
GNU .
Linux .
Linux
. Linux
.
Linux
1. ;
2. Linux ;
3.
;
1. Linux
4. ;
5. Linux: .
Linux
1. Linux
(, X Window)
;
2. Linux .
.
-
;
3. ;
4.
;
5.
.
;
6.
;
7. TCP/IP;
8. Windows:
DOS, FAT, NTFS;
SAMBA ;
Wine Windows- Linux;
TCP/IP
, FTP.
9. .
Linux
Linux .
Windows, .
8
1. Linux
.
, .
.
Linux
Linux ( 100),
, ,
.
:
1. Debian deb (Debian,
Knoppix, Ubuntu);
2. Ubuntu,
Debian (Kubuntu, Xubuntu, Mint);
3. Red Hat
RPM (Red Hat, CentOS, Fedora Core, Suse);
4.
VectorLinux);
Slackware
(Zenwalk,
MOPSLinux,
5. (Gentoo, Arch
Linux).
.
1. Linux
2. Linux
Linux:
1. CD/DVD-.
;
2. ;
3. FTP, HTTP NFS.
CD/DVD-
1
BIOS CD/DVD-,
BIOS, Linux.
.
Linux:
1. .
<ENTER>;
2. .
linux text <ENTER>.
,
linux text <ENTER>.
10
2. Linux
-
, .
, .
<Skip> .
. <OK>.
,
.
2. Linux
11
.
.
,
.
,
. :
12
2. Linux
Remove all partitions on selected drives and create default layout

.
Remove linux partitions on selected drives and create default layout
linux
.
Use free space on selected drives and create default layout
.
Create custom layout .
.
<OK>.
,
. , (
) <Yes>.

. <Yes>
.
2. Linux
13
10
.
.
,
.
:
1. swap RAM,
1 , swap 2.
, .
2. ,
.

:
1. . /home
;
2. .

.

.
;
3. .
<OK>.
14
2. Linux
11
.
lilo GRUB.
Use GRUB Boot Loader <OK>.
12

. <OK>.
13
.
. <OK>.
2. Linux
15
14
,
. <OK>.
15
.
Master Boot Record <OK>.
16

. 99 % . <Yes>.
16
2. Linux
17
Activate on boot
. Enable IPv4 support, IPv6
. <OK>.
18

.
DHCP, ,
.
19
(Gateway), DNS-
(Primary DNS) DNS- (Secondary DNS).
2. Linux
17
20
hostname ( ).
DHCP, hostname
.
21
timezone ( ) <OK>.
22
root` ().
6.
18
2. Linux
23
.
, Desktop KDE
Server .
,
Customize software selection. ,
Linux .
24

install.log
<OK>.

2. Linux
19
25
<Reboot>.

26

. :
1. SELinux: Firewall Coniguration -> SELinux: Disabled
2. Firewall Coniguration -> Customize
iptables (Firewall).

system-conig-securitylevel.
<Exit> .
20
2. Linux
27
Linux !
2. Linux
21
3. Linux

1. BIOS irst stage boot loader (
);
2. irst stage boot loader
second stage boot loader ( ) /boot ;
3. second stage boot loader Linux ,

;
4. /sbin/init;
5. /sbin/init , user-space
/etc/fstab;
6. .
init
init ( , initialization )
. init ,
. init
, PID (ProcessID, )
1.
init:
1. SysV-style. init initdefault
/etc/inittab, runlevel .
runlevel ,
. SysVinit Red Hat CentOS.
2. BSD-style.
/etc/rc, getty (
get teletype),
. login
.
init runlevel , init
/etc/rc.
22
3. Linux
init, upstart Ubuntu Linux, init

Gentoo Linux.
login

login.
: login:
login:
1. init mingetty;
2. mingetty login;
3. shell;
4. init mingetty;
5. shell 1.

root.
,
.
3. Linux
23

-,
/. 6
(text-based) (X Window System).
Linux :
1. ( )
2. ( display managers)
.
.
Red Hat CentOS X
Window System Xorg.

Ctrl+Alt+F [16].
3 Ctrl+Alt+F3,
5 Ctrl+Alt+F5. .

Ctrl+Alt+F7

. ,
(/etc/inittab).

Linux ,
runlevels. C runlevels ,
.
,
.

,
.
,
init. runlevel 1 (single user
mode) , runlevel 3 .
24
3. Linux
Red Hat
:
Halt
Single-user text mode
Not used (user-deinable)
Full multi-user text mode
Not used (user-deinable)
Full multi-user graphical

mode (with an X-based
login screen)

Reboot
S s
Scripts
runlevel`, 3
5 .
runlevel
/etc/inittab :
id:5: initdefault:
id: runlevel.
,
.
SysVinit /etc/rc.d/
rc, rc.local, rc.sysinit rc.serial
, ,
.
init.d/rc0.d/rc1.d/rc2.d/rc3.d/rc4.d/rc5.d/rc6.d/
K ,
(Kill), S ,
3. Linux
25
(Start).
.
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 19 Sep 15 19:43 K35 vncserver ->../init.d/vncserver
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 19 Sep 15 19:38 S99 firstboot ->../init.d/firstboot

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Sep 15 19:33 S99 local ->../rc.local
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 16 Sep 15 19:34 S99 smartd ->../init.d/smartd
init.d /sbin/init
.
.
runlevel :
[root@linuxbox ~]# who -r
[root@linuxbox ~]# runlevel

:
[root@linuxbox ~]# telinit
[root@linuxbox ~]# init
/etc/rc.d/rc.local /sbin/init
runlevel`.
/.
.
chkconig.
runlevels :
1. /sbin/chkconig ;
2. /usr/sbin/ntsysv ncurses (,
) ,
chkconig
runlevels;
26
3. Linux
3. system-conig-services Services Coniguration Tool,

. X Window.
runlevel .
GRUB a,
runlevel, ,
single mode :
grub append> ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 rhgb quiet 1
GRUB
,
(boot loader).

.
GRUB.
3 .
20/ 21 lilo,
.

GRUB (The GNU GRand Uniied Boot loader).
Microsoft Windows MBR,
.
, Microsoft Windows .
GRUB
/sbin/grub-install :
[root@linuxbox ~]#/sbin/grub-install /dev/hda
/dev/hda master IDE primary IDE .
GRUB
GRUB 3:
1. . .
, <Enter>
.
3. Linux
27
/ . e
c .
2. . e
GRUB. GRUB
( o
, O ,
e d ).
b .
<ESC>.
3. . c
GRUB. .
GRUB
<Enter>.
.
boot
chainloader </
//>
displaymem
initrd <///
initrd>
install <1><installdisk><2>pconig-ile
kernel <///
l><1><-N>
28

.
,
chainloader +1

BIOS .

RAM .
,

(,
ext3)
GRUB MBR. install
MBR
. <///
> ,
root. <-1>
, ,
root, , root=/dev/
VolGroup00/LogVol00.
,
3. Linux
root (<_
><_
>,
<>)
rootnoverify (<_
><_
>,
<>)
reboot

GRUB, :
root (hd0,0)

root,
helpall
GRUB
GRUB /boot/grub/grub.conf.
,
( title).
Linux
Microsoft Windows 2000 .
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage= (hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.18128.el5)
root (hd0,0)
kernel/vmlinuz-2.6.18128.el5 ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 rhgb quiet
initrd/initrd-2.6.18128.el5.img
title Windows
rootnoverify (hd0,0)
chainloader +1
Linux ,
5.
GRUB
3. Linux
29
Linux. GRUB
. , (hd0,0)/grub/
splash.xpm.gz /grub/ (hd0,0),
/boot/.

.
default=<>
<> title

timeout=<>
,
title,
default
splashimage=<__
>
GRUB
hiddenmenu
GRUB.
, timeout,

( default)
title <_
>
root (<_

><_ GRUB, :
>,<>)
root (hd0,0)
kernel <///
l><1><-N>
initrd <///initrd>
RAM .
,

(,
ext3)
rootnoverify (<_

><_ root,
>,<>)
30
3. Linux
chainloader <///
>
.
,
chainloader +1
password=<>

GRUB
color <_
><_>

. ,
:
color red/black green/blue
fallback=<>
<> title
, ,

GRUB
[root@linuxbox ~]# info grub
3. Linux
31
4.

.
().
.

/, root- (
/root,
root) .
.
, UNIX-like (slash) /
, Windows
(backslash) \
UNIX/Linux- ( Windows).
:
file.txt
32
4.

FILE.txt
,
.
255
1023.
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard

CentOS Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
. ,
. Linux

. Filesystem Hierarchy Standard .

:
bin
boot
dev
etc
lib
media
mnt
opt
sbin
srv
tmp
usr
var
home
lib<qual>
root

(add-on`s)

()

()
root ()
:
1. (shareable unshareable);
4.
33
.
, .
2. .
, ,
.
,
.
.
static
variable
shareable
/usr
/opt
/var/mail
/var/spool/news
unshareable
/etc
/boot
/var/run
/var/lock

, .
,
read only read write,
.
ext3
ext3 .
ext3 Linux 2.4.16,
CentOS. ,
,
.
, .
,

.
ext3 ext2 :
1. ;
( unclean system shutdown)
ext2,
e2fsck .
ext3
34
4.
.
, ,
. ext3
.

.
2. ;
ext3 (
). ext3
.
.
3. ;
ext3 ext2.
4. .
ext2 ext3
,
tune2fs.
ext3 1
4.
ext3 :
1. writeback: ,
.
ext2.
2. ordered: , writeback,
.
.
3. journal: , . , .

mount, :
[root@linuxbox ~]# mount/dev/sda4/mnt/sda4-t ext3-o data=<>
4.
35
ext3
ext3 :
1. parted fdisk;
2. ext3 mkfs -t ext3;
3. e2label;
4. (
, mkdir);
5. /etc/fstab,
.
,
(). :
;
;
;
;
;
- ;
-
;
- , .

, ,
.
dumpe2fs,
:
[root@linuxbox ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sda1 | grep superblock
36
4.
dumpe2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)

Primary superblock at 1, Group descriptors at 2-2
Backup superblock at 8193, Group descriptors at 8194-8194
:
1. Rescue disk / Live CD ( CentOS ).
.
2. :
[root@linuxbox ~]# fsck -y -b 8193 /dev/sda1
3. .
sb, :
[root@linuxbox ~]# mount sb=8193 /dev/sda1 /mnt
, .
4. /etc/fstab sb (sb=8193)
(
).
Inode
,
inode (. Information
NODE ). Inode
. inode
40 (),
.
:
4.
37
;
;
(, , );
;
;
(ctime), (mtime)
(atime);
.
inode
, *nix ,
. ,
, .

ls -i ls l.

:
1. ;
.
.
, rm.
2. ;
.
, . ..,
. .
.. ..
mkdir, rm -rf ( ) rmdir
( ).
3. - () ;
- , , ,
, ,
. mknod,
38
4.
rm.
4. - () ;
- , ,
. mknod,
rm.
5. ;
,
, .
socket.
, rm
unlink.
6. (named pipe);
,
, .
mknod, rm.
7. .
,
.
.
,
: , .
,
, . .
,
,
.
ln, ( )
ln -s. unlink rm.

.
,
. 9 .
3 (SUID, SGID, Sticky) , . 12
.
chmod.
4.
39
SUID
SUID ( 4000) ,
, ,
. ?
.
passwd. passwd
/etc/passwd root.
(..
) passwd SUID.
s passwd , SUID.
[root@linuxbox ~]# ls -l /usr/bin/passwd
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 22984 Jan 6 2007 /usr/bin/passwd
SUID ( SUID + 775):

[root@linuxbox ~]# chmod 4775 file.txt
[root@linuxbox ~]# ls -l file.txt
-rwsrwxr-x 1 user user 0 Aug 2 22:00 file.txt
40
4.
SGID
SGID ( 2000) SUID,
.
SGID ,
,
. SGID
. , developers
/dir1
developers.
SGID
,
.
SGID ( SGID + 775):
[root@linuxbox ~]# mkdir /dir1
[root@linuxbox ~]# chmod 2775 /dir1
[root@linuxbox ~]# chown root:developers /dir1
[root@linuxbox ~]# ls -ld /dir1
drwxrwsr-x 2 root developers 4096 Oct 11 03:54 /dir1/
developers,
developers
developers.
Sticky
Sticky ( 1000)

, root.
. Sticky
/tmp .
.
80-90- . .
Sticky ( Sticky + 775):
-rwxrwxr-t 1 user user 0 Aug 2 22:00 file.txt
4.
41

UNIX

. ,
.

mount umount .
mount
mount
.
.
, /etc/mtab
mount [] [] [_]
mount
mount
.
/dev/cdrom ( /dev/hdc)
_ ,
DVD- /mnt ( ):
[root@linuxbox ~]# mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/
mount: block device /dev/cdrom is write-protected, mounting read-only
[root@linuxbox ~]# ls -Fl /mnt/
total 472
drwxr-xr-x 2 user user 407552 Mar 21 18:05 CentOS/
42
4.

drwxr-xr-x 4 root root
2048 Mar 21 18:04 images/

2048 Mar 21 17:46 isolinux/
12288 Mar 17 04:30 NOTES/
2048 Mar 21 17:35 repodata/
( fdisk -l
):
[root@linuxbox ~]# mount -t ext3 /dev/hdb1 /mnt
-o loop ISO-:
[root@linuxbox ~]# mount -o loop -t iso9660 ~/dvddisk.iso /mnt/iso
-t ,
, :
Linux: ext3, reiserfs
CD/DVD: iso9660
(NFS): nfs
Windows: vfat, ntfs
SAMBA: smbfs/cifs
BSD- (FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD..., Solaris): ufs
mount:
-a
-r
-w
-t
-o
/etc/fstab
read
read/write

(
mount man mount)
umount
umount .
, /etc/mtab
.
4.
43
:
umount [] [] [_]
umount
umount

_

, :
[root@linuxbox ~]# umount /mnt
/dev/hdb1 (
mount -t ext3 /dev/hdb1 /mnt)
umount:
-n
-a
-f
-l
/etc/mtab
/etc/mtab

Lazy unmount.
,
mount/umount :
/etc/fstab, /etc/mtab, /etc/ilesystems
/etc/fstab

-a
mount. .
/etc/fstab. /etc/fstab
mount
.
6 ,
.
44
4.
:
[] [ ] [ ] [] [ dump] [ fsck]
:
/dev/hdb1
/mnt
ext3 defaults
00
/dev/hdb1
/mnt
ext3
defaults (rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser async)
0 dump.
Linux, . .
0 fsck.
fsck -A
, . ,
.
, .
, .
, .

.
/etc/mtab
mount ,
/etc/mtab. umount
, .
.
/etc/mtab:
[root@linuxbox ~]# cat /etc/mtab
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 / ext3 rw 0 0
proc /proc proc rw 0 0
4.
45
sysfs /sys sysfs rw 0 0

devpts /dev/pts devpts rw,gid=5,mode=620 0 0
/dev/hda1 /boot ext3 rw 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs rw 0 0
/dev/hdb1 /mnt ext3 rw 0 0
none /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc rw 0 0
sunrpc /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs rpc_pipefs rw 0 0
/etc/filesystems
, -t,
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# cat /etc/filesystems
ext3
ext2
nodev proc
nodev devpts
iso9660
vfat
hfs
hfsplus
/proc
/proc
. ,

. ,
. /proc
.
46
4.
:
/proc/cpuinfo - ( , , ,
..)
/proc/meminfo - RAM, ..
/proc/mounts -
/proc/devices -
/proc/ilesystems -
/proc/modules -
/proc/version -
/proc/cmdline - , .
cat,
:
[root@linuxbox ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor
:0
vendor_id
: GenuineIntel
cpu family
:6
model
: 15
model name
: Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU
E6750 @ 2.66GHz
[ ]
,
:
[root@linuxbox ~]# hostname
localhost.localdomain
[root@linuxbox ~]# echo 'new-hostname' > /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
new-hostname
4.
47
/proc
. /proc ,
.
hostname /etc/sysconig/network
: , , ,
:
1. . CentOS 1
vi/vim.
2. echo ( cat):
ile.txt text:
[root@linuxbox ~]# echo 'text' > file.txt
C ile.txt text.
.
.
, :
[root@linuxbox ~]# echo 'text' >> file.txt
text ile.txt
.
.
3. cp:
[root@linuxbox ~]# cp file.txt myfiles/file2.txt
cp ,
.
4. touch :
[root@linuxbox ~]# touch file.txt
48
4.
:
1. . CentOS 1
vi/vim.
2. cat:
[root@linuxbox ~]# cat file.txt
text
.
.
3. / less.
.
less more. less .
4. head 10 .
-n . :
[root@linuxbox ~]# head -n 20 /etc/login.defs
5. tail 10 .
-n . :
[root@linuxbox ~]# tail -n 20 /etc/login.defs
6. nl ()
. :
[root@linuxbox ~]# nl /etc/login.defs
1 # *REQUIRED*
2 # Directory where mailboxes reside, _or_ name of file, relative to the
3 # home directory. If you _do_ define both, MAIL_DIR takes precedence.
4 # QMAIL_DIR is for Qmail
5 #
6 #QMAIL_DIR
7 MAIL_DIR
Maildir
/var/spool/mail
4.
49
8 #MAIL_FILE
.mail
[ ]
. Linux
vi/vim, : emacs, nano, ee
mc.
rm.
: , , ,
mkdir, :
[root@linuxbox ~]# mkdir /files
-p ,
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# mkdir -p /files/documents/fromwork
fromwork documents /
iles/documents, .
ls, :
[root@linuxbox ~]# ls -l /root
total 64
-rw-------
1 root root
1119
Jul 28 02:21
anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--
1 user user
Aug 5 03:34
ile.txt
-rw-r--r--
1 root root
30116
Jul 28 02:21
install.log
-rw-r--r--
1 root root
4286
Jul 28 02:19
install.log.syslog
drwxr-xr-x
2 root root
4096
Aug 5 01:17
tes
mv, :
[root@linuxbox ~]# mv tes tes2
50
4.
,
.
.
rm -rf ( ) rmdir
( ).
[root@linuxbox ~]# rm -rf /root/tes2
, , ,
rmdir:
[root@linuxbox ~]# rmdir /root/tes2
ls:
ls (
) .
: ls [] []
ls:
[root@linuxbox ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg dir file.txt install.log install.log.syslog
ls
,
.
:
[root@linuxbox ~]# ls -l /root
total 60
-rw-------
1 root root
1119
Jul 28 02:21 anaconda-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x
3 user user
4096
Aug 3 20:08 dir
-rwxrwxr-x
1 user user
Aug 2 21:59 file.txt
-rwxrwxr-x
1 root root
30116
Jul 28 02:21 install.log
4.
51
-rw-r--r--
1 root root
4286
Jul 28 02:19
install.log.syslog
. ,
.
.
. .
. .
.
. -a:
[root@linuxbox ~]# ls -la /root
total 148
drwxr-x--- 5 root root
4096 Aug 3 20:08 .
4096 Aug 4 18:02 ..
-rw-------
1 root root
1119
-rw-------
1 root root
-rw-r--r--
1 root root
-rw-r--r--
Jul 28 02:21
1 23:34
.bash_history
Jan
6 2007
.bash_logout
1 root root
191 Jan
6 2007
.bash_profile
-rw-r--r--
1 root root
176
Jan
6 2007
.bashrc
-rw-r--r--
1 root root
100
Jan
6 2007
.cshrc
3 20:08
dir
drwxr-xr-x 3 user user
555 Aug
anaconda-ks.cfg
24
4096 Aug
. ...
. ..
. .
ls:

-a
, ( )
human readable format,
-h
( )
-i
inode
-l

-R
.
52
4.
ls:

()

()
b
s
p
l
, cp .
mkdir
rmdir, rm -r
mknod
rm
mknod
rm
socket(2)
mknod
ln -s
rm
rm
rm
rm
ile ls -l, :
[root@linuxbox ~]# file /dev/sda
/dev/sda: block special (8/0)
[root@linuxbox ~]# ls -l /dev/sda
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 0 Oct 11 00:53 /dev/sda
cd:
cd (change directory) .
( ).
,
, .
:
[root@linuxbox ~]# cd /usr/share/doc/
. ,
/usr/share/yum-cli/ /usr/
share/doc/
4.
53
[root@linuxbox ~]# cd ../doc/
~ .
/root.
, :
[root@linuxbox ~]# cd ~/myfiles/docs/
: cd /root/myiles/docs/
pwd:
pwd (print working directory)
.
: pwd []
[root@linuxbox ~]# pwd
/root
cat:
cat
.
-, cat .
: cat [] []...
ile.txt (
-n )
[root@linuxbox ~]# cat file.txt
ile1.txt ile2.txt ile3.txt

[root@linuxbox ~]# cat file1.txt file2.txt > file3.txt
ile1.txt ile2.txt
[root@linuxbox ~]# cat file1.txt >> file2.txt
54
4.
ile.txt :
[root@linuxbox ~]# cat - >> file.txt
< >
< Enter>
< Ctrl+C>
grep:
grep
.
: grep [] [...]
grep /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver .
[root@linuxbox ~]# grep nameserver /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 192.168.79.2
[root@linuxbox ~]#
grep .
[root@linuxbox ~]# rpm -qa | grep chk
chkconfig-1.3.30.1-2
chkfontpath-1.10.1-1.1
[root@linuxbox ~]#
chmod:
chmod (change mode) ,
.
: chmod [] []
, 9 .
4.
55
: ,
. :
, . r (. read),
w (. write) x (. executable).
,
:
r
w
x

4
2
1
chmod
,
.
, ls -l
-rwxrwxr-x 1 user user 0 Aug 2 22:00 file.txt
ile.txt :
-rwxrwxr-x
3 :
. -,
.
( 3 ): rwx, .
(read, write, executable)
: rwx, .
user
(read, write, executable).
: r-x, .
( user, user
root) (read,
executable).
56
4.
, , :

, .
, 4, 2, 1.

chmod? . .
4,
4+1 = 5,
4+2+1 = 7.
, :
, , .
-rwxr-x--- 750
, .

, .
-rw------- 600
.

, , .
-rwxr-xr-x 755
, .
,
SUID. , ,
. ,
-rwsr-xr-x 4755
.
,
chmod:
-v
-R
chown:
chown / .
,
4.
57
, .
.
: chown [] []:[]
ile.txt user2:
[root@linuxbox ~]# chown user2 file.txt
ile.txt user2 group2

:
[root@linuxbox ~]# chown user2:group2 file.txt
/dir
user2 group2 :
[root@linuxbox ~]# chown -R user2:group2 /dir
ile.txt group2:
[root@linuxbox ~]# chown :group2 file.txt
chown:

-v
chown
-R
.
umask:

umask
. umask 777 ,
666 , . :
[root@linuxbox ~]# umask 022
, 755 (rwxr-xr-x)
644 (rw-r--r--). umask.
58
4.
umask
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

rwx
rwr-x
r--wx
-w--x
---
umask = 022,
rwxr-xr-x rw-r--r- umask :
[root@linuxbox ~]# umask
0022
umask
~/.bash_proile ,
: umask 077.
mkdir:
mkdir (make directory) .
: mkdir []
, mkdir
, :
[root@linuxbox ~]# mkdir testdir
mkdir . -m
, :
[root@linuxbox ~]# mkdir -m 700 testdir
-p ,
,
:
[root@linuxbox ~]# mkdir -p /root/documents/fromwork
4.
59
rmdir:
rmdir .
: rmdir []
.
:
[root@linuxbox ~]# rmdir ~/emptydir
rm -rf
rm:
rm .
.
: rm []
.
-r .
-f
.
:
[root@linuxbox ~]# rm -f badfile.txt
badiles root
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# rm -rf ~/badfiles/
cp:
cp (copy) .
: cp [] [] [_]

.
60
4.
ile.txt /home/user/
[root@linuxbox ~]# cp file.txt /home/user/
cp: overwrite `/home/user/file.txt'? y
myiles /home/user/
[root@linuxbox ~]# cp -R myfiles/ /home/user/
myiles /home/user
[root@linuxbox ~]# cp -R myfiles/* /home/user/
mv:
mv .
: mv [] [] [_]

.
ile.txt /home/user/
[root@linuxbox ~]# mv file.txt /home/user/
mydir newdir
[root@linuxbox ~]# mv mydir/ /home/user/newdir
ln:
ln .
: . ,

.
.
, :
, . ,
,
. .
4.
61
, ,

.
: ln [] [] [_]
ln -s.
linktotestile testile.txt:
[root@linuxbox ~]# ln -s testfile.txt linktotestfile
unlink:
[root@linuxbox ~]# unlink linktotestfile
ln .
ile.txt
[root@linuxbox ~]# ln file.txt file2.txt
inode .
[root@linuxbox ~]# ls -li
786434 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 0 Aug 7 21:20 file2.txt
786434 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 0 Aug 7 21:20 file.txt
touch:
touch .
(atime, -a) (mtime,
-m). .
: touch []
:
[root@linuxbox ~]# touch ~/file.txt
df:
df
62
4.
.
.
: df [] []
:
[root@linuxbox ~]# df -h
Filesystem
Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00
7.2G 2.5G 4.3G
37% /
/dev/hda1
99M 12M 82M 13% /boot
tmpfs
125M
0 125M
0% /dev/shm
-h
(, ..)
du:
du
. -h
(, ..) -s

.
: du [] []
/usr/share/
[root@linuxbox ~]# du -sh /usr/share/
1.4G /usr/share/
echo:
echo .
: echo [] []
4.
63
:
[root@linuxbox ~]# echo 'blablabla'
blablabla
[root@linuxbox ~]#
C -n :
[root@linuxbox ~]# echo -n 'blablabla'
blablabla[root@linuxbox ~]#
echo .
ile.txt:
[root@linuxbox ~]# echo 'blablabla' > file.txt
wc: ,
wc ,
.
: wc [] []
-c
-m
-l
-L
-w
:
[root@linuxbox ~]# wc -l /etc/login.defs
58 /etc/login.defs
64
4.
head:
head
. 10 .
-n .
: head [] []
20 /etc/login.defs:
[root@linuxbox ~]# head -n 20 /etc/login.defs
tail:
tail
. 10 .
-n .
: tail [] []
20 /etc/login.defs:
[root@linuxbox ~]# tail -n 20 /etc/login.defs
less:
less , , , Page Up-Page Down.
more .
: less
:
[root@linuxbox ~]# less /etc/login.defs
q
:
[root@linuxbox ~]# less --help
4.
65
find:
ind .
:
ind [_] [_] [] [_]
ind
-name

-type

-type f
-type d
-type b
-type c
-type p
-type l
-type s
-size
.
-size +1024 1024*512
-mtime

-ctime

-atime

-print

-exec

ind
passwd.
. ,
-print .
[root@linuxbox ~]# find / -name passwd
/etc/pam.d/passwd
/etc/passwd
/usr/bin/passwd
/usr/share/doc/nss_ldap-253/pam.d/passwd
[root@linuxbox ~]#
66
4.
( ind
shell). syslogd
[root@linuxbox ~]# find / -name syslogd*
/selinux/booleans/syslogd_disable_trans
/var/run/syslogd.pid
/usr/share/man/man8/syslogd.8.gz
/usr/share/logwatch/default.conf/services/syslogd.conf
/usr/share/logwatch/scripts/services/syslogd
/sbin/syslogd
[root@linuxbox ~]#
.
-type d. pam.
[root@linuxbox ~]# find / -name pam -type d
/usr/share/locale/pam
[root@linuxbox ~]#
. ind
. core
/tmp rm. xargs
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# find /tmp -name core -type f -print | xargs /bin/rm -f
. /etc/
777.
[root@linuxbox ~]# find /etc/ -perm 777 -type f
/etc/badfile
[root@linuxbox ~]#
root badile.
[root@linuxbox ~]# find ~/ -name badfile -exec rm -f {} \;
4.
67

/dev/random /dev/urandom
.

(entropy pool).
.
/dev/null .
.
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# > /dev/null 2>&1
/dev/zero .
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=file.iso bs=1024 count=1024
1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
1048576 bytes (1.0 MB) copied, 0.00673231 seconds, 156 MB/s
[root@linuxbox ~]# ls -lh
total 1.1M
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.0M Sep 16 17:34 file.iso
[root@linuxbox ~]#
68
4.
5.
BASH
Linux
.

, . 6
1 .

getty ( get teletype). CentOS
getty mingetty.
[root@linuxbox ~]# ps aux | grep mingetty
root
2806 0.0 0.1 1656 432 tty1
Ss+ 03:44 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty1
root
2807 0.0 0.1 1656 436 tty2
root
2808 0.0 0.1 1656 436 tty3
root
2809 0.0 0.1 1656 436 tty4
root
2810 0.0 0.1 1656 436 tty5
root 17903 0.0 0.2 3912 668 pts/0 R+ 04:13 0:00 grep mingetty
,
login, .

Ctrl+Alt+[F1-F6].
ttyN, N .
Ctrl+Alt+F7.

Ctrl+Alt+[F1-F6].

/
.
. :

5. BASH
69
, ,
.
, ssh-,
.

.
<Enter>.
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# whoami
root
[root@linuxbox ~]#
whoami ,

. .
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# cat
text1 <Enter>
text1
text2 <Enter>
text2
[Ctrl+C Ctrl+D]
[root@linuxbox ~]#
cat
()
(). [Enter] cat

. text1 text2
.
Ctrl+C Ctrl+D.
, .
( GNU Readline Library)
.
70
5. BASH
CTRL- ( Ctrl,
^):
Ctrl + a
Ctrl + b
Ctrl + c ( SIGINT)
Ctrl + d .
,
Ctrl + e
Ctrl + f
Ctrl + g
Ctrl + h ( backspace)
Ctrl + i Tab
Ctrl + j
Ctrl + k
Ctrl + l
Ctrl + m Enter
Ctrl + n
Ctrl + p
Ctrl + q
Ctrl + r
Ctrl + s
Ctrl + t
Ctrl + u
Ctrl + v
(Ctrl+D ^D, Ctrl + c ^C ..)
Crtl + w
Ctrl + x
Ctrl + y Ctrl + K
Ctrl + z
Alt-
Alt + <
Alt + >
Alt + ?
Alt + *
Alt + / (
)
Alt + .
Alt + b
Alt + c ( )
5. BASH
71
Alt + d
Alt + f
Alt + l
Alt + n [Enter]
Alt + p
Alt + r
Alt + t
Alt + u
Alt + BackSpace
Tab-
2T Tab
2T
net<2T> net
/2T . ./2
*2T ,
~2T , /etc/passwd
~uT , /etc/passwd, u
$2T
@2T /etc/hosts
=2T ls dir
Esc-
Esc + d
Esc + f
Esc + b
Esc + t ( )

!!
!com , com
!a:p , a
!n n-
!$
!^
âbc^xyz abc xyz
: man readline, man bash
72
5. BASH
BASH

().
bash.
shell.

, shell .
,
.

.
.
#
$
:
[user@linuxbox root]$
:
[root@linuxbox ~]#
Bash
[root@linuxbox ~]# echo $BASH_VERSION
3.00.15(1)-release
[root@linuxbox ~]# echo $BASH

/bin/bash

bash :
5. BASH
73
< > <> <()>

:
ls -la /usr
ls , -la (- ,
, l a), /usr .
,
.
.

source ., :
[root@linuxbox ~]#./myscript.sh

$PATH .
echo.
[root@linuxbox ~]# echo $PATH
/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin

, bash
. .
,
.
.
:
.bash_logout .
- .
.bash_history ,
.
74
5. BASH
.bash_proile .
.bash_login
.bashrc
shell. shell. X
Window .
:
/etc/proile
/etc/bashrc
.
/etc/proile ~/.bash_proile
.
bash
.
env, typeset.
.

,
history.
$HISTSIZE 1000.
[root@linuxbox ~]# echo $HISTSIZE
1000
[root@linuxbox ~]#

.
[root@linuxbox ~]# history 5
642 netstat -nr
643 echo $HISTSIZE
644 cat /etc/resolv.conf
645 env
5. BASH
75
646 history 5
[root@linuxbox ~]#
, ~/.bash_history
,
.
history
history N
history -d N
N, ,
!!
!N
!string
,
string
/

.
3
:
stdin
stdout
stderr

,
.
,
.

. stdout.
stdin stdout . stderr

. stderr
. stdout
.
.
76
5. BASH
[root@linuxbox ~]# ls ~
file1 file2
[root@linuxbox ~]# cat file1 file3
[ ]
cat: file3: No such file or directory
[root@linuxbox ~]#
1: ;
2: ile1 ile2;
3: cat stdout;
4: ile1
, ile3 , 2 ;
5: stdout ,
.
. ,
stderr 2.
[root@linuxbox ~]# cat file1 file3 2> err_file
[ ]
[root@linuxbox ~]#
5. BASH
77
ile1
, err_ile
[root@linuxbox ~]# cat err_file
cat: file3: No such file or directory
[root@linuxbox ~]#

. 24
.
( ),
.

stdout
stdout
stderr
stdout stderr
stdout
stdout stderr
stderr
stdout stderr
stderr
stderr
stdout
( )
, :
[root@linuxbox ~]# date > date.txt
date.txt
.
>>:
[root@linuxbox ~]# ls -l >> file.txt
<, :
[root@linuxbox ~]# vi <(ls /etc/)
,
, :
[root@linuxbox ~]# echo -e `ls -l /etc/[â-w]*.conf`\n
78
5. BASH
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 585 Jan 21 2009 /etc/yp.conf

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 333 Jan 22 2009 /etc/yum.conf
[root@linuxbox ~]#
,
,
|. .
[root@linuxbox ~]# ls /usr/share/ | wc -l
191
[root@linuxbox ~]#
ls ,
,
, wc -l,
.
ls,
.
,
.
, ,
.
,
, .
Builtin-
bash builtin-,
.
. bash
3.2.25 58 . enable.
[root@linuxbox ~]# enable
5. BASH
79
enable .
enable :
enable [
enable alias
enable bg
enable bind
enable break
enable builtin
enable caller
...
[ ]
builtin-
builtin- , $PATH,

.
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# pwd --help
bash: pwd: --: invalid option
pwd: usage: pwd [-LP]
[root@linuxbox ~]# /bin/pwd --help
Usage: /bin/pwd [OPTION]
Print the full filename of the current working directory.
--help display this help and exit

--version output version information and exit
NOTE: your shell may have its own version of pwd, which usually supersedes
80
5. BASH
the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation

for details about the options it supports.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org>.
, ?
. builtin- bash,
GNU. builtin .
[root@linuxbox ~]# enable -n pwd
[root@linuxbox ~]# pwd --help
Usage: pwd [OPTION]
Print the full filename of the current working directory.
...
[ ]
. .
pwd bash, .
[root@linuxbox ~]# enable pwd
:
enable .
enable -a ( )
enable -n
enable -n <builtin->
enable <builtin->

bash :
--> -->
5. BASH
81

.
.
, :
[root@linuxbox ~]# value=10

.
. export.
[root@linuxbox ~]# export value=10
unset.
[root@linuxbox ~]# unset value
env. ,
typeset ( declare)
, .
, :
[root@linuxbox ~]# export value=10
.
#!/bin/bash
echo $value
[root@linuxbox ~]# chmod 755 test.sh
[root@linuxbox ~]#./test.sh
10
[root@linuxbox ~]#
82
5. BASH
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# unset value
[root@linuxbox ~]# value=10
[root@linuxbox ~]# echo $value
10
[root@linuxbox ~]#./test.sh
[root@linuxbox ~]#
,
. shell

.
.
.

HOSTNAME

SHELL

USER

PATH

.

PWD

HOME

UID

.
,

.

5. BASH
83
.
- .
,
, .
Bash $0 , $1
$2 , 10-
{}, ${10}.
test.sh:
#!/bin/bash
echo - $0
echo - $1
echo - $2
:
[root@linuxbox ~]#./test.sh start stop
./test.sh
- start
- stop
$#
$* ,

$@ $*,
,
$-
$! PID
$_
$? - ,
$$ PID
84
5. BASH
$PS1
$PS2 ,
. >
$PS3
select
$PS4 ,
-x. +

,
.
*
?
[] .
. ^ ,
.

/etc host
[root@linuxbox ~]# ls -l /etc/host*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 17 Jul
23
2000
/etc/host.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 187 Jul
28
02:10
/etc/hosts
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 161 Jan
13
2000
/etc/hosts.allow
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 347 Jan
13
2000
/etc/hosts.deny
[root@linuxbox ~]#
/etc a-w
.conf
[root@linuxbox ~]# ls -l /etc/[â-w]*.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root
585
Jan
21
2009
/etc/yp.conf
5. BASH
85
333
Jan
22
2009
/etc/yum.conf
[root@linuxbox ~]#
/etc 7
.conf
[root@linuxbox ~]# ls -l /etc/???????.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 18484
Feb
28
02:00
/etc/dnsmasq.conf
658
Mar
02:55
/etc/initlog.conf
2506
May
25
2008
/etc/libuser.conf
4453
May
24
2008
/etc/oddjobd.conf
12
Jan
2007
/etc/pam_smb.conf
973
Sep 1
2008
/etc/prelink.conf
,
( ).
. :
| & ; ( ) < >
,
.
(\), ,

.
.
| . ,
.
(()),
, .
< > .
/etc/host.conf
ile.txt
86
5. BASH
[root@linuxbox ~]# cat /etc/host.conf > file.txt
vi /etc
[root@linuxbox ~]# vi <(ls /etc/)
;
. 2
1.
1; 2
& .
&, , ,
,
.
1& 2
&& . 2
, 1
.
1 && 2
|| . 2
, 1 .
1 || 2

/,
~ (
$HOME).

= , $
.
echo ESC-
5. BASH
87
echo , :
[root@linuxbox ~]# echo just text
just text
[root@linuxbox ~]#
, echo ESC-.
-e, :
[root@linuxbox ~]# echo -e just text\n\n
just text
[root@linuxbox ~]#
\n ,
( ). ESC- .
\a
\b
\c
\f
\n
\r
\t

( )

-n echo
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# echo -n just text
just text[root@linuxbox ~]#
88
5. BASH
6.

Linux. ,
.
.
.
root.
Linux user private group (UPG)
.
.

.
32-
UID (user ID) GID (group ID). UID
500 ( 500 )
60000. /etc/login.defs
Linux :
1. , root. UID
0. , root
/root
2. . UID 500
/home/< >
Linux . /etc/
passwd .
,
/etc/shadow MD5 .
/etc/group, /etc/gshadow. ,

,
. shell (7- /etc/
passwd) /sbin/nologin.
/etc/passwd
.
6.
89
, .
7 :.
login:password:UID:GID:GECOS:home:shell
1. ;
2. x , shadow-
;
3. UID;
4. GID;
5. GECOS ( , , ..);
6. ;
7. .
.
/etc/shadow
/etc/shadow
.
MD5-. MD5- $1$
1. ;
2. . 8
.;
90
6.
3. . 1- 1970 ;
4. ;
5. (
);
6. ,
;
7.
. ;
8. Expire. ,
. .
/etc/group
.
1. ;
2. . , .
x;
3. (GID);
4. .
/etc/gshadow
.
1. ;
6.
91
2. ;
3. ;
4. .
.
/sbin/nologin
- .

.

.
.
useradd, usermod, userdel ,
.
groupadd, groupmod, groupdel ,
.
gpasswd /etc/group
pwck, grpck /etc/passwd /etc/
group
92
6.
/etc/login.defs
#
MAIL_DIR
/var/spool/mail
# Password aging controls:

#
# PASS_MAX_DAYS
#

# PASS_MIN_DAYS
#

# PASS_MIN_LEN
# PASS_WARN_AGE
#

PASS_MAX_DAYS
PASS_MIN_DAYS
PASS_MIN_LEN
PASS_WARN_AGE
99999
0
5
7
# UID
# useradd
UID_MIN
UID_MAX
600
60000
# GID
# groupadd
GID_MIN
GID_MAX
600
60000
#
# ,
#
#USERDEL_CMD /usr/sbin/userdel_local
# useradd
# . -m
# useradd
CREATE_HOME
yes
# umask. 022.
UMASK
022
# userdel
#
USERGROUPS_ENAB yes
# : MD5 DES? CentOS
# MD5.
MD5_CRYPT_ENAB yes
6.
93
useradd:
useradd .
: useradd []
:
[root@linuxbox ~]# useradd user3
.
passwd:
[root@linuxbox ~]# passwd user3
Changing password for user user3.
New UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@linuxbox ~]#
useradd:
-c <> .

-d<home-dir>
(
/home/)
-e<date>
, ,
YYYY-MM-DD
-f<days>

, .
0
.
-1 ,

-g<group-name>
GID.
.
-G<group-list>

.

94
6.
-m
-M
-n
-r
-p<password>
-s
-u<uid>
UID 500

crypt
shell ( /bin/
bash)
UID .
499
usermod:
.
: usermod []
shell /bin/bash /bin/tcsh
[root@linuxbox ~]# usermod -s /bin/tcsh user3
-d
-s
shell
-p
-g
-G
userdel:
userdel .
: userdel []
[root@linuxbox ~]# userdel user3
6.
95
-f
-r

.

(mail spool) .

.
,
,
groupadd:
groupadd .
: groupadd []
:
[root@linuxbox ~]# groupadd newgroup
groupadd:
-g<gid>
Group ID .
499
-r
GID 499
-f
GID -g

GID
-o
GID
-K KEY=VALUE
/etc/login.defs (GID_MIN, GID_MAX ..)
groupmod:
GID .
: groupmod []
justgroup newgroup GID 501 510:
96
6.
[root@linuxbox ~]# cat /etc/group
justgroup:x:501:
[root@linuxbox ~]# groupmod -g 510 -n newgroup justgroup
newgroup:x:510:
[root@linuxbox ~]#
groupmod:
-g
group ID.
-o.

-n new_group_name
groupdel:
groupdel .
.
: groupdel
[root@linuxbox ~]# groupdel justgroup
gpasswd: /etc/group /etc/gshadow

gpasswd /etc/group /etc/gshadow.
, .
: gpasswd []
-a

6.
97
-d
-R
-r
-A
-M

newgrp

[root@linuxbox ~]# gpasswd newgroup
user user2
[root@linuxbox ~]# gpasswd -a user user2
Adding user user to group user2
user:x:500:
user2:x:501:user
[root@linuxbox ~]#
pwck:
pwck /etc/passwd /etc/shadow
.
: pwck [] [passwd shadow]
:
[root@linuxbox ~]# pwck
user adm: directory /var/adm does not exist
user news: directory /etc/news does not exist
98
6.
user uucp: directory /var/spool/uucp does not exist

user gopher: directory /var/gopher does not exist
user user2: program /bin/bash1 does not exist
pwck: no changes
[root@linuxbox ~]#
pwck:
-q

-r
pwck read-only
-s
/etc/passwd /etc/shadow
grpck:
grpck /etc/group /etc/gshadow
.
: grpck [-r] [group shadow]
:
[root@linuxbox ~]# grpck
user2 is a member of the user group in /etc/gshadow but not in /etc/group
user is a member of the user2 group in /etc/gshadow but not in /etc/group
[root@linuxbox ~]#
,
.
-r read-only,
, .

passwd.

.
6.
99
: passwd []
[root@linuxbox ~]# passwd user2
Changing password for user user2.
New UNIX password:
[root@linuxbox ~]#

:
[root@linuxbox ~]# passwd
Changing password for user root.
New UNIX password:

.

passwd.

, root .
100
6.
7.
,
,
-.
, .
,
(process ID, PID).
ps:
[root@linuxbox ~]# ps -ef
UID
PID
PPID
C STIME TTY
TIME
root
root
CMD
0 16:19
00:00:01 init [3]
0 16:19
00:00:00 [migration/0]
root
0 16:19
00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
root
0 16:19
00:00:02 [watchdog/0]
root
0 16:19
00:00:00 [events/0]
root
0 16:19
00:00:00 [khelper]
PID
.
:
(PID)

.
,
.
.
(PPID)
*nix ,
.
7.
101
, .
, .
PID PPID
, . init
.
(UID)
UID (User ID) ,
, EUID .
(EUID)
EUID .

.
UID EUID (
,
SUID).
.
(GID)
GID .
(EGID)
EGID GID EUID UID.

. ,
.
.
nice

. nice .

.
102
7.
1. ;
2. ;
3. ;
4. .
,
.

( , ..)

.
,
, , .

. .

init
fork ( init ).
fork .

(). PPID PID .
fork
exec*.
_exit()
. _exit()

. ,
.

wait.
.

.

. .

wait
-.
7.
103
, wait
- init,
wait.
.
.
:
-
;
-
Ctrl+C Ctrl+Z;
- kill;
-
.
C SIG, SIGHUP,
kill HUP, kill
-HUP [PID]
Linux kill -l:
[root@linuxbox ~]# kill -l
1) SIGHUP
5) SIGTRAP
9) SIGKILL
13) SIGPIPE
17) SIGCHLD
21) SIGTTIN
25) SIGXFSZ
29) SIGIO
35) SIGRTMIN+1
39) SIGRTMIN+5
43) SIGRTMIN+9
47) SIGRTMIN+13
51) SIGRTMAX-13
55) SIGRTMAX-9
59) SIGRTMAX-5
63) SIGRTMAX-1
2) SIGINT
6) SIGABRT
10) SIGUSR1
14) SIGALRM
18) SIGCONT
22) SIGTTOU
26) SIGVTALRM
30) SIGPWR
36) SIGRTMIN+2
40) SIGRTMIN+6
44) SIGRTMIN+10
48) SIGRTMIN+14
52) SIGRTMAX-12
56) SIGRTMAX-8
60) SIGRTMAX-4
64) SIGRTMAX
3) SIGQUIT
7) SIGBUS
11) SIGSEGV
15) SIGTERM
19) SIGSTOP
23) SIGURG
27) SIGPROF
31) SIGSYS
37) SIGRTMIN+3
41) SIGRTMIN+7
45) SIGRTMIN+11
49) SIGRTMIN+15
53) SIGRTMAX-11
57) SIGRTMAX-7
61) SIGRTMAX-3
4) SIGILL
8) SIGFPE
12) SIGUSR2
16) SIGSTKFLT
20) SIGTSTP
24) SIGXCPU
28) SIGWINCH
34) SIGRTMIN
38) SIGRTMIN+4
42) SIGRTMIN+8
46) SIGRTMIN+12
50) SIGRTMAX-14
54) SIGRTMAX-10
58) SIGRTMAX-6
62) SIGRTMAX-2
[root@linuxbox ~]#
104
7.

:
.
. ,
.
,
.

.
. SIGKILL (
kill -9 [PID]) SIGSTOP.

(: man 7 signal), .
SIGHUP
SIGINT
SIGQUIT
SIGKILL
SIGTERM
SIGCONT
SIGSTOP
SIGTSTP

1

.
,

( ).
2
.
CTRL+C
3

quit
9
.
.
15
.

.
18

SIGSTOP
19
.

20
.
CTRL+Z
kill:
kill .
: kill [] [PID]
7.
105

. PID ,
ps.

kill.
loop.sh:
#!/bin/bash
while true; do true; done
loop.sh
[root@linuxbox ~]# chmod +x loop.sh
loop.sh ,
.
[root@linuxbox ~]#./loop.sh &
[1] 3444
[root@linuxbox ~]#
PID 3444.
[root@linuxbox ~]# ps -f
UID
PID PPID C STIME TTY
TIME CMD
root
3068 3066 0
20:40 pts/0 00:00:00 -bash
root
3444 3068 96
22:16 pts/0 00:01:10 /bin/bash ./loop.sh
root
3471 3068 0
22:17 pts/0 00:00:00 ps -f
[root@linuxbox ~]#
,
, .
[root@linuxbox ~]# kill 3444
[root@linuxbox ~]# ps -f
UID
PID PPID C STIME TTY
root
3068 3066 0 20:40 pts/0
106
TIME CMD
00:00:00 -bash
7.
root
3478 3068 0 22:20 pts/0
[1]+ Terminated
00:00:00 ps -f
./loop.sh
kill
TERM (SIGTERM) .
killall:
: killall [] [_]
killall .
SIGTERM
.
killall -l:
[root@linuxbox ~]# killall -l
HUP INT QUIT ILL TRAP ABRT IOT BUS FPE KILL USR1 SEGV USR2 PIPE ALRM
TERM STKFLT CHLD CONT STOP TSTP TTIN TTOU URG XCPU XFSZ VTALRM
PROF WINCH IO PWR SYS UNUSED
[root@linuxbox ~]#
process1.
[root@linuxbox ~]# killall process1
. nice renice
nice ( )

. nice, .
-20 ( )
19 ( )
. : nice
renice. nice
. renice
. .
nice .
[root@linuxbox ~]#./loop.sh &
7.
107
[1] 4379
[root@linuxbox ~]# ps -C loop.sh -o ni=
0
[root@linuxbox ~]#
,
, 15 (
19). .
[root@linuxbox ~]# nice -n 15 ./loop.sh &
[1] 4347
15
[root@linuxbox ~]#
,
renice.
PID .
[root@linuxbox ~]# ps -C loop.sh -o pid=
4379
[root@linuxbox ~]# renice -10 4379
4379: old priority 0, new priority -10
-10
[root@linuxbox ~]#
80-90-
,
-.
fg, bg jobs:

108
7.
(job control),
.
fg, bg jobs bash (shell builtins).
:
bg [ ]
fg [ ]
fg (foreground) , bg
(background) ,
jobs .
,
PID,
1. 2 ..
, ,
loop.sh
[root@linuxbox ~]#./loop.sh
loop.sh
, .

. CTRL+Z
STOP .
[root@linuxbox ~]#./loop.sh
[1]+ Stopped
./loop.sh
[root@linuxbox ~]#
jobs .
[root@linuxbox ~]# jobs
[1]+ Stopped
./loop.sh
[root@linuxbox ~]#
loop.sh ,
.
7.
109
[root@linuxbox ~]# ps -C loop.sh -o stat=

T
[root@linuxbox ~]#
T STAT , ( ps
).
bg,
.
.
[1]+ Stopped
./loop.sh
[root@linuxbox ~]# bg
[1]+ ./loop.sh &
[1]+ Running
./loop.sh &
[root@linuxbox ~]#
( )
.

fg.
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# fg
./loop.sh

CTRL+Z bg,
.
ps:
ps .
,
110
7.
.
: ps []

ps aux:
USER
PID %CPU %MEM
VSZ
RSS TTY STAT START
TIME COMMAND
root
0.3
0.2
2064
652
Ss
21:54
0:05
init [3]
root
0.0
0.0
S<
21:54
0:00
[migration/0]
root
0.0
0.0
SN
21:54
0:00
[ksoftirqd/0]
root
0.0
0.0
S<
21:54
0:00
[watchdog/0]
root
0.0
0.0
S<
21:54
0:00
[events/0]
ps ,
.
ps aux (BSD-style)
ps lax ps aux,

ps -ejH
ps -C <> -o <>

ps aux | grep < >
, :
[root@linuxbox ~]# ps aux | grep syslogd
root
1939 0.0 0.2 1820 696 ?
Ss Aug25 0:00 syslogd -m 0
root
6107 0.0 0.2 3912 668 pts/0 R+ 00:38 0:00 grep syslogd
[root@linuxbox ~]#
7.
111
ps aux:

USER

PID

%CPU
( ),

%MEM
( ),
VSZ

RSS
.
( )
TTY

STAT
:
D , I/O
R
S ,
T
W (
2.6.xx)
X ( )
Z (defunct)
BSD-
:
ps
<
N
L
s
)
l -
+
START

TIME
,
COMMAND
112
7.
nohup: HUP
nohup
(HANGUP).
.
.
: nohup []
loop.sh hangup.
[root@linuxbox ~]# nohup ./loop.sh &
[1] 6322
[root@linuxbox ~]# nohup: appending output to `nohup.out
[root@linuxbox ~]#
, .
top:
ps .
top.
.
3 , -d
.
: top []
top :
top - 01:50:55 up 12 min, 2 users, load average: 0.00, 0.15, 0.18
Tasks: 76 total, 2 running, 74 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 0.0%us, 0.0%sy, 0.0%ni, 98.7%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 1.3%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 255556k total, 156840k used, 98716k free, 54352k buffers
Swap: 524280k total,
0k used, 524280k free, 58544k cached
7.
113
PID USER
2913 root
PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND

15
0 2196 992 800 R
0.3
0.4
0:00.02 top
0 2064 624 536 S
0.0
0.2
0:04.11 init
root
15
root
RT -5
0 S
0.0
0.0
0:00.00 migration/0
root
34 19
0.0
0.0
0:00.00 ksoftirqd/0
root
RT -5
0.0
0.0
0:00.55 watchdog/0
root
10 -5
0.0
0.0
0:00.10 events/0
root
10 -5
0.0
0.0
0:01.05 khelper
top uptime,
, ,
1, 5 15 .
:
, , ,
, -.

. :
us
( nice);
sy ;
id ;
wa I/O (-);
st .
:
RAM, , , .
swap`: ,
, .

top
, .
.
114
7.
h
k
n
u
M
P
1
r
q

. PID

.

CPU SMP-

top
top -b -n1 top

. , ,
.
top
htop. EPEL:
[root@linuxbox ~]# rpm -Uvh http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/epel/5/i386/epel-release-5-3.noarch.rpm
[root@linuxbox ~]# yum -y install htop
vmstat:
vmstat , ,
, -, .
: vmstat []
vmstat.
[root@linuxbox ~]# vmstat
procs -----------memory------------- --swap-- -----io---- --system-- -------cpu------r b swpd
00
free
buff cache
si so
bi bo
in cs us sy id wa st
0 115556 44112 58300
0 0
45 10
1008 25 0 1 98 1 0
[root@linuxbox ~]#
7.
115
vmstat ,
.
2 .
[root@linuxbox ~]# vmstat 2
[root@linuxbox ~]# watch -n 2 vmstat
vmstat
procs
memory
b
swpd
free
buf
cache
inact
swap
active
si swap`
IO
so swap
bi
system
bo
in
cpu
cs
us

sy

id
wa
-
116
7.
free:
free .
: free []
free:
[root@linuxbox ~]# free
total
Mem:
used
255556 142296
-/+ buffers/cache:
Swap:
free
524280
113260
37948
0
shared
buffers
0
cached
44160
60188
217608
524280
[root@linuxbox ~]#
Mem: ,
, , .
-/+ bufers/cache:
.
Swap: .
free
watch:
[root@linuxbox ~]# watch -n 1 -d free
Every 1.0s: free Wed Aug 26 18:22:27 2009
Mem:
total
used
free
shared
buffers
cached
255556
142296
113260
44164
60200
37932
217624
524280
-/+ buffers/cache:
Swap:
524280
-n , -d
watch .
Ctrl+C.
7.
117
8.

RPM
RPM Package Manager (RPM) .
rpm ,
. ,
, . RPM

.
RPM
1. , ;
2. RPM
RPM ;
3. .
/ ;
4. GPG.
RPM
1. RPM
;
2. .

:
<>-<>-<>.<>.rpm
:
vim-6.3-1.i386.rpm
(SRPM),
118
8.
src:
vim-6.3-1.src.rpm

( .spec) rpm- rpmbuild
. .
# mkdir -p /usr/src/redhat/{SOURCES,BUILD,SRPMS,RPMS/i386}
# rpm -Uvh http://mirror.corbina.net/pub/Linux/centos/5.2/updates/SRPMS/

postfix-2.3.3-2.1.el5_2.src.rpm
# cd /usr/src/redhat/SPECS/
# rpmbuild -ba postfix.spec
# rpm -Uvh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386/postfix-2.3.3-2.1.i386.rpm
rpm: RPM Package Manager

rpm , ,
rpm-.
: rpm [] []
-v
-i
-U
-F
. ,

-e

-q

-p <package> <package>
-a

8.
119
-h
50 .
-v
rpm
<ile>
,
,

,
-f <ile>
-i
-l
-R
rpm-
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# rpm -ivh nginx-0.6.38-1.el5.i386.rpm
-i -U. ,
.
rpm-
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# rpm -e synaptics-0.14.4-8.fc6
: error: Failed dependencies:

. ,
.
--nodeps.
rpm-
rpm -qi
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# rpm -qi openssh-4.3p2-29.el5
Name
: openssh
Version
: 4.3p2
Release
: 29.el5
Relocations: (not relocatable)

Vendor: CentOS
Build Date: Tue 03 Mar 2009 09:08:12 PM MSK
Install Date: Tue 28 Jul 2009 02:13:17 AM MSD

Group
120
: Applications/Internet
Build Host: chamkaur.karan.org
Source RPM: openssh-4.3p2-29.el5.src.rpm
8.
Size
: 743486
License: BSD
Signature : DSA/SHA1, Mon 09 Mar 2009 04:48:50 AM MSK, Key ID a8a447dce8562897

Packager : Karanbir Singh <kbsingh@karan.org>
URL
: http://www.openssh.com/portable.html
Summary
: The OpenSSH implementation of SSH protocol versions 1 and 2
Description :
SSH (Secure SHell) is a program for logging into and executing
commands on a remote machine. SSH is intended to replace rlogin and
rsh, and to provide secure encrypted communications between two
untrusted hosts over an insecure network. X11 connections and
arbitrary TCP/IP ports can also be forwarded over the secure channel.
OpenSSH is OpenBSDs version of the last free version of SSH, bringing

it up to date in terms of security and features, as well as removing
all patented algorithms to separate libraries.
This package includes the core files necessary for both the OpenSSH
client and server. To make this package useful, you should also
install openssh-clients, openssh-server, or both.
[root@linuxbox ~]#
RPM-
[root@linuxbox ~]# rpm -qa
basesystem-8.0-5.1.1.el5.centos
cracklib-dicts-2.8.9-3.3
iso-codes-0.53-1
termcap-5.5-1.20060701.1
gnome-backgrounds-2.15.92-1.fc6
8.
121

[root@linuxbox ~]#
.

. wc -l.
[root@linuxbox ~]# rpm -qa | wc -l
743
[root@linuxbox ~]#

rpm -qf
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# rpm -qf /usr/bin/passwd
passwd-0.73-1
[root@linuxbox ~]#
RPM-
[root@linuxbox ~]# rpm -ql iproute-2.6.18-9.el5
/etc/iproute2
/etc/iproute2/ematch_map
/etc/iproute2/rt_dsfield
/etc/iproute2/rt_protos
/etc/iproute2/rt_realms
/etc/iproute2/rt_scopes
/etc/iproute2/rt_tables
/etc/sysconfig/cbq
122
8.
rpm- -p.
[root@linuxbox ~]# rpm -qpl /home/datastore/ispell-3.1.20-5.i386.rpm
Yellowdog Updater Modified (YUM)

yum RPM-.
RPM-.
.
:
1. ;
2. , ;
3. ;
4. / .
yum.
: yum <> <> < >
.
install
update

.

check-update
upgrade
update --obsoletes. upgrade
Linux

remove

list

yum list
yum list installed
yum list available
8.
123
provides
search
info
clean
repolist
-y

.
,

yum
.

install ,
. ,
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# yum -y install spamassassin

remove ,
. ,
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# yum -y remove spamassassin

list .
. .
, ,
, .
installed.
[root@linuxbox ~]# yum list
124
8.

, .
[root@linuxbox ~]# yum search captcha
python-tgcaptcha.noarch : A TurboGears CAPTCHA widget for forms
perl-Authen-Captcha.noarch : Perl extension for creating captchas
[root@linuxbox ~]#

info .
, , Epoch (, RPM
), , ,
, .
[root@linuxbox ~]# yum info squid
Installed Packages
Name : squid
Arch : i386
Epoch : 7
Version: 2.6.STABLE6
Release: 5.el5_1.3
Size
: 3.3 M
Repo : installed
Summary: The Squid proxy caching server.

provides
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# yum provides /usr/bin/passwd
8.
125
passwd.i386 : The passwd utility for setting/changing passwords using PAM

passwd.i386 : The passwd utility for setting/changing passwords using PAM
[root@linuxbox ~]#

, yum .

. ,
.

. yum
repolist.
[root@linuxbox ~]# yum repolist
repo id
repo name
status
addons
CentOS-5 - Addons
enabled
base
CentOS-5 - Base
enabled
extras
CentOS-5 - Extras
enabled
updates
CentOS-5 - Updates
enabled
[root@linuxbox ~]#
CentOS 3000 .
[root@linuxbox ~]# yum list | wc -l
2925
[root@linuxbox ~]#
,
,
.
rpm -Uvh http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/epel/5/i386/epel-release-5-3.noarch.rpm
rpm -Uvh http://apt.sw.be/redhat/el5/en/i386/RPMS.dag/rpmforge-release-0.3.6-1.el5.
rf.i386.rpm
126
8.
rpm -Uvh http://download1.rpmfusion.org/free/el/updates/testing/5/i386/rpmfusion-freerelease-5-0.1.noarch.rpm

rpm -Uvh http://download1.rpmfusion.org/nonfree/el/updates/testing/5/i386/rpmfusionnonfree-release-5-0.1.noarch.rpm
rpm -Uvh http://repo.redhat-club.org/redhat/5/i386/redhatclub-repository-release-5-4.el5.
rhc.noarch.rpm
,
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# yum list | wc -l
10077
[root@linuxbox ~]#
, ,
.
yum.conf
yum yum.conf.
, [main]
, [server]
. [server] .
[main]
cachedir
keepcache
debuglevel
logile
distroverpkg
tolerant
exactarch
obsoletes
gpgcheck

(1) (0)
. 2

(1)
(0)

(1) (0)
,

GPG (1) (0)
8.
127
plugins
metadata_expire
installonly_limit
(1) (0)

installonlypkgs-
.

(kernel, kernel-smp, kernel-bigmem
..)
[server]

.
[server] :
[serverid]
name=< >
baseurl=< >
gpgcheck=[1|0]
gpgkey=< >
[server]
serverid
name
baseurl
gpgcheck
mirrorlist
gpgkey
enabled

url
GPG (1) (0)
URL , baseurl
GPG-
(1) (0)
chkconfig:
chkconig .
runlevel .
: chkconig [] [_] [on|of|reset]
128
8.

--list
[root@linuxbox ~]# chkconfig --list
winbind 2-5.
[root@linuxbox ~]# chkconfig winbind on

--level
[root@linuxbox ~]# chkconfig winbind off
[root@linuxbox ~]# chkconfig --levels 23 winbind on
.
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# chkconfig winbind off

RPM-
.
.
.
.

. ,
90% ,
.
1
wget http://www.sai.msu.su/apache/httpd/httpd-2.2.13.tar.gz
tar xzvf httpd-2.2.13.tar.gz
cd httpd-2.2.13
less README INSTALL
./configure
make
make install
8.
129
1. : .
tar.gz;
2. : ;
3. : ;
4. : README INSTALL.
, .
;
5. :
conigure.
--help: ./conigure --help.

;
6. : .
make
. ;
7. : .

. -
.
130
8.
9. VIM
vim (Vi improved) ,
vi .

.
vim
vim :
1. (Command mode).
copy-paste,
;
2. (Insert mode).
. ,
, ;
3. Ex . :.
, .
.
Insert i Insert Ex : (Shift+:).
ESC
ESC ESC
vim
: ;
: ;
: vim Linux.
vim
: vim .
9. VIM
131
vim
,
vim-enhanced.
[root@linuxbox ~]# which vim
/usr/bin/vim
[root@linuxbox ~]# yum provides /usr/bin/vim
vim-enhanced.i386 : A version of the VIM editor which includes recent
enhancements.
vim-enhanced.i386 : A version of the VIM editor which includes recent
enhancements.
[root@linuxbox ~]#
: vim <> <>
vim
vim ,
Ex :help
:help <Enter>
:
:help < > <Enter>
Ctrl+D
:help <> <Ctrl+D>
vimtutor
[root@linuxbox ~]# vimtutor
man vim
[root@linuxbox ~]# man vim
132
9. VIM
vim

vim,
vim < >.
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# vim textfile
vim ,
.
Insert , i Insert.
vim
vim .
vim ,
:e Ex .
:e anotherfile <Enter>

,
ESC :, wq <Enter>.
w , , q
.
, :w .
:w textfile2 <Enter>

!, :wq! vim
.
,
:
:q
E37: No write since last change (add ! to override)
,
9. VIM
133
.
!
:q! <Enter>

.
:r < >
:r textfile3 <Enter>

x. ,
dd.
,
ESC, v ,
d.
(cut-paste)
.
vi.
1. , ;
2. m a.
;
3. , ;
4. d, a. a
.
() ,
da;
5.
p.
.
134
9. VIM
.
1. , ;
2. ESC v.
;
3. ,
;
4. d, ;
5.
p. .
(copy-paste)
.
vi.
1. , ;
2. m a, a;
3.
;
4. y, a.
a;
5. ,
p. .
.
1. , ;
2. ESC v ;
3. , .
;
4. y ;
5.
p. .
9. VIM
135

, .
Woosd Woods.
ESC, s xp. s d
Woods.
ESC, /
/woods <Enter>.
, /
<Enter>.

.
woods woodz:
:s/woods/woodz/g <Enter>
:
s substitute ()
/woods
/woodz
g ,

woods
woodz:
:1,3s/woods/woodz/g <Enter>
woods woodz:
:%s/woods/woodz/g <Enter>
136
9. VIM

ESC, : .
.
:10 <Enter>
g g

, ESC u.

Ctrl+R

:
b
h
u
t
y
o
a
l
c
i
.
:
1. , ;
2. m a, a
9. VIM
137
;
3. , ;
4. !asort.
vim ,
UNIX . a ,
a. UNIX sort. :
a
b
c
h
i
l
o
t
u
y

.
Ctrl+w, s
Ctrl+w, v
Ctrl+w,

.
vim

vim , Ex :set
138
9. VIM
:set <Enter>
.
:set all
:set all <Enter>
.
:set ts=20 <Enter>
:help option-list
:help option-list <Enter>
.vimrc

vim.
vim .
[root@linuxbox ~]# vim ~/.vimrc
.
set ts=20
9. VIM
139
10. Linux
:
1. ;
2. ;
3. (hostname).

3
:
1. IP-;
2. ;
3. Gateway ().

:
/etc/hosts
<IP-> <>
DNS-
. DNS- nameserver
/etc/resolv.conf

/etc/modprobe.conf
. .
/etc/hosts ip- .
DNS- .
/etc/resolv.conf nameserver
DNS .
/etc/host.conf
.
140
10. Linux
/etc/hosts DNS-.
/etc/init.d/network
Linux. service, :
[root@linuxbox ~]# service network restart
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward .
.
1 .
[root@linuxbox ~]# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
, /etc/sysctl.
conf
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0

/etc/sysconig/network :
- , ;
- (hostname);
- Default gateway ( ifcfg-<>).
NETWORKING=yes
NETWORKING_IPV6=no
HOSTNAME= linuxbox.company.ru
GATEWAY
.
IPv4
IPv6

/etc/sysconig/network-scripts/
, .
/etc/sysconig/network-scripts/ifcfg-* ifcfg-*
. eth<x>, x 0
, 1 .. loopback /etc/sysconig/network-scripts/ifcfg-lo
10. Linux
141

DHCP iface

DHCP , DHCP
iface.
BOOTPROTO=dhcp (ifcfg-<>).
:
DEVICE=eth0
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
HWADDR=00:0C:29:43:5B:3D
ONBOOT=yes

DHCP
MAC-

?
Custom iface
DHCP iface,
custom-, .
.
/etc/sysconig/network-scripts/ifcfg-<_>
DEVICE=eth0
HWADDR=00:0C:29:43:5B:3D
IPADDR=192.168.146.130
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
BROADCAST=192.168.146.255
GATEWAY=192.168.146.2
ONBOOT=yes

MAC-
IP-

?
loopback iface
loopback . IP- 127.0.0.1
. .
/etc/sysconig/network-scripts/ifcfg-lo
142
10. Linux

DEVICE=lo
IPADDR=127.0.0.1
NETMASK=255.0.0.0
NETWORK=127.0.0.0
BROADCAST=127.255.255.255
ONBOOT=yes
NAME=loopback

IP-

IP-

?
.
ifconig
DEVICE
network, ifdown, ifup

-.
Linux network:
[root@linuxbox ~]# /etc/init.d/network restart
Linux
.
ifdown ifup. ifdown ,
ifup .
[root@linuxbox ~]# ifdown eth0
[root@linuxbox ~]# ifup eth0
ifconfig
,
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:43:5B:3D
inet addr:192.168.146.130 Bcast:192.168.146.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
10. Linux
143
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe43:5b3d/64 Scope:Link

UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:1327 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:1340 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:149547 (146.0 KiB) TX bytes:232486 (227.0 KiB)
Interrupt:59 Base address:0x2000
...
MTU:1500 Maximum Transfer Unit.

.
,
. Ethernet- MTU 1500 .
Metric:1
. , .
.
ollisions:0 ,
.
RX bytes
TX bytes

: ifconig < >,
[root@linuxbox ~]# ifconfig eth0
-a ifconig
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# ifconfig -a

. ,
.
144
10. Linux
netstat -r
Kernel IP routing table
Destination
Gateway
192.168.146.0 *
default
Genmask
Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
255.255.255.0 U
192.168.146.2 0.0.0.0
UG
eth0
eth0
.
.
/etc/sysconig/network ,
default, . ,
,
. default gateway 192.168.146.2
netstat -r :
. 192.168.146.0
(*), .
default, .
.
Genmask ,
.
Flags: U UP, .
Flags: UG UP, Gateway. gateway
.
MSS Maximum Segment Size,
.
Window . ,
.
irtt initial round trip time,
. Round trip time
,
, .
Iface .
10. Linux
145

.
. eth0 eth1. eth0

. eth1
192.168.147.0/24 , 192.168.147.1
192.168.148.0/24
.
:
[root@linuxbox ~]# netstat -r
Kernel IP routing table
Destination
Gateway
Genmask
Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
192.168.147.0 *
255.255.255.0
eth1
192.168.146.0 *
255.255.255.0
eth0
192.168.148.0 192.168.147.1
255.255.255.0
UG
eth1
default
0.0.0.0
UG
eth0
192.168.146.2
192.168.148.0/24 eth1 -> 192.168.147.1,

.
. .
146
10. Linux

[root@linuxbox ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network
...
GATEWAY=192.168.146.2
...
eth0
[root@linuxbox ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
DEVICE=eth0
HWADDR=00:0C:29:43:5B:3D
IPADDR=192.168.146.130
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
BROADCAST=192.168.146.255
ONBOOT=yes
eth1
[root@linuxbox ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
DEVICE=eth1
ONBOOT=yes
HWADDR=00:0c:29:43:5b:47
IPADDR=192.168.147.2
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
eth1
192.168.148.0/24 route:
[root@linuxbox ~]# route add -net 192.168.148.0/24 gw 192.168.147.1
10. Linux
147
.
/etc/
sysconig/network-scripts/route-<>.
. /etc/sysconig/network-scripts/route-eth1
:
192.168.148.0/24 via 192.168.147.1
.
.

:

,
DHCP.

.

, .
netstat

r

IP-.
n
,
a
.
.
.
t
tcp
u
udp
i

l
LISTEN,
p
PID (process ID)

148
10. Linux
netstat
- 25- ?
[root@linuxbox ~]# netstat -nlp | grep :25

[root@linuxbox ~]# netstat -nt
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0
::ffff:192.168.146.130:22 ::ffff:192.168.146.1:2642 ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 132 ::ffff:192.168.146.130:22 ::ffff:192.168.146.1:2027 ESTABLISHED
/
[root@linuxbox ~]# netstat -ntlp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q
Local Address
Foreign Address State
PID/Program name
tcp
0.0.0.0:111
0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN
2480/portmap
tcp
127.0.0.1:631
0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN
2762/cupsd
tcp
127.0.0.1:25
0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN
2786/sendmail: acce
tcp
0.0.0.0:991
0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN
2505/rpc.statd
tcp
:::22
:::*
LISTEN 2747/sshd

ESTABLISHED
SYN_SENT
SYN_RECV
FIN_WAIT1
10. Linux
149
FIN_WAIT2
TIME_WAIT , -
CLOSED
CLOSE_WAIT ,
LAST_ACK .
LISTEN
CLOSING ,
UNKNOWN
traceroute
traceroute
. ICMP- ,
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# traceroute www.ru
traceroute to www.ru (194.87.0.50), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets
1 192.168.79.2 (192.168.79.2) 0.140 ms 0.062 ms 0.114 ms
2 www.ru (194.87.0.50) 21.104 ms 24.591 ms 26.570 ms
[root@linuxbox ~]#

:
[root@linuxbox ~]# less /usr/share/doc/initscripts-*/sysconfig.txt
,
/etc/sysconig/
150
10. Linux

date.
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# date
Wed Sep 2 15:48:01 MSD 2009
[root@linuxbox ~]#
, date
, , , , ,
[[]].
1. 14 10 30 15 2010
[root@linuxbox ~]# date 121514102010.30
Wed Dec 15 14:10:30 MSK 2010
[root@linuxbox ~]#
2. 19 35 25 2 2009
[root@linuxbox ~]# date 090219352009.25
Wed Sep 2 19:35:25 MSD 2009
[root@linuxbox ~]#
(hostname)
/etc/
sysconig/network HOSTNAME .
[root@linuxbox ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network
NETWORKING=yes
NETWORKING_IPV6=yes
HOSTNAME=linuxbox.company.ru
[root@linuxbox ~]#
10. Linux
151
system-config-*
system-conig-* 30 .

. system-conig-* Red Hat
.
ncurses,
. X Window
,
. X
Window .
.
setup
.

. ,
irewall, , , timezone, X Window
.
authconig

authconig-tui

ncurses
system-conig-securitylevel irewall/SELinux
system-conig-date
timezone
system-conig-keyboard

system-conig-language

system-conig-network
DNS
system-conig-printer
. X Window

yum:
[root@linuxbox ~]# yum list | grep system-config
, .
[root@linuxbox ~]# yum -y install system-config-keyboard
adsl-* ADSL-
adsl-* ADSL-.
152
10. Linux

adsl-setup
. /,
.
/etc/sysconig/network-scripts/
ifcfg-ppp0
adsl-start PPPoE-
adsl-status
adsl-stop

adsl-setup
LOGIN NAME
INTERFACE ADSL-
Do you want the link to come up on demand, or stay up continuously?
.

.
<Enter>.
DNS DNS-.
server
PASSWORD
USERCTL
ADSL-?
FIREWALLING :
NONE . .
STANDALONE
MASQUERADE
Do you want to start this connection at boot time?
?
10. Linux
153
11.
Network File System
Sun Microsystems 1984 . NFS
, . NFS

,
.
.
NFS
NFS .
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# chkconfig --list nfs
nfs 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off

[root@linuxbox ~]# chkconfig nfs on

[root@linuxbox ~]# service nfs start
nfs
[root@linuxbox ~]# yum -y install nfs-utils
154
11.
NFS RPC-
portmapper (
RPC Calls).
[root@linuxbox ~]# rpcinfo -p localhost | grep nfs
100003 2 udp 2049 nfs
100003 3 udp 2049 nfs
100003 4 udp 2049 nfs
100003 2 tcp 2049 nfs
100003 3 tcp 2049 nfs
100003 4 tcp 2049 nfs
[root@linuxbox ~]#
rpcinfo , NFS- NFS 2,

3 4 ().

/etc/exports
, NFS
.

.
/etc/exports .
[ ] [ ] []
/etc/exports:
[root@linuxbox ~]# cat /etc/exports
/home 192.168.79.130(rw,no_root_squash)
/home 192.168.79.130 rw
! . /home
192.168.79.130 (rw) 192.168.79.130 /home
ro, rw. 192.168.79.130(rw) 192.168.79.130
rw, .
11.
155
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# exportfs -r

[root@linuxbox ~]# exportfs
/home
192.168.79.130
NFS-
192.168.79.130 /home
linuxbox.

[root@system5 ~]# mkdir /mnt/nfs
mount.
-t .
.
mount -t nfs <>:<_NFS_> <_>
IP- hostname , NFS-
_NFS_ /home
NFS-
[root@system5 ~]# mount -t nfs 192.168.79.132:/home /mnt/nfs
rw.
24
/etc/fstab
.
/etc/fstab :
192.168.79.132:/home /mnt/nfs nfs defaults
/etc/exports
156
11.

ro
rw
root_squash

root root ,
nobody
no_root_squash
root
.
.

all_squash
,
.

anonuid/anongid UID GID

sync
,
,
. ,

async
,
, .
,
insecure
1024
no_subtree_check ,
, , ,

.
.
,

1. hostname IP-;
2. *, . *.fasttech.ru
testers.fasttech.ru alex.testers.fasttech.ru
*.*.fasttech.ru;
3. ?, (
IP-);
11.
157
4. , 192.168.146.32/27;
5. NIS-, @nisgroup2.

[root@linuxbox ~]# man nfs
[root@linuxbox ~]# man exports
[root@linuxbox ~]# man exportfs
exports exportfs. exports , exportfs

.
158
11.
12.
man
Linux
, ,
.
man (on-line manual pages). man-
/, man
.
: man [ ]
: man cat
man
. man-
, :
1. , ;
2. ;
3. ;
4. ;
5. ;
6. ;
7. .
man- 8 .
,
, . :
man 7 signal man signal .
1. (ls, mkdir, env);
2. (poll, chown, chroot);
3. (CGI, fclose, getpwent);
4. (tty, zero, vesa);
5. (crontab, nfs, yum.conf);
12.
159
6. ;
7. (boot, icmp, wireless);
8. (iptables, lsof, fdisk).
man- .
man- / ,
( /). /
. ( )
?, :
/concatenate concatenate
?concatenate concatenate
whatis
whatis whatis
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# whatis cat
cat
(1) - concatenate files and print on the standard output
cat
(1p) - concatenate and print files
[root@linuxbox ~]#
makewhatis.
apropos
apropos whatis
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# apropos Hardware
hal
(rpm) - Hardware Abstraction Layer
hwdata
(rpm) - Hardware identification and configuration data
kudzu
(rpm) - The CentOS hardware probing tool.
[root@linuxbox ~]#
160
12.
info
info
info. ,
.
: info emacs
info info info:
[root@linuxbox ~]# info info
help
bash help,
builtin- bash.
[root@linuxbox ~]# help unset
unset: unset [-f] [-v] [name ...]
For each NAME, remove the corresponding variable or function. Given
the `-v, unset will only act on variables. Given the `-f flag,
unset will only act on functions. With neither flag, unset first
tries to unset a variable, and if that fails, then tries to unset a
function. Some variables cannot be unset; also see readonly.
[root@linuxbox ~]#
locate
locate
updatedb .
[root@linuxbox ~]# locate crontab
/etc/anacrontab
/etc/crontab
12.
161
/usr/bin/crontab
/usr/share/man/man1/crontab.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1p/crontab.1p.gz
/usr/share/man/man5/anacrontab.5.gz
/usr/share/man/man5/crontab.5.gz
/usr/share/vim/vim70/syntax/crontab.vim
[root@linuxbox ~]#
updatedb.
-S
[root@linuxbox ~]# locate -S
Database /var/lib/mlocate/mlocate.db:
9,998 directories
119,567 files
5,832,849 bytes in file names
2,513,667 bytes used to store database
[root@linuxbox ~]#
which
which .
[root@linuxbox ~]# which passwd
/usr/bin/passwd
[root@linuxbox ~]#

,
162
12.
-h --help.
[root@linuxbox ~]# cat --help
Usage: cat [OPTION] [FILE]...
Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output.
-A, --show-all
equivalent to -vET
-b, --number-nonblank number nonblank output lines

-e
equivalent to -vE
[root@linuxbox ~]#
12.
163
13. Linux

cron .
/etc/cron.allow
cron . /etc/cron.
allow /etc/cron.deny.
cron,
. cron
, /etc/cron.deny
/etc/cron.allow. .
crontab-
:
: 0 59
: 0 23
_: 1 31
: 1 12 ( jan dec)
_: 0 6 (0 7 )
( sun sat)
*,
.
. .
/ (slash).
164
13. Linux
crontab-
, cron :
1. crontab- /var/spool/cron/
2. crontab- /etc/cron.d/
3. crontab- /etc/crontab
cron ,
.
crontab- :
[root@linuxbox ~]# cat /etc/crontab
SHELL=/bin/bash
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
MAILTO=root
HOME=/
# run-parts
01 * * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.hourly
02 4 * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.daily
22 4 * * 0 root run-parts /etc/cron.weekly
42 4 1 * * root run-parts /etc/cron.monthly
[root@linuxbox ~]#
:
SHELL
. shell /etc/passwd
, .
PATH PATH.
MAILTO .
13. Linux
165
HOME .
, SHELL
HOME , , /etc/passwd.
.
/etc/cron.hourly

/etc/cron.daily

/etc/cron.weekly
22- 4-
/etc/cron.monthly
42- 4-

/etc/cron.hourly
/etc/cron.daily
/etc/cron.weekly
/etc/cron.monthly
root .
.
crontab
crontab
crontab. ,
cron.

crontab -e
crontab -l
crontab -r
crontab -u
166
crontab-
crontab-
crontab-
,
.
root
crontab -u username -e
crontab -u username -l
crontab -u username -r
13. Linux
crontab- .
ile
[user1@linuxbox ~]$ cat file
0-59 * * * * /bin/true
[user1@linuxbox ~]$ whoami
user1
[user1@linuxbox ~]$
crontab-,
crontab
[user1@linuxbox ~]$ crontab file
/var/spool/cron/
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# ls -l /var/spool/cron/
total 8
-rw------- 1 root root
19
Sep
12
22:56
root
-rw------- 1 user1 root
23
Sep
13
18:44
user1
[root@linuxbox ~]# cat /var/spool/cron/user1

0-59 * * * * /bin/true
[root@linuxbox ~]#
crontab

0-59 * * * * /bin/true
15
*/15 * * * * /bin/true

0 0 * * * /bin/true
13. Linux
167
0:30, 2:30, 4:30, 6:30 ..

30 */2 * * * /bin/true
23 59 31
59 23 31 dec * HappyNewear.sh

tar
. tar
, , gzip
bzip2.
: tar [] [_-] [/]
tar
-c
-j
-z
-v
-f
-x

bzip2
gzip

tar-
[root@linuxbox ~]# du -sh /etc/
57M
/etc/
[root@linuxbox ~]# tar cvf etc.tar /etc/

total 48M
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 48M Sep 13 23:30 etc.tar
[root@linuxbox ~]#
168
13. Linux
, tar-
.
z.
tar- gzip
57M
/etc/
[root@linuxbox ~]# tar czvf etc.tar.gz /etc/

total 4.8M
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4.8M Sep 14 13:29 etc.tar.gz
[root@linuxbox ~]#
gzip,
10 .
tar- bzip2
tar bzip2
z j.
57M
/etc/
[root@linuxbox ~]# tar cjvf etc.tar.bz2 /etc/

total 3.2M
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3.2M Sep 14 13:41 etc.tar.bz2
[root@linuxbox ~]#
bzip2 /etc/ .
tar.gz-
[root@linuxbox ~]# tar xzvf etc.tar.gz
13. Linux
169

[root@linuxbox ~]# ls -l
total 4868
-rw-r--r--
4096 Sep 14 13:24 etc
1 root root 4965172 Sep 14 14:59 etc.tar.gz
[root@linuxbox ~]#

. / (slash)
, tar , -
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# tar xzvf etc.tar.gz etc/shells etc/profile etc/vimrc
etc/shells
etc/vimrc
etc/profile
[root@linuxbox ~]# ls -l etc/
total 12
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 937 Jan 31 2006 profile
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 69 Sep 6 23:21 shells
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1488 Nov 25 2008 vimrc
[root@linuxbox ~]#
bz2-
bz2- tar xjvf
bzip2 -d
[root@linuxbox ~]# tar xjvf etc.tar.bz2
total 3268
170
13. Linux

-rw-r--r--
4096 Sep 14 13:24 etc
1 root root 3337026 Sep 14 15:16 etc.tar.bz2
[root@linuxbox ~]#

. / (slash)
, tar , -
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# tar xjvf etc.tar.bz2 etc/shells etc/profile etc/vimrc
etc/shells
etc/vimrc
etc/profile
[root@linuxbox ~]# ls -l etc/
total 12
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 937 Jan 31 2006 profile
69 Sep
6 23:21 shells
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1488 Nov 25 2008 vimrc

[root@linuxbox ~]#
mc
mc (Midnight Commander)
ncurses (). mc
: , , ,
, , ..
F1
F2
F3
F4
13. Linux
171
F5
F6
F7
F8
F9
F10
Tab
ssh:
ssh (Secure Shell)
Unix/Linux .
telnet, ssh . ssh
ssh-,
ssh-, (
22) . ,

.
.
172
13. Linux
ssh.
: ssh [] [_]@[_]
user1 192.168.79.129
[admin@system5 ~]# ssh user1@192.168.79.129
The authenticity of host 192.168.79.129 (192.168.79.129) cant be established.
RSA key fingerprint is 39:4a:e8:5f:b7:33:14:e6:29:7f:12:08:da:06:77:38.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.79.129' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
user1@192.168.79.129's password:
[user1@linuxbox ~]$
,
.
yes
~/.ssh/known_host
.

Ssh .
Identity/Pubkey, ,
. ~/.ssh/authorized_
keys .
, ,
.
:
ssh []@[]
ssh-keygen.
[user@system5 ~]$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/user1/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory /home/user1/.ssh.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
13. Linux
173
Enter same passphrase again:

Your identification has been saved in /home/user1/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /home/user1/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
96:3f:3e:df:bd:4b:db:0d:97:3f:bb:b7:b0:c1:72:04 user1@linuxbox.company.ru
[user@system5 ~]$
ssh-copy-id
.
[user@system5 ~]$ ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub user2@192.168.79.129
27
The authenticity of host 192.168.79.129 (192.168.79.129) cant be established.
RSA key fingerprint is 39:4a:e8:5f:b7:33:14:e6:29:7f:12:08:da:06:77:38.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added 192.168.79.129 (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
user2@192.168.79.129s password:
Now try logging into the machine, with ssh user2@192.168.79.129, and check in:
.ssh/authorized_keys
to make sure we havent added extra keys that you werent expecting.
[user@system5 ~]$
.
[user@system5 ~]$ ssh user2@192.168.79.129
[user2@linuxbox ~]$
ssh- Windows
Windows ssh-
putty, :
http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html
174
13. Linux
14.

log-
.
.
:
1. ;
2. log-;
3. log-.

/var/log/messages
/var/log/.
.
messages
audit/audit.log
cron
dmesg
wtmp
yum.log
secure
maillog
lastlog

cron

.
yum

, mysqld.log, httpd.log, proftpd.log.
Syslog

Syslog.
Syslog .

14.
175
. Syslog

.
.
Syslog .
[root@linuxbox ~]# ps aux | grep syslogd
root
2474 0.0 0.2 1716 564 ?
Ss 16:17 0:00 syslogd -m 0
root
6976 0.0 0.2 3912 648 pts/0 R+ 19:38 0:00 grep syslogd
[root@linuxbox log]#
Syslog syslogd,
/etc/syslog.conf
:
cron
/var/log/cron
cron.*
/var/log/cron
( Syslog)
.
, Syslog ,
,
. * none,
.
.
: .
.
(facilities) Syslog
auth
authpriv
cron
daemon
kern
176

cron

14.
lpr
mail
mark
news
Usenet
syslog
Syslog
user

uucp
UUCP
local0 local7 . Red Hat local7

*

(priorities) Syslog

emerg
alert
crit
err
warning
notice
info
debug
Syslog
_
@_
@IP_
1,
2,
*
syslogd

IP

14.
177

syslogd
, .
=
!
mail.*
mail.=info
mail.info;mail.!err

info
info, notice
warning
mail.debug;mail.!=notice ,
notice
logrotate

,
-
.
.
,
. Linux logrotate.
cron
/etc/logrotate.conf
/etc/logrotate.conf
weekly
rotate 4
create
compress
include
178
,

4

14.
/etc/logrotate.d/ logrotate
. syslog.
/etc/logrotate.d/syslogd
/var/log/messages /var/log/secure /var/log/maillog /var/log/spooler /var/log/
boot.log /var/log/cron {
sharedscripts
postrotate
/bin/kill -HUP `cat /var/run/syslogd.pid 2> /dev/null` 2> /dev/null || true
/bin/kill -HUP `cat /var/run/rsyslogd.pid 2> /dev/null` 2> /dev/null || true
endscript
}
,
( ).
sharedscripts
,

postrotate endscript postrotate endscript
bash, .
syslogd rsyslogd
HUP,
logger
logger shell.
/etc/syslog.conf
local0.notice /tmp/myscript.log
syslog
[root@linuxbox ~]# service syslog restart
14.
179

[root@linuxbox ~]# touch /tmp/myscript.log
logger local0 notice

my own notice message. Syslog,
local0 notice /tmp/
myscript.log
[root@linuxbox ~]# logger -p local0.notice my own notice message

[root@linuxbox ~]# cat /tmp/myscript.log
Sep 4 20:35:10 linuxbox root: my own notice message
[root@linuxbox ~]#

5
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# du -cms /home/* | sort -rn | head -6
8200 total
6100 /home/james
900 /home/ronaldo
570 /home/neo
420 /home/tester
210 /home/mybestuser
james 6.1 ..

.
180
14.
ulimit
10.
[root@linuxbox ~]# ulimit -f 10000
[root@linuxbox ~]# yes 'some shit' > shit.txt
File size limit exceeded
total 10016
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10240000 Mar 14 21:36 shit.txt
,
,
, ,
shell ..

[root@linuxbox ~]# ulimit -a
,
.
S.M.A.R.T.-
[root@linuxbox ~]# smartctl -a /dev/sda
S.M.A.R.T. Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology.

, .

.
HDD
fdisk -l.
Linux

[root@linuxbox ~]# netstat -nlp | grep :8080
14.
181
tcp
:::8080 :::*
LISTEN
2697/httpd
, 8080 - Apache.

[root@linuxbox ~]# netstat -tlnp

lsof, .

[root@linuxbox ~]# lsof
IPv4
[root@linuxbox ~]# lsof -i 4
COMMAND
PID
USER FD TYPE
DEVICE SIZE NODE
NAME
portmap
2341
rpc
3u IPv4
6692
UDP
*:sunrpc
rpc.statd
2366
root
7u IPv4
6748
TCP
*:852 (LISTEN)
cupsd
2657
root
3u IPv4
7392
TCP
localhost.localdomain:ipp
cupsd
2657
root
5u IPv4
7395
UDP
*:ipp
php-cgi
2662
nginx
0u IPv4
7415
TCP
localhost.localdomain:..
nginx
3915
nginx
5u IPv4
10864
TCP
*:https (LISTEN)
nginx
3915
nginx
6u IPv4
10865
TCP
*:http (LISTEN)
NFS
[root@linuxbox ~]# lsof -N
/var/log/
+d +D
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# lsof +d /var/log
182
14.
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE
NODE
NAME
syslogd
2289
root 1w REG 253,0 382311 3047763
/var/log/messages
syslogd
2289
root 2w REG 253,0
/var/log/secure
syslogd
2289
root 3w REG 253,0
6285
3047765
/var/log/maillog
syslogd
2289
root 4w REG 253,0
7348
3047768
/var/log/cron
syslogd
2289
root 5w REG 253,0
3047766
/var/log/spooler
syslogd
2289
root 6w REG 253,0
1532
3047767
/var/log/boot.log
acpid
2590
root 2w REG 253,0
3374
3047640 /var/log/acpid
nginx
3914
root
3398
3047715 /var/log/nginx.er
2u REG 253,0
25939 3047764

[root@linuxbox ~]# lsof -u james

[root@linuxbox ~]# ps -eF

[root@linuxbox ~]# ps -ejH

top ,
CPU , ,
PID (Process ID), ,
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# top
htop .
htop EPEL,
.
14.
183
[root@linuxbox ~]# rpm -Uvh http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/epel/5/

i386/epel-release-5-3.noarch.rpm
[root@linuxbox ~]# yum -y install htop
[root@linuxbox ~]# htop

[root@linuxbox ~]# df -h
Filesystem
Size
Used
Avail
Use%
/dev/sda1
7.8G
1.6G
5.9G
21%
tmpfs
25M
125M
0%
Mounted on
/
/dev/shm
[root@linuxbox ~]#

ntop.
EPEL .
[root@linuxbox ~]# yum -y install ntop
ntop, .
[root@linuxbox ~]# ntop
ntop CTRL+C
/etc/ntop.conf IP-
ntop --http-server --https-server
ntop
[root@linuxbox ~]# service ntop start
ntop.
184
14.
ntop 3000.
ntop
http://192.168.146.132:3000/

iftop. EPEL.
[root@linuxbox ~]# yum -y install iftop
[root@linuxbox ~]# iftop
DNS-
dnstop dns-.
[root@linuxbox ~]# rpm Uvh ftp://fr.rpmfind.net/linux/dag/redhat/el5/en/i386/
dag/RPMS/dnstop-0.0.20070510-1.el5.rf.i386.rpm
dnstop .
[root@linuxbox ~]# dnstop eth0
dnstop
.
:
s ;
d , ;
t .
man dnstop
proftpd
[root@linuxbox ~]# ftptop
14.
185

[root@linuxbox ~]# vmstat
-
sysstat ( sa, mpstat, iostat, sar)
[root@linuxbox ~]# yum -y install sysstat
-
[root@linuxbox ~]# iostat

[root@linuxbox ~]# mpstat

who.
[root@linuxbox ~]# who
root
pts/0
2009-09-05 12:57 (192.168.79.1)
[root@linuxbox ~]#

,
last.

[root@linuxbox ~]# last
10
[root@linuxbox ~]# last | head -n 10
186
14.
15.
.
,
. ,
.
:
( root) ( ).
UNIX/Linux- :
1. ;
2. ;
3. .

Linux ,
,
.
.

.

.
15.
187
?
:
1. ;
2. .
- .
,
.

.
1. .
.
;
2. . ,
, ,
GRUB . .

uname -r:
[root@linuxbox ~]# uname -r
2.6.18-92.el5
[root@linuxbox ~]#
, CentOS.
[root@linuxbox ~]# yum list | grep kernel
kernel.i686
2.6.18-92.el5
installed
kernel.i686
2.6.18-128.7.1.el5
updates
kernel-PAE.i686
2.6.18-128.7.1.el5
updates
kernel-PAE-devel.i686
2.6.18-128.7.1.el5
updates
kernel-devel.i686
2.6.18-128.7.1.el5
updates
188
15.
kernel-doc.noarch
2.6.18-128.7.1.el5
updates
kernel-headers.i386
2.6.18-128.7.1.el5
updates
kernel-xen.i686
2.6.18-128.7.1.el5
updates
kernel-xen-devel.i686
2.6.18-128.7.1.el5
updates
[root@linuxbox ~]#
1 2.
kernel.i686
2.6.18-92.el5
installed
kernel.i686
2.6.18-128.7.1.el5
updates
(installed).
.
yum install
[root@linuxbox ~]# yum -y install kernel
GRUB
:
title CentOS (2.6.18-128.7.1.el5)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-128.7.1.el5 ro root=LABEL=/
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-128.7.1.el5.img
,
. .
[root@linuxbox ~]# shutdown -r now
.
2.6.18-128.7.1.el5
[root@linuxbox ~]#
15.
189
kernel
. x86
4 .
4 kernel-PAE
kernel-devel
make- kernel
kernel-PAE
Physical Address Extension,
4
kernel-PAE-devel make-
kernel-PAE
kernel-doc

kernel-headers

Linux
kernel-xen
Xen
kernel-xen-devel make-
kernel-xen

,
:
1. gcc ( yum -y install gcc);
2. ncurses-devel ( yum -y install ncurses-devel).
/usr/src/ .
[root@linuxbox ~]# cd /usr/src/
kernel.org .
2.4.x 2.6.x
2.6.x .
[root@linuxbox src]# wget http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux2.6.30.5.tar.bz2
.bz2 tar xjvf

190
15.
[root@linuxbox ~]# tar xjvf linux-2.6.30.5.tar.bz2
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# cd linux-2.6.30.5
README,
.
[root@linuxbox linux-2.6.30.5]# less README
1.

.
make menuconig
ncurses.
make xconig
X Window.
make conig .
X Window xconig .
menuconig.
[root@linuxbox linux-2.6.30.5]# make menuconfig
, ,
:
M .
.
* built-in
.

<Exit>. .
2.
make clean
15.
191
[root@linuxbox linux-2.6.30.5]# make clean
3.
[root@linuxbox linux-2.6.30.5]# make bzImage
4.
[root@linuxbox linux-2.6.30.5]# make modules
5.
[root@linuxbox linux-2.6.30.5]# make modules_install
6.
[root@linuxbox linux-2.6.30.5]# make install
/boot :
System.map-< > ;
initrd-< >.img RAM disk
;
vmlinuz-< > Linux.
/boot/grub/grub.conf
. .
.

. .
[root@linuxbox linux-2.6.30.5]# shutdown -r now
.
192
15.

2.6.30.5
[root@linuxbox ~]#
! :)
sysctl:
sysctl .
/proc/sys/.

sysctl :
[root@linuxbox ~]# sysctl -a
hostname .
linuxbox.company.ru
[root@linuxbox ~]# sysctl -a | grep kernel.hostname
kernel.hostname = linuxbox.company.ru
[root@linuxbox ~]# sysctl -w kernel.hostname=newbox.company.ru
kernel.hostname = newbox.company.ru
newbox.company.ru
[root@linuxbox ~]# sysctl -a | grep kernel.hostname
kernel.hostname = newbox.company.ru
[root@linuxbox ~]#
.
[root@linuxbox ~]# sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
[root@linuxbox ~]#

/etc/sysctl.conf =.
15.
193
16. Linux
/etc/
/etc/aliases
/etc/anacrontab
/etc/at.deny
/etc/bashrc
/etc/blkid/blkid.tab
/etc/crontab
/etc/cron.deny
/etc/cron.hourly/
/etc/cron.daily/
194
MTA (Mail Transfer Agent)

sendmail.
newaliases
anacron.
anacron
.
cron,
24
at. at
. /etc/at.allow
at ,
. /etc/
at.allow
/etc/at.deny
at
bashrc,
.

bash
- blkid,

cron. cron

cron. /etc/cron.
allow crontab
, .
/etc/cron.allow
/etc/cron.deny

crontab
cron

cron
16. Linux
/etc/cron.weekly/
/etc/cron.monthly/
/etc/cups/
/etc/exports
/etc/ilesystems
/etc/fstab
/etc/group
/etc/grub.conf
/etc/gshadow
/etc/host.conf
/etc/hosts
/etc/hosts.allow
/etc/hosts.deny
/etc/inittab
/etc/inputrc
/etc/issue
cron

cron

- CUPS
NFS,

mount.

,

,
. :
< >:< >:<GID>:<
>
/boot/grub/grub.conf.
GRUB

.
.
/etc/
hosts DNS-
<IP-> <
>
tcpd.
INET
tcpd.
INET
, INIT
runlevel

mingetty
welcome

16. Linux
195
/etc/issue.net
/etc/login.defs
/etc/logrotate.conf
/etc/logrotate.d/
/etc/logwatch/
/etc/mail/
/etc/man.conig
/etc/mime.types
/etc/modprob.conf
/etc.modprobe.d
/etc/motd
/etc/mtab
/etc/nsswitch.conf
/etc/ntp.conf
/etc/pam.conf
/etc/pam.d
/etc/passwd
/etc/printcap
/etc/proile
196
mingetty
welcome
telnet

(shadow)
logrotate,
,

logrotate
logwatch. logwatch
,

sendmail
man
MIME- (Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extension,
Internet) - CUPS
modprobe,
/

modprobe
.

,

ntpd (Network Time
Protocol Daemon)
pam - Pluggable
Authentication Modules for Linux

.
- CUPS
.

16. Linux
/etc/protocols
/etc/rc.d/
/etc/redhat-release
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/securetty
/etc/services
/etc/shadow
/etc/shells
/etc/skel/
/etc/ssh/
/etc/sudoers
/etc/syslog/
/etc/sysctl.conf
/etc/syslogd.conf
/etc/termcap
/etc/vimrc
/etc/wgetrc
/etc/X11/
/etc/xinetd.d/
/etc/yum.conf
/etc/yum.repos.d/

Linux
DNS-

root

(shells)

SSH
.

visudo

syslogd

vim
wget
X Window
xinetd
yum
yum.
.repo
16. Linux
197
~/.bash_logout
~/.bash_history
~/.bash_proile
~/.bashrc
~/.emacs
~/.forward
~/.pinerc
~/.muttrc
~/.vimrc
~/.netrc
~/.rhosts
~/mbox
~/.ssh/

shell
emacs
e-mail

pine
mutt

vim
ftp
r: rlogin, rsh ..

ssh
badblocks
debugfs
df
du
dump
dumpe2fs
e2fsck
e2label
exportfs
fdisk
198

ext2/ext3
.
restore

ext2/ext3
ext2/ext3

16. Linux
fsck
hdparm
mkfs
mkfs.ext3
mkswap
mount
restore
swapon
swapof
sync
tune2fs
umount
.

/

ext3
swap-

dump
swap-
swap-

ext2/ext3

cd
chmod
chown
chgrp
cksum
md5sum
cp
dd
dir
dircolors
ile
ind
install
ln
locate
ls
mkdir
mknod
mktemp
mv
pwd

md5

ls

mlocate

16. Linux
199
rm
rmdir
stat
test
touch
vdir
whatis
whereis
which

.

whatis
, man-

ed red
emacs
head
joe
less
more
nano
tail
vi
vim

N . 10

N . 10

vi
ar
bunzip2
bzcat
bzip2
bzip2recover
cpio
dump
gunzip
200
,
bz

bz
bz-
/
ext2/ext3
.
restore
gz
16. Linux
gzexe
gzip
tar
unzip
zcat
zcmp
zdif
zgrep
zmore
znew
zip
.
.

gz
tar
zip

Z gz
zip-
basename
cat
cmp
colrm
column
comm
csplit
cut
dif
dif3
dirname
echo
egrep
expand
expr
false
fgrep
fold
.
basename /usr/bin/ind
ind

grep -E

,

,
grep -F

16. Linux
201
join
grep
logname
look
mkifo
nl
od
patch
paste
printf
rev
script
sdif
sed
sleep
sort
split
strings
tac
tee
tr
true
tsort
ul
unexpand
uniq
uudecode
uuencode
wc
xargs
yes
202

.

,

,

.

/
/
,

y
16. Linux
apropos
help
info
locate
man
manpath
which
whatis
builtin- bash
info
info
locate
updatedb
at
atq
atrm
atrun
batch
crontab
nice / renice
nohup
watch
cron
at
at

hangups

bg
fg
jobs
16. Linux
203
kill
killall
pidof
ps
pstree
top
CTRL+C
&

ID

arp
dig
inger
ftp
ifconig
ifdown
ifup
netstat
nslookup
ping
portmap
rcp
rlogin
route
rsh
showmount
tcpd
tcpdump
telnet
traceroute
204
/ arp cache
DNS-

FTP

, ,
DNS-
ICMP ECHO_REQUEST
DARPA RPC .
RPC calls. NFS

NFS-
telnet,
inger, ftp, exec, rsh, rlogin, tftp, talk ..

telnet

16. Linux
env
export
printenv
reset
set
unset

runtime
ldconig
ldd
ltrace
depmod
dmesg
insmod
lsmod
modprobe
modinfo
rmmod
sysctl
,
modprobe

,
Linux

,
,
depmod

16. Linux
205
exit
halt
init
logout
powerof
reboot
runlevel
setsid
shutdown
telinit
mesg
quota
quotacheck
quotaof
quotaon
setpci
setserial
setterm
setup
stty
swapon
swapof
tset

PCI

arch
df
206

16. Linux
du
free
ipcrm
ipcs
lsof
lspci
procinfo
pstree
runlevel
strace
tload
tty
uname
vmstat

PCI
/proc

( , ,
,)

cal
date
hwclock
tzselect
uptime

(CMOS)
(time zone)
( uptime)
ac
accton
adduser
chage

( ,
)

16. Linux
207
inger
inger. /etc/
passwd inger

gpasswd
/etc/group
groupadd
grpck
grpconv

/etc/gshadow /etc/group
shadow
C group group gshadow,
gshadow

UID GID

last,
/var/log/btmp

. process accounting

chfn
chgrp
chown
chpasswd
chroot
chsh
edquota
faillog
grpunconv
groupdel
groupmod
groups
id
last
lastb
lastcomm
lastlog
logname
newgrp
newusers
passwd
pwck
208
16. Linux
shadow passwd
shadow
quota

quotaof

quotaon

quotacheck

repquota

su

sulogin
init,

ulimit

useradd

userdel

usermod

users

utmpdump
vigr

vipw

w

wall

write

who

whoami
ID
pwconv
lpr
lpoptions
lpc
lpq
lprm
pr
tunelp

lp
16. Linux
209
cdrecord
cdrwtool
mkisofs
CD/DVD
CD-R, CD-RW DVD-R
.iso
alias
history
mc
nc
sleep
screen
unalias
210

. sleep 2
2
VT100/ANSI
alias alias
16. Linux

Язык

Коноплев.Базовый курс Linux

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1.

Remove all partitions on selected drives and create default layout

init, upstart Ubuntu Linux, init

Single-user text mode

Not used (user-deinable)

Full multi-user text mode

Not used (user-deinable)

Full multi-user graphical

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 19 Sep 15 19:38 S99 firstboot ->../init.d/firstboot

[root@linuxbox ~]# runlevel

[root@linuxbox ~]# init

3. system-conig-services Services Coniguration Tool,

/dev/hda master IDE primary IDE .

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard

dumpe2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)

SUID ( SUID + 775):

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root

2048 Mar 21 18:04 images/

sysfs /sys sysfs rw 0 0

: Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU

Jul 28 02:21 anaconda-ks.cfg

Aug 3 20:08 dir

Aug 2 21:59 file.txt

Jul 28 02:21 install.log

4096 Aug 3 20:08 .

drwxr-xr-x 23 root root

4096 Aug 4 18:02 ..

drwxr-xr-x 3 user user

[root@linuxbox ~]# cd ../doc/

ile1.txt ile2.txt ile3.txt

ile.txt user2 group2

Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

99M 12M 82M 13% /boot

2806 0.0 0.1 1656 432 tty1

Ss+ 03:44 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty1

2807 0.0 0.1 1656 436 tty2

Ss+ 03:44 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty2

2808 0.0 0.1 1656 436 tty3

Ss+ 03:44 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty3

2809 0.0 0.1 1656 436 tty4

Ss+ 03:44 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty4

2810 0.0 0.1 1656 436 tty5

Ss+ 03:44 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty5

[root@linuxbox ~]# echo $BASH

< > <> <()>

stdin stdout . stderr

[root@linuxbox ~]# cat file1 file3

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 585 Jan 21 2009 /etc/yp.conf

--help display this help and exit

the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation

Report bugs to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org>.

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 187 Jul

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 161 Jan

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 347 Jan

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root

[root@linuxbox ~]# cat /etc/host.conf > file.txt

# Password aging controls:

[root@linuxbox ~]# cat /etc/group