Table of Cont ent s

I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
net wor k eff ici ency. Thi s book br idges t he gap bet ween phy si cal l ayer and net wor k l ay er
t echnol ogi es and hel ps cr eat e sol ut i ons t hat bui l d hi gher capaci t y and mor e r esi l i ent net wor ks.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

Copyri ght
About the Aut hors

About the Techni cal Revi ewer s
Acknowl edgments
I ntr oduct i on

Goal s and Methods

Who Should Read Thi s Book?

How Thi s Book I s Organi zed
Chapter 1. I nt roduct i on t o Opt i cal Net wor ki ng

WDM

Opt ics: An Updat e

Fi ber

Fi ber Losses

Di spersi on i n Fi ber

Nonl i neari t i es

Wi ndow of Operat ions

Fi ber Types

Uni ts of Opt i cal Power Measurement : Deci bel

A Poi nt -t o-Point WDM Net work

Emergi ng Technol ogi es: WDM Ver sus TDM, OCDM, and SCM

Summar y

References
Chapter 2. Net worki ng wi th DWDM - 1

Opt ical Transmit t ers: Lasers

Modul at i on: Di rect and Ext ernal

Opt ical Recei vers: Phot odet ect ers

Couplers and Ci rcul at ors

Cavi t ies and Fi lt er

Compl ex Component s: Transponder s

Swi tches

Anal ysi s of the Node

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and

Summar y

References
Chapter 3. Net worki ng wi th DWDM - 2

A Typi cal Opt i cal Ampl i fi er

Doped Fi ber Ampl i fi ers

Raman Ampl i fi er

SOASemi conduct or Opti cal Ampl i f iers

Di spersi on Compensat i on Techni ques: Pre- and Post compensat i on

Di spersi on Compensat i on Usi ng Fi ber s

Pol ari zat i on Mode Disper si on and Compensat ion Techni ques

Summar y

References
Chapter 4. WDM Net work Desi gn - 1

I ntr oduct i on t o Opt i cal Desi gn

Fact ors That Af fect Syst em Desi gn

Ef fect of Chromat i c Di spersi on on Transmi ssi on Lengt h and I nduced Power Penalt y

Design of a Poi nt- t o-Poi nt Link Based on Q- Factor and OSNR

Cal culat i on of Q-Fact or f rom OSNR

Mar gi n Requi rement s

Design Usi ng Chromat i c Di spersi on Compensat i on

OSNR and Di spersi on-Based Desi gn

Frequency Chi rp

Ef fect s of FWM and XPM on Long- Haul Desi gn

PMD in Long- Haul Desi gn

Exampl es

Summar y

References
Chapter 5. WDM Net work Desi gn - 2

WDM Pass-t hrough CaseVi rt ual or Logi cal Topol ogy Desi gn

Cl assi f i cat ion of Opt i cal Net works Based on Geographi cal Si zes and Funct i onal i t y

Met ro Access Net works

Met ro Core Net works

Long-Haul Net works

Nodal Archi t ect ures and t he Opt i cal Servi ce Channel

Nodal Archi t ect ures for Di ff er ent Net work Market s

Opt ical Syst em Desi gn

Access Network Design

Met ropol i t an Area Net work (Met ro Core) Desi gn

Long-Haul Syst em Design

Forward Err or Cor recti on

WDM Syst em Desi gn: Component s and Subsyst em Consi derat i on

Quest i ons

Summar y

References
Chapter 6. Net work Level St rat egi es i n WDM Networ k Desi gn: Rout i ng and Wavel engt h Assignment

Routi ng and Wavel engt h Assi gnment : The Basi c Probl em

Formul at i ng t he Wavel engt h Assignment Probl em

Routi ng and Wavel engt h Assi gnment and I nt eger Li near Programmi ng Formul at i ons

The Gr aph Col ori ng Approach t o t he Wavelength Assi gnment Probl em

St ati c and Dynamic Light pat h Est abl i shment

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and

Vi rt ual Topol ogy Desi gn

Some Corol l ari es on Rout i ng and Wavel engt h Assi gnment

Bl ocking Probabi l i ty Comput at i on in Opt i cal Networks

Summar y

References
Chapter 7. X over DWDM

Gi gabi t Et her net / 10Gi gabi t Et hernet (Opt ical Et her net )

Et her net Passi ve Opt i cal Networks ( EPON)

SONET/ SDH

Dynamic Packet Transport (DPT) / Resi l i ent Packet Ri ng ( RPR)

I P over DWDM

Summar y

References
Chapter 8. Fut ure WDM Net works and Technol ogi es

Burst Swi t chi ng

Burst - Swi t ched Net work Al gori t hms

MPLS and Burst Swi tchi ng

Photoni c Sl ot Rout i ng

Contenti on Resol uti on Usi ng Del ay Li nes

40 Gbps Syst ems

Resour ce Reservati on Pr ot ocol and Tr aff i c Engi neeri ng i n t he Opt i cal Layer

Opt ical Cross-Connect Technol ogy

HORNET: (Hybri d Opt o-El ectr oni c Ring Network)

Burst - Mode Recei vers

Vi si on of an Opt i cal I nt ernet

Sel f -Si mil ar it y in I nt ernet Traff ic and I t s Ef fect on Opt i cal Net works

Transparent Opt i cal Net works

Summar y

References
Chapter 9. Test s and Measurement s

Test and Measuri ng Devi ces

Charact er i zat ion of a WDM Mul t i pl exer/ Demul t i pl exer and Opti cal Add/ Drop Unit

EDFA Test i ng

Opt ical Waveform Anal ysi s

Compl et e WDM End-t o- End Test i ng

Summar y

References
Chapter 10. Si mul at i ons of WDM Syst ems

Need f or Si mul at i on

I nsi de t he CD- ROM i n Thi s Book

St andal one Versus Col l aborat i ve Desi gn Tool s

VPI t ransmi ssi onMaker Si mul at i on Technol ogy

Photoni c Component Desi gn

Case St udies

Summar y

References
Bi bl iography
System Requir ement s and Recommendat i ons

Har dware Requi r ement s

Soft ware Requi rements

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
I ndex

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Copyright
Copyr i ght 2003 Ci sco Sy st ems, I nc.
Publi shed by :
Ci scoPr ess
201West 103rdSt r eet
I ndi anapol i s, I N 46290 USA
Al l r i ght s reserved. No par t of t hi s book may be repr oduced or t r ansmi t t ed in any for m or by any
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i ncl usi on of bri ef quot at i ons i n a r evi ew.
Pr i nt ed in t he Uni t ed St at es of Ameri ca 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Fi rst Pri nt ing December 2002
Li brar y of Congr ess Cat al ogi ng- in- Publ i cat i on Number: 619472050743
Warning and Disclaimer
Thi s book i s designed t o pr ovi de i nf or mat ion about DWDM net works. Ever y ef for t has been made
t o make t hi s book as compl et e and as accur at e as possi bl e, but no war r ant y or f i t ness i s i mpl ied.
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The opi ni ons expr essed i n t hi s book bel ong t o t he aut hor s and ar e not necessari l y t hose of Ci sco
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book t it le and I SBN i n y our message.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
We great l y appr eci at e y our assi st ance.
Publi sher John Wai t
Edit or- I n- Chi ef John Kane
Ci sco Repr esent at i ve Ant hony Wol f enden
Ci sco Pr ess Pr ogr am Manager Soni a Torr es Chavez
Ci sco Mar ket i ng Communi cat ions
Manager
Tom Gei t ner
Ci sco Mar ket i ng Pr ogram Manager Edie Qui r oz
Acqui si t i ons Edi t or Amy Moss
Pr oduct i on Manager Pat r i ck Kanouse
Devel opment Edi t or Howar d Jones
Pr oj ect Edi t or San Dee Phi l l i ps
Copy Edi t or Kar en A. Gi ll
Techni cal Edit ors Ti m Benner , Way ne Hi ckey , Ar t hur Lower y, St eve
Wi sni ewski
Team Coor di nat or Tammi Ross
Book Desi gner Gi na Rexrode
Cover Designer Loui sa Adai r
Composi t i on Cont ent Wor ks
I ndexer Ti m Wr i ght
Cor por at e Headquar t er s
Ci scoSy st ems, I nc.
170West Tasman Dr i ve
San Jose, CA95134- 1706
USA
ht t p: / / www. ci sco.com
Tel : 408526- 4000
800553- NETS( 6387)
Fax: 408 526- 4100
Eur opean Headq uar t er s
Ci scoSy st emsEur ope
11Rue Cami l le Desmoul i ns
92782I ssy- l es- Moul i neaux
Cedex9
France

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
ht t p: / / www- eur ope.ci sco. com
Tel : 33 158 04 60 00
Fax: 33 15804 61 00
Amer i cas Headq uar t er s
Ci scoSy st ems, I nc.
170West Tasman Dr i ve
San Jose, CA95134- 1706
USA
ht t p: / / www. ci sco.com
Tel : 408526- 7660
Fax: 408 527- 0883
Asi a Paci f i c Headq uar t er s
Ci scoSyst emsAust r al i a,
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Level 17, 99 Wal ker St r eet
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ht t p: / / www. ci sco.com
Tel : + 612 8448 7100
Fax: + 6129957 4350
Ar gent i na Aust r al i a Aust r i a Bel gi um Br azi l Bul gar i a Canada Chi l e Chi na Col ombi a
Cost a Ri ca Cr oat i a Czech Republ i c Denmar k Dubai , UAE Fi nl and Fr ance Germany
Gr eece Hong Kong Hungar y I ndi a I ndonesi a I rel and I sr ael I t al y Japan Kor ea
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Poland Por t ugal Puer t o Ri co Romani a Russi a Saudi Arabia Scot l and Si ngapore
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Ukr aine Uni t ed Ki ngdom Uni t ed St at es Venezuel a Vi et nam Zi mbabwe
Copyr i ght 2000, Cisco Sy st ems, I nc. Al l r i ght s r eser ved. Access Regi st rar , AccessPat h, Are You
Ready , ATM Di r ect or , Br owse wit h Me, CCDA, CCDE, CCDP, CCI E, CCNA, CCNP, CCSI , CD- PAC,
Ci scoLink , t he Ci sco Net Wor k s l ogo, t he Ci sco Power ed Net wor k l ogo, Cisco Sy st ems Net wor king
Academy , Fast St ep, Fi r eRunner, Fol l ow Me Br owsi ng, FormShar e, Gi gaSt ack, I GX, I nt el l i gence
i n t he Opt i cal Cor e, I nt ernet Quot i ent , I P/ VC, i Q Br eakt hr ough, i Q Exper t i se, i Q Fast Tr ack, i Qui ck
St udy, i Q Readiness Scor ecar d, The i Q Logo, Ker nel Pr oxy, MGX, Nat ural Net wor k Vi ewer ,
Net work Regi st r ar , t he Net wor kers logo, Packet , PI X, Poi nt and Cl i ck I nt er net worki ng, Pol i cy
Bui l der , Rat eMUX, Rey Mast er , Rey Vi ew, Scr i pt Shar e, Secur e Scr ipt , Shop wi t h Me, Sl i deCast ,
SMARTnet , SVX, Tr aff i cDi r ect or, TransPat h, Vl anDir ect or, Voice LAN, Wavel engt h Rout er ,
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Ci sco Sy st ems, I nc. ; and Ai r onet , ASI ST, BPX, Cat al yst , Ci sco, t he Ci sco Cer t i fi ed I nt er net wor k
Exper t Logo, Cisco I OS, t he Ci sco I OS l ogo, Ci sco Pr ess, Cisco Sy st ems, Cisco Sy st ems Capi t al ,
t he Ci sco Syst ems l ogo, Coll i si on Fr ee, Ent er pr i se/ Sol ver , Et herChannel , Et her Swit ch, Fast Hub,
Fast Li nk, Fast PAD, I OS, I P/ TV, I PX, Li ght St r eam, Li ght Swi t ch, MI CA, Net Ranger , Post - Rout i ng,
Pr e- Rout i ng, Regi st r ar, St r at aVi ew Plus, St r at m, Swit chProbe, Tel eRout er , ar e r egi st er ed
t r ademarks of Cisco Sy st ems, I nc. or it s aff i li at es i n t he U. S. and cert ain ot her count r i es.
Al l ot her br ands, names, or t r ademar ks ment i oned i n t hi s document or Web sit e are t he proper t y
of t hei r r espect i ve owners. The use of t he word par t ner does not i mpl y a par t ner shi p r el at i onshi p
bet ween Ci sco and any ot her company . ( 0010R)

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Dedications
Ashw i n Gumast e: I dedi cat e t hi s book t o my l at e fat her , Dr . Ani l H. Gumast e. I al so dedi cat e
t hi s book t o my t wo bel oved dogs, Johnny and Zanj eer . My ent ir e r esear ch car eer woul d not
have been possi ble wi t hout t he hel p of Si ddhivi nay ak Templ e i n Bombay, I ndi a.
Tony Ant ony : I dedi cat e t hi s book t o my parent s, C. P. Ant ony and Ri t ha Ant ony; my wi fe,
Sheela; and my daught er s, Chel sey and Melani e.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
About the Authors
Ashw i n Gumast e r ecei ved a mast er 's degr ee in t el ecommuni cat i ons and is curr ent l y wi t h t he
Cent er f or Advanced Tel ecommuni cat i ons Syst ems and Servi ces ( CATSS) at t he Uni versi t y of
Texas at Dal l as wher e he is pur sui ng a Ph. D. i n el ect r ical engi neer i ng. He i s al so par t of
Phot oni cs Net wor king Labor at or y ( PNL) at Fuj i t su i n Ri char dson, Texas wher e hi s r esear ch
i ncl udes net wor k development and desi gn. He has previ ously wor ked wi t h Ci sco Sy st ems i n t he
Opt i cal Net wor king Gr oup. He has numer ous paper s and pending U. S. pat ent s. He was awarded
t he Nat ional Tal ent Sear ch Schol ar shi p i n I ndi a i n 1991. Hi s r esear ch i nt er est s i ncl ude opt i cal
and wi r el ess net worki ng and Sel f- Si mi l ar phenomenon i n soci al and net wor ki ng envi r onment s.
He has also pr oposed t he fi r st ar chi t ect ur e t o i mpl ement opt i cal bur st swi t chi ng and for
mul t i cast i ng l i ght pat hs call ed Li ght - t r ail s.
Tony Ant ony has mor e t han 11 y ear s of t el ecommunicat i ons/ dat a- net wor ki ng experi ence and i s
cur r ent l y worki ng at Ci sco Syst ems as a Techni cal Market i ng Engi neer i n t he Opt i cal Net wor ki ng
Gr oup. He r ecei ved a mast er' s degr ee i n t el ecommuni cat ions fr om SMU, Dal las and al so hol ds a
CCNP and CCI P ( Opt ical ) along wi t h mul t i pl e ot her cer t i fi cat i ons. Tony' s pr evi ous exper i ence
i ncl udes engineer i ng posi t i ons at Texas I nst r ument s and KPMG. He has aut hored numer ous
t echni cal paper s at i nt er nat i onal confer ences i n t he net wor ki ng ar ea. Hi s r esear ch int erest s
i ncl ude opt i cal I nt ernet and net wor k si mul at i ons. Tony can be r eached at t ant ony@ci sco.com.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
About the Technical Reviewers
Ti m Ben ner has been i n t he net worki ng t el ecommuni cat i ons i ndust r y and el ect r oni cs fi el d for
mor e t han 13 y ear s. Hi s f ir st t rai ning came whi l e he was i n ser vi ce as an el ect r oni cs t echni cian
( communi cat i ons and r adar ) in t he Uni t ed St at es Navy . He has at t ai ned ever y maj or
t el ecommuni cat i ons cert if i cat ion. Ti m has worked f or a Ci sco Si lver, Gol d, and sever al Ci sco
Pr ofessi onal Ser vi ces Par t ner s as a senior pr i ncipal net wor k consul t ant . He has desi gned,
i mpl ement ed, and had exposure t o many di ff er ent t echnol ogi es, i ncl udi ng VoX t echnol ogi es,
LAN/ WAN, and I nt ernet t echnol ogi es for ser vice provi der and ent er pr i se net works. He spends
much of hi s fr ee t i me r eadi ng i ndust r y books and doi ng r esearch i n hi s home l ab.
Way ne Hi ck ey has mor e t han 20 y ear s of t el ecommunicat i ons, comput er , and dat a exper ience.
He has pr oduct exper t i se in SONET, SDH, DWDM, I P, ATM, Frame, HFC, Voi ce, Vi deo, and
Wi r el ess. Wayne has hel d var ious posi t i ons wi t h Ci sco Sy st ems as a CSE, SEM, SSEM, and now a
pr oduct manager f or t he Opt i cal Techni cal Busi ness Uni t . Pr evi ousl y , he spent 19 y ears wor ki ng
for Al iant Tel ecom ( NBTel ) , t he t hi r d l argest t el ecommuni cat ions pr ovi der i n Canada, where he
was f ocused on t ransmi ssion net wor k desi gn and t he eval uat i on of emer gi ng access and
t r ansmi ssi on t echnol ogi es. Wayne has co- aut hor ed and aut hor ed sever al paper s on PMD, l ong-
haul t r ansmi ssi on sy st ems, and he has appl i ed f or several pat ent s on pri mar y and secondar y
pr ot ect f or HFC.
Dr . Ar t h ur Low er y ear ned a f i rst - cl ass honour' s degr ee i n appl i ed phy sics f r om Dur ham
Uni ver sit y, Engl and, i n 1983, and a Ph. D. fr om Not t i ngham Uni versi t y , wher e he wor ked as a
l ect urer i n el ect r i cal engi neeri ng. I n 1990, Ar t hur j oi ned t he Phot oni cs Resear ch Labor at or y at
t he Universi t y of Mel bourne, Aust r ali a as a seni or l ect ur er and l at er a r eader , wher e he l ed
pr oj ect s developi ng CAD t ool s for phot oni c devi ces and syst ems, opt i cal ampl i fi er appl icat i ons,
and mode- l ocked l aser s. I n 1996, he cof ounded Vi r t ual Phot oni cs Pt y Lt d. t o commer ci al i ze
phot oni c desi gn aut omat i on t ool s, whi ch mer ged wi t h BneD ( Germany) i n 1998 t o become
VPI sy st ems I nc. Si nce t hen, Ar t hur has been gr oup t echnology off i cer of Mel bourne' s Opt i cal
Design Gr oup, whi ch devel ops design t ools for component s, li nks, and sy st ems. He has wri t t en
mor e t han 160 papers on phot onics and si mul at i on.
St ev e Wi sni ew ski , CCNP, has an M.S. degr ee in t el ecom engi neer i ng f rom St evens I nst i t ut e of
Technol ogy . He has more t han 10 y ear s of net wor king exper ience and i s empl oy ed as a seni or
engi neer f or Gr eenwi ch Technol ogy Par t ner s. He has aut hor ed t wo books on net wor ki ng f or
Pr ent i ce Hall and i s pr esent l y co- aut hor i ng a book for Ci sco Pr ess. He l ives i n East Br unswi ck,
N. J. wi t h hi s wi fe, Ell en, and t hei r 16 dogs.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Acknowledgments
Ashw i n Gumast e: A ver y special t hanks t o my Ph. D. advisor and t he di st i ngui shed chai r i n
t el ecommuni cat i ons, Dr . I mr i ch Chl amt ac, at t he Univer si t y of Texas at Dal las, f or t he
encour agement he best owed upon me, as wel l as f or bei ng a st r ong sour ce of mot ivat i on i n t he
opt i cal net wor ki ng fi el d. I would al so l i ke t o t hank Dr. Hideo Kuwahar a, seni or VP of Phot oni cs
Net worki ng Laborat ory at Fuj it su, for hi s const ant suppor t dur i ng t he wri t i ng of t hi s manuscri pt .
I woul d l i ke t o t hank Dr . Geor ge Thomas at t he Uni ver si t y of Loui si ana, Lafay et t e f or showi ng me
t he int r icaci es in DWDM net worki ng. A special acknowl edgement t o t he effor t s of Amy Moss and
Howar d Jones fr om Ci sco Pr ess, as wel l as t he t echni cal r evi ewer s Way ne, Ar t hur , St eve, and
Ti m. I woul d l i ke t o not e t he i ni t i at i ves of t he i nt er f aci ng members f r om VPI ( Ar t hur , El i zabet h,
and Pet t er) and Agi l ent ( Sudhi r and Randy ) .
Tony Ant ony : I woul d li ke t o t hank my par ent s and f ami l y f or support i ng me dur i ng t he ent i r e
pr ocess of t hi s book. A speci al t hanks t o my t eam members and manager s, especi all y Far az
Al adi n, Dave Merr el l, and Russ Tar pey at Ci sco Sy st ems. I woul d al so l i ke t o t hank Ar t i e Thomas
and al l my ot her col l eagues f or t he cont i nuous encouragement t hey of fer ed me. I ext end my
t hanks t o Amy Moss f or coordi nat i ng t he ef for t s, Howar d Jones for devel opi ng t he book, and
Way ne Hi ckey , Ar t hur Lowr y, Ti m Benner , and St eve Wi sniewski for t heir excel l ent comment s.
Speci al t hanks t o Di di Fost er f or coordi nat i ng Agi l ent t est and measur ement i nf or mat i on, as wel l
as Sudhi r Peddir eddy and Randy Fost er . Fi nal l y, I woul d li ke t o t hank El i zabet h Mor gan, Ar t hur
Lowr y , and Pet t er Wi l l dhagan f r om VPI f or compil at i on of Chapt er 10, "Si mul at i ons of WDM
Sy st ems."

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Introduction
The massi ve growt h i n I nt er net t r af fi c has cr eat ed a sur ge of bandwi dt h r equi r ement i n t oday' s
net wor ks. Wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exi ng ( WDM) is one enabl i ng t echnol ogy t hat al levi at es t he
bandwi dt h i ssue. Thi s book i s an at t empt t o di scuss t hi s nascent t echnol ogy fr om an
i mpl ement at ion per spect i ve. I t i s desi gned f or l evels fr om t he novi ce t o t he exper t , keeping in
mi nd t he pract i cal r elevance of depl oy ment . The obj ect i ve i s t o acquai nt t he r eader wi t h t he
enabl i ng t echnol ogi es t hat af fect DWDM net wor ki ng and t o enabl e t he r eader t o desi gn
( synt hesize) and anal y ze DWDM net wor ks, fr om a sy st ems perspect i ve. The book at t empt s t o
br i dge t he gap bet ween phy sical lay er and net wor k l ay er t echnologi es and cr eat es a sol ut i on t hat
absor bs t he best of bot h wor l ds t o demonst r at e hi gher capacit y and more r esil i ent net wor ks f or
t he fut ur e.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Goals and Methods
Thi s book di scusses t he t echnol ogi cal i mpl ement at i ons of DWDM net wor ki ng f r om a sy st ems-
l evel appr oach. DWDM as a t echnol ogy at t empt s t o coal esce t he opt i cal and net wor k l ay er
st r at egi es i n cr eat i ng huge sur ges i n bandwi dt h t hat ar e avail able t o t he end user . Thi s book
deal s wi t h di ff er ent facet s of DWDM net wor ki ng and creat es a r esour ce pool of net wor k- sy st ems
knowl edge. I t can be r egar ded as a premi er source of i nf or mat ion t o cover a wide spect r um of
i ssues f r om component s t o syst em desi gn. The obj ect ive i s t o make t he r eader abl e t o desi gn
and under st and DWDM net wor ks as wel l as t he under ly i ng opt i cal t echnol ogy.
Some of t he most import ant det ai l s cover ed i nclude t he fol l owi ng:
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber . Be abl e t o choose t he r i ght fi ber f or t he gi ven appl icat i on.
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work.
Lear n t he eff ect s of noi se in si gnal pr opagat ion i n WDM net wor ks, especi al l y f rom OSNR
and BER per spect i ves.
Design opt i cal ampl i fi ers.
Design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget .
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR.
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ed fr om OSNR, di sper si on, and gai n t i l t .
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance.
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ions of DWDM net wor ks.
Under st and t he eff ect s of rout i ng and wavel engt h assignment i n DWDM net wor ks.
Compr ehend t he di ff er ent pr ot ocols for t ransport of dat a over t he WDM l ay er .
Lear n fut ur e t r ends i n WDM net wor ki ng.
Test and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n WDM net works and opt i cal syst ems.
Eval uat e per f ormance of WDM net wor ks usi ng si mul at i ons.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Who Should Read This Book?
Thi s book i s meant t o cover t he ent i r e spect r um of t echnol ogi es fr om physi cal l ay er t o net wor k
l ay er and is desi gned t o benefi t a wi de r ange of peopl e i n t he net worki ng communi t y f rom novice
t o resear cher . The obj ect i ve i s not j ust t o expl ain t he underl y i ng t echnol ogi es but al so t o make
t he reader wel l ver sed r egar di ng desi gn aspect s. Thi s book can be consi der ed a st andal one
t ut ori al f or DWDM net wor ki ng.
I n general t er ms, net wor k engi neer s, net work ar chi t ect s, net work desi gn engineer s, cust omer
support engi neer s, sal espeopl e, sy st em engi neer s, and consul t ant s who desi gn, depl oy, operat e,
and t r oubleshoot WDM net wor ks and who want t o pr ovi de new- worl d enabl i ng servi ces on t hei r
net wor ks shoul d read t hi s book.
Academi ci ans who need t o under st and t hi s t echnol ogy model and t heor et i cal f r amewor k as par t
of t hei r r esear ch wi l l al so f i nd t hi s book usef ul .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
How This Book Is Organized
The book i s par t i t i oned i nt o 10 chapt er s, and each chapt er deal s wi t h an i mpor t ant facet of
DWDM net wor ki ng. I t i s st ruct ur ed i n a way t hat t he r eader i s i ni t i al ly acquai nt ed t o premi er
opt i cal t echnol ogies.
DWDM net wor ki ng i s bui l t on t he st r ong fundament al s of enabl i ng opt i cal t echnol ogi es, and
Chapt ers 1 t hr ough 3 di scuss t hese t echnol ogies. Fol l owi ng an engi neer i ng- l evel under st andi ng
on opt i cal net wor king, Chapt ers 4 and 5 det ail DWDM net wor k desi gn fr om opt ical as wel l as
t opol ogical aspect s. Those chapt er s l ook at di f fer ent cl assi fi cat i ons of DWDM net works and how
net wor ks are desi gned and i mpl ement ed. A sy st em desi gn per spect i ve cr eat es a r esour ce pool of
knowl edge f or i ndust ry desi gner s.
Chapt er 6 amal gamat es net wor k l ay er issues wi t h DWDM net wor ki ng, discussing rout i ng and
wavel engt h assi gnment issues i n a DWDM net work. Fr om t he hi gher l ay er s of t he OSI model , a
wi de r ange of pr ot ocols are feasi ble alt er nat i ves for t ranspor t of dat a over WDM net works.
Chapt er 7 t hr ows l ight on some of t hese pr ot ocol s. As DWDM t echnol ogy mat ur es, newer
t echnol ogi es appear t hat enabl e bet t er , more resi li ent , as wel l as hi gher - capaci t y DWDM
net wor ks. These t r ends of fut ur e DWDM net wor king are di scussed i n Chapt er 8.
As i ndust r y begi ns t o depl oy DWDM net works i n a subst ant i al way , t hese net wor ks and t he
associ at ed net work gear need t o be t est ed and t he par amet ers measur ed. Chapt er 9 expl ai ns
some generi c met hods for measur ement of opt i cal paramet ers, as wel l as val i dat i ng t echni ques
t o pr ove t he eff ect i veness of WDM net wor ks. To cor r ect l y channel i nvest ment s i n WDM net wor ks,
t he desi gn needs t o be val i dat ed. Simulat ion exer ci ses ar e an excell ent met hod for such
val idat i on. Chapt er 10 di scusses si mul at i on st udi es of WDM net wor ks.
The 10 chapt er s cover t he fol l owi ng t opi cs:
Chapt er 1 , " I nt r oduct i on t o Opt i cal Net w or k i ng" Thi s chapt er i nt roduces basi c
pr i nci pl es t hat govern opt ical communi cat i on such as r efl ect i on, r efr act i on, di sper sion, and
pol ar i zat i on, as wel l as t he pr oper t i es of opt i cal f iber such as bi refr i ngence and
nonli near i t y . Thi s chapt er furt her det ai ls t he met hods of communicat i on i n a f iber as wel l as
t he var i ous i mpai r ment s t o si gnal f l ow i n a fi ber . I t al so hi ghli ght s proper t i es of DWDM
net wor ki ng f r om t he opt i cal communi cat i on poi nt of vi ew.
Chapt er 2 , " Net w or k i n g wi t h DWDM - 1 " Thi s chapt er showcases some of t he DWDM
component s and t echnol ogi es. I t i nt r oduces opt ical t ransmi t t er s and vari ous for ms of l aser s
t hat ar e used i n DWDM t ransmi ssi on, as well as t hei r char act er i st i cs. I t al so di scusses
opt i cal r ecei ver desi gn and i t s import ance t o sy st em desi gn based on noi se and bi t er r or
r at e ( BER) . I n addi t i on, Chapt er 2 does some el ement ar y mat hemat i cal anal y si s of BER and
di scusses t he Q- f act or and signal - t o- noi se r at i o ( SNR) . The chapt er al so st udi es
component s such as coupler s, cir cul at or s, vari ous for ms of fi l t er s, and opt i cal swi t ches.
Fi nal l y, Chapt er 2 hel ps r eader s map t he component s and t hei r t echnol ogy i nt o a ful ly
pr ogr essed WDM net wor k.
Chapt er 3 , " Net w or k i n g wi t h DWDM - 2 " Thi s chapt er di scusses an i mpor t ant
i nnvovat i onopt i cal ampl if ert hat af fect s DWDM net wor k desi gn. Al so exami ned are
doped f iber , Raman, and semi conduct or opt ical ampli f er s. Fi nal l y, t hi s chapt er expl ai ns
di sper si on- compensat i on t echni ques f or chr omat i c as wel l as pol ar i zat i on mode di sper si on
fr om a syst ems l evel per spect i ve.
Chapt er 4 , " WDM Net w or k Desi gn - 1" Thi s chapt er di scusses opt i cal net wor k syst em-
l evel desi gn. I t i ni t i al l y consider s power budget - based desi gn and moves on t o more

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
compl ex opt i cal signal - t o- noi se r at i o ( OSNR) - based desi gns. Chapt er 4 al so shows t he
i mpor t ance of OSNR i n est i mat i ng BER and t he need for eval uat i on of t he Q- fact or as an
i nt er mediat e st age i n BER cal cul at i on. I n addi t i on, i t di scusses di sper si on- based syst ems
and penal t i es t hat ar e associ at ed wit h disper si on- l i mi t ed syst ems. Thi s chapt er l ooks at
how di spersi on- l i mi t ed sy st ems can be compensat ed by usi ng gener ic schemes and shows
t he met hods of pr e- and post compensat i on as wel l as pl acement of such compensat i ng
unit s. Fi nal l y, Chapt er 4 st udi es nonl i near eff ect s fr om a desi gn point of vi ew and vari ous
penal t i es and t hei r cur es fr om a pure sy st em desi gn per spect i ve.
Chapt er 5 , " WDM Net w or k Desi gn - 2" Thi s chapt er di scusses phi l osophi es of opt i cal
net wor k design fr om a t opol ogi cal poi nt of vi ew. I t classi fi es opt i cal net wor ks i nt o t hr ee
mai n ar eas: access, met ro, and l ong haul . Each net wor k t y pe has di f fer ent component s and
desi gn i ssues associ at ed wit h i t . Access net works have r el at i vel y l ess opt i cal i mpai rment s
and can be i mpl ement ed usi ng l ow- cost t echnol ogi es. Access net works ar e mor e fl exibl e
and pr ovi de a di r ect poi nt of at t achment t o end user s. Met r o net wor ks r equi r e
compar at i vel y more st r i ngent opt i cal requi rement s t han access net wor ks. Met r o net wor ks
ar e physi call y l ar ger t han access net wor ks and need more speci fi c t echnol ogies f or
i mpl ement at ion. Long- haul net wor ks have t he maxi mum number of opt i cal i mpai r ment s
associ at ed. Long- haul net wor k desi gn i nvol ves many di ff er ent phi l osophi es and
component s. This chapt er expl ores how t o desi gn opt ical WDM net works and choose t he
r i ght equi pment for t he r i ght appli cat i on.
Chapt er 6 , " Net w or k Lev el St r at egi es i n WDM Net w or k Desi g n: Rout i ng and
Wav el engt h Assi g nment " Thi s chapt er f ocuses on r out i ng and wavel engt h assi gnment
( RWA) st r at egi es i n opt ical net wor ks. RWA anal y si s i s i mpor t ant f rom a net wor k pl anni ng
and capaci t y pl anni ng obj ect i ve. Thi s chapt er discusses some al gor i t hms pr oposed by
l eadi ng r esearcher s t hat consi der vari ous facet s of t he RWA probl em.
Chapt er 7 , " X ov er DWDM" Thi s chapt er consi der s vari ous pr ot ocols over t he DWDM
l ay er f or possi bl e i mpl ement at ions. I t l ooks at SONET/ SDH, Et her net , I P, and RPR as some
of t he pr ot ocol s t hat can t r ansfer dat a over t he WDM lay er . SONET/ SDH seems t o be t he
most common way of sendi ng dat a, but i t comes at a hi gh pri ce. I n cont rast , Et her net has a
si mpl e i mplement at i on and i s r api dl y growi ng i n popul ari t y . Et hernet i s wi del y consider ed
t o be t he fut ur e r eplacement of SONET/ SDH. RPR i s an eff ici ent pr ot ocol for ri ng net wor ks.
I P dir ect l y over WDM seems t o be t he most promi sing pr ot ocol, but i t i s qui t e di f fi cul t t o
wi del y i mpl ement at t his t i me.
Chapt er 8 , " Fut ur e WDM Net w or k s and Tech nol og i es" Thi s chapt er l ooks at some of
t he fut ur e t r ends t hat wi l l af fect DWDM net wor ki ng. Bur st swi t chi ng, self - si mi l ar i t y i n
net wor k t r aff i c, 40 G communi cat i on, and I P over DWDM i mpl ement at i ons are di scussed.
Chapt er 9 , " Test s and Measur emen t s" Thi s chapt er di scusses measur ement of
par amet er s t hat af fect t he DWDM net wor k. I t al so highl i ght s t he t echnolgi es used i n t he
measurement and t est i ng of t hese WDM par amet er s. I n addi t i on, t hi s chapt er expl ai ns
pr i nci pl es of oper at i on of t est equi pment such as opt i cal spect r um analy zer and opt ical
power met er .
Chapt er 1 0, " Si mu l at i on s of WDM Syst ems" Thi s chapt er st udi es DWDM net wor k
si mul at ions and met hods. Usi ng t he soft war e ( VPI t r ansmi ssi onMaker ) i n t he encl osed CD,
y ou can per for m net wor k si mul at i ons. The CD cont ains demos and case st udi es for WDM
net wor ki ng. This chapt er det ai l s met hods and requir ement s for conduct i ng good si mul at i on
st udy .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Chapter 1. Introduction to Optical
Networking
Communicat i on and communi cat ion sy st ems have evol ved t r emendousl y over t he past cent ur y .
The t remendous gr owt h in demand f or bandwi dt h has l ed t o var ious pr emier t echnol ogies t hat
faci l i t at e mor e communi cat i on i n t oday 's net works.
The need t o send mor e i nfor mat i on ( dat a) t hr ough a communi cat ion medi um ( channel ) i s one of
t he mot ivat i ng f act or s f or cont i nuous r esear ch t o i nvent mor e eff i ci ent communi cat i on syst ems.
I n t he past , bot h convent i onal copper and wi r el ess met hods wer e good means of t r anspor t i ng
dat a. They had t he li mi t at i ons of a fi nit e bandwidt h and hi gh l osses t hat wer e pr opor t i onal wi t h
t r ansmi t t i ng l engt h. Gl ass as a possi bl e means of communi cat i on was st udi ed and
exper i ment al l y depl oy ed as ear l y as t he 1960s.
I t was not unt i l t he mi d- 1980s t hat commer ci al depl oy ment of f i ber act ual l y occurr ed. A
par adi gm shi ft i n f i ber manuf act ur i ng t echnol ogi es and new devel opment s i n semi conduct or
l aser s and det ect or s enhanced t he speed of t hi s depl oy ment . A gr adual shif t f r om t he
convent i onal mul t i mode t o t he more exot i c si ngl e mode f i ber caused a st eep i ncrease i n
communi cat ion dat a- r at es. The heavy dependence of Sy nchr onous Opt i cal Net wor k
( SONET) / Synchronous Digi t al Hi er ar chy ( SDH) as a st andar d t ranspor t gear f or dat a and voi ce
coal esced wi t h t he demand f or hi gh bit r at es, ensuri ng massive deploy ment of fi ber r i ngs.
Thr ee more t echnol ogi es t hat revol ut i oni zed t he opt i cal net worki ng segment i ncl uded t unabl e
l aser s, ar r ayed waveguides, and opt i cal ampl i fi ers. Tunabl e l asers could emi t l i ght at di ff er ent
wavel engt hs by using some phy si cal char act er i st i c of t he l asi ng medi a t hat f aci l i t at ed t he change
i n emi t t ed wavel engt hs. Ar r ay ed wavegui des, al t hough int r oduced al most t wo decades aft er
t unabl e l aser s, were import ant f or mul t i pl exi ng and demul t ipl exi ng wavel engt hs of l i ght s and
for mi ng a composi t e si gnal . Opt i cal ampl i fi er s wer e genui ne opt i cal equi val ent s of el ect ronic
ampl i fi er s, wi t h t he same gener i c f unct i onal i t y .
Convent i onall y , l i ght pr opagat i on is an el ect r omagnet i c phenomenon, and i t s pr opagat i on
t hr ough a f iber can be mat hemat ical l y st udi ed wit h Maxwel l' s equat ions.
NOTE
Opt i cs i s a compl icat ed fi el d; it s under st anding requir es sol id phy si cs concept s.
One of t he key not i ons behi nd communi cat ion i n a f i ber i s t he t ot al i nt er nal r efl ect i on ( TI R) of
l i ght wi t hi n a t r ansmi ssi ve medi a. Thi s concept is det ai led i n t he f oll owi ng sect i on, " WDM, " and i t
l eads t o t he basi c t heor y t hat suppor t s opt ical communi cat i on. Furt her , mult ipl exi ng, i n t i me and
fr equency domains, i s qui t e pr omi nent l y depl oy ed i n var i ous f or ms of communicat i on syst ems.
Thi s concept i s furt her ed t o t he fi el d of opt i cal communi cat i ons, whi ch gi ves bi r t h t o what i s
commonly t er med wavel engt h di visi on mul t i pl exi ng ( WDM) . Lat er in t hi s chapt er , t he sect i on
t i t l ed "Opt i cs: An Updat e" di scusses WDM i n mor e det ai l .
An enor mous bandwi dt h and a l ow er r or r at e woul d seem t o pl ace t he opt i cal fi ber i n a cat egor y
t hat i s super i or t o ot her convent i onal f orms of communi cat i on media. Theoret i cal ly , a singl e
st r and of fi ber as t hi n as a si ngl e human hai r coul d cr eat e bandwi dt h of 30000 Gbps ( 1 Gbps =

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
10
9
bps) . However, si ngl e channel communi cat i on sy st ems t oday have not been abl e t o funct i on
hi gher t han 40 Gbps due t o t he sever e opt o- el ect r oni c mi smat ch. What makes opt i cal
communi cat ion so at t ract i ve i s t hi s capabi l it y t o t r ansport huge dat a fi l es and connect opt i cal
ci rcui t s or l ight p at hs acr oss l arge di st ances wi t h mi ni mal communi cat i on er r or s.
The bui l di ng bl ocks of an opt i cal net wor k can be cat egori zed i nt o t hr ee gr oups:
The communi cat i on media, whi ch i s t he fi ber .
The passi ve and act i ve component s t hat i nt er face wi t h t hi s medi a, such as l aser s,
det ect ors, ampli f i er s, wavegui des, and so on.
The sof t ware- based net work management sy st em and t he pr ot ocol s t hat r un t hr ough t he
channel s of communi cat i on, cr eat i ng a conducive communi cat i on envi r onment .
The f i ber i s a passi ve medi a t hat i s gover ned by l aws of opt i cal physi cs. Li ght pul ses propagat i ng
t hr ough t he f i ber exper i ence opt i cal eff ect s such as r efl ect i on, r ef ract i on, bi r ef r ingence,
at t enuat i on, di sper si on, and pol ar i zat i on t o name a few. For t hcomi ng sect i ons f ocus on t he basi c
concept s of each of t hese eff ect s. The mat hemat i cal anal ysi s of each eff ect i s bey ond t he scope of
t hi s book, but t hey ar e descri bed qui t e exhaust ivel y i n r efer ences 1, 2, and 3 at t he end of t hi s
chapt er .
The component s t hat i nt er act wi t h t he f i ber and ar e r esponsi ble for communi cat i on are gr ouped
pr i mari l y i nt o passi ve and act i ve devi ces. Passive devi cessuch as fi ber coupler s, t aps,
ci rcul at or s, and grat i ngs mux/ demuxar e key WDM component s and ar e st udi ed i n t he fi r st half
of Chapt er 2, "Net wor ki ng wi t h DWDM - 1." Act i ve devi cessuch as l aser s, phot o- det ect ors,
ampl i fi er s, and swi t chesar e descr i bed in Chapt ers 2 and 3, "Net wor ki ng wi t h DWDM - 2."
Chapt er 4, "WDM Net wor k Design - 1, " and Chapt er 5, "WDM Net wor k Design - 2, " descr i bes t he
act ual net wor k desi gn i ssues, and Chapt er 6, "Net wor k Level St rat egies i n WDM Net work Desi gn:
Rout i ng and Wavel engt h Assi gnment , " descr i bes how t o handl e net wor k- rel at ed probl ems.
Chapt er 7, "X over DWDM, " di scusses var i ous pr ot ocols over t he WDM l ayer , and Chapt er 8,
"Fut ure WDM Net wor ks and Technol ogi es, " descr i bes vari ous new t echnol ogi es and f ocus on new
ar eas of WDM net worki ng wi t h t he predomi nant I P l ay er i mbi bed ont o t he opt i cal l ay er. Chapt er
9, "Test s and Measur ement s, " deals wi t h t est i ng WDM syst ems as well as measur i ng WDM
syst em paramet ers. Chapt er 10, " Si mul at i ons of WDM Sy st ems, " expl ains si mul at ion t echni ques
and met hodol ogies of WDM net wor ks.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
WDM
WDM i s t he abbr evi at i on f or wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exinga t er m t hat has r i sen t o
pr omi nence over t he past decade. Char l es Br acket t 's semi nal paper
13
on wavelengt h di vi si on
mul t i pl exi ng i n 1990 set t he t one for t he r ecent advances i n t hi s sect or of net worki ng. Opt i cal
communi cat ion can be envi saged as t ransmi t t i ng i nf or mat ion opt i cal l y by modul at i ng a car r ier
fr equency t hat i s emi t t ed by an opt i cal gener at or such as a laser and det ect i ng i t at t he f ar end
of an opt i cal f iber wit h a phot o- di ode. The laser emi t s li ght t hat is charact er i zed by it s opt i cal
fr equency and hence i t s wavel engt h. ( Wavelengt h- f r equency pr oduct i s a const ant and gives t he
vel oci t y of l i ght . ) For opt i cal communi cat i on t o occur, t hi s f requency must be subj ect ed t o t he
l owest possi ble at t enuat i on.
Tr adi t i onal l y , t hr ee l ow at t enuat i on wi ndows ar e avai l abl e f or communi cat i on t hat i s locat ed
ar ound t he 980 nm, 1310 nm, and 1550 nm bands. By t r ansmi t t i ng di f fer ent dat a st r eams on
di f fer ent wavel engt hs ( f r equencies) and mult ipl exi ng t hese di f ferent f requenci es as a composi t e
si gnal , we can i ncr ease t he cumul at i ve dat a r at e of t he ent i r e fi ber . This mul t i pl exi ng scheme i s
commonly t er med WDM.
The t ransmi t t er end of t he communicat i on channel has a fi ni t e l i mi t t o t he maxi mum dat a t hat
can be modul at ed ont o a si ngl e wavel engt h. Mul t i pl exi ng many such dat a st r eams on dif fer ent
wavel engt hs not onl y i ncr eases t he net dat a r at e but also ci r cumvent s t he opt o- elect r oni c
mi smat ch t o a cer t ai n ext ent . ( Al t hough t he f iber can accommodat e up t o 40 Tbps of capaci t y ,
el ect r oni c sy st ems do not cur rent l y exi st t hat can modul at e bi t st reams at such a hi gh r at e; t his
fundament al l y causes t he opt o- elect r oni c mi smat ch. ) Each modul at ed wavel engt h i n t he
composit e si gnal i s cal l ed a chann el , and each channel i s gener al l y at a fi xed spaci ng f rom i t s
nei ghbor s. I n t oday' s net wor ks, each channel i s usual ly 100 GHz/ 50 GHz f rom it s nei ghbors; t hi s
spaci ng i s al so t he st andar d f or I TU- T gr i ds for WDM sy st ems t oday. Ser vi ce provi der s st ar t ed
most WDM servi ces wi t h 200 GHz spaci ng. That was a norm for a l ong whi l e, unt i l 100 GHz
became feasibl e.
Ther e have been repor t s of up t o 40 Gbps per channel of dat a r at e, as wel l as sever al
exper i ment al demonst r at i ons of l esser channel spaci ng ( t y pi cal l y 25 and 12. 5 GHz) bet ween t wo
adj acent channel s) . Lesser channel spaci ng and a hi gher bi t r at e per channel means t hat mor e
dat a t han bef ore is in t he fi ber .
The use of di ff er ent modul at i on schemes t o incr ease t he dat a r at e has been st udi ed ext ensi vely .
Al t hough non- r et ur n t o zer o ( NRZ) and r et ur n t o zer o ( RZ) ar e t he common ones used,
exper i ment al demonst r at i on of bi nar y phase shif t key ing ( BPSK) i n which a l ogical one and
l ogi cal zer o become t wo phases of an opt ical si gnal i n t he t r ansmi t t i ng medi aand i nt ensi t y
modul at ed ( I M) schemes have al so been proposed. Recent advances i n subsidi ary opt i cal
component ssuch as Fabr y- Per ot cavi t i es, Mach- Zehneder i nt er feromet er s, swi t ches, and
t unabl e component shave made WDM- based net wor ki ng a commerci al r eal it y. Doped fi ber
ampl i fi er s ( Si li con fi ber wi t h Er bi um and ot her r ar e- ear t hs) t hat can ampl i f y t he ent ir e composi t e
WDM si gnal pave t he way f or l ong- haul communicat i on.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Optics: An Update
Thi s sect ion l ooks at some of t he basi c phenomena t hat govern opt ical communi cat i on. Most of
t hese phenomena ar e qui t e si mpl i st i c and i nt uit ive and can ser ve as a refr esher for basic opt i cal
pr i nci pl es. Alt hough some of t he anal ysi s of opt ical communi cat i on i nvolves compl ex
mat hemat i cs, a simpler geomet r i cal sol ut ion can gi ve us an i dea of t he basi c pr i nci pl es i n a
subt l e way .
Reflection, Refraction, Total Internal Reflection, and Snell's Law
For t he most par t , i n opt i cal net wor king, i t i s t he phy si cs t hat play s a cr uci al r ol e i n det ermi ni ng
t he heur i st i cs of t he net work and, t heref ore, i s of paramount i mpor t ance. Some of t he basi c
opt i cal phenomena obser ved i n fr ee space as wel l as wit hi n t he f iber are refl ect i on, r efr act i on,
bi r efr i ngence, pol ar i zat i on, and di sper si on. The fi r st t wo are si mpl e eff ect s t hat are easy t o
underst and; wher eas t he lat t er t hr ee are somewhat compl i cat ed and ar e sever e i mpai r ment s t o
opt i cal communi cat i on and maj or cont r i but or s t o at t enuat i ng a pr opagat i ng si gnal or di st or t i ng i t
beyond r ecognit ion val ue.
Li ght t ravel s i n di ffer ent medi a wit h dif fer ent vel oci t i es. The speed of l i ght i n vacuum i s
approxi mat ely 3 x 10
8
met er s per second, whi l e t he vel ocit y i n ot her medi a var i es. A t er m t hat
r ef l ect s t hi s change i s t he r ef r act iv e in dex of t he m edi a.
NOTE
The r efr act i ve i ndex of a par t icular medi a wit h r espect t o a vacuum i s given by t he
r at i o of t he speed of l i ght i n vacuum t o t hat i n t he gi ven medi a.
The r efr act i ve i ndex i s 1. 5 for Pyr ex gl ass and 1. 33 f or wat er . Mat hemat i call y , r efr act i ve i ndex n
i s gi ven as in Equat i on 1- 1.
Equ at i on 1- 1 Ref r act i v e I ndex n
I n t hi s equat i on, c
o
i s t he speed of l i ght i n a vacuum and c
m
i s t he speed of l i ght i n t he
concer ned medi a ( whose r efr act i ve i ndex we want t o i nvest igat e) .
When a r ay of l i ght ( l ight i s refer r ed t o as r ays of li ght t o f aci l i t at e t he geomet r i cal opt i c
cal culat ions ( see refer ence 5) t r aver ses f r om one medi um t o anot her, it par t i al l y get s r efl ect ed
back i nt o t he inci dent medi a wher e i t came f rom. Thi s pr i nci pl e i s known as r ef lect ion ( see
sect i on A of Fi gur e 1- 1) . The l i ght , whi ch i s not r efl ect ed back i nt o t he i nci dent medi a, i s
r ef r act ed i nt o t he second medi a, and t hi s phenomenon i s known as r ef r act ion. I f we dr aw a l i ne
per pendi cul ar t o t he poi nt at whi ch t he r ay of l i ght st r i kes t he second medi a, t hi s l i ne is cal l ed a
nor m al ( shown by NON' i n t he f igur e) . A r ay of l i ght t hat i s par al l el t o t hi s nor mal passes
t hr ough ( fr om one media t o anot her ) wi t hout a change in pat h ( see sect i on B of Fi gur e 1- 1) .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gu r e 1- 1.
I n Fi gur e 1- 1, sect ion A, AO r epr esent s a r ay i ncident on a denser medi um fr om a r arer medi um.
A denser medi um is one of hi gh mat er i al densi t y and al so high refr act i ve i ndex; i n cont r ast , a
r ar er medi um i s one wi t h l ower i ndex and l ower densit y. OB r epr esent s t he r ef l ect ed r ay. I n
Fi gur e 1- 1, sect ion B, OB r epr esent s t he r ay t hat passes t hr ough when t he angl e of i nci dence i s 0
degr ees t o t he nor mal .
Fur t her , t he angl e of i nci dence i s al ways congr uent ( equal t o) t o t he angl e of r ef l ect i on.
Mor eover , t he incident r ay , r ef l ect ed r ay, and nor mal al l l i e i n t he same pl ane.
Refr act i on occur s when a ray of l i ght passes fr om one medi um t o anot her , but it s ef fect s ar e
observed when t he angle of inci dence i s gr eat er t han zer o. For al l angl es of i ncidence t hat are
gr eat er t han zer o, t he r ay of l i ght whi l e passi ng fr om a r arer t o a denser medi um bends t oward
t he nor mal ; i n cont rast , when t he r ay of l ight passes f r om a denser t o a r ar er medium, i t bends
away f rom t he nor mal ( see Fi gur e 1- 2, sect ion B) . Thi s bendi ng of l i ght when passi ng t hr ough
di f fer ent medi ums of di f fer ent i ndi ces and hence densit i es i s cal l ed r ef r act ion.
Fi gu r e 1- 2. Ref r act ed Li g ht
I f t he angl e of i nci dence of a r ay of l i ght , i n a denser medi um i s cont i nuousl y i ncr eased, t he
corr esponding refr act ed ray ( in t he r arer medi um) is bent away fr om t he nor mal; t hi s " away
bending" can be mat hemat ical l y explai ned by Snell ' s l aw ( see Equat i on 1- 2) . As we incr ease t he

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
angle of inci dence, a poi nt i s r eached when t he angl e of r ef ract i on i s per pendi cul ar t o t he
nor mal . The r ay i s submer ged and gl azes t he boundar y ( see Fi gur e 1- 3, sect ion A) of t he t wo
medi a. The mi ni mum angl e of i nci dence f or whi ch t he angle of ref ract i on i s 90 degr ees is cal l ed
cri t i cal an gle, and t hi s value for gl ass i s 41 degr ees and 24 minut es.
Fi gu r e 1- 3. Cr i t i cal Angl e an d Tot al I nt er n al Ref l ect i on
I n Fi gur e 1- 2, sect ion A, r ay AO i s t he incident r ay i n a denser medi um, whil e OB i s t he ref ract ed
r ay i n a r ar er medi um. Not e here t hat i n OB, t he r efr act ed r ay bends away f rom t he normal .
Hence, angl e of i nci dence i s gr eat er t han angl e of r ef ract i on. Fur t her i n Fi gur e 1- 2, sect ion B, AO
i s t he incident r ay i n t he r ar er medi um whi l e OB i s t he r efr act ed r ay i n t he denser medi um. Not e
her e t hat t he refr act ed ray OB i s bent t owar d t he normal . Ther efor e, angle of inci dence i s l esser
t han angl e of r ef r act i on.
I n Fi gur e 1- 3, sect ion A, t he i nci dent ray AO i s at an angl e such t hat t he refr act ed ray OB gl azes
t he surf ace or , i n ot her words, has angl e of r ef r act i on 90 degr ees ( per pendi cul ar t o t he nor mal ) .
Any f ur t her i ncr ease in t he angl e of i nci dence l eads t o t ot al int er nal r ef l ect i ona condi t i on
achi eved i n Fi gur e 1- 3, sect ion B. I n t hi s case, t he i nci dent r ay get s r efl ect ed i n t he medi um
i t sel f and i s compl et el y r efl ect ed back i nt o t he or igi nat i ng medi um, t hus obey ing convent i onal
l aws of r ef l ect i on ( see Fi gur e 1- 3, sect ion B) .
Snel l 's l aw of refr act i on mat hemat ical l y st at es t he f ol l owi ng, shown i n Equat i on 1- 2.
Equ at i on 1- 2 Sn el l ' s Law of Ref r act i on
I n t hi s equat i on, n
1
and n
2
ar e t he r ef r act ive i ndi ces of t he t wo medi a, and
1
and
2
ar e t he
angles of i nci dence and r efr act i on.
Consi der Fi gur e 1- 5, whi ch i s a l ongi t udi nal cross sect ion of a fi ber . The f i ber i s a cy l i ndr i cal
wavegui de, descr i bed by cy l indr i cal coor di nat es , , and z. The i nner conduct i ng medi um of a
hi gher ref ract i ve i ndex i s cal l ed t he core, wher eas t he out er medium ( of a lower i ndex pr ofi l e) i s
cal led t he clad din g. The i ndex pr of il e of t he cor e and claddi ng ar e shown in sect i ons A and B of

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gur e 1- 4 f or graded i ndex ( gr adual shif t i n r efr act ive i ndex fr om cent er t o peri pher y ) and st ep
i ndex ( di scr et e shi ft i n r efr act i ve index fr om cent er t o peri phery at t he demarked cor e- cl addi ng
boundar y ) .
Fi gu r e 1- 4. Longi t u di n al Cr oss Sect i on of a Fi b er
St e p I n d e x f i b e r p r of i l e ( n
1 >
n
2 )
Gr a d e d i n d ex f i b er ( n
1
> n
2
)
n
1
= i n d ex o f t h e co r e an d n
2
= i n d ex o f t h e cl ad d i n g .
A r ay of l i ght AB incident ( see Fi gur e 1- 5) t o t he cor e hi t s t he cor e at angl e
AB
, and obey i ng
Snel l 's l aws, get s r efr act ed t owar d t he denser medi um. Thi s r ef r act ed r ay BC st r i kes t he cor e-
cl addi ng boundar y at C and under goes t ot al i nt er nal r efl ect ion, pr ovi ded t hat t he angl e BCC' i s
gr eat er t han t he cr i t i cal angle for t hat medi um. Thi s phenomenon cont i nues in t he z- di r ect i on
( pr opagat i on di rect i on) and ser ves as t he basi s of f i ber- opt i c communi cat i on.
Fi gu r e 1- 5. Geomet r i c Opt i cs Pr i nci pl e f or Opt i cal Commu ni cat i on i n a
Fi ber

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
From Snel l' s l aw, i t is possi bl e t o cal cul at e t he maxi mum angl e t hat t he i nci dent r ay can make
wi t h t he axi s OO' so t hat i t r emai ns wit hi n t he per i pher y of t he cor e ( get s cont ai ned i n t he cor e) .
The l i ght - gat her i ng capabil i t y of an opt ical f i ber i s cal led nu mer ical aper t ur e ( NA) . The great er
t he numeri cal aper t ure, t he gr eat er t he l i ght - gat her i ng capaci t y. The accept ance angle
det er mi nes t he amount of l i ght t hat a f i ber col lect s ( see Fi gur e 1- 5) . The accept ance angl e i s
measured i n t er ms of numer i cal apert ur e.
NA can be der i ved as shown i n Equat i ons 1- 3 and 1- 4.
Equ at i on 1- 3
Equ at i on 1- 4
I n t he equat ions, n, n
o,
and n
1
ar e t he r ef r act ive i ndi ces of each medi um.
Subst i t ut i ng n = 1 for ai r , i n Equat i on 1- 3, we get Equat i on 1- 5, we get t he fol l owing.
Equ at i on 1- 5
Equ at i on 1- 6

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Subst i t ut i ng pr ecedi ng t r i gonomet r i c r el at i on back i n Equat i on 1- 6, we get t he fol l owing resul t .
we get
Equ at i on 1- 7
Subst i t ut e t hi s i n Equat i on 1- 5.
Birefringence
I n cer t ai n t ransparent mat eri al s, a ref ract i ve i ndex var ies as a funct i on of t he di r ect ion of t he
i nci dent ray and pol ar izat ion. Bir efr i ngence l i t er al ly means "double ref ract i on. " When
nonpol ar ized l i ght fal l s on bi r efr i ngent mat eri al , i t ref ract s t he nonpol ar ized i nci dent ray i nt o t wo
or t hogonal l y pol ar ized l i ght r ays. These r ay s ar e hor i zont al l y and ver t i cal l y pol ar i zed ( a mor e
det ai l ed descri pt i on on polar i zat i on i s gi ven i n t he " Pol ar i zat i on" sect i on as wel l as i n r efer ence
2
) .
Of t hese t wo ray s, one ray is cal l ed or dinary ray " O, " whi ch obeys Snell ' s l aw; t he ot her r ay i s
cal led ext r aor di nar y r ay " E," and i t does not obey Snell ' s l aw. Al l cr yst al s t hat have cubi c l at t i ce
st r uct ur es have some bi ref ri ngent pr opert i es i n t hem. Cer t ai n mat er i al s show bi r efr i ngent
behavi or when subj ect ed t o mechani cal st r ess.
Bi r ef ri ngence phenomena i n f i ber- opt i c communi cat i on causes t he pul se t o spread. I n an i deal
case, t he opt i cal f i ber woul d be a uni f orm medi um t hat i s per fect l y cy l i ndr i cal and f ree of
mechani cal st ress. A si ngl e wavelengt h of li ght woul d propagat e i n a fi ber wi t hout any change i n
i t s st at e of polar i zat i on. Pract i cal ly , t he fi ber cor e i s not a perf ect cyl i nder , which mi ght have

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
undergone nonuni f or m mechani cal st r ess and hence be defor med. These defect s usual l y gi ve r i se
t o bi r ef ri ngence wi t hi n t he f i ber ( assumi ng st r ong bi r efr i ngent pr oper t i es) t hat causes a singl e
nonpol ar ized l i ght pul se t o spl i t i nt o hor i zont al l y pol ar i zed and ver t i cal l y pol ar i zed pul ses.
Due t o dif fer ent i al gr oup- del ay ( DGD) bet ween ver t i cal and hor i zont al pul ses, t he t r avel i ng pulse
get s dist or t ed dur i ng t r ansmi ssi on i n a fi ber . DGD has a si gnif i cant i mpact on t he maximum bi t
r at e t hat i s possi bl e i n an opt i cal fi ber . Gr oup del ay i s a funct i on of t he bi r efr i ngence i n t he f i ber
for t he ent i r e l engt h and al so depends on t he t emper at ur e and mechani cal st r ess of t he fi ber . A
useful way t o charact er ize gr oup del ay i s by polar i zat i on mode di sper sion ( PMD) . DGD occur s
and af fect s opt i cal si gnal s acr oss t he ent i r e t r ansmi t t i ng spect ra and makes no except i on t o t he
wavel engt h of t he signal . Bei ng a uni ver sal phenomenon, DGD can be cur ed by cer t ai n
compensat i on t echni ques di scussed l at er .
Polarization
Li ght i s a for m of el ect r omagnet i c radiat ion; i t has el ect r i c ( E) as wel l as magnet i c ( H) fi el ds t hat
ar e or t hogonal t o each ot her as i t s el ement ary const it uent s. These t i me- var yi ng ( E) and ( H)
fi el ds of an el ect r omagnet i c wave ar e said t o be l inear ly p olar i zed i f t he di r ect i on of t hei r
component s and magni t udes is const ant over t i me. Thi s condi t i on of const ant pr ol i ferat ion of t he
axi al ( X, Y,Z) component s i s cal l ed cir cul ar pol ari zat i on. As l i ght propagat es t hrough a f i ber, t he
wave const ant l y i nt er act s wi t h t he medi um. Thi s i nt er act i on leads t o a condi t i on i n which t he
i ndi vi dual component s ar e no l onger equal i n magni t ude and di r ect i on, whi ch i n t urn l eads t o
Pol ar izat ion mode di sper si on ( PMD) ( expl ai ned i n det ail i n t he " Di sper si on" sect i on) . The
i nt er act ion of l i ght wi t h t he medi um leads t o a change in t he el ect r ic di pol e moment per uni t
vol ume, or t he pol ari zat i on, pr oduci ng el l ipt i cal or nonci r cul ar f iel ds.
The degr ee of pol ari zat i on ( P) is defi ned as shown in Equat i on 1- 8.
Equ at i on 1- 8
I n t he equat ion, I
pol
equal s st rengt h of pol ar ized component , and I
unpol
equal s st rengt h of
unpol ar ized component .
Pol ar izat ion can be a resul t ant of r ef l ect i on, r ef ract i on, or scat t er i ng. An inci dent r ay t hat
undergoes ref lect i on, r efr act i on, or pol ari zat i on and i s subj ect ed t o i nt eract i on wi t h t he medi a or
wi t h it sel f get s pol ar i zed. The degr ee of pol ari zat i on depends on t he angl e of i nci dence, t he
r ef r act ive i ndex, and t he scat t er i ng pr of i le of t he medi a. Fi gur e 1- 6 shows di ff er ent pol ar i zat i on
pr of il es of si gnal s. A is ci r cul ar ly pol ari zed, B i s el li pt i cal l y pol ar i zed, C i s ver t i cal l y pol ar ized,
and D i s hor i zont al l y pol ar i zed.
Fi gu r e 1- 6. Di f f er en t Ty pes of I n du ced Pol ar i zat i on t o an
El ect r omagn et i c Pul se Wi t hi n t h e Fi ber

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Dispersion
Di sper si on i s an i nher i t ed pr oper t y of t he fi ber t hat can be at t ri but ed t o t he spreadi ng of an
opt i cal pul se i n t i me domai n due t o t he di f fer ence i n t he vel ocit ies of t he vari ous spect r al
component s t hat are associat ed wi t h t hat opt i cal pul se. We have t o not e t hat each opt ical pul se
has di ff er ent spect r al component s or mul t i pl e f r equencies. Each spect r al component has i t s own
vel oci t y and can t r avel t hrough a di ffer ent pat h. Because of t his, each component r eaches t he
exi t end of a communi cat i on channel ( f iber ) at dif fer ent i nt er val s of t i me. Thi s di f fer ence i n t i me
exper i enced by t he var i ous spect ral component s l eads t o a l ongi t udi nal spr eading of t he pul se in
t he z- di r ect i on of a cy li ndr i cal wavegui de. Not e t hat t he z- di rect i on of a cyl i ndr ical wavegui de is
t he di r ect i on of pr opagat i on of t he opt i cal pulse.
The amount of opt i cal spr ead depends on t wo f act ors: t he bi t r at e and t he l engt h of t he
communi cat ion channel ( f iber ) . For hi gh bi t r at es, t wo consecut i ve pul ses ar e cl ose t o each
ot her . Over a suffi ci ent l y l ong fi ber , t he di sper si on mi ght l ead t o i nt ersy mbol i nt er fer ence ( I SI ;
t hat i s, a pul se might be so sever el y di st or t ed t hat i t coul d spr ead i nt o t he t i me sl ot of adj acent
pulses, causing di ff i cult y i n det ect i ng t he pul ses) . The accumul at ed disper si on of bot h t he pul ses
spr eads i nt o one anot her, maki ng i t pr act ical l y di f fi cul t f or t he receiver ( at end of t he
communi cat ion channel) t o det ect t he pul ses cor r ect l y . The vel oci t y at whi ch t he dif fer ent
spect ral component s i n a pul se pr opagat e is sai d t o be t he gr oup vel oci t y; and i t is numeri cal l y
cal culat ed as shown i n Equat i on 1- 9.
Equ at i on 1- 9
I n t he equat ion, i s t he pr opagat i on const ant and = 2 f i s t he angular fr equency or si mpl y
opt i cal f r equency. Anot her i mpor t ant par amet er is t he wave- number k gi ven by k= 2 / .
The di ff er ent i al del ay ( t he amount of pulse spr ead) i s shown i n Equat i on 1- 10.
Equ at i on 1- 1 0

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
I n t hi s equat i on, L i s t he l engt h of t he f iber t hr ough whi ch we desir e t o calculat e t he group
del ay , i s t he wavel engt h, and
2
= d
2
/ d
2
i s known as t he gr oup veloci t y disper sion ( GVD)
par amet er , which i s a measur e of act ual broadeni ng of t he pul se. Fi nal l y , t he fol l owing quant it y
i s cal led t he di sper si on t hat is induced in an opt i cal pul se. Technical l y, i t i s a measur e of t he
pulse spr ead of t he wavel engt h in t er ms of t he group del ay . Ref er t o Fi gur e 1- 7. This ki nd of
di sper si on i s al so cal led chr om at ic d isper si on.
Fi gu r e 1- 7. I n t er sy mbol I n t er f er ence. Pu l se of wi dt h t
1
spr ead s t o t
2
u pon t r av el i n g t h r ou gh a f i ber of l en gt h L. Tw o ad j acen t pul ses spr ead
i n t o each ot h er , r esul t i n g i n i n t er sy mbol i n t er f er ence.
Diffraction
A par all el beam of l i ght i nci dent on t he edge of a sl i t ( hol e) get s di f fr act ed t o a wi der angl e, and
t hi s phenomenon i s due t o t he char act er i st ics of dif fr act i on of li ght , or Fr esnel ' s eff ect
5
( see
Fi gur e 1- 8) . Ther e i s a wavel engt h dependence on t he amount of di f fr act i on t he beam
undergoes, and t hi s spat i al dependence on wavel engt h l eads t o t he phenomenon cal l ed Br agg's
di f fr act i on. Consi der a sl ab of gl ass on whi ch numer ous concent r i c cir cl es are et ched. I f a nar r ow
beam of l i ght i s i nci dent upon t hi s sur face fr om bel ow, each concent ri c ci r cl e of fer s a di ff ract i on
pat t er n t hat r ef r act s each wavel engt h i nt o a wi der egr ess ( out put ) angl e. Thi s phenomenon is
known as di ff r act i on by gr at i ngs. The concent ri c ci r cl es ar e cal l ed gr at in gs. We can obser ve an
exampl e of t hi s phenomenon i n a manual over head sl ide pr oj ect or . ( Di f fr act i on and i t s rel at i on

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
t o opt i cal net wor ki ng i s expl ai ned in mor e det ai l i n Chapt er 2. )
Fi gu r e 1- 8. Di f f r act i on Usi ng Et ch ed Con cent r i c Ci r cl es Fi gu r e 1- 8 i s an
exampl e of d i f f r act i on usi n g et ched concen t r i c ci r cl es on a sl ab of gl ass
and pr oj ect i ng a n ar r ow beam of l i ght on t h em. The beam i s di f f r act ed
t o a wi der angl e t h an expect ed.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fiber
A fi ber i s a cyl i ndri cal wavegui de in whi ch l ight pr opagat es on t he basi s of modal t heor y . Modes
ar e solut i ons of Maxwel l' s equat ions for par t i cul ar boundar y condi t i ons. Fr om a lay man' s
per spect i ve, modes can be consider ed di ff er ent pat hs of pr opagat ion i n a cor e of a f i ber.
Maxwel l ' s equat i ons defi ne t he r el at i on bet ween t he t wo component s of l ight : el ect r ic fi eld E and
magnet i c f i el d H. Opt i cal pul se pr opagat i on wi t hi n a fi ber can be descr ibed best by
el ect r omagnet i c wave- propagat i on t heor y. To under st and t hi s approach, we need t o solve
Maxwel l ' s equat i on for a cy li ndr ical wavegui de. I f E and H are t he el ect r i c and magnet i c f i el d
vect or s i n space ( x, y , z) and t ime; f ur t her B i s t he magnet i c fl ux densit y, and D i s t he el ect r i c fl ux
densi t y , t hen
0
and
0
ar e const ant s of per meabi l i t y and per mi t t i vit y .
Maxwel l ' s equat i ons repr esent one of t he most el egant and concise way s t o st at e t he
fundament al s of el ect r i ci t y and magnet i sm. From t hese equat i ons, we can devel op most of t he
wor ki ng r el at i onshi ps f or opt i cal t r ansmi ssi on. Because of t he equat i ons' conci se st at ement s,
t hey embody a hi gh l evel of mat hemat i cal sophist i cat i on and are not usual l y i nt r oduced in an
i nt r oduct ory t reat ment of t he subj ect , except per haps as summar y r el at i onshi ps.
Equat i ons 1- 111- 14 r epr oduce a set of four equat i ons, whi ch ar e t he const it uent s of Maxwell ' s
equat i on of el ect r omagnet i cs. I n a nut shel l , t hese equat ions summari ze t he vari ous r el at i onshi ps
t hat ar e associ at ed among el ect ri c and magnet i c fi el ds pr oducing ef fect s t hat govern t he
st andar d mot i on of el ect romagnet ic waves i n di ff erent medi a.
Equat i on 1- 11 i s cal l ed Gauss' s Law of El ect r i ci t y. I t st at es t hat t he el ect ri c f l ux t hat i s associ at ed
wi t h a cl osed body i s pr opor t i onal t o t he t ot al char ge of t he body wi t hout except i on. The
di vergence ( t he del oper at or ) of t he el ect r i c f iel d gi ves t he densi t y of t he sour ces.
Equat i on 1- 12 ment i ons Gauss's Law f or Magnet ism as a special case of Maxwel l' s equat ion. I t
st at es t hat t he net magnet i c f l ux emanat i ng f rom a cl osed obj ect is zer o. Thi s can be under st ood
by consi der i ng el ement ar y magnet i c t heor y : The most fundament al uni t of magnet i sm is t he
di pol e and is charact er i zed by a magnet i c Nor t h and magnet i c Sout h pol e. The net resul t is zer o
due t o t he cancel l at i on of equal and opposi t e f orces. The same t heor y wor ks as a basi s f or
Gauss' s Law.
Equat i on 1- 13 i s cal l ed Far aday 's Law of I nduct i on, whi ch i s st at ed as f ol l ows: The l i ne i nt egral
of t he el ect ri c f i el d ar ound a cl osed l oop i s equal t o t he negat i ve of t he rat e of change of t he
magnet i c f l ux t hrough t he ar ea encl osed by t he l oop. Thi s can be explai ned as t he i nt egr at i on of
t he net change of el ect r i c fl ux over a sur face gi vi ng t he val ue of magnet i c st r engt h i n t he
opposi t e di rect i on. The l i ne i nt egr al gi ves t he net - gener at ed el ect r omot i ve for ce ( EMF) , or
vol t age, by a body t hat i s subj ect t o var iat ions of magnet i c f l ux. Consi der a cl osed l oop wi t h
some curr ent associ at ed i n i t . I f t hi s loop i s made t o r ot at e i n a magnet ic zone, t he net sur face
ar ea of t he l oop t hat cut s perpendi cul ar l i nes of magnet i c fl ux i s pr opor t i onal t o t he r at e of
r ot at i on ( of t he l oop) .
Equat i on 1- 14 gi ves Maxwell ' s equat i on f or calcul at i on of magnet i c f i el d. I t i s al so cal l ed
Amper e' s Law. Mat hemat i cal l y , i t st at es t hat t he cur l of magnet i c f lux gi ves t he cur r ent f l owing
t hr ough a l oop. Thi s equat i on i s ext remel y i mpor t ant f or calculat i on of magnet i c f i el d st r engt h.
Equ at i on 1- 1 1

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Equ at i on 1- 1 2
Equ at i on 1- 1 3
Equ at i on 1- 1 4
i s t he cur l , and
and
P i s t he pol ar i zat i on ( el ect r ic) .
Taki ng t he cur l of Equat i on 1- 11 and using t he st andard vect or for mul a f or t he associ at i ve cr oss
pr oduct shown i n Equat i on 1- 15:
Equ at i on 1- 1 5
Si mil ar l y f rom Equat i on 1- 12.
Equ at i on 1- 1 6
Now consi der Fi gur e 1- 9.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gu r e 1- 9. Di f f er en t Mod es ( A, B, C) Pr opagat i ng i n t h e Fi ber
Ray s A, B, and C can be consi der ed as t hr ee modes of pr opagat i on t hat ar e each def i ned by a
pr opagat i on const ant . Fur t her , each mode has a wave number .
We cannot accur at ely anal yze pul se pr opagat i on wi t hin a fi ber by usi ng geomet r i cal opt i cs al one
because i t mi ght l ead t o i naccur acy. The geomet ri c opt i cs li mi t t he sol ut i on t o an appr oxi mat i on
of t he numerous par al l el wavefr ont s. I n addi t i on, t he geomet r i c opt i cs do not gi ve an i dea of t he
fi el d di st ri but i on or an exact anal ysi s of t he same. Fi nal l y, t he ener gy fl ow i n t he wavegui de i s
not possi bl e by usi ng t hi s appr oach.
The sol ut i on of a wavegui de equat i on for a cyl i ndr ical wavegui de t hat is repr esent ed by r, , and
z invol ves fi ndi ng component s E
r
, E , H
r
, and H
f
. By consi der i ng E and H as a scal ed f unct i on of
t i me t and pr opagat i on const ant , t he elect r i c fi el d vect or E and magnet i c fi el d vect or H ar e
bot h quant i t at i vely dependent on t he exponent i al var i at i on of wi t h r espect t o t he di r ect i on of
pr opagat i on; t hus for a cy l i ndr i cal wavegui de, r efer t o Equat i ons 1- 17 and 1- 18.
Equ at i on 1- 1 7
Equ at i on 1- 1 8
By nor mal i zi ng, we scal e t he sol ut ion of pr eceding equat i ons and t hen sui t i t t o meet our
condi t i ons of ext r emi t y t hat are t he boundar y condit ions; nor mal i zing and equat i ng t o t he
boundar y condit ions E = E
o
and H = H
o
such t hat
Equ at i on 1- 1 9

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Equ at i on 1- 2 0
Subst i t ut i ng equat i ons 1- 19 and 1- 20 i n Maxwell ' s equat i ons 1- 11 and 1- 12, we can get val ues
for E
r
, E
f
, H
r
, and H
f
i n t er ms of E
z
and H
z
as wel l as r, , , , and .
Fur t her sol vi ng, we get t he wave equat ions i n cy l i ndr i cal coordi nat es, as shown in Equat i on 1-
21.
Equ at i on 1- 2 1
Cutoff Condition and Single Mode Fiber
For a part icul ar mode t o exi st and successful l y propagat e, i t must have a fi eld ( bot h E, H) t hat
does not decay out si de t he cor e.
The sol ut i on of Equat i on 1- 25 f or a general i zed case by separ at i on of a var i abl es met hod y i elds
t o an anal ysi s of four vari ables: r , , z, and t . The sol ut ion f or z and t i s given by Equat i ons 1- 23
and 1- 24, wher eas can be appr oximat ed as a har moni c si nusoidal .
Thus,
Equ at i on 1- 2 2
Equ at i on 1- 2 3
Si mil ar l y ,
Equ at i on 1- 2 4

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
( r ) can be sol ved as a di ff erent i al equat i on for Bessel ' s Funct i on.
6
Whi l e we ar e appr oxi mat i ng t he cut off condit ion, we come acr oss an i mpor t ant par amet er cal l ed
t he nor mal i zed fr equency V or V paramet er, such t hat
I n t he equat ion, ' a' is t he r adi us of t he cor e, n
1
and n
2
ar e t he r ef r act ive i ndex of t he cor e and
cl addi ng, and i s t he wavel engt h of propagat i on.
Anot her import ant paramet er i s t he nor mali zed pr opagat ion const ant b, gi ven as f oll ows:
I n t he equat ion, i s t he pr opagat i on const ant and
The cut off wavel engt h i s an i mpor t ant par amet er in si ngl e- mode f i ber ( SMF) . I n opt i cal f iber
wi t h a specif i c core di amet er , we can onl y t r ansmit l i ght at a wavel engt h l onger t han t he cut off
wavel engt h
c
. I f we decr ease t he wavel engt h bel ow
c
, i t begi ns t o exhi bi t ot her modes, and t he
fi ber is no l onger an si ngl e mode f iber for t hat wavelengt h. The i mpl i cat i on ar e t hat a si ngl e
mode f i ber t hat i s manuf act ur ed f or t r ansmi ssi on at 1.3 m i s al so a si ngl e mode at 1.55 m
because t he fi ber r emai ns si ngl e mode as l ong as t he wavel engt h i s l ar ger t han
c.
On t he ot her hand, an si ngl e mode fi ber t hat i s desi gned t o wor k at 1. 55 m mi ght not r emai n
an singl e mode f i ber at 1. 3 m. We can alway s r efer t o t he manufact ur e's speci fi cat i on t o f ind
out t he cut off f requency of t he f iber for desi gning DWDM net wor ks.
The hi gher t he val ue of V, t he hi gher t he number of modes t hat t he f i ber suppor t s. For si ngl e
mode f i ber, whi ch suppor t s t he smal l est fundament al mode, v = 2. 405. Usi ng v = 2.405 and =
1550 nm y i elds a f i ber wi t h an appr oxi mat el y 34 um core.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fiber Losses
Thi s sect ion discusses var i ous i mpai r ment s t hat aff ect si gnal pr opagat i on and l i mit t r ansmi ssi on
di st ances i n fi ber s. At t enuat i on i s t he most fundament al i mpai r ment t hat af fect s si gnal
pr opagat i on. I t is qui t e st andar di zed and i s gi ven as a speci fi cat i on for a par t i cul ar fi ber t ype.
At t enuat ion i s a pr oper t y of t he f i ber , and i t i s a r esul t of t he var i ous mat er ial , st r uct ural , and
modul ar impai r ment s i n a f i ber.
Scat t eri ng i s anot her ser i ous source of i mpai r ment s for a f iber . Among scat t eri ng phenomena,
Ral ei gh scat t er i ng i s t he most pr omi nent . Ral ei gh scat t er i ng i s quit e pr ominent i n opt i cal f i bers,
and i t s prof i l e fol l ows a uni que wavel engt h di st r i but i on. As si gnal r at es i ncr ease, disper sion
becomes a ser i ous i mpai r ment . Al t hough di spersi on does not at t enuat e t he si gnal as such, i t
causes sever e pul se spreadi ng, l eadi ng t o di ff i cult y at t he r ecei ver end i n t r yi ng t o decode t he
si gnal . Disper sion consi st s of t wo mai n t y pes: chr omat ic di sper si on and PMD. The l at t er i s quit e
pr omi nent at high bi t r at es. Fiber nonl i near i t ies ar e anot her sour ce of sever e i mpai r ment at hi gh
r at es. Phase modul at i on of an opt i cal signal by i t sel f ( self - phase modul at i on, or SPM) or by an
adj acent si gnal on some adj acent wavel engt h ( cr oss- phase modulat ion, or XPM) ar e t wo sour ces
of penal t y i n l ong- haul t ransmi ssion l i nks. Four wave mi xi ng, Raman, and Br i l loui n ef fect s ar e
t hr ee mor e nonl i near eff ect s t hat aff ect communicat i on.
Attenuation
Fib er at t en uat i on can be def i ned as t he opt i cal l oss t hat is accumul at ed fr om a sour ce t o si nk
al ong a f i ber l i nk. I t consi st s of t wo component s: an i nt r i nsi c fi ber l oss and an ext r i nsi c bendi ng
l oss. I nt r insi c l oss can be f ur t her char act er i zed by t wo component s: a mat er i al absor pt i on l oss
and a Ral ei gh scat t eri ng.
Mat er i al absor pt i on account s f or t he imper fect i on and i mpur i t i es i n t he fi ber . The most common
i mpur i t y i s t he
-
OH mol ecul e, whi ch r emains as a resi due despi t e st r i ngent manufact ur i ng
t echni ques. The
-
OH mol ecul e has an absor pt ion peak at 2. 73 m i n t he opt i cal spect r um, whi ch
means t hat wavel engt hs near 2.73 m have high at t enuat i on. Cor r espondi ngl y , t he
-
OH
mol ecul e y i elds har moni cs at 0. 95 and 1. 4 m. As per t he at t enuat i on gr aph shown i n Fi gur e 1-
10, t he 1. 4 m peak is a sever e hi ndrance t o commer cial opt i cal communi cat i on.
Fi gu r e 1- 10 . At t enu at i on Cur v e i n a Fi ber ( Repr i nt ed f r om I EEE
El ect r on i cs Let t er s, 19 79 )

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Absor pt i on al so occurs as a r esul t of gr oup 3 ( t r ansi t i on) element s bei ng pr esent i n t he f i ber .
Lucent Technol ogi es and Cor ni ng use a uni que manufact ur i ng pr ocess t o devel op f iber t ypes t hat
do not have an
-
OH peak, whi ch al most el imi nat es t he
-
OH mol ecul e. These t ypes of fi ber s ( such
as Al l Wave fr om Lucent and SMF- 28e f rom Cor ni ng) ext end t he r ange fr om 1250 nm t o 1700
nm, r esul t i ng i n mor e capaci t y . At t enuat i on t hat r esult s fr om absor pt ion l i mi t s t he use of
wavel engt hs above 1.7 m for opt i cal communi cat i ons. ( See t he sect i on t i t l ed "Fi ber Types" at
t he end of t hi s chapt er f or mor e det ai ls. )
Raleigh Scattering
Li ght scat t er s due t o dense f l uct uat i ons in t he core leadi ng t o a phenomenon known as Ral ei gh
scat t er i ng. This phenomenon r esul t s fr om t he col l i sion of l i ght quant a wit h si l i ca molecul es,
causi ng scat t er i ng i n mor e t han one di r ect i on. Dependi ng on t he i ncident angl e, some por t ion of
t he li ght pr opagat es f orwar d and t he ot her par t devi at es out of t he pr opagat ion pat h and
escapes f r om t he f i ber core. The amount of Ral ei gh scat t er i ng a si gnal i s subj ect t o i s i nver sel y
pr opor t i onal t o t he four t h power of wavel engt h ( R
-4
) . Ther efor e, shor t wavelengt hs ar e
scat t er ed mor e t han longer wavel engt hs. Any wavel engt h t hat is below 800 nm i s unusabl e for
opt i cal communi cat i on because at t enuat i on due t o Ralei gh scat t er i ng i s hi gh. At t he same t i me,
pr opagat i on above 1. 7 m i s not possi bl e due t o hi gh l osses r esul t i ng f r om i nfr ar ed absor pt i on.
Bending Losses
Bendi ng of t he fi ber can be cl assi f i ed as mi crobendi ng and macrobendi ng. Mi cr ob en din g i s
caused by i mper f ect i ons i n t he cy l i ndr i cal geomet ry of fi ber dur ing t he manufact ur i ng cycl es.
Macr obendi ng i s t he r esult of bending of fi ber i n smal l r adius ( r adi us i n or der of cm) . Bot h
bending phenomenon causes at t enuat i on i n t he f iber .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Attenuation Coefficient
The at t enuat i on coef fi ci ent i s expr essed in dB per ki l omet er and r epr esent s t he l oss i n dB per
ki lomet er of fi ber . ( A not e on deci bel - dB i s gi ven l at er i n t hi s sect i on.)
Power at t enuat i on i s shown i n Equat i on 1- 25.
Equ at i on 1- 2 5
I n t he equat ion, dP/ dz i s t he change i n power wi t h r espect t o l engt h.
I f P i s t he i nput power and L i s t he t ot al lengt h of t he f iber , we can expr ess out put power P
2
as
shown i n Equat i on 1- 26.
Equ at i on 1- 2 6
From pr ecedi ng equat ion, can be der i ved as shown i n Equat i on 1- 27.
Equ at i on 1- 2 7
I n t he equat ion, i s expr essed in db/ Km.
Typi cal values of f or a si ngl e mode f iber are 0. 25 dB per kil omet er i n t he 1550 nm band and
0. 5 db per ki l omet er i n t he 1310 nm band. Opt i cal ampl if i er s ( see Chapt er 3) can compensat e
for at t enuat i on based on doped f i ber and semi conduct or opt i cal ampl i f ier s ( SOAs) as wel l as
Raman ampl i fi ers. Fi ber manufact ur ers usual l y speci f y t he val ue i n t hei r dat asheet s.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Dispersion in Fiber
The vel oci t y of pr opagat i on of l i ght depends on wavel engt h. The degr adat ion of l i ght waves i s
caused by t he var i ous spect ral component s present wi t hi n t he wave, each t ravel ing at i t s own
vel oci t y . Thi s phenomenon i s cal l ed di spersi on. Sever al t y pes of disper si on exi st , t wo of whi ch
i ncl ude chromat i c disper sion and pol ari zat i on mode disper sion ( PMD) . Chromat i c di sper si on i s
common at al l bi t rat es. PMD i s compar at i vel y eff ect i ve onl y at hi gh bi t r at es. Waveguide and
mat eri al di sper si on are f or ms of chromat i c di sper si on, wher eas PMD is a measure of di ff er ent i al
gr oup del ay of t he di ff erent pol ar i zat i on pr ofi l es of t he opt ical si gnal .
Because of t he dual nat ur e of l ight , we can approxi mat e i t as waves as wel l as quant a
( par t i cl es) . Dur i ng t he propagat i on of l ight , al l of it s spect r al component s pr opagat e accor di ngl y.
These spect r al component s t r avel at di f fer ent group vel oci t i es; t his obser ved phenomenon leads
t o di sper si on cal l ed Group vel ocit y di spersi on or GVD. The vel oci t y of i ndivi dual gr oups i s call ed
gr oup v el oci t y ( V
g)
and is shown i n Equat i on 1- 28
7
.
Equ at i on 1- 2 8
i s t he pr opagat i on const ant and i s t he opt ical f r equency. Furt her,
Due t o t he di f ference i n vel oci t i es exper i enced by var i ous spect ral component s, t he out put pul se
i s t i me scat t er ed and di spersed in t he t i me domai n. The ef fect of disper si on on bi t r at e has been
approxi mat ed by
1
and is gi ven by t he condi t i on shown i n Equat i on 1- 29.
Equ at i on 1- 2 9
I n t he equat ion, B i s t he bi t r at e, L is t he l engt h of communi cat i on channel , D i s t he di sper si on
par amet er , and i s t he r ange of emi t t ed wavel engt hs ( spect r al wi dt h of sour ce) .
From t hi s r elat ion, we can obser ve a f i ni t e l i mit t o bot h bi t rat e and pr opagat i ng lengt h
consi deri ng phy si cal l i mi t s on t he narr owness of t he spect r al sour ce. One way t o i ncr ease t he BL-
pr oduct i s t o empl oy di sper si on compensat i on t echni ques descr ibed i n Chapt ers 3 and 4.
Di sper si on r esul t i ng f r om GVD i s t ermed chr om at ic d isper si on due t o t he wavel engt h dependence
( chr oma i s t he di ff erent col ors or wavel engt hs associ at ed i n a spect r um) and is expr essed i n
ps/ km- nm.
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
The f i ber i s not t r ul y a cy l i ndr i cal wavegui de, but i t can be best descr i bed as an i mperf ect
cyl i nder wit h phy si cal dimensi ons t hat ar e not per fect l y const ant . The mechani cal st ress exer t ed
upon t he f iber as wel l as t he i mper fect i ons r esult ing f r om t he manuf act uri ng process ar e t he
r easons for t he vari at i ons i n t he cyl i ndri cal geomet r y. Thi s vari at i on al so l eads t o a phenomenon
cal led bi r ef r i ngence wher eby a f i ber t hat acqui r es bi r ef r ingence causes a pr opagat i ng pulse t o
l oose t he balance bet ween t he pol ari zat i on component s. This leads t o a st age wher e di f ferent
pol ar i zat i on component s t r avel at dif fer ent vel oci t i es creat i ng pul se- spr ead, and t hi s spr ead i s
PMD.
The degr ee of bi refr i ngence ( B
i re
) is cal cul at ed as t he di ff er ence bet ween t he indexes of t he
pol ar i zat i on component ( now t er med mode i ndexes) due t o t he di f fer ent magnit ude of t hese
component s, gaini ng di ff erent modal proper t i es. Thi s can be vi sual ized as t he t wo discr et e
or t hogonal pol ar i zat i on st at es as t wo separ at e modes. B
i re
( degr ee of bi ref ri ngence or j ust
bi r efr i ngence) i s a t i me- var yi ng phenomenon t hat car r i es a st at e of r andom pol ar i zat i on of t he
i nduced pulse.
The t wo pol ar i zed component s ( fr om t hi s poi nt r ef er r ed t o as t he t wo modes due t o pol ar i zat i on
or j ust modes) exchange t hei r power over a per i od, T. The l engt h i n whi ch power f r om one mode
i s t r ansfer r ed t o t he ot her i s cal l ed t he beat lengt h . Ref er t o Fi gur e 1- 11.
Fi gu r e 1- 11 . PMD
Fi gur e 1- 11 shows PMD resul t i ng fr om t he eff ect s of a fi ber acqui ri ng bir efr i ngence and t he
energy t r ansfer bet ween t he t wo pol ari zed modes, leadi ng t o pulse spr ead.
The r andom change i n t he net pol ar i zat i on of t he si gnal i s an i ssue f or shor t pul ses ( 10100 ps
l ong) . The t wo pol ar i zat i on component s t r avel at di f fer ent speeds because of t he di ff er ent power
( bi r efr i ngence) and di ff er ent gr oup vel oci t i es associat ed wi t h t hem. The end r esult i s t hat an
i nduced pulse becomes consider abl y br oader aft er t r aveli ng t hr ough a f i ber .
The amount of br oadeni ng of t he pul se i s gi ven by L B
i re
i n t i me uni t s, where L i s t he l engt h of
t he fi ber and B
i re
i s t he r at e of change of modal bi refr i ngence wi t h r espect t o angul ar f r equency
, normal i zed by t he wave number.
Thi s broadeni ng of t he i nduced pul se due t o t he di ff er ent vel oci t i es exhi bi t ed by i nduced
pol ar i zat i on component s l eads t o a di sper sive phenomenon cal l ed Pol ar i zat i on Mode Di sper sion
or ( PMD) .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
PMD compensat ion t echni ques ar e commerci al r eal it ies t oday. Di sper si on- mai nt ai ni ng f i bers are
commer ci al l y avai l abl e and ar e made i nt ent ional ly by i nt r oduci ng degrees of bi r efr i ngence i n
t hem t hat negat e t he ef fect s of PMD over a l engt h of t r ansmi ssi on.
Di sper si on compensat ion i s a usef ul t echni que f or l ong haul as wel l met ropoli t an ar ea net wor ks,
especi al l y at hi gh dat a rat es ( shor t pul ses) .
St at e of polar i zat i on and measurement of polar i zat i on ar e t wo i mpor t ant eff ect s t hat ar e
ment i oned in Chapt er 9.
Material Dispersion
Si l ica, l i ke ot her mat er i als absorbs elect r omagnet i c r adi at i on at r esonant fr equenci es. Moreover ,
t he ref ract i ve i ndex i s a funct ion of t he fr equency and i s est i mat ed by t he Sel l mei er equat i on
( r efer t o fol l owing Not e on Sel l mei er 's Equat i on) Mat er i al di sper si on i s pr opor t i onal t o t he
di f fer ent i al of t he group index.
NOTE
Sell mei er ' s Equat i on
I n t he equat ion, n( ) is t he f requency ( and t her ef or e wavel engt h) - dependent r ef r act ive
i ndex. Charact er i st i c r esonant fr equenci es at whi ch t he fi ber absor bs ener gy i s
approxi mat ed by Sel l meier 's equat i on. I n t he equat i on, B
j
i s t he st r engt h of t he j
t h
r esonance, wher eas m i s gener al l y bounded t o 3.
Fi gur e 1- 12 shows t he var iat ion of t he gr oup r ef r act ive i ndex wi t h wavel engt h. Equat i on 1- 30
gi ves di ff erent i al of gr oup i ndex as a funct i on of wavelengt h.
wi t h respect t o wavel engt h .
Fi gu r e 1- 12 . Var i at i on of Gr oup Ref r act i v e I n dex wi t h Wavel engt h

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Equ at i on 1- 3 0
Fur t her
at = 1. 28m. Thi s wavelengt h i s cal l ed t he zero di spersi on wav elengt h . dn
g
/ d i s ve at
wavel engt hs l ower t han 1. 28m and + ve above 1.28m.
Fi gur e 1- 13 shows t he dif fer ent di sper si on shi f t ed and unshi ft ed f iber pr ofi l es.
Fi gu r e 1- 13 . Di sper si on Shi f t ed and Unsh i f t ed Fi ber Pr of i l es

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Waveguide Dispersion
We can defi ne wave number k
0
as shown i n Equat i on 1- 31.
Equ at i on 1- 3 1
Refer r ing t o modal t heor y, t he cut of f condi t i on is defi ned as shown here.
Equ at i on 1- 3 2
I n t he equat ion, n
1
and n
2
ar e cor e and cl addi ng i ndexes, and r
1
i s t he cor e r adi us.
V i s cal l ed t he nor m ali zed f r eq uency, and i t i s pr opor t i onal t o . Disper sion due t o t he eff ect of V
i s cal led wav egu ide disper sion.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
NOTE
Wavegui de di sper si on depends on Equat i ons 1- 34 and 1- 35, and t herefor e, depends on
r
1
, n
1
, and n
2
. By manipul at i ng r
1
, n
1
, and n
2
, we can achi eve dn
g
/ d = 0 at 1.55 m.
These fi ber s ar e cal led di spersi on- shi ft ed fi bers because of t he l at eral shi ft in t he zero
di sper si on wavel engt h.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Nonlinearities
Under t he i nfl uence of el ect r i c and magnet ic fi elds, l ight i n opt i cal fi ber s exhibi t s nonli near
eff ect s. Pr i mari l y , nonli near i t y i n opt i cal f iber s can be t raced t o t he suscept i bi l i t y ( i ) ; t hi s
suscept ibi li t y di rect l y r el at es t o t he pol ari zat i on vect or , P.
Thi r d- or der suscept i bi l i t y (
3
) is a si gni f icant sour ce of nonl i near i t y i n opt i cal fi ber s. The
or i gi nat i on of t he nonl i near pr oper t y st ems fr om t he nonl i near component of r ef r act ive i ndex.
Refer t o Equat i on 1- 33.
Equ at i on 1- 3 3
I n t he equat ion, i s t he nonl inear ref ract i ve i ndex t hat i s proport ional t o t he r eal par t of t hi r d-
or der l i near suscept ibi li t y . When l i ght pr opagat es t hr ough a medi um, t he phot ons i nt er act wi t h
t he mol ecul es dur i ng pr opagat i on. Phot ons al so i nt er act wi t h t hemsel ves and cause scat t er i ng
eff ect s such as st i mul at ed Raman scat t eri ng ( SRS) and st i mul at ed Br i l l oui n scat t er i ng ( SBS) ,
whi ch are i n t he + z and z di r ect ions ( for war d and r everse dir ect ions of pr opagat i on) along t he
fi ber .
Scat t eri ng i n t his inst ance means a spor adi c di st r i but i on of ener gy i n a r andom di r ect ion.
I n opt i cs, nonl i near it ies mi ght conserve t he net ener gy cont ent of a pul se or mi ght not do so
depending on whet her t he nonl i neari t i es ar e elast i c or inel ast i c. Nonl i near eff ect s t hat ar e due t o
t he t hi r d- or der suscept ibi li t y are general l y el ast i c or ener gy conser ving in t he sense t hat t he
pr opagat i ng pul se t hat experi ences t he nonl i near eff ect does not l oose i t s ener gy t o t he medi um.
On t he ot her hand, nonl i near ef fect s exist i n which t he net cont ent of t he ener gy i s scat t ered i nt o
t he int eract i ng nonl inear medi um. SRS and SBS ar e i nelast i c scat t eri ng ef fect s. SRS i s due t o t he
phot on int eract i on ( and hence scat t eri ng) wi t h t he medi um, wher eas SBS i s due t o t he acoust i c
pr oper t i es of phot on i nt er act i on wi t h t he medi um.
SRS and SBS ar e si mi l ar except t hat SRS scat t er s i n bot h for war d as wel l as r everse dir ect ions,
wher eas SBS scat t er s i n r everse only . I n bot h SRS and SBS, a wave cal l ed St oke's wave i s
gener at ed due t o t he scat t eri ng of ener gy . Thi s could i n fact be an ampl i fy i ng wave of hi gh
energy. The gain obt ained by usi ng such a wave cr eat es Raman and Bri l l oui n ampl i fi cat i on. The
Raman gai n can ext end most of t he oper at i ng band ( C and L band) for WDM net works;
t her efor e, i t i s an excel lent WDM- ampl i fy i ng t echni que. The Bri l l oui n gai n peaks i n a nar r ow
peak near t he C band. Thi s ampl i f icat i on phenomenon i s discussed i n Chapt er 3 i n det ai l .
Four-Wave Mixing and Difference-Frequency Generation
Thr ee opt i cal f requencies ( f
1
, f
2
, and f
3
) int eract in a nonl i near medi um gi vi ng r i se t o a fourt h
fr equency ( f
4
) , which i s for med by t he scat t er i ng of t he t hree i nci dent phot ons pr oducing t he
four t h phot on. Thi s i s shown i n Equat i on 1- 34.
Equ at i on 1- 3 4

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
When t wo phot ons i nt eract wit h each ot her i n a nonl inear medi a, t hey pr oduce a t hi r d phot on
t hat has an opt i cal fr equency based on t he di f fer ence of t he t wo int er act i ng f requenci es.
Decreasi ng channel spaci ng and high chromat i c disper si on wi l l i ncr ease FWM eff ect s.
FWM causes i nt er channel cr osst alk and i s worst - case for equal l y spaced WDM channel s. This
t opi c i s di scussed i n mor e det ai l i n Chapt er 4.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Window of Operations
Resear cher s have al ways argued about t he number of oper at i ng windows of wavel engt hs or
bands t hat can exi st i n an opt i cal communi cat ion net wor k. To t he desi gner or sy st ems engi neer ,
t hi s i s not much of an i ssue for ar gument because pr act i cal WDM net wor ks curr ent l y f unct i on i n
t hr ee di scret e bands. These t hree promi nent bands ar e t he C, L, and S bands. The convent ional
( C) band i s appr oxi mat ed fr om 15251565 nm. I t has a l ow loss of about 0. 2 dB per ki l omet er .
Most met r opol i t an as well as l ong- haul net wor ks use t hi s band. The band i s about 40 nm and
can accommodat e 50 dif fer ent wavel engt hs, each 100 GHz ( or 0. 8 nm) apar t or 100 wavel engt hs
at 50 GHz. The spaci ng bet ween t he wavel engt hs i s a st andar di zed val ue. Cur r ent l y, f or dense
di vi si on mul t i pl exi ng, t he spacing is st andar di zed at 0. 8 nm or 0. 4 nm.
The l ong ( L) band st art s fr om about 1570 nm and ext ends t o 1620 nm. I t has sl i ght l y hi gher loss
t han t he C band but si mil ar charact er ist i cs t o t he C band. Much r esear ch has been car r i ed out i n
t hi s band, and signs of ear ly commerci al deploy ment are evi dent . The fut ur e wi l l see many
vendor s posi t i oni ng t hei r DWDM pr oduct s and t echnologi es i n t his band.
The short ( S) band i s spr ead ar ound t he 1310 nm wi ndow. I t i s of st r at egi c i mpor t ance due t o i t s
cl ose pr oxi mi t y t o t he zer o di sper si on wavel engt h ( a wavel engt h ar ound 1300 nm t hat has
mi ni mal di sper si ve eff ect s due t o t he cancel lat ion of mat er ial and wavegui de di sper si ons by each
ot her ) . The S band has a hi gher l oss t han t he C band at about 0. 5 dB per kil omet er; t her ef or e, it
i s not t he best solut i on t o l ong- haul communicat i ons. The evol ut ion of wi der t echnol ogi es f or t he
C bandsuch as doped ampl i fi ers, swi t ch mat r i ces, and f i l t er smake t he S band r at her
underut i l ized.
Apar t fr om t hese t hree st andard bands i s t he t r adi t i onal 850 nm band, whi ch was used f ir st for
opt i cal communi cat i on sy st ems. The 850980 nm band is used most f requent l y for mul t i mode
syst ems and f or shor t LANs. I t has a hi gh l oss char act er i st ic of almost 23 db per ki l omet er .
Exper i ment al r esearch i s bei ng carr i ed out i n t he 1400 nm segment by new met hods t o eradi cat e
t he
-
OH mol ecul e. The best t hat a desi gn engi neer coul d hope f or i s t o have a C band fr om
13001650 nm, yi el di ng about 400 wavel engt hs 0. 8 nm apart or 800 wavel engt hs 0. 4 nm apart .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fiber Types
The most common t y pe of si ngl e mode f i ber i s usual l y r efer red t o as st andar d sin gle- mode f iber .
The I n t ern at ion al Tel ecom m uni cat ion Uni on ( I TU) , whi ch i s a gl obal st andardi zat i on body f or
t el ecommuni cat i on sy st ems and vendors, def i nes di f ferent t y pes of f iber s. Some of t he di ff er ent
fi ber s descri bed i n t he st andar di zat i on pr ocess for opt i cal net wor ks include nondi spersi on- shi f t ed
( G. 652) , di sper si on- shi ft ed ( G. 653) , 1550- nm l oss mi ni mi zed ( G. 654) , and nonzer o- di sper si on
fi ber ( G. 655) .
Nondispersion-Shifted Fiber (ITU-T G.652 Recommendation)
9
Thi s t y pe of si ngl e mode f iber is al so cal l ed st andar d sin gle- mode f iber , and i t i s t he most
commonly depl oyed fi ber . Nondi sper si on- shi f t ed f iber s ar e opt i mi zed for t he 1310 nm r egi on and
have zer o di sper si on wavel engt h at 1310 nm. We can al so use t hi s t y pe of fi ber in 1550 nm
r egi ons, but i t is not opt i mized for t hi s r egi on. The chr omat ic di spersi on at 1550 nm is hi gh
( 18ps/ nm- km) , and for hi gh dat a- rat e appl i cat i ons, di sper si on compensat ions have t o be
empl oyed. An exampl e of t hi s t y pe of fi ber i s cor ni ng SMF- 28.
Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (ITU-T G.653)
10
I n di sper si on- shi f t ed f iber , t he zer o- di spersi on wavel engt h has been shi ft ed fr om 1310 nm t o
1550 nm. The di spersi on- shi f t ed f i bers ar e opt i mi zed for operat i ng i n t he regi on bet ween
15001600 nm, and t he di sper si on coeff i ci ent , D, i ncr eases wi t h wavel engt h. When t hi s t y pe of
fi ber was devel oped, t he assumpt i on was t o t ake advant age of doped ampl i f ier s and oper at e
wi t h mul t i pl e channel DWDM syst ems.
ITU G.654 (Loss Minimized at 1550 nm)
11
Thi s t y pe of fi ber i s a speci al case of st andar d singl e mode f i ber, whi ch has a l ow l oss at t he
1550 nm wi ndow. I TU G. 654 i s opt i mi zed for t he 15001600 nm r egi on. The ef fect i ve cut off
wavel engt h
cutof f
i s an i mpor t ant par amet er i n desi gning t hi s t y pe of f i ber. Low l oss can be
achi eved by usi ng a pur e- sil i ca cor e. I TU G. 654 f iber s ar e expensive t o manuf act ur e and ar e
r ar el y used. These t ypes of f i bers mi ght be best sui t ed for submari ne ( under t he sea f i ber cabl es)
and ext ended l ong- haul appli cat i ons.
Nonzero Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (G.655)
12
Nonzer o disper sion- shi ft ed fi ber s ( NZDSFs) ar e SMFs t hat have chr omat i c di sper si on t hat i s
gr eat er t han a nonzer o val ue t hroughout t he C band ( 1500 nm) regi on. Thi s di sper si on r educes
t he ef fect of nonl i neari t i es, such as four - way mi xing, sel f- phase modul at i on, and cr oss- phase
modul at i on, whi ch ar e seen i n t he DWDM sy st ems. These t y pes of f i bers are best sui t ed and
opt i mi zed t o oper at e bet ween 15001600 nm.
Two t y pes of NZ- DSF are avai l abl e. I f t he di sper si on sl ope of NZDSF decr eases wi t h r espect t o
wavel engt h, i n ot her wor ds, t her e i s a negat i ve gr adi ent for disper si on as a funct i on of
wavel engt h, t he fi ber i s cal l ed NZDSF. Li kewi se i f t he di sper si on sl ope ( al so cal l ed di sper sion
pr of il e) i ncr eases wi t h i ncr ease i n wavel engt h, t he fi ber i s cal l ed + NZDSF.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Units of Optical Power Measurement: Decibel
The power level i n opt i cal fi ber communi cat i ons i s t oo wi de r anged t o expr ess on l i near scal e. A
l ogar i t hmi c scal e known as deci bel ( dB) i s used t o expr ess power i n opt ical communi cat i ons. The
wi de r ange of power values makes decibel a conveni ent uni t t o expr ess t he power l evel s t hat ar e
associ at ed wi t h an opt i cal sy st em. The gai n of an ampl if i er or at t enuat ion i n fi ber i s expr essed i n
deci bels. The decibel does not gi ve a magni t ude of power , but i t i s a rat io of t wo power s. See
Equat i ons 1- 35 and 1- 36.
Equ at i on 1- 3 5
Exampl e:
Cal cul at e t he gai n of t he ampli f i er i n dB, when 1 wat t i s appl i ed t o t he i nput and 2 wat t s i s
measured as t he out put :
dB = 10l og
10
2/ 1 = 3 db Measur ed out put i s 2W
Gai n of t hi s ampl i f ier i s 3 db.
dBm is t he power l evel rel at ed t o 1 mW.
Equ at i on 1- 3 6
So f ar , we have st udied di f fer ent eff ect s i n opt ics as wel l as pr opagat i on of l i ght i n f i ber s. We
now i nt r oduce a poi nt - t o- poi nt WDM net work and t he var i ous par amet ers as wel l as component s
associ at ed wi t h i t fr om a ver y hi gh l evel per spect i ve. A mor e det ail ed expl anat ion of t he
component s and subsyst ems can be obt ai ned fr om Chapt ers 2 and 3. A desi gn i deol ogy is
avai labl e i n Chapt ers 4, 5 and 6.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
A Point-to-Point WDM Network
By def ini t i on, WDM i s mul t i pl exi ng di ff er ent opt i cal i nf or mat i on- beari ng si gnals by vi rt ue of t he
spat i al dif fer ence i n t heir wavel engt hs, composi t ely ri ding in t he same opt i cal fi ber .
An el ect r ic infor mat i on beari ng si gnal i s modul at ed ont o an opt i cal car r i er fr equency ( si gnal ) .
Many such opt i cal si gnal s, each at a char act er i st ic wavel engt h ( and hence f r equency) , are
mul t i pl exed i nt o what i s cal l ed a composi t e WDM si gnal . I n t he poi nt - t o- poi nt WDM syst em as
shown i n Fi gur e 1- 14, node A t ransmi t s dat a t o node C t hr ough an i nt er medi at e node B. Whi ch i s
t o say t hat we have a point - t o- poi nt l i nk ABC consi st i ng of t hr ee nodes: A, B, and C. The
oper at i ng band i s assumed t o be t he ent i r e C band r anging f r om about 15251565 nm, t hat i s,
t her e can be communi cat i on wavelengt hs f r om 15251565 nm. Each channel i s spaced 100 GHz
/ 0. 8 nm ( or coul d be 50 GHz / 0. 4 nm) apar t , and t his spaci ng i s def i ned by t he I TU st andar d.
Fi gu r e 1- 14 . DWDM Poi nt - t o- Poi n t Commun i cat i on Sy st em
At node A, an ar r ay of el ect r i cal dat a devi ces i nj ect s dat a i nt o di ff erent wavel engt hs. These
devi ces coul d be SONET plat f or ms, ATM swi t ches, or even rout er s. ( I P over DWDM i s expl ai ned
i n Chapt er 7. ) The elect r oni c dat a i s modul at ed ont o an opt i cal channel at a speci fi ed
wavel engt h.
The dat a i s f ed t o l aser s ei t her di r ect ly or coupl ed opt i cal l y t o t he l i ght emi t t ed by t he laser i n a
modul at i ng cavi t y ext er nal l y ( modul at i on) . The power level s of each channel ar e adj ust ed usi ng
cont r ol l abl e opt i cal at t enuat or s t o avoi d excess nonl i near eff ect s.
The opt i cal signal s ar e mul t i pl exed i nt o a composi t e WDM signal i n an ar ray ed wavegui de
( AWG) - or coupler - based mult ipl exers.
Thi s composi t e si gnal is fur t her ampli f i ed j ust bef ore t r ansmi ssion i nt o t he fi ber by fi ber
ampl i fi er s ( doped fi ber or Raman) . The si gnal is t hen i nj ect ed i nt o t he t ransmi ssi on f iber . At an
i nt er mediat e node B, t he si gnal i s fi r st ampl i f ied by a pr eli ne ampl i fi er t hat coul d be a doped
fi ber or a Raman gai n ampl i fi er dependi ng on t he l evel of ampl i f icat i on desir ed and qual i t y of
si gnal ( noi se fi gure) as wel l as quant i t y of t he ampli f i cat i on ( gai n) r equi r ed. The ampl if i ed

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
composit e si gnal i s demul t i pl exed by an ar r ay ed wavegui de demul t i plexer .
Each de- mul t i pl exed channel is fed int o a swi t chi ng f abr i c, whi ch coul d be an al l - opt i cal swi t ch
( O- O- O) or an opt o- el ect r oni c swi t ch ( O- E- O) . An O- O- O swi t ch has t he f unct i onal i t y of swi t chi ng
or r out i ng t he channel s compl et ely in t he opt i cal domai n. Refer t o Fi gur e 1- 15.
Fi gu r e 1- 15 . A DWDM Syst em Th at Has Chann el Add- Dr op Capabi l i t i es
An O- E- O swi t ch coul d do t he same as an O- O- O swi t ch but perf or m t he swi t chi ng f unct i on i n t he
el ect r i cal domai n by conver t i ng t he opt i cal si gnal s i nt o el ect r i cal bi t st r eams and r econver t ing
t hem back t o opt ical si gnal s aft er swi t chi ng t hem. Thi s coul d al so r esult i n t he egr ess si gnal t o
be on dif fer ent wavel engt h as compar ed t o t he i ngress si gnal cr eat i ng wavel engt h conversi on
expl ained i n Chapt er 2 ( sect i on on t r ansponder s) . I ndi vidual channel s coul d al so be dr opped at
t he desi r ed node i f t he dest i nat i on f or t he channel i s t hat par t icular node.
Dr opping a channel usual l y i nvol ves r econver t i ng a channel i nt o cli ent wavel engt h ( usuall y
shor t er wavel engt h 1310, et c. ) . Thi s i s done by t r anspon ders. The t r ansponder s al so f acil i t at e i n
adding t he channel at t he i nt er mediat e node si t e. The t r ansponder s convert t he incomi ng
wavel engt h i nt o an I TU gr i d wavel engt h for WDM appl i cat i ons. Refer t o Fi gur e 1- 16 f or a cl ear
i dea on dr oppi ng of channel s at i nt ermedi at e nodes.
Fi gu r e 1- 16 . WDM Syst em Demonst r at i ng Dr opp i n g of a Wavel eng t h at
an I n t er medi at e Node

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
I n summar y , t he swi t ch fabr i c does t he t ask of adding, droppi ng, or swi t chi ng opt i cal channel s or
even j ust passi ng t hem t hrough ( pass t hr ough funct ional it y) . The channel s are t hen f ed t o a
mul t i pl exer and r ecombi ned i nt o a composi t e WDM si gnal. Thi s si gnal is ampl if i ed by t he pre- l i ne
fi ber ampl if i er .
At node C, t he si gnal i s r e- ampl if i ed by t he post - li ne ampl if i er and demul t i pl exed i nt o indi vidual
wavel engt hs or channels. These channel s ar e det ect ed by an ar r ay of phot o det ect ors, and t he
el ect r i cal si gnal i s f ed t o t he cl i ent si de of t he net wor k. Transponder s usual l y per f orm t hi s
funct i on of det ect i ng and convert ing t he net wor k si gnal int o cl i ent si gnal. I ndi vidual el ect r i cal
st r eams coul d be f ur t her demul t i plexed i n t he t ime domain t o gi ve slower r at e st r eams.
A dat a st r eam fr om an i ngress ( sour ce) node t o an egr ess ( dest i nat i on) node on a wave- l engt h i s
cal led a l ight p at h, def i ned by Chl amt ac and ot herset al
7
. A l ight pat h i s an al l opt i cal connect ion
or channel fr om sour ce t o dest inat i on on a gi ven wavel engt h. A semi - l ight pat h i s an opt i cal
channel t hat can be set up bet ween sour ce and dest inat i on nodes on more t han one wavelengt h
by conver t i ng t he l i ght f rom one wavel engt h t o anot her and so on, i n t he cour se of t r aver si ng a
sour ce dest inat i on l i nk. Assi gni ng wavel engt hs t o di f ferent l i ght pat hs dynamical l y i n a physi cal
mesh or r i ng t opol ogy i s more chall enging t han i n a poi nt - t o- poi nt t opol ogy . The r eason
wavel engt h assi gnment in opt i cal net works i s chal l engi ng i s because, t her e ar e l i mi t ed number
of wavel engt hs t o choose fr om, and a l i ght pat h bet ween a sour ce dest i nat ion pair t raver si ng
mul t i pl e f i ber l inks ( nodes) has t o have t he same wavel engt h i n each of t he li nks, as wavel engt h
conver si on is an expensi ve as wel l as infant t echnol ogy . The ot her i ssue i s t o rout e t hese
l i ght pat hs i n t he most ef fi ci ent manner. The si mpl est being short est pat h rout i ng, and ot her
schemes havi ng mor e complexi t y. Thi s i s a ser i ous pr oblem i n desi gni ng opt ical WDM net works
and i s known popul arl y as t he r out i ng and wavel engt h assi gnment ( RWA) pr oblem. ( Some
r ef erences cal l t hi s t he RCA or r out i ng and channel assignment pr obl em. Thi s i s di scussed i n
Chapt er 6. )

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Emerging Technologies: WDM Versus TDM, OCDM, and
SCM
Capaci t y i n a fi ber can be i ncr eased by doi ng t he fol l owi ng:
I nst al l ing new fi ber s
Ti me di visi on mul t i pl exi ng ( TDM)
WDM
Code di visi on mul t i pl exi ng ( CDM)
Subcar r i er channel mul t i plexi ng ( SCM)
Adding new fi ber i s cost l y and t i me consumi ng; t her efor e, i t i s not a pr ef err ed choice.
The convent i onal appr oach t o i ncr easi ng bandwi dt h i n a si ngle fi ber i s t o use TDM. I n TDM,
sever al signal s ar e mul t i pl exed i n t he t i me domai n t o t ransmi t over a si ngl e ( fast ) channel .
I nt er leavi ng pul ses of di ff erent si gnal s shar e a si ngl e channel , on a t i me- shar i ng basi s. Consi der
t hr ee si gnal s at t he same bi t r at e of B bps. I f we mul t i pl ex t hese t hr ee channel s ont o one si ngl e
channel such t hat t he bi t rat e of t he new channel i s 3B bps, we obt ai n a sy st em gai n of t hr ee.
TDM al l owed t he legacy net wor ks t o scal e eff ici ent l y i n t he past , and i t i s t he foundat ion f or
WANs i n t he el ect r i cal domai n, such as SONET/ SDH. The main bot t l eneck f or TDM syst ems i s t he
l i mi t at ion i n obt ai ni ng economi cal fast el ect roni c sy st ems, whi ch can mul t ipl ex sever al bit
st r eams i nt o a si ngl e TDM channel .
WDM r ef ers t o an opt i cal mul t i plexi ng t echni que in whi ch mul t i pl e opt i cal si gnal s t hat are each
on a dif fer ent char act er ist i c wavel engt h are mult ipl exed t oget her by maki ng use of t he spat i al
di f fer ence of t heir wavel engt hs. Consi der four signal s at wavel engt hs
1
,
2
,
3
, and
4
. I f we
mul t i pl ex t hese signal s ont o a si ngl e fi ber such t hat t he four si gnal s coexi st i n t he t i me domai n,
onl y shar i ng t he spect r al f r equency ( wavel engt h) domai n, we obt ai n a composi t e si gnal t hat is
cal led a WDM si gnal. WDM i s not hing but mul t i pl exi ng t wo or more si gnal s on t he basi s of t hei r
wavel engt h i ndependence of each channel wi t h r espect t o t he ot her channel s. Unli ke TDM, WDM
adds capacit y by addi ng wavel engt hs. We can add t he wavel engt hs one at a t i me as needed.
WDM t hus wor ks t o be mor e scal abl e and f lexi bl e ( on a desi r ed demand basi s) as compar ed t o
TDM.
CDM, al so known as code di vi sion mul t i pl exing, i s anot her met hod of opt i cal mul t i pl exing. Unl i ke
TDM and WDM, wi t h CDM, each channel t ransmi t s i t s i nfor mat i on ( bi t s) as a coded sequence of
pulses. Thi s i s achi eved by t ransmi t t i ng a t i me- dependent short ser i es of pul ses pl aced wi t hi n an
al l ot t ed t ime per i od. Channel s t hat have di ff er ent codes can t r ansmi t on t he same fi ber . At
pr esent , i t i s not economi cal t o gener at e and modul at e ul t r a- shor t pul ses ef fi ci ent l y. I n t he
meant i me, WDM is t he t echnol ogy of choi ce t o al l evi at e capaci t y const r ai nt s i n opt i cal net wor ks.
Opt i cal SCM i s anot her emer gi ng t echnology t hat off ers many advant ages over t r adi t i onal SONET
mul t i pl exi ng. SCM i s a t echni que t hat i s used t o modul at e a l ow fr equency dat a si gnal t o a
hi gher car r i er fr equency ; t hi s, in t urn, modul at es an opt i cal sour ce t hat i s gener at i ng an opt i cal
fr equency . To obt ai n t he bandwi dt h eff i ciency , sever al hi gh- fr equency sub- car r i er s ar e
mul t i pl exed t oget her bef or e modul at i ng t he opt i cal f requency . SCM can be summar ized as
modul at i ng i ndi vi dual base- band si gnals at RF fr equency and t hen f ur t her modulat i ng t he sub-
carr i er s at opt i cal fr equency . Subcar r i er mult ipl exi ng of i ndi vi dual channel s can fur t her enhance
t he sy st em bandwidt h by WDM of many such SCM channel s. SCM i s bi t r at e i ndependent , unl ike

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
TDM. I t can be an i mpor t ant bui l di ng block f or fut ur e ent er pr i se and access net works. SCM
i ncr eases capaci t y by modul at i on t echni ques, wit hout i ncreasi ng bandwidt h spect r um or clock
speed.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Summary
I n t hi s chapt er , we acquaint ed t he r eader wit h opt i cal net worki ng and t echnol ogi es t hat ar e
associ at ed wi t h opt i cal net worki ng. Then we gl anced t hrough t he var i ous opt i cal ef fect s and
phenomena associ at ed wi t h opt ics. Fr om t her e, t he r eader i s i nt r oduced t o modal t heor y for
opt i cal pul se pr opagat ion i n cyl i ndri cal wavegui des ( f iber ) . Thi s chapt er deal s wi t h t he var i ous
l osses associ at ed wit h pul se pr opagat ion i n an opt i cal fi ber , especi al l y di sper sion, Pol ar izat ion
mode disper sion, at t enuat i on, f our wave mi xi ng, and nonl inear i t i es. We al so exami ned how a
WDM net wor k wor ks and saw t he discr et e component s associ at ed wit h i t . Fi nal l y , we expl ored
t he WDM scheme wi t h i t s cont empor ary and pr edecessor mult ipl exi ng schemes: TDM, CDM, and
SCM.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
References
1
Agr awal , Govi nd P. Fib er - Op t ic Com mu nicat i on Syst em s, Second Edi t i on. Wi l ey I nt er science,
1997.
2
Keiser , G. Op t ical Fiber Commu nicat i ons, Thir d Edit ion. McGr aw Hi l l , 2000.
3
St er n and Bal a. Mu lt i wavelengt h Opt i cal Net wor ks: A Lay er ed App roach . Addi son Wesl ey , 1999.
4
Kar t al opoul os, St amat i os V. I n t r oduct i on t o DWDM Techn ology : Dat a i n a Rai nbow . I EEE- Wi l ey
Pr ess, 1999.
5
Seni or , John M. Op t ical Fiber Commu nicat i ons. Pr ent i ce Hal l, 1992.
6
War t i kar. App li ed Mat h em at i cs. S. Chand Publ i sher s, 1984.
7
Chlamt ac, I . , A. Ganz, and G. Kar mi . " Li ght pat h Communi cat i ons: An Appr oach t o Hi gh-
Bandwi dt h Opt i cal WANs. " I EEE Tr ans on Communi cat ion . Vol . 40, No. 7, 1992.
8
Ramaswami . Op t ical Net work s: A Pract i cal Per spect iv e, Fi r st Edit i on. Mor gan Kauf mann, 1999.
9
I TU St andard GR 652.
10
I TU St andard GR 653.
11
I TU St andard GR 654.
12
I TU St andard GR 655.
13
Br acket t , C.A. "Dense Wavel engt h Divi si on Mul t i pl exi ng Net wor ks: Pr i nci pl es and Appl icat i ons. "
I EEE Jour nal on Select ed Ar eas in Comm un icat i ons , Vol . 8, No. 6, 1990.
14
I EEE Communi cat ion s Magazi ne Speci al I ssue on Opt i cal Net wor ks. Apri l 2002.
15
Ramaswami and Si var aj an. " Rout i ng and Wavelengt h Assi gnment . " I EEE/ ACM Tr ansact i on on
Net work i ng, Apri l 1995.
16
Edmi nist er , Joseph. El ect r om agnet i cs Schau m Seri es, Second Edi t i on. McGr aw Hi l l , 1993.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Chapter 2. Networking with DWDM -1
For t hose r eaders who ar e wel l ver sed wi t h t he fundament al s of opt i cal communi cat i on
pr i nci pl es, t hi s chapt er sheds l ight on t he underl i ned t echnol ogi es and component s invol ved i n a
wavel engt h divi si on mul t i plexi ng ( WDM) net wor k. I n Chapt er 1, "I nt roduct i on t o Opt i cal
Net worki ng," we di scussed poi nt - t o- poi nt WDM l inks. Each node i n t he l i nk i s a WDM net wor k
el ement ( NE) . I n t hi s chapt er we focus on t he i ndi vi dual heur i st i cs of a node or NE. A WDM node
has feat ur es of addi ng, dr oppi ng, or passing t hr ough l i ght pat hs. Thi s ki nd of l i ght pat h
communi cat ion i s f acil i t at ed by O- E- O ( opt o- el ect r o- opt o) or O- O- O ( opt i cal t o opt i cal ) swi t ch
fabr ics. At t he i ngr ess of each node, t he composi t e WDM si gnal i s pr eampli f i ed by using opt i cal
ampl i fi er s ( explai ned i n Chapt er 3, "Net wor ki ng wi t h DWDM - 2") . Thi s ampli f i ed si gnal is t hen
ful ly demul t i pl exed and swi t ched l ocal l y . The swi t chi ng oper at i on is fol l owed by a mul t i pl ex
sect i on, whi ch r egr oups t he i ndi vi dual wavel engt hs i nt o a composi t e si gnal .
Numerous t echnol ogi es have mat ur ed enough t o pr oduce qual i t y opt i cal component s, whi ch
faci l i t at e t hese opt ical oper at i ons at each DWDM net wor k el ement .
At a net wor k element , t he vari ous t echnol ogi es ar e fused t oget her t o pr oduce a r esponse, which
ensur es a per for mance f rom t he higher l ay er s so as t o i nt er act wi t h t he opt i cal l ayer .
WDM t echnol ogi es have been devel oped fr om cl assi c opt i cal phy sics. You do not need t o know
t he anal ysi s of t he phy si cal phenomena, but you do need t o know t he appli cat i ons as wel l as t he
eff ect s of t hese phenomena on a WDM net work. A net work desi gner has t he l i bert y t o choose
fr om a vari et y of component s and subsy st ems t hat br oadly perf or m simi l ar oper at i ons. For
exampl e, t he designer coul d have a demul t i plexer consi st i ng of ei t her ar ray ed wavegui des
( AWGs) or fi ber Br agg grat ings ( FBGs) . ( Bot h ar e expl ained i n l at er sect i ons. ) I t wil l be at t he
desi gner 's di scr et ion t o choose a mor e sui t abl e component for t hat par t i cul ar net wor k
appli cat i on. The desi gner 's choi ce depends on t he per f ormance, cost , and r equi r ement s of t he
component s as wel l as t he net wor k.
Thi s chapt er and Chapt er 3 f ocus on t he panor ama of t echnol ogies and component s fr om a node
anal y sis poi nt of vi ew r at her t han a syst em desi gn poi nt of view. This mi cr o- l evel st udy hel ps t he
desi gner wi t h t he macr o- l evel syst em desi gn t hat i s explai ned i n Chapt ers 4, "WDM Net wor k
Design - 1, " 5, "WDM Net wor k Design - 2, " 6, "Net wor k Level St rat egies i n WDM Net work Desi gn:
Rout i ng and Wavel engt h Assi gnment , " and 7, "X over DWDM. " Thi s chapt er essent ial l y discusses
t he det ai ls of a WDM node and i t s i mpl ement at i on per spect ives.
A WDM node consi st s of a mul t i plex- demul t i pl ex sect i on, a swit ching sect i on, and a l ocal
i nt er face sect i on. The l ocal i nt er face sect i on consi st s of t r ansponder s, whi ch are f ur t her broken
down i nt o opt i cal sour ces, opt i cal det ect or s, and compl ex el ect roni c cir cui t r y . The mul t i plex and
demul t i pl ex sect i ons, as t he name i mpl i es, consi st of opt i cal mul t i pl exer s and demul t i pl exer s.
The swi t chi ng sect i on t y pi call y has an ar ray of O- E- O or O- O- O swi t ches i n add- drop
conf igur at i on or cr oss- connect ( any- port - t o- any - por t ) confi gurat i on.
A WDM node, as shown i n Fi gur e 2- 1, can consist of many di f fer ent component s and
t echnol ogi es al i gned t oget her t o pr oduce a cl assi c WDM syst em wi t h good per for mance. The next
few sect i ons di scuss some t echnol ogi es and t hei r per for mances as WDM component s. I n a mor e
syst emat i c way, t he sect ions address l aser s, det ect ors, swi t ches, passi ve devi ces, fi l t er s, and
t r ansponders as some of t he key t echnologi es. The fol l owi ng sect i ons al so di scuss mul t i plexi ng
and demul t i pl exing t echnol ogi es, such as AWGs, FBGs, and so on. Some of t he more act i ve
devi ces, such as ampl if i er s and di sper si on compensat or s, ar e addressed i n Chapt er 3.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gu r e 2- 1. A Ty pi cal WDM Node

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Optical Transmitters: Lasers
Laser s are used as opt i cal sources f or emi t t i ng modul at ed dat a i nt o an opt i cal fi ber . Laser s have
a di st i nct pr oper t y wher eby t hey can emi t a nar r ow beam of li ght wi t h a smal l opt i cal spect r a
( l i ne wi dt h) , whi l e havi ng a hi gh out put opt i cal power ( concent r at ed beam of phot ons of
approxi mat ely t he same phase and f r equency) .
A l aser i s a semiconduct or devi ce ( for opt i cal pur poses at l east , al t hough di f fer ent f orms of l asers
do exi st ) t hat has an oper at ion t hat i s gover ned by t he populat ion i nver si on condi t i on. Thi s
popul at i on inver sion condit ion specif i es t he numer i cal super i ori t y in vol ume of t he el ect rons i n
t he exci t ed st at e ( f or med by absor pt ion of ener gy by nor mal st at e elect r ons) over t he el ect rons
i n t he ground st at e i n a semi conduct or j unct i on devi ce.
A l aser t hat i s used in opt ical net wor ki ng oper at i ons shoul d have a nar r ow spect ral li ne widt h, in
addit ion t o fast response ( t unabi l i t y ) and be abl e t o coupl e a si gni fi cant amount of opt i cal power
i nt o t he f i ber wavegui de. Lasers t hat are used i n opt i cal communi cat i ons ar e gener al ly of t wo
t y pes: semi conduct or l aser s and f i ber l aser s. Semi conduct or l aser s ar e most commonl y used i n
net wor ki ng appl i cat ions and ar e di scussed her e i n det ai l . Fi ber l aser s ar e not so commonl y used;
t her efor e, t hey ar e not di scussed i n t hi s chapt er .
Semi conduct or l aser s ar e based on t he opt ical proper t i es of a p- n j unct i on. Semiconduct or s as
such have i nt ermedi at e proper t i es as compar ed t o conduct or s or insul at or s. Sil i con and
Ger mani um have been t r adi t i onal l y used as semi conduct or mat er i al s. I ndi um Phosphi de ( I nP)
and Gal l i um Ar seni de have al so r ecent l y di scovered appli cat i ons i n l aser s. A semi conduct or
mat eri al can be made p- t y pe or n- t y pe by doping t he mat eri al ( addi ng an i mpur i t y ) wi t h
el ect r ons ( n- t y pe) or ext r act i ng t he mat eri al of some of i t s f r ee el ect r ons ( p- t y pe) . An el ect r on i s
a f undament al at omi c par t i cl e of uni t negat i ve char ge and negl igi bl e mass. I t s addi t i on cr eat es
an n- t y pe mat er i al , whereas i t s r emoval cr eat es a p- t y pe subst r at e. Removal of el ect r ons can
al so be consi der ed as addi t i on of hol es t hat ar e posi t i vel y char ged par t i cl es i n t heor y, but do not
exi st in r eali t y . A semi conduct or mat er i al t hat cont ai ns a r egi on of p- t y pe and a r egion of n- t ype
wi t h a shar ed boundary bet ween t he p- and n- t y pes i s call ed a p- n j unct i on ( see Fi gur e 2- 2) .
Fi gu r e 2- 2. P- N Ju nct i on Di ode

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Free el ect r ons in a semi conduct or can f low when a volt age di f fer ence i s appl i ed l i near l y acr oss
t he semi conduct or ; t hi s st at e i s cal l ed t he condu ct ion st at e. I n t hi s st at e, t he elect r ons ar e
consi dered t o exi st i n t he conduct i on band. An ener gy l evel i s associ at ed wi t h t he conduct i on
band ( t he ener gy of el ect r ons i n t he conduct i on band i s predet er mi ned) , and t hi s ener gy l evel is
gi ven by Fer mi - Di rac di st ri but i on equat i ons. ( These Fermi - Di r ac equat ions ar e bey ond t he scope
of t hi s book. )
On passi ng cur rent across a semi conduct or mat er i al , fr ee el ect r ons absor b a quant a ( an i nt egr al
mul t i pl e of h , wher e h i s Pl anck' s const ant and i s t he f requency of absorbed r adi at i on) of
energy and j ump i nt o an exci t ed st at e. Af t er a per i od of t i me, t hese excit ed el ect r ons, whi ch
have absor bed t he excess energy and have r i sen t o a hi gher exci t ed st at e, drop back t o t he
or i gi nal st at e by emi t t ing t he excess absor bed ener gy i n t he for m of phot ons at fr equency .
Thi s r andom osci l l at i on of el ect r ons f rom a l ower ener gy level t o a hi gher ener gy level and t he
subsequent emi ssi on of phot oni c r adiat ion ( l i ght ) i s cal l ed spont an eou s emi ssi on. The set of
out put opt i cal fr equenci es i s pr opor t i onal t o t he energy bet ween t he st abl e and exci t ed st at es
and t er med as ban dgap en er gy .
I n spont aneous emi ssi on, no fr equency or phase mat chi ng exi st s bet ween consecut i vel y emi t t ed
phot ons. I n ot her wor ds, ever y emi t t ed phot on has r andom phase and f r equency di st r ibut i on
( per t ur bat i on) . Spont aneous emi ssi on cannot sust ai n opt i cal communi cat i on f or t he si mpl e
r eason of l ow power and wi de spect r a of emi ssi on ( l ine- wi dt h t oo l ar ge) . The si gnal woul d be
at t enuat ed sever el y and woul d smudge i nt o ot her adj acent channels. For l asers t o f unct i on, t he
emi ssi on shoul d be st i mul at ed ( ext er nal l y cont r ol l ed) . Consider a case i n which a f ew elect r ons
have absor bed ener gy and r isen t o an exci t ed st at e. Now assume t hat whi le t hese el ect rons ar e
i n t he exci t ed st at e, an ext ernal phot on is bombar ded ont o t hese el ect rons. These el ect rons fal l
fr om t he exci t ed st at e t o t he gr ound st at e, emi t t i ng phot ons t hat have t he same fr equency ( as
well as phase) as t he i nci dent - bombar ded phot on. I n ot her words, you woul d get a power ful
beam of l i ght at a cont r ol l abl e f requency , which i s pr edet ermi ned by t he bombar ded phot on.
To sust ai n such a sour ce for a l ong per iod of t i me, y ou must ensur e t hat at any gi ven t i me, t her e
i s an abundance of phot ons in t he exci t ed st at e. This ki nd of emi ssi on is cal l ed st im ul at ed
emi ssi on because of t he ext er nal st i mul us i nvolved in t he emi ssive process. To sust ai n an
emi ssi on of t hi s kind, i t i s necessary t o est abl i sh pop ulat ion in ver sion. I n ot her wor ds, t he
number of el ect rons i n t he higher st at e ( exci t ed) shoul d be great er t han t he number of el ect rons
i n t he l ower ( st abl e) st at e. I f t hi s i s not achi eved, t hen t he emi ssi on i s spont aneous ( r andom
phase and fr equency di st r i but i on) .
One possi ble way of achi evi ng popul at i on i nver si on i s by having mult ipl e ener gy l evels. The cut -
i n poi nt , at whi ch st imul at ed emi ssi on i s t he domi nant emissi on in t he syst em, i s call ed t he
l asi ng t hr eshol d.
As soon as popul at i on i nver si on i s est abl i shed, t he sy st em exhi bit s an opt i cal gai n because of t he
feedback achi eved due t o t he bombardment of phot ons on t he exci t ed el ect r ons cr eat i ng a beam
of hi gh power l i ght at a cont rol l abl e f r equency. Thi s gai n ampl i fi es an opt i cal si gnal
exponent i al l y. The opt ical gai n i s coupl ed by one mor e fact or : t he opt i cal f eedback. By pl aci ng
t he p- n j unct i on i nsi de a cavi t y t hat consi st s of r efl ect ing wal l s, opt i cal f eedback can be achi eved
( r efer t o Fi gur e 2- 3) . Opt i cal gai n i ni t i at es t he st i mul at ed emi ssi on i nt o a gain prof i l e t hat i s
anal ogous t o t he gain pr of i le of an el ect r i cal ampl i fi er , whi l e opt i cal f eedback ensures t he
osci l l at or y funct i on of t he p- n j unct i ons.
Fi gu r e 2- 3. DFB Laser s

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Distributed Feedback Lasers
By ensur i ng feedback, an osci l l at or y funct i on i s r eal i zed i n t he previ ousl y di scussed laser .
Feedback is real i zed by pl acing t he p- n j unct i on i n a cavi t y t hat has f ul l y r ef l ect i ng wal l s on all
but one si de and a part ial ref lect or on t he remai ni ng si de. By i nsert i ng a gr at i ng ( cor rugat ed
sur face) wi t hi n t he cavi t y , as shown i n Fi gur e 2- 3, opt i cal feedback i s achi eved. Thi s opt i cal
feedback i s cal l ed di st ri bu t ed f eedb ack ( DFB) due t o i t s di ver se occur r ence i n t he cavit y . ( The
feedback i s t hr oughout t he l engt h of t he cavi t y . ) The feedback i s essent i al f or mai nt ai ni ng t he
l asing t hr eshol d, and i t i s due t o Br agg di ff r act i on, whi ch i s expl ai ned in t he sect i on on FBG.
Basi cal l y , when cl ust er s of wavel engt hs hi t a gr at i ng, onl y wavel engt hs t hat cor r espond t o
Br agg' s condi t i on ar e r ef l ect ed back.
3
Br agg's condi t i on is shown i n Equat i on 2- 1.
Equ at i on 2- 1
I n t he Equat i on 2- 1, n equal s t he r ef r act ive i ndex, g
T
equal s t he per i od of gr at i ng, a equals t he
or der of Br agg di ff r act ion, and
B
equal s t he Br agg's wavel engt h of our i nt er est . These ki nds of
l aser s ar e cal l ed DFB l asers ( see Fi gur e 2- 3) and are of commerci al i nt er est i n DWDM net wor ks.
The f eedback wave adds i n phase t o t he emi t t ed r adi at i on, whi ch i s due t o t he elect r ons
dr oppi ng fr om t he exci t ed st at e t o t he gr ound st at e. The gr at i ng i s for med by met hods of
hol ogr aphy . The grat ing gi ves best perf or mance for t he Br agg' s wavel engt h. The gr at i ng can be
so f ormed so t hat t he peri odi c pert urbat i ons can be var i ed, gi vi ng opt i mum per f ormance f or a
number of di ff er ent wavel engt hs and fi ndi ng soli d appl icat i on i n WDM net works.
Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) Lasers
Di st r i but ed Bragg ref lect or ( DBR) l aser s ar e a concept ual ext ension of DFB laser s. The pr i nci pl e
i s much t he same; however , t he feedback t hat i s associat ed t hr ough t he grat i ng i s now ext ended
t hr ough t he ent i r e r egi on of t he cavi t y ( ref er t o Fi gur e 2- 4) .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gu r e 2- 4. DBR Laser
The cor r ugat i on or grat ing now ext ends t o t he mi r r ored wal ls, t hus enhanci ng t unabi li t y . You can
achi eve wavelengt h t unabi li t y by var yi ng t he gr at i ng per i ods out si de t he gai n medi um ( p- n
j unct i on) . For a DBR l aser , Br agg' s condit ion gi ven by Equat i on 2- 2 needs t o be sat isf ied.
Equ at i on 2- 2
DBR l aser s ar e good candidat es for t unable opt i cal sour ces. DBR as wel l as DFB l asers are
t emperat ur e dependent ; as a resul t , t hey need t emper at ur e- cont rol l i ng el ement s f or st abl e
unif or m oper at i ons. The t emper at ur e- cont r ol li ng el ement s add a si gnif i cant cost t o t he laser ;
t her efor e, t hi n l i ne- wi dt h DBR laser s for C- band appl i cat i ons ar e qui t e expensi ve.
Tunable Lasers
For eff ici ent nonblocki ng net works, y ou wil l pr obabl y want a par t i cular opt i cal sour ce t o be abl e
t o t une t o di f fer ent wavelengt hs wi t h mi ni mal t uning t i me. Sect i onal DBR l aser s ar e one possibl e
candi dat e for t unable opt i cal sour ces. The feedback cavi t y i s spread such t hat di ff er ent sect i ons
have di f fer ent cur r ent s t hat ar e needed t o cr eat e l asi ng eff ect s.
Lasi ng ef fect can be def i ned as t he condi t i on i n a cavi t y or p- n j unct i on when popul at ion
i nversi on has been achi eved and t he j unct i on/ cavi t y can emi t a st reak of l i ght at t he desi r ed
wavel engt h.
The change of cur r ent over t he gr at i ng al so changes t he Br agg' s wavel engt h and t he associ at ed
feedback. I n t hi s way , a DBR l aser can be t uned acr oss sever al nanomet er s r el at i vel y quickl y.
Mechani cal ly t unabl e l aser s t hat have a wi der t uni ng r ange but sl ower t uni ng t i mes have al so
been demonst r at ed. One such exampl e i s a Fabr y Per ot ( FP) cavit y l aser ( expl ai ned l at er i n t he
sect i on on cavi t i es and fi l t er s) , whereby t he emit t ed wavel engt h i s a funct i on of t he cavit y lengt h
( FP cavit y) . Changi ng t he l engt h bet ween t he wal l s of t he cavi t y can change t he r esonant
fr equency ; t hi s can be br ought about mechani cal l y ( hence t he t er m m ech anical ly t u ned laser ) .
Recent l y, a t unabl e l aser t hat coul d t une over t he ent ir e C band ( appr oxi mat el y 35. 2 nm) was
demonst r at ed
4
. Ref er t o Fi gur e 2- 5 f or gener i c di agr am mechani cal l y t unabl e l aser .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gu r e 2- 5. Mechani cal l y Tu nabl e Laser
VCSEL Laser
A v er t i cal cav it y su rf ace- em it t in g l aser ( VCSEL) , as shown i n Fi gur e 2- 6, i s a semi conduct or laser
di ode t hat emi t s l i ght per pendicular t o t he pl ane of p- n j unct ion, unli ke semi conduct or l aser s.
VCSELs can be i nt egr at ed wit h ot her component s wi t hout prepackagi ng. For ver y shor t r each
( VSR) appl i cat i ons at 850 nm1310 nm wavel engt hs, VCSELs have become t he pr ef er r ed choice
at even gi gabi t speeds.
Fi gu r e 2- 6. VCSEL: Ver t i cal Cav i t y Su r f ace Emi t t i ng Laser

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
A VCSEL i s composed of many special i zed lay er s, anal ogous t o edge- emi t t i ng l aser s. The mai n
par t s of a VCSEL ar e t he act ive r egi on and t he mi r r ors. A sandwi ch of act i ve r egions ( bet ween
t he mi r r or s) i s creat ed by st acki ng t he subcomponent s ver t i call y on t op of each ot her . For f i ber-
opt i c communi cat i on, VCSEL uses I ndi um Gal l ium Ar seni de Phosphi de ( I nGaAsP) f or
wavel engt hs of 850 and 1310 nm.
When a smal l cur r ent i s appl i ed acr oss t he devi ce, l i ght i s emi t t ed i n t he act i ve r egi on of t he
l aser ( using t he same oper at i on as t hat of semi conduct or l asers) . Thi s l ight i s r ef l ect ed back and
for t h bet ween t he mi rr or s, whi l e a f r act i on of t he li ght " leaks" t hrough t he mi r r or t o f or m t he
l aser beam. These l asers are ef fi ci ent and have l ow vol t age r equi rement s due t o t he high gai n
and small vol ume of t he VCSEL st r uct ures. VCSELs ar e capabl e of f ast di r ect modulat i on speeds
( up t o 2. 5 Gbps) , whi ch means t hat no addi t i onal ext er nal component s, such as modul at or s, ar e
r equi r ed. Curr ent l y , VCSELs ar e used in 850 nm wavel engt h appl i cat i ons as wel l as 1310 nm.
VCSELs of fer several advant ages over convent i onal l asers:
Hi gh per for mance, l ower cost , smal ler si ze, and i ncr eased power
The st r uct ure' s capabi l i t y t o be i nt egr at ed int o a t wodi mensi onal ar r ay
Easi er manuf act ur ing and packagi ng
Ef fi ci ent f i ber coupl i ng
Line Width of a Laser
The l i ne widt h of a l aser shoul d be as narr ow as possi ble t o pr event t he dat a spect r um fr om
over l apping t he spect ra of adj oi ni ng channel s. Gener al ly , a l aser spect r a has a domi nant cent r al
fr equency and mul t ipl e smal l er sideband fr equenci es. Refer t o Fi gur e 2- 7.
Fi gu r e 2- 7. Li n e Wi dt h

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
The t ypical l i ne widt h for WDM sy st ems i s i n t he range of a few megaher t z. Laser l i ne wi dt h i s a
maj or issue i n WDM syst ems; t he gr eat er t he l i ne wi dt h, t he gr eat er t he cross- t al k wi t h adj acent
channel s and t he gr eat er t he nonl i near eff ect s t hat ar e associat ed.
Chirp
When a vol t age is appl i ed t o a l aser, t her e i s a shar p change i n el ect r on- hol e densi t y r esult s i n
t he act i ve r egi on due t o l asi ng ef fect . Thi s sudden change i n densi t y of el ect r on- hole pai rs
i nf luences t he r ef r act ive i ndex. Lasi ng ef fect al so i ncr eases t he t emper at ur e of t he r egion, whi ch
i n t ur n infl uences t he lengt h of t he act i ve r egion. These eff ect s i n t he act i ve r egi on change t he
cent er fr equency of t he opt i cal pul se t hat i s t ransmi t t ed. Ch ir p can be def i ned as t he change i n
fr equency of t he t r ansmi t t ed opt i cal si gnal wi t h r espect t o t i me.
I n semi conduct or l asers, t he fr equency of a pul se shi f t s t o a shor t er fr equency f rom t he or i gi nal
fr equency due t o chi rp. Nonl i near eff ect s can al so i nt r oduce chi rp i n opt i cal communi cat i on
syst ems. You can r educe chi r pi ng eff ect t hat resul t s f rom l asi ng eff ect by usi ng ext ernal
modul at or s.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Modulation: Direct and External
Mod ulat i on can be def i ned as super imposi ng a dat a st r eam ont o a car r i er si gnal by alt er i ng one
of t he vi r t ues of t he car r i er si gnal wi t h r espect t o a change i n t he dat a st r eam. I n ot her words,
y ou can make a bi nary dat a st r eam super i mpose on a carr i er fr equency . The mot ive behind
modul at i on i s t o enabl e t r anspor t of dat a ef fi ci ent ly and wit hout many er ror s. I n an opt i cal WDM
net wor k, dat a is modul at ed ont o t he l i ght t hat a laser di ode emi t s. One way of modul at i on i s t o
make t he out put opt i cal power of a l aser diode pr opor t i onal t o t he bi nar y sequence of t he dat a
st r eam. You can use t wo t echniques for modul at i on by usi ng opt ical l asers: di r ect modul at i on, as
shown i n Fi gur e 2- 8, and ext ernal modul at i on, as shown i n Fi gur e 2- 9.
Fi gu r e 2- 8. Di r ect Modu l at i on Tech ni que
Fi gu r e 2- 9. Ext er n al Modu l at i on Techn i q ue

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
I n di rect modul at i on, t he l aser dri ve cur r ent t hat i s needed t o cause st i mul at ed emi ssi on i s
vari ed wit h t he dat a st r eam. This causes t he out put opt i cal power t o fl uct uat e as per t he dat a
st r eam. I n ot her wor ds, a st ream of binary dat a, when made proport ional t o t he opt i cal power ,
creat es a ser i es of i somor phous opt i cal pul ses. Thi s modul at i on t echnique i s t er med di r ect
modul at i on because t he dat a i s di r ect l y coupl ed wi t h t he l aser dr i ve curr ent . Di rect modul at i on
has sever e drawbacks at hi gh dat a r at es. I t cannot be used at bi t r at es t hat ar e gr eat er t han 2. 5
Gbps. Di r ect modul at i oncr eat es non- l i near i t y' s especi al l y sel f phase modul at i on ( SPM)
expl ained l at er i n Chapt er 4. Dir ect modulat ion al so i ncr eases t he l aser chi r p. Ty pi cal l y, a bi nary
dat a st r eam i s made t o modul at e a l aser di ode; t her ef ore, t he opt i cal power f l uct uat es bet ween
hi gh and l ow. Due t o t he r et ur n- t o- zer o t ype of modul at i on for mat , t he l aser diode swit ches
bet ween ON and OFF for a l ogi cal 1 and l ogi cal 0 r espect i vel y . Tur ni ng t he l aser ON and OFF
i nt r oduces t i me dependence. As a r esult , t he bi t r at e t hat i s t r ansmi t t ed usi ng di r ect modul at i on
has a maxi mum l imi t . Di rect modul at ed l aser s ar e l i mi t ed mor e by di st ance t han by bandwi dt h
dr awbacks. For short r anges, t hey ar e cost eff ect i ve and useful , especi al l y for met r o- opt i cal
oper at i ons.
Ext er nal modulat ion: When a l aser sour ce i s not di r ect l y modul at ed t o feed t he dat a st r eam, but
t he out put opt i cal fr equency i s modulat ed i n a separ at e sect i on by ot her means ( see Fi gur e 2- 9) ,
t hi s ki nd of opt ical modul at i on t echnique i s cal l ed ext er nal modul at i on.
I n ext ernal modulat ion, t he laser out put power i s gener all y modul at ed i n an ext er nal cavi t y.
Ext er nal modulat ion avoi ds nonl i neari t y ' s and excessi ve chi rp. Fabr y Perot cavi t i es or Lit hi um
Ni obat e- based Mach- Zehneder I nt er fer omet er s ( MZI s) ar e good candi dat es for such
appli cat i ons. One possi bl e approach i s t o var y t he vol t age across t he MZI ( expl ai ned i n t he
sect i on on fi l t ers) arm t o change t he coupl i ng r at i o ( bet ween t he t wo ar ms of a MZI ) , whi ch
pr oduces opt i cal pul ses at one of t he ar ms. These pul ses ar e pr opor t i onal t o t he var i at i ons in
dat a st r eam ( 0s and 1s) . Most commer cial sy st ems cont ai n t he l aser di ode and t he modul at or as
a si ngl e uni t .
Modulation Formats in the Optical Domain
Ty pi call y , y ou woul d use ON/ OFF key i ng ( OOK) of t he l aser source t o communi cat e dat a t hr ough
an opt i cal domai n. The dat a st r eam looks l i ke a t r ai n of pul ses, wit h a hi gh f or a l ogi cal dat a 1
and a gap or l ow f or l ogi cal dat a 0. The pr obl em wi t h t hi s t echni que i s t he t i me const r ai nt
r equi r ed t o swi t ch a l aser bet ween t he on st at e and t he of f st at e.
Two f or ms of OOK exi st : r et ur n t o zer o ( RZ) and non- r et urn t o zero ( NRZ) . I n RZ for mat f or t he
l ogi cal 1 bi t , t he power l evel r et ur ns t o 0 aft er hal f t he per i od ( pul se sl ot ) , wher eas for t he 0 bi t ,
t he power l evel i s 0 cont i nuousl y . I n NRZ, t he 1 bi t has a si gnal t hat i s i n t he high power level
t hr oughout t he 1- bi t per iod and a 0 power l evel t hr oughout t he 0- bi t per iod ( r efer t o Fi gur e 2-
10) . The advant age of NRZ over RZ i s t hat NRZ occupi es only hal f t he bandwi dt h of RZ.
However , l ong per iods of 1s cr eat e a bl ock of hi gh power, maki ng i t di ff icul t for t he r ecei ver t o
decode t he signal as wel l as cr eat e nonli near ef fect s. NRZ i s t he pr efer red wavef orm for mat i n
opt i cal WDM net wor ks. St udies of i nt ensi t y - modul at ed for mat s wi t h phase shi f t i ng t echni ques
ar e cur rent ly being pr oposed.
Fi gu r e 2- 10 . Modu l at i on For mat

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Tabl e 2- 1 di scusses t he var i ous f orms of l asers t hat are used for WDM net wor ki ng as wel l as t he
per for mance of t he laser t y pes.
Tab l e 2 -1 . Laser Ty pes
Laser Ty pe Tun i ng Range Tun i ng Ti me
Mechani cal l aser 1020 nm 100500 ms
Acoust o- opt i cal or el ect ro- opt i cal
l aser
1020 nm Sever al t ens of
mi cr oseconds
I nj ect i on cur rent t uned l aser 4 nm 510 ns
DFB ar r ay ed l aser Li mi t ed by number of el ement s
i n arr ay
110 ns

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Optical Receivers: Photodetecters
The f unct i on of an opt i cal r ecei ver i s t o decode and i nt er pr et t he opt ical si gnals and gener at e an
el ect r i cal dat a st r eam pr oport i onal t o t he r ecei ved opt i cal si gnal . The mai n component of an
opt i cal r ecei ver is a phot odet ect or, whi ch convert s t he opt ical power int o el ect r i cal cur r ent .
Phot odet ect or s need t o meet st ri ngent requir ement s t o achi eve desi rabl e perf or mance.
Requir ement s i ncl ude good responsi vi t y ( sensi t i vi t y) t o a wi de r ange of wavel engt hs used f or
t r ansmi ssi on ( usual l y i n t he 850 nm, 1300 nm, or 1550 nm r egion) , l ow noise char act eri st i cs,
l ow or zer o sensi t i vi t y t o t emperat ur e var i at i ons, l ow cost , and ext ended oper at ing li f e. Even
t hough several t y pes of phot odet ect or s ar e avail able, semiconduct or - based phot odet ect or s
( phot odi odes) ar e used excl usi vel y for opt i cal communi cat ions. The most common phot odiodes
used in opt ical sy st ems ar e PI N phot ode t ect or s and Aval anche Phot o Det ect or s ( APDs) , due t o
t hei r smal l size, f ast r esponse, hi gh phot o- sensi t i vi t y and compar abl y l ow cost s.
The PIN Photo Detector
The PI N di ode i s an ext ensi on of t he P- N j unct i on di ode, i n whi ch sl i ght l y doped int r insi c mat er i al
( I st ands for i nt r i nsic) i s i nser t ed i n bet ween t he P- N j unct ion, t her eby i ncr easi ng t he depl et ion
wi dt h ( r egi on) of t he P- N j unct ion.
NOTE
The depl et i on r egi on i s t he r egi on in t he p- n j unct i on t hat is for med by some of t he
el ect r ons f r om t he n t y pe movi ng over and depl et ing t he holes i n t he p t y pe, t her eby
creat i ng a regi on of neut ral charge, upon condi t i on of r ever se bi as. Refer t o Fi gur e 2-
11.
Fi gu r e 2- 11 . PI N Ph ot o- Di od e

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
A hi gh reverse- bi ased vol t age i s appl i ed acr oss t he PI N diode so t hat t he i nt r i nsic regi on i s
compl et el y depl et ed. Fi gur e 2- 11 r epr esent s t he normal operat i on of a PI N di ode wi t h r everse
bi as appl i ed acr oss t he p- i- n j unct i on. When li ght ( phot ons) i s i nci dent on a semi conduct or
mat eri al , el ect r ons in t he valence band absor b i t . As a r esul t of t his absorpt i on, t he phot ons
t r ansfer t hei r ener gy and excit e el ect r ons f rom t he val ance band t o t he conduct i on band, l eavi ng
hol es i n t he val ance band.
The desi gn of t he PI N phot odi ode i s opt i mi zed i n such a way t hat el ect ron hol e pai rs are
gener at ed most l y i n t he deplet i on r egion ( see Fi gur e 2- 12) . Af t er t he appl i cat ion of vol t age
across t he depl et i on regi on, t he f or med elect r on hol e pai r s i nduce an el ect r i c cur r ent f l ow ( al so
known as ph ot ocu r rent ) in an ext er nal ci r cui t . Each el ect r on hol e pai r gener at es one el ect ron
fl ow
4
.
Fi gu r e 2- 12 . En er gy Ban d Di agr am f or Phot od et ect or
To gener at e t he phot ocur rent , we must ensur e t hat t he energy of t he i nci dent phot on is equal t o
or great er t han t he bandgap energy.
The ener gy of t he i nci dent phot on i s shown i n Equat i on 2- 3.
Equ at i on 2- 3
I n t he equat ion, i s t he wavel engt h, E
g
i s ener gy of t he bandgap, c i s t he vel ocit y of l ight , and e
i s t he charge of t he el ect ron. i s t he wavel engt h at whi ch t he semi conduct or mat eri al wi l l

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
funct i on as a phot odet ect or. There is an upper l i mi t of wavel engt h
cutt of f
above whi ch any
par t i cul ar semi conduct or mat eri al does not generat e phot ocur r ent . The cut off wavel engt h i s
about 1.06 m f or si li con. See Fi gur e 2- 12.
The anal ysi s of phot ocur rent t hat i s gener at ed i s bey ond t he scope of t hi s book. For mor e
i nf ormat i on, r ef er t o r efer ences 2 and 4.
The phot ocur r ent I
p
t hat resul t s f rom power absor pt i on of phot ons i s shown i n Equat i on 2- 4,
whi ch pr ovi des t he equat i on f or phot ocurr ent .
Equ at i on 2- 4
I n t he equat ion, P
o
i s t he opt ical power , e is t he char ge of t he el ect r ons, h i s t he Planck const ant ,
i s t he phot on fr equency ,
s
i s t he absor pt i on coef fi ci ent , and R
f
i s t he r efl ect i vi t y of si li con.
Two i mpor t ant char act er i st i cs of phot odet ect or s ar e quant um ef fi ci ency and responsi vit y.
Qu ant um ef fi ci ency i s t he number of el ect r on hol e pai r s gener at ed per i nci dent phot on.
Responsi vi t y i s t he amount of cur r ent produced at a part i cul ar i nput opt i cal power and a
measure of t he r at e of change of el ect r ical curr ent ( generat ed) as per t he r at e of change of
opt i cal power .
Responsi vit y of a phot odet ect or i s expr essed i n t er ms of and is shown i n Equat i on 2- 5.
Equ at i on 2- 5
Ty pi cal PI N phot odi ode r esponsi vi t y val ues ar e 0.65 A/ W f or sil i con at 850 nm and . 45 A/ W for
Ger mani um at 1300 nm.
Avalanche Photodiodes
When l i ght i s absor bed by a PI N phot odet ect or , onl y a singl e el ect r on hol e pai r i s gener at ed per
phot on. You can i ncrease t he sensi t i vi t y of t he det ect ors i f mor e el ect r ons are gener at ed, whi ch
means t hat y ou need l ess power for phot odet ect i on and t hat t he si gnal can t r avel l onger .
I f a high el ect ri c f i el d i s appli ed t o t he gener at ed el ect r ons, enough energy i s pr ocur ed t o exci t e
mor e el ect r ons f rom t he val ence band t o t he conduct i on band. Thi s, i n t ur n, r esul t s i n mor e
el ect r on hol e pai r s bei ng gener at ed. These secondar y el ect r on hole pai r s t hat ar e generat ed by
t he pr ecedi ng pr ocess can pr oduce mor e el ect r on hol e pair s i f t hey ar e subj ect ed t o a high
el ect r i c fi el d ( Aval anche ef fect ) .
Thi s process of mul t i pl i cat i on of el ect r on- hole pai r s i s cal l ed Av alanch e mu lt i pl icat i on, whi ch i s
demonst r at ed i n Fi gur e 2- 13. The phot odi ode t hat i s desi gned t o achieve t hi s ki nd of el ect r on-

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
hol e pair mul t i pl i cat i on i s known as Av alanch e phot od iod e ( APD) .
Fi gu r e 2- 13 . Aval anche Mu l t i pl i cat i on Pr ocess
I n pr act i ce, t he aval anche ef fect i s a st at i st i cal phenomenon. I n ot her wor ds, el ect r on hol e pai r s
gener at ed by t he pr imar y el ect r ons ar e r andomly di st ri but ed. The st at ist i cal val ue i s t er med as
m ul t ip li cat i v e fact or , or mult ipl icat i ve gai n ( M
f
) , and i s shown i n Equat i on 2- 6.
Equ at i on 2- 6 Mu l t i pl i cat i v e Gai n
I n t he equat ion, I
a
i s t he aver age val ue of t he t ot al cur rent ( i ncl udi ng t he cur r ent t hat i s
gener at ed due t o t he aval anche ef fect ) , and I
p
i s t he val ue of cur r ent due t o ini t i al elect r ons. An
APD can be desi gned wi t h t he mul t i pl i cat i ve f act or equal t o i nfi nit y, a condi t i on cal led av alan ch e
br eakd own. However , l ar ge val ues of M pr oduce unpr edi ct abl e eff ect s i n t he generat i on of
phot ocur rent , whi ch i n t ur n aff ect s t he noise per for mance of APDs. A schemat i c diagram of an
opt i cal r ecei ver is shown i n Fi gur e 2- 14.
Fi gu r e 2- 14 . Fun ct i onal Di agr am of an Opt i cal Recei ver

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
An opt i cal r ecei ver consi st s of a phot odet ect or f oll owed by a pr eampl i f ier . The funct ion of a
pr eampl i fi er i s t o ampli f y t he phot ocur r ent f or f ur t her pr ocessi ng. The next st age consist s of a
hi gh- gai n ampl i fi er and a l ow- pass fi l t er . An ampl i f ier gain cont r ol ci r cui t aut omat i cal l y l i mit s t he
ampl i fi ed out put t o a f i xed l evel , r egardl ess of t he opt i cal power i nci dent on t he phot odet ect or.
The l ow- pass fi l t er reduces t he noi se l evel and shapes t he pul ses. The low- pass fi l t er i s designed
i n such a way t hat t he i nt er symbol i nt er fer ence ( I SI ) is mi nimi zed. Recei ver noi se i s proport ional
t o recei ver bandwi dt h, and l oss- pass f i lt er s can r educe noi se by havi ng t he bandwidt h ( BW) be
l ower t han t he bi t r at e ( B) . The el ect r i c pulse spr eads bey ond t he bi t sl ot for BW < B and r esul t s
i n I SI , which i nt er fer es wi t h pr oper det ect i on of nearby bi t s. The fi nal st age of an opt i cal r ecei ver
consi st s of a deci si on ci rcui t and a cl ock r ecover y ci r cuit . The deci sion ci r cuit compar es t he
out put t o a t hr eshol d l evel at sampl i ng t i mes t hat t he cl ocki ng ci rcui t defi nes and t hen deci des
whet her t he i nput si gnal pul se i s a 1 bi t or a 0 bi t . Due t o t he noise associ at ed wi t h r ecei vers, i t
i s pr obabl e t hat t he deci si on ci r cui t s wi ll det ect bi t s i ncor r ect l y . Recei ver noi se, sensi t i vit y, and
per for mance ar e explai ned i n t he next sect i on. The r eceiver s ar e usual l y designed in such a way
t hat t he er r or pr obabi li t y of det ect i ng a 1 f or a 0 and a 0 for a 1 i s quit e smal l ( 10
-9
10
-12
i n
commer ci al opt i cal l i nks) .
Receiver Noise
Noi se is a seri ous pr obl em i n det ect i on of opt i cal si gnal s at t he recei ver. Thi s elect r i cal noi se due
t o curr ent fl uct uat i ons af fect s t he r ecei ver perf or mance. Ther e ar e t wo maj or cont r i but i ons t o
noi se: Shot noi se and Ther mal noi se.
Shot Noise
I n si mpl i st i c t erms, t he i nt erar r i val r at e bet ween el ect r ons f l owing is a r andom phenomenon,
whi ch cont ri but es t o immense fl uct uat i ons i n an el ect ri cal ci r cuit ; t his is t er med as Shot noi se.
For a phot odi ode of r esponsi vi t y R, t he cur r ent i nduced i s shown i n Equat i on 2- 7.
Equ at i on 2- 7
I n ot her wor ds, r ef er t o Equat i on 2- 8.
Equ at i on 2- 8
RP
i nput
equal s t he aver age val ue of I
pd
, and < I
pd
> si gnif i es t he average val ue of t he
phot odet ect or curr ent .
Shot noi se can be st at i st ical l y depi ct ed as a Gaussi an funct i on ( mean = 0, var i ance = 1) .
Thermal Noise

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
The sel f- r andom mot i on of el ect rons due t o t he possessi on of ki net i c energy on vi r t ue of t he
t emperat ur e gi ves r i se t o uneven fl uct uat i ons, or t her mal noise. Thi s noi se does not need vol t age
t o sust ai n i t sel f .
Ther mal noi se, l ike shot noi se, can be appr oxi mat ed as a Gaussi an process. The f inal equat i on
for i nduced cur rent i s pr ovi ded i n Equat i on 2- 9.
Equ at i on 2- 9
The noi se fi gur e ( NF) is a f igur e of mer i t t hat i s associ at ed wi t h a devi ce. I n t he r ecei ver , t he
phot odet ect or is fol l owed by t he f r ont end ampl i f ier , and t he noi se fi gur e gi ves t he ampl i fi cat i on
r at i o of i nput noi se t o out put noi se across t he ampl i fi er. See Equat i on 2- 10.
Equ at i on 2- 1 0
I n t he equat ion, B equal s t he bandwi dt h of t he r ecei ver , k
B
equal s t he Bol t zmann const ant , R
equal s t he r esponsi vi t y , T equal s t he absol ut e t emper at ure, and NF equal s t he noi se fi gure.
Receiver Performance
Recei ver per for mance i s an import ant f act or i n opt i cal syst em desi gn. The opt ical sy st em desi gn
per for mance depends on t he per for mance of t he r eceiver i n i t s abi l i t y t o det ect 1s and 0s fr om
an i ncomi ng opt i cal si gnal . Bi t er r or r at e ( BER) i s a fi gure of mer i t t o measur e r ecei ver
per for mance. Recei ver sensi t i vit y is anot her per f ormance- measur i ng st andard f or opt i cal
det ect ors t hat is i mport ant f or opt ical sy st em desi gn. Fi nal l y, si gnal - t o- noi se r at i o ( SNR) can be
r egar ded as t he absol ut e qual i t at i ve measur e of t he signal at t he recei ver. I t i s di scussed i n
subsequent sect i ons.
BER: Bit-Error Rate
Duri ng t he t r ansmissi on of dat a t hr ough an opt i cal channel, t he r ecei ver shoul d be abl e t o
r ecei ve indi vidual bit s wi t hout err or s. Er r ors occur when a r eceiver f ail s t o det ect an i ncoming bi t
corr ect l y. Causes for er r ors general l y st em f rom impair ment s t hat ar e associ at ed wi t h t he
t r ansmi ssi on channel . A recei ver fai l s t o det ect a bi t cor rect l y when it det ect s a 1 bi t for a 0 bi t
t hat i s t r ansmi t t ed or a 0 bi t when a 1 bi t i s t ransmi t t ed. The r ecei ver i s al so bit - rat e sensi t i ve.
For di f ferent bi t r at es, a r ecei ver has di ff er ent magni t udes of er r or s; t her efor e, BER i s a f i gur e of
quali t y in an opt i cal net wor k. Ty pi call y , opt i cal end sy st ems shoul d have a BER of 10
-9
t o 10
-12
;
i n ot her wor ds, for every 10
9
bi t s t r ansmi t t ed, one cor r upt ed bi t i s al lowed.
Mat hemat i cal ly , BER i s t he sum of probabi l i t i es, such t hat when a 0 bi t is t r ansmi t t ed, a 1 bi t i s
r ecei ved; when a 1 bi t is t r ansmi t t ed, a 0 bi t i s r ecei ved. Thi s summat ion of t hese condit ional
pr obabi li t i es gi ves t he BER of t he syst em st at i st i cal l y . Thi s probabi l i t y i s shown i n Equat i on 2- 11.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Equ at i on 2- 1 1
Thi s can be expr essed as shown i n Equat i ons 2- 12, 2- 13, and 2- 14.
Equ at i on 2- 1 2
Equ at i on 2- 1 3
Equ at i on 2- 1 4
P( 0) = P( 1) = 1/ 2. That is because a 1 or a 0 i s equal ly li kely t o be t r ansmi t t ed, hence
pr obabi li t y is hal f or 0. 5. Refer t o Equat i ons 2- 13 and 2- 14.
P( 0/ 1) and P( 1/ 0) depend on t he di st r i but i on of t he cur rent over t i me whi le det ect i ng t he signal .
I n ot her wor ds, t he pr obabi l i t y densi t y of t he noi se associ at ed wi t h t he sy st em aff ect s t he f inal
wavef orm of t he cur r ent . That i s, i f y ou consi der noi se as bei ng super i mposed on t he si gnal , t hi s
super i mposed wavef orm i s what det er mi nes how many wr ong deci si ons wer e made at t he
r ecei ver . Consi der Fi gur es 2- 15, 2- 16, and 2- 17.
Fi gu r e 2- 15 . Or i g i n al Si gn al

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gu r e 2- 16 . Noi se Di st r i bu t i on
Fi gu r e 2- 17 . Fi n al Si gn al at t he Ou t pu t of t h e Ch an nel ( Summat i on of
t h e Si gn al i n Fi gu r es 2 - 15 a an d 2 -1 5b)

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
The noi se spect r a can be given anal yt ical l y as a summat i on of t he pr obab il it y densit y f un ct i on
( PDF) , which i s defi ned as t he fi r st or der der i vat i ve of t he di st r i but i on funct i on F( x) , shown i n
Equat i on 2- 15.
Equ at i on 2- 1 5
I n t he equat ion, x i s a random var i abl e; t her efor e, i t s pr obabi li t y densit y funct ion i s shown i n
Equat i on 2- 16.
Equ at i on 2- 1 6
Fur t her , t he noi se is cl assif i ed i nt o Shot and t her mal noi se ( see t he sect ion on r ecei ver noise) .
Bot h Shot noi se and t her mal noi se can be approxi mat ed as Gaussi an densi t y f unct i ons.
A Gaussi an di st r i but i on i s def ined as shown i n Equat i on 2- 17.
Equ at i on 2- 1 7
I n t he equat ion, m i s t he mean of f ( x) and
2
i s t he var iance of f( x) .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Mean
The mean of a dist r i but ion i s def i ned as t he average val ue t hat t he di st r i but i on t akes.
Variance
Consi der Fi gur e 2- 18, whi ch shows t wo di st r i but i ons. One di st ri but i on has a l arge var i ance, and
t he ot her has a smal l var i ance, but t he means ar e t he same. The f i rst one i s a br oad di st ri but i on
i n whi ch f
1
( x) assumes val ues r angi ng fr om qui t e cl ose t o qui t e far fr om t he l ine x = k. The
second dist r i but ion i s narr ow, and f
2
( x) assumes val ues ver y cl ose t o t he l i ne x = k.
Fi gu r e 2- 18 . Di st r i b ut i ons of Lar ge an d Smal l Var i an ces
Consi der f unct i on f
1
( x) and f
2
( x) such t hat f
1
( x) and f
2
( x) ar e evenly di st ri but ed about t he l i ne x
= k. I f y ou t ake n r andom values of f
1
( x) and f
2
( x) r espect i vely , y ou wi ll fi nd t hat on an aver age,
val ues of f
2
( x) ar e cl oser t o t he li ne x = k t han val ues of f
1
( x) . The wi dt h of f
1
( x) i s great er t han
t he wi dt h of f
2
( x) , al t hough bot h have t he same mean; k. To descr ibe t he wi dt h or var i ance of
f
x
( x) y ou need t o t ake t he squar e of each aver age val ue about t he mean, al so t er med second
momen t (
2
) . Ref er t o Equat i ons 2- 18 and 2- 19.
Equ at i on 2- 1 8
Equ at i on 2- 1 9
Because k equal s E( X) ( k equals t he mean) , see Equat i on 2- 20.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Equ at i on 2- 2 0
Ther ef or e, a Gaussi an di st r ibut i on has a zer o mean and var iance pr ovi ded as i n Equat i on 2- 21.
Equ at i on 2- 2 1
Comi ng back t o der ive an equat ion f or BER, t he amount of t her mal and Shot noise i s provi ded i n
Equat i on 2- 22.
Equ at i on 2- 2 2
I n t he equat ion, I
p
= R P
i n
, R i s t he responsi vi t y, I
d
i s t he dar k cur r ent , and f i s t he bandwi dt h of
t he recei ver.
I
d
i s t he amount of cur r ent f l ow i n absence of an i nci dent l i ght ont o a det ect i on ci r cui t of an
opt i cal r ecei ver . I n ot her wor ds, i t i s t he dark curr ent .
Equat i on 2- 23 pr ovi des t he vari ance of t her mal noise.
Equ at i on 2- 2 3
The di st r i but i on of noi se i s anot her Gaussi an vari abl e, wi t h vari ance provi ded as i n Equat i on 2-
24.
Equ at i on 2- 2 4
Thi s var i ance i s a di ffer ent number f or t he 1 ( hi gh) bi t and for t he 0 bi t ( l ow) gi ven by Equat i on
2- 25 and 2- 26.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Equ at i on 2- 2 5
And ( see Equat i on 2- 26)
Equ at i on 2- 2 6
Bot h t he pr ecedi ng equat i ons can be furt her sol ved i n t er ms of t he er ror funct ion ( er f) and i t s
compl i ment ar y er r or funct i ons ( er fc) .
Error Function and Its Relationship to BER
The di st r i but i on f unct i on of a Gaussian di st r i but ion i s shown i n Equat i on 2- 27.
Equ at i on 2- 2 7
Thi s i nt egral can be mapped t o er ror funct ion ( er f) , whi ch i s def i ned as in Equat i on 2- 28.
Equ at i on 2- 2 8
Conver sel y , compl iment ar y er ror funct i on ( er fc) is gi ven by t he compl i ment of erf , as shown i n
Equat i on 2- 29.
Equ at i on 2- 2 9

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Ther ef or e, for Gaussi an di st r i but i on, consider Equat i on 2- 30.
Equ at i on 2- 3 0
Changi ng t he l imi t s of t he i nt egr al , as shown i n Equat i on 2- 31.
Equ at i on 2- 3 1
Apply i ng t o F( x) , as shown i n Equat i on 2- 32.
Equ at i on 2- 3 2
The f i r st t erm of ri ght hand si de ( RHS) i s 1; t he second t er m on RHS i s gi ven by Equat i on 2- 33.
Ther ef or e, consi der Equat i on 2- 33.
Equ at i on 2- 3 3
Subst i t ut i ng i n Equat i ons 2- 11 and 2- 12, we get t he resul t shown i n Equat i on 2- 34.
Equ at i on 2- 3 4

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
The r el at i on of er fc t o pract i cal cal culat ions i s t hat t hr ough er f c, we are abl e t o make an
est imat i on of t he pr obabi l i t y of success ( or f ai l ur e) for a par t i cul ar r andom di st r ibut i on.
I n a pr act i cal opt i cal sy st em, consi der t he si t uat i on i n whi ch we t ransmi t + I
1
curr ent for a 1 bi t
and 0 cur rent f or a 0 bi t ( on/ of f key i ng) . Now assume t hat pul ses ar e t r ansmi t t ed over a f iber of
fi nit e l engt h. Also assume noi se t o be pr esent t hat fol l ows a Gaussi an di st r i but i on ( mean = 0) . At
t he out put , t he l evel of i nst ant aneous cur rent i ( t ) = I + N, where I = 0 for 0 bi t , I = + I
1
f or 1
bi t , and noi se i s N, whose vari ance is alr eady shown. Now i ( t ) i s a Gaussi an r andom var i abl e
wi t h mean I and var i ance t he same as t hat of noise N.
Consi der t he t wo di st r i but i ons i n Fi gur e 2- 19. Due t o t he sy mmet r y of t he t wo di st r i but i ons, i t i s
quit e nat ural t hat t he t hreshol d l evel for separ at i ng a l ogi cal 1 fr om a logi cal 0 i s I
1
/ 2. I n ot her
wor ds, i f t he cur r ent level i s < I
1
/ 2, t he t r ansmi t t ed bi t i s a 0; ot her wi se, i t i s a 1. However , i f I
1
i s t r ansmi t t ed and t he det ect ed l evel i s l ess t han I
1
/ 2 ( t hat i s, I
1
+ N < I
1
/ 2) , an er r or i s
obt ai ned. Si mi l ar l y, when a 0 curr ent i s t r ansmit t ed and t he det ect ed l evel i s great er t han I
1
/ 2,
an er r or i s obt ai ned. Due t o t he mapping of er r or pr obabil i t y t o t hi s f unct i on, i t i s named as t he
err or f un ct i on.
Fi gu r e 2- 19 . Pr obabi l i t y Densi t y Fu nct i on ( PDF) f or a 0 an d a 1 Bi t
The devi at i on t hr eshol d can be f ur t her opt i mi zed t o r educe BER. Thi s i s obt ai ned when condit ion
as i n Equat i on 2- 35
2
i s met .
Equ at i on 2- 3 5

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Upon si mpl i f yi ng, we get Equat i on 2- 36.
Equ at i on 2- 3 6
A quant it y of int erest i s t he Q fact or of t he signal , whi ch i s pr ovi ded i n Equat i on 2- 37. Q fact or
gi ves t he absol ut e qual i t y of an opt ical si gnal .
Equ at i on 2- 3 7
I n t he equat ion,
1
i s t he st andard devi at i on of 1, and
0
i s t he st andard devi at i on of 0.
BER i s r elat ed t o t he Q fact or , as shown i n Equat i on 2- 38.
Equ at i on 2- 3 8
The hi gher t he Q fact or of t he si gnal , t he lower t he BER wi ll be. ( BER i s i mpr oved wi t h t he Q
fact or . ) The Q fact or i s cover ed in det ai l i n Chapt er 4 f or sy st em desi gn and i s i mpor t ant because
i nt r i cat e mat hemat i cs ar e i nvol ved i n det ermi ni ng BER di rect l y. The Q fact or r epr esent s a si mpl e
y et accurat e fi gure of sy st em per for mance, especi all y f or r ecei ver desi gn consi derat ions and
OSNR- based desi gns.
Receiver Sensitivity
The BER and Q f act or ar e r el at ed t o t he r ecei ver mi ni mum power requir ement . For a r ecei ver
wi t h a 1- bi t cur r ent of I
1
and a 0- bi t cur r ent of I
0
= 0 ( zer o curr ent for logi c 0 for pract i cal
assumpt i ons) , and
1
,
0
ar e t he st andar d devi at i ons of I
1
, I
0,
t hen consi der Equat i on 2- 39.
Equ at i on 2- 3 9
al so i f P
1
= 1 bi t power and P
0
= 0 bi t power . The Q fact or i s now pr ovided as i n Equat i on 2- 40.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Equ at i on 2- 4 0
Fur t her , BER and Q ar e rel at ed as per Equat i on 2- 38. Ther efor e, t he recei ved power i s
pr opor t i onal t o Q as wel l as BER. Al so, t he r ecei ved power i s pr opor t i onal t o t he dat a r at e.
Combi ning t he BER and dat a r at e dependence on recei ver sensi t i vi t y, we can def i ne r eceiv er
sen si t i vi t y as t he mean opt i cal power r equi r ed t o obt ai n a r equi r ed BER at a gi ven bi t rat e. Of
cour se, t hi s does not mean t hat by i ncr easi ng t he power in an opt i cal l i nk we can have excel l ent
BER. Thi s i s because i ncr ease i n opt i cal power al so cr eat es nonl i near eff ect s, and so on.
SNR
The SNR of a recei ver i s defi ned as t he r at i o of si gnal power t o noise power i n t he el ect ri cal
domai n. Consi der Equat i on 2- 41.
Equ at i on 2- 4 1
The SNR i s pr oport i onal t o input power squar ed. We can enhance SNR by i ncr easi ng t he l oad
r esi st ance. See Equat i on 2- 42.
Equ at i on 2- 4 2
F i s a pr opor t i onal i t y f act or for i ncr easi ng t he t her mal noi se cont ent of a r ecei ver . B i s t he
bandwi dt h, P
i n
i s t he i nput power , R
L
i s t he l oad r esi st ance, and T i s t he t emper at ure.
So f ar , t hi s chapt er has cover ed l aser s and det ect ors. Of our WDM node, we have br oached t he
t r ansmi t t er and r ecei ver sect i ons onl y . Now we wi l l di scuss ot her component s and under l y i ng
t echnol ogi es i n t he WDM net wor k. St ar t i ng wi t h some si mpl e passi ve component s such as
coupl er s and ci rcul at or s, t he chapt er wi l l move on t o mor e advanced t echnol ogies such as fi l t er s
and wavegui des.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Couplers and Circulators
Coupl er s ar e t he simplest opt i cal devi ces. They ar e passive and compl et el y bi di r ect i onal in
nat ur e i n t he sense t hat we can i nt er change t he i nput and out put por t s. Coupler s ar e N x M,
wher e N and M ar e i nt eger s. I n ot her wor ds, we can have N input segment s ( fi ber s) and M
out put segment s ( fi ber s) . The pri nci pl e ( of a coupl er ) i s t o fuse t he cores of t he N i nput fi ber s t o
t he cor es of M out put f i bers so as t o cr eat e a power t ransfer device. Pr act i cal l y , 2 x 2 coupl ers
ar e most common and ar e known as 3dB coupler s because of t he 3 dB l oss i n power at each
out put por t due t o a si gnal at one of t he i nput por t s. Refer t o Fi gur e 2- 20.
Fi gu r e 2- 20 . Coupl er
Coupl er s f i nd appl i cat i ons f or moni t or i ng WDM por t s as wel l as f or passi vel y addi ng channel s
i nt o a f i ber. They ar e al so used i n passive opt i cal net works ( PONs) as a met hod t o pr ovide
shar ed medi um access ( Et her net PON, or EPON) .
Ci r cul at or s ar e shown i n Fi gur e 2- 21.
Fi gu r e 2- 21 . Th r ee Por t Ci r cul at or s

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
A ci r cul at or i s a mult ipor t devi ce t hat all ows si gnals t o pr opagat e i n cer t ai n di r ect i ons based on
t he por t t hat t he signal came f rom ( i ncident port ) . The oper at i on i s based on an i solat or
( anal ogous t o an opt i cal val ve) , whi ch all ows uni di r ect i onal pr opagat ion only . I n Fi gur e 2- 21, t he
si gnal fr om por t 1 moves fr eel y t o por t 2; whi l e t he si gnal fr om port 2 cannot go t o por t 1, but i t
can go t o por t 3. Likewise, t he si gnal f r om por t 3 can go t o port 1 but not t o por t 2.
The pr inci ple behi nd t hi s di rect i onal communi cat i on is pol ar izat i on. A pol ar izer i s a devi ce t hat
al l ows l ight t o pass t hr ough onl y i f i t i s pol ar i zed i n a cert ai n mani f est at i on. By i nduci ng l i ght t o
a pol ari zer , onl y t he l i ght t hat mat ches t he phase of t he pol ari zer passes t hr ough. This li ght i s
now subj ect ed t o a Far aday rot at or, whi ch r ot at es t he st at e of pol ar izat ion ( SOP) by 45 degr ees.
A f ur t her r ot at i on of 45 degr ees by t he second r ot at or makes t he out put st at e of pol ar i zat i on at
t he end of t he second r ot at or 90 degr ees as compar ed t o t he ori ginal i nput st at e ( SOP) . I f t hi s
l i ght r ef l ect s back, i t i s bl ocked by t he pol ar i zer ; t hi s i s because i t s SOP i s 90 degrees out of
phase wi t h t hat of t he pol ar i zer . Ref er t o Fi gur e 2- 22.
Fi gu r e 2- 22 . I sol at or Sh ow i n g Un i di r ect i on al Opt i cal Commu ni cat i on
An al ogous t o an Op t i cal Val v e

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Cavities and Filter
Opt i cal cavi t i es and fi l t ers are import ant WDM devi ces t hat can demul t i pl ex t he composi t e si gnal .
Tunabl e opt i cal f i lt er s ar e key bui l di ng blocks t hat can t une t o a desi r ed wavelengt h and t ap a
channel or a band of channel s. Tunabl e opt i cal f i lt er s ar e i nher ent l y of t wo t ypes: cavi t y based
and t hin- fi l m based. Cavit y - based fi l t ers are t he most common f i l t er s avai l abl e; examples
i ncl ude t he Fabr y Perot cavi t y fi l t ers and t he Acoust o- Opt i c Tunabl e Fil t er s ( AOTF) .
A f i l t er is desi gned t o have t he fol l owi ng char act er i st i cs:
A cl ean wi ndow of oper at i on ( pass band) ; in ot her wor ds, mi nimal cr oss- t alk wi t h adj acent
channel s
A wi de t uni ng r ange t hat shoul d be abl e t o cover t he ent i r e band of operat i on
A f ast t uni ng speed t hat should be dy nami cal l y provi sioned t o faci l it at e changing t raf fi c
r equi r ement s
Should not af fect t he pol ar izat ion st at e of t he passi ng si gnal .
Most fi l t er s ar e based on t he pri nci pl e of opt i cal cavi t i es, whi ch can be t uned t o a r esonant
fr equency . The ot her t echnol ogy used i n conj unct i on wi t h opt i cal cavi t i es i s t hat of t hi n fi l m
fi l t er s.
Fabry Perot Cavity Filters
A Fabr y Per ot cavi t y consi st s of t wo r ef l ect i ve sur faces t hat ar e separat ed by a hol l ow r egi on.
The di st ance bet ween t he r efl ect i ve sur f aces can be made t o change by changi ng t he cur rent
associ at ed wi t h t he t r ansducer , r esponsi ble for cr eat ing t he cavi t y . I n gener al , t he cavi t y has t wo
r ef l ect i ve sur faces wi t h r efl ect i vi t y t hat i s a funct i on of t he oper at i ng wavel engt h. The refl ect i vi t y
can be made t o change for di ff er ent resonant wavel engt hs. For a r esonat i ng cavi t y , t he resonant
wavel engt h i s t he onl y wavelengt h, and it does not suf fer r ef l ect i on fr om one of t he t wo mi rr or ed
wal l s ( see Fi gur e 2- 23) .
Fi gu r e 2- 23 . Fabr y Per ot Cavi t y Fi l t er

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
The t ransmi ssi on char act er i st i cs or t he t ransi t i vi t y of an FP cavi t y i s best for =
resonance
, whi ch
i s gener al ly shown as in Equat i on 2- 43.
Equ at i on 2- 4 3
I n t he equat ion, n i s an i nt eger and L i s t he di st ance bet ween t he t wo wal ls of t he cavit y.
Two proper t i es t hat ar e i mpor t ant for desi gn of cavit i es ar e t he fr ee spect r al r ange ( FSR) and
fi nesse. For a mi r ror of r efl ect i vi t y R, t he fi nesse i s pr ovi ded as i n Equat i on 2- 44.
Equ at i on 2- 4 4
I n t he equat ion, R i s a r at i o of i nci dent t o ref lect ed power of a mi rr or ed sur f ace ( ref lect i vi t y ) .
Ther ef or e, R i s f i gur e of mer it for a r efl ect i ve sur face. Fi nesse of a cavi t y i s a fi gure of mer i t t hat
depi ct s t he amount of fi ne t unabi li t y t hat can be achieved by usi ng t hi s cavit y.
The FSR can be defi ned as t he mini mum r ange of t wo successive f i lt er ed peaks; i t i s t he
fr equency di ff er ence bet ween t wo t ransmi ssion peaks. See Equat i on 2- 45.
Equ at i on 2- 4 5
I n t he equat ion, n
g
i s t he gr oup i ndex and L is t he l engt h of cavi t y.
The l engt h of t he cavit y can be changed by appl yi ng a volt age t o a t r ansducer t hat mechani cal ly
shi ft s t he mi r ror s ( cl oser or furt her away) . The change i n l engt h for pr act i cal WDM sy st ems i s a
funct i on of t he wavel engt h. Mor eover , t he mi rr or s ar e not more t han 150200 m apart , whi ch
makes FP cavi t y f abr icat i on more di ff i cult . A popul ar appr oach i s t o ut i l i ze t he ai r gap bet ween
t he t wo pol i shed surf aces of t wo fi ber s, as i n Fi gur e 2- 24.
Fi gu r e 2- 24 . Fi ber - Based Fabr y Per ot Cavi t y

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG)
Br agg gr at i ngs are cy cl ic peri odic pert ur bat i ons of t he r ef r act i ve i ndex i n t he fi ber . For an
i nci dent WDM composi t e si gnal pr opagat i ng t hr ough t hi s per t ur bat i on of r ef ract i ve i ndex, one
wavel engt h of t he ent i r e pr opagat ing spect r a would be ref lect ed back ( backwar d) . Thi s
wavel engt h i s known as Br agg's wavelengt h (
B
= 2n , wher e n i s t he refr act i ve i ndex of t he
wavegui de and i s t he per i od of per t urbat i on or gr at i ng) . Ther ef ore, when a composi t e WDM
si gnal is inci dent on a Br agg's gr at i ng, all wavel engt hs except Br agg's wavel engt h pass t hr ough
whi l e Br agg' s wavel engt h i s r efl ect ed back.
Gr at i ngs can be "wr it t en" ont o a fi ber i n numer ous way s. One popul ar met hod i s t o use
phot osensi t i vi t y of doped Ger mani um i n fi ber and et ch a grat i ng pat t ern by exposi ng t he
phot osensi t i ve fi ber t o al t ernat i ng i nt ensi t i es of ul t ravi ol et l i ght . The FBG can be charact er i zed by
l ow l oss 0. 1 dB and l ow channel cr oss- t al k. FBGs f ind appl i cat i ons i n most WDM syst ems,
such as channel dr op el ement s, di sper si on compensat i on devi ces, and fi l t er s.
An exampl e of FBG channel drop uni t s i s shown i n Fi gur e 2- 25.
Fi gu r e 2- 25 . FBG as Chann el Dr op Un i t s

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Acousto-Optical Tunable Filter
Gr at i ng f il t er s di scussed pr evi ousl y cannot be dy nami cal l y t uned wi t h ease t o dr op or add any
channel . Thi s i ssue can be sol ved by creat i ng dy nami c grat i ngs by using acoust i c waves. By
creat i ng a ser i es of acoust i c ( sound) waves i nsi de a wavegui de, an acoust ic gr at i ng i s for med.
Sound waves ar e essent i al l y l ongi t udi nal waves wit h propagat i on based on f ormat i on of
compr essi on and r ar efact i on zones, unl i ke t he cr est and t r oughs as i n a t ransverse wave
( l i ght wave) . These compr essi ons and r ar ef act i ons ar e equi val ent t o r egions of hi gh and l ow
r ef r act ive i ndex. Li ght passing t hr ough such a di st ur bance has t he same ef fect as passi ng
t hr ough a gr at i ng. The int eract i on of l ight wit h t he acoust i c waves i s t er med as t he ph ot on-
ph onon in t er act i on gi ven by an eff ect known as t he ph ot oel ast ic ef fect . A phot on- phonon
i nt er act ion can easi l y be under st ood as col l i sion under ener gy conservat i on.
AOTF can be f abr i cat ed best by usi ng Li t hium Ni obat e ( Li NbO
3
) wavegui des, produci ng smal l
pol ar i zat i on- i ndependent fi l t ers. AOTFs ar e char act eri zed by a t uni ng r ange i n t he excess of 100
nm coveri ng bot h C and L bands. Tuni ng t i mes of AOTF can be ver y l ow i n t he range of sever al
mi cr oseconds. ( Some demonst r at i ons have nanosecond t uni ng al so. ) One l i mi t at i on i s channel
cross- t al k, whi ch i s curr ent l y bei ng i nvest igat ed.
AWG Arrayed Waveguides
An AWG devi ce consi st s of many wavegui des of di ff erent l engt hs conver gi ng at t he same
poi nt ( s) . Si gnal s comi ng t hr ough each of t hese wavegui des t ravel t hr ough a l engt h such t hat
t hey i nt er fer e f rom t he si gnal s t hr ough t he ot her wavegui des ( at t he convergi ng poi nt ) eit her
const r uct i vel y or dest r uct i vel y , depending on t he net phase di f fer ence bet ween t he si gnal and i t s
i nt er fer ing count er par t ( s) . Such a phased ar r ay of waveguides can be used as a mul t i pl exer or
demul t i pl exer ( f ol l ow Fi gur e 2- 26 cl osel y ) . For demul t i pl exi ng, t he composit e WDM si gnal i s
coupl ed i nt o an ar r ay of wavegui des usi ng a 1 x N coupl er. Each si gnal i n t he wavegui des get s a
di f fer ent phase shi ft because of di ff er ent l engt hs of each waveguide. The amount of phase shi ft
i nduced depends on t he wavel engt h. The i nt er ference caused at t he second coupl er ( see Fi gur e
2- 26) can be cont rol l ed such t hat each channel i s separ at ed i nt o each of t he out put f i ber s. Thi s i s
due t o t he spat i al diver si t y i nduced by t he int er f er ence of phase- shi ft ed si gnal s. I n t hi s way , a
composit e si gnal consi st ing of many wavel engt hs can be demul t i pl exed i nt o indi vidual
wavel engt hs, one i n each of t he out put f i bers ( por t s) .
Fi gu r e 2- 26 . AWG ( Ar r ayed Wav egu i d e)

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Mach Zehneder Interferometer and Filter
A Mach Zeh neder I n t er f er om et er ( MZI ) i s a t wo- arm devi ce, such t hat t he si gnal s i n t he t wo
ar ms i nt eract wi t h each ot her t wi ce. Phy si cal ly , an MZI can be const ruct ed by connect i ng t wo
passi ve 2 x 2 coupler s i n t andem. The coupl ers are equi bal anced; i n ot her wor ds, i nput power i s
equal l y spl i t i nt o t he t wo ar ms. The f i rst coupl er ( A) di vi des t he si gnal i nt o t wo ( see Fi gur e 2-
27) .
Fi gu r e 2- 27 . MZI - Mach Zehn ed er I n t er f er omet er
The t wo pr opagat i ng si gnal s can be made t o obt ai n di f fer ent phase shi ft s by var y i ng t he l engt hs
of t he t wo ar ms. The si gnal s, upon int erf er i ng wi t h each ot her at coupl er B, mi ght have
const r uct i ve or dest ruct i ve i nt er fer ence. The phase shif t i nduced i s a fr equency ( hence
wavel engt h) - dependent quant i t y ( f ) , shown in Equat i on 2- 46.
Equ at i on 2- 4 6
I n t he equat ion, f i s t he opt i cal fr equency , and i s t he del ay i nduced due t o t he di f fer ent
l engt hs. The MZI , by i nduci ng phase shi ft s t hat cause ei t her const r uct i ve or dest r uct i ve
i nt er fer ence, blocks one or segregat es a par t i cul ar fr equency ( wavel engt h) . The MZI is bui l t on
si li ca subst rat e, and t hese ki nds of opt i cal ci r cuit s ar e cal l ed pl anar l igh t wave ci r cu it s ( PLC)
because of t hei r pl anari t y of t he subst r at e. A mor e mat ur e t echnology i s I ndi um Phosphi de
subst r at e or Li t hi um Ni obat e subst r at e.
Thin Film Filters
Anot her var i et y of opt i cal f il t er s i s t he t hi n fi l m f i lt er . Thin f i lm fi l t ers are si mi l ar t o cavi t y fi l t er s
i n t he sense t hat t he r esonant cavi t y sel ect s t he wavel engt hs t hat ar e al l owed t o t raver se
t hr ough. The cavi t y i s f or med by t he t hin f il ms wi t h i nt er faces t hat act as r efl ect ors. The
wavel engt h or gr oup of wavel engt hs t hat i s sel ect ed depends on t he l engt h of t hi s cavi t y . Thi n

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
fi l m f i l t er s ar e commer ci all y avai l abl e and per for m funct i ons of opt i cal band pass fi l t er ing as wel l
as si ngl e wavelengt h fi l t eri ng. Mul t i cavi t y cascaded t hi n f il m fi l t er s have excel l ent response i n
t he sense t hat due t o cascade, t he fi l t ered band appr oxi mat es t o mor e r ect angular
char act er i st i cs ( an i deal fi l t er) . Thi n fi l m f il t er s ar e t y pi call y made of quar t er wave ( / 4n) t hi ck
l ay er s of al t er nat i ng hi gh and l ow refr act i ve i ndexes. The pr i nci pl e i s t hat of coalescing mult ipl e
l ay er s, for mi ng mul t i pl e r esonant cavi t i es on t op each ot her. A t hin f i lm fi l t er has t hr ee mai n
r egi ons: t he spacer , t he t r ansi t i on l ay er, and t he r efl ect ive st ack. The spacer consi st s of mul t i pl e
quart er wave l ay er s of ei t her hi gh r efr act i ve index or l ow i ndex, but not bot h. The spacer i s
bet ween t he r ef l ect i ve ends of t he for med cavi t y. The t r ansi t i on lay er i s composed of a si ngl e
quart er wave l ay er , and it s funct ion i s t o pr oduce fl at - t op fi l t er i ng. The r ef l ect i ve st ack is made
of al t ernat i ng hi gh and l ow i ndexes and f orms a di el ect r i c mi rr or . Tabl e 2- 2 di scusses var i ous
fi l t er s and t hei r char act eri st i cs.
Tab l e 2 -2 . Fi l t er Cl assi f i cat i on Tabl e
Fi l t er Ty pe Tun i ng Range Tun i ng Ti me Comment
Fabr y Perot 500 nm 110 ms Fi ber i mpl ement at i on avail able
Acoust o- opt i c 250 nm 10 mi cr o sec Can be used as r out er
AWG t unabl e Fil t er 40 nm 10 ms Ther mo- opt i c t uni ng
Li ght cr yst al FP 30 nm 0. 510 mi cr o sec Low power
El ect ro opt i c 16 nm 110 ns Band f il t er
Fi ber Gr agg 10 nm 110 seconds Mechani cal t uni ng
Mach Zehneder 4 nm 50 ns Hi gh l oss
Semi conduct or 5 nm 0. 11 ns Smal l number of channel s

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Complex Components: Transponders
By def ini t i on, a t r anspon der i s a devi ce t hat enabl es end- users t o access t he WDM channel s. A
t r ansponder can det ect opt i cal si gnal s at var i ous wavelengt hs and conver t t hem t o I TU gr i d
wavel engt hs. Tr ansponder s ar e consi der ed compl ex WDM component s because t hey consi st of
sever al subsy st emssuch as laser s and phot odet ect or si n addi t i on t o f i lt er s. Di f fer ent ver si ons
of t r ansponders ar e avai l abl e dependi ng on t he r equi r ement . The si mpl est is t he r eshape and
r eampli f y ( 2R) ver si on in whi ch pr ot ocol - independent conver si on and det ect i on of t he opt i cal
si gnal is car r i ed out . The mor e compl ex and expensi ve ver sion i s t he r eshape, ret i me, and
r eampli f y ( 3R) t r ansponder, whi ch i s prot ocol dependent . Typical l y , such t r ansponder s ar e
needed f or high bi t r at e si gnal s. For exampl e, an OC- 192 t r ansponder car d wi l l not wor k f or a 10
Gi gE car d f or t he simpl e r eason of prot ocol incompat i bi l it y even t hough t he l i ne r at es ar e al most
t he same.
The channel s i n a WDM net wor k ar e al l ocat ed accor di ng t o a cer t ai n st andar di zed r ul e. The
st andar dizi ng body , t he I TU, i s r esponsi bl e for al locat i ng f ixed wavel engt hs i n a WDM net wor k.
These wavel engt hs ar e known as I TU- gr i d wavel engt hs. Cur r ent l y i n t he C band as wel l as L
band, t he I TU al lot s wavel engt hs wit h 0.8 nm or 100 GHz as wel l as 0.4 nm or 50 GHz
separat ions. Pr evi ous al l ocat i on was 200 GHz spaci ng.
I n a ser vi ce pr ovi der net wor k, i t is now i mper at i ve t o have al l l i ght pat hs or wavel engt hs
speci f i ed by t he I TU st andar d. I n pract i ce, most ser vi ce pr ovi der net wor ks use C and somet i mes
L bands. However, a cl i ent t o t he ser vi ce pr ovi der might not use a st andard wavelengt h on hi s
l i ght pat h.
The cl i ent wavel engt h needs t o be t r ansl at ed i nt o an I TU- def i ned net work- compact abl e
wavel engt h. Thi s t ransl at i on of wavel engt h f r om a cl i ent si gnal t o an I TU- compl i ant si gnal is
accompli shed by t r ansponder s. Essent i al l y , t r ansponder s have a f unct i onal i t y t hat al l ows t hem t o
r ecei ve any wavel engt h but t ransmi t onl y an I TU- compl i ant wavel engt h. Fur t hermor e, t hi s
funct i onal i t y can be i ncr eased so t hat t r ansponder s t r ansmi t a r ange of t unable ( I TU- def ined)
wavel engt hs i nst ead of j ust one f ixed wavel engt h. As shown in Chapt er 6, "Net wor k Level
St r at egi es i n WDM Net wor k Design: Rout i ng and Wavel engt h Assi gnment , " t unabl e t r ansponders
i ncr ease t he t hr oughput of a net work by al l owing mor e f l exi bi l i t y i n t he number of l ight pat hs
admi ni st ered i nt o t he net wor k.
Tunabl e or f i xed t r ansponder s r ecei ve a cl i ent si gnal , det ect t he opt i cal si gnal , and conver t i t t o
el ect r oni c si gnal . A l aser t hen modul at es t he el ect r oni c si gnal by usi ng ext ernal modul at i on
t echni ques. By r epl aci ng one l aser wit h an ar r ay of pr et uned l aser s, we can sel ect a wavel engt h
fr om a band of avai l abl e wavel engt hs. Ther ef or e, t ransponder s essent i al l y ar e wavel engt h
conver t er s t hat use O- E- O as a means t o conver t t he i ngress wavel engt h t o t he egress
wavel engt h. Ref er t o Fi gur e 2- 28.
Fi gu r e 2- 28 . Tr anspond er Fu nct i on al Di ag r am

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Because of t he O- E- O sy mmet r y , t r ansponders usual l y per for m 3R r egenerat i ons, but 2R
gener at i ons ar e al so possi bl e. ( 3R t r ansponders are not bi t - r at e t r anspar ent . ) For exampl e, an
OC- 48 t r ansponder cannot be used f or an ESCON or a FI CON ( SAN i nt erf aces) . Confi gur abl e 3R
t r ansponders are avai l abl e i n t he mar ket t oday ; an i nt er f ace can be conf i gur ed t o OC- 48/ OC-
12/ OC- 3/ Gi gE.
Tr ansponder - based WDM syst ems ar e consi der ed cl ose syst ems due t o t he compat i bi l i t y wi t h t he
i nst al l ed cl i ent base ( SONET/ SDH/ I P) . They al l ow t he l egacy cli ent equi pment t o f eed di r ect l y
i nt o t he t r ansponder sy st em. The t r ansponder s al l ow a var i et y of cli ent i nt er faces over WDM
net wor ks ( Et her net over WDM; st or age ar ea net wor k ( SAN) over WDM; and so on) . Ref er t o
Fi gur e 2- 29.
Fi gu r e 2- 29 . Ty pi cal Tr an sponder - Based Net w or k

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Switches
Opt i cal swi t ches r epr esent t he si ngl e- most dy nami c el ement i n a WDM net wor k. Tradi t i onal l y,
swit ches can swit ch dat a bet ween di f fer ent port s of a net wor k el ement . Swi t ches gener al l y cat er
t o t wo t y pes of dat a: ci rcui t s and packet s. A ci r cui t or a l i ght pat h ( i n t he opt ical domain) i s an
end- t o- end connect i on ( sour ce- dest inat i on pai r) over whi ch dat a f lows. Packet s are di scr et e
messages/ dat agr ams of shor t si zes. Cur r ent t echnol ogy f aci l i t at es cir cui t swi t chi ng. The
phil osophy behi nd ci rcui t swit ching i s t hat a l i ght pat h bet ween a part icul ar source and
dest i nat i on pai r can be est abl i shed f or a suf fi ci ent l y l ong per iod of t i me. Li ght pat h may be
swit ched opt ical l y fr om t hi s dest i nat i on t o anot her usi ng an opt i cal swi t ch, as shown i n Fi gur e 2-
30.
Fi gu r e 2- 30 . Li gh t pat h Swi t ch i n g: Pr edomi nant i n Today ' s Net w or k s.
Not e t h e sw i t ch at n ode B i s r econf i g ur ed.
I n packet - swi t ched net wor ks, i ndi vi dual packet s ar e swi t ched bet ween sour ce- dest i nat i on pai rs.
Packet swi t chi ng i s mor e dy nami c t han ci r cui t swi t chi ng. Consi deri ng t he pr esent f orm of t he
I nt er net , packet swit ching is mor e desi r abl e t han ci r cuit swit ching. Thi s i s because dat a t r affi c is
cur r ent l y mor e dominant t han voice. However , packet swit ching i n t he opt i cal domai n i s

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
cur r ent l y onl y an academi c exer ci sei t ' s far fr om bei ng f easi bl e. Ci r cui t swi t chi ng i n t he opt ical
l ay er i s mor e f easi bl e and i s known as l ight p at h swi t ch. Opt i cal swi t ches consi st of t wo t ypes:
add- dr op swi t ches and opt ical cr oss- connect .
Mechanical Switches
Mi cr o- mechani cal swi t ches, as shown in Fi gur e 2- 31, have become a mat ur e t echnol ogy f or
swit ching li ght pat hs. Swit ches of smal l degr ee ( f or exampl e, 2 x 2) wor k by mechani call y movi ng
a pai r of fi ber s bet ween cor r espondi ng out put por t s. Due t o t he mechani cal movement s invol ved,
such swi t ches ar e t y pi call y sl ow ( 510 ms) . The movement s al so creat e dynami c loss var i at i ons.
Such swi t ches have hi gh i nser t i on l oss of about 12 dB.
Fi gu r e 2- 31 . Mech an i cal Sw i t ch es: Logi cal Con n ect i on Di ag r am
The advant age t hat mi cr o- mechani cal swi t ches off er i s t hat t hey ar e fai r l y r obust and
i nexpensive. Pr esent l y , many vendor s use such swi t ches in net wor k el ement s because of t hei r
l ow cost and compar at i ve per for mance. These swi t ches have negl i gi ble wavel engt h dependent
l oss and wor k qui t e t he same for di ff er ent wavel engt hs.
Micro-Electro-Mechanical System Technology
Mi cr o- el ect ro- mechani cal sy st ems ( MEMS) i s a fasci nat i ng i nnovat i on t hat i s appl ied t o opt i cal
net wor ki ng. Mi nut e el ect r o- mechani cal sy st ems can be depl oy ed t o perf or m cer t ai n swi t chi ng
funct i ons i n t he opt i cal domai n. Consi der t he exampl e of Fi gur e 2- 32 on MEMS.
Fi gu r e 2- 32 . 2 D MEMS ( Bar St at e)

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Four f i bers ( 1, 2, 3, and 4) ar e coupl ed t oget her t o f orm a 2 x 2 cross- connect . A doubl e- si ded
mi rr or t hat i s per pendi cul ar t o t he pl ane of t he page i s pr esent and hel d i n posit ion by t wo
act uat or s. I n t he bar st at e, l ight fr om f iber 1 i s coupl ed t o fi ber 2, and l i ght fr om fi ber 3 i s
coupl ed t o f i ber 4.
Upon appl i cat i on of curr ent t o t he l ower act uat or , t he mi r r or moves " i n" t o t he cavit y ( gap) . Now
t he li ght fr om f iber 1 i s r efl ect ed t o fi ber 4 and t he l i ght fr om f i ber 3 i s ref lect ed t o f iber 2 ( see
Fi gur e 2- 33) . The movement of t he mi rr or i s due t o el ect r o- mechanical i nt er act i on of t he
act uat or s. These kinds of swi t ches can be appl i ed t o a WDM net work t o swi t ch l i ght pat hs
dy nami cal ly . The const ruct ion of such a swi t ch i s a t edi ous process. However , MEMS is a mat ur e
t echnol ogy , and t he depl oy ment i s qui t e f easi bl e i n t oday 's net works.
Fi gu r e 2- 33 . Cr oss St at e

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Ty pi cal swi t chi ng t imes ar e i n mi l l i second r ange. The i nser t i on l oss of t he swi t ch i s about 1 dB
per port . MEMS swi t ches can be scal ed t o pr ovi de an N x N cr oss- connect . The one shown i n
Fi gur es 2- 32 and 2- 33 i s a 2D MEMS ( 2- di mensi onal MEMS) . I n cont rast , Fi gur e 2- 34 shows a
3D MEMS swi t ch ( 3- di mensi onal) . The i nci dent l i ght i n 3D MEMS i s swi t ched i n 3D space usi ng
col li mat ed lens t o provi de ef fi cient 3D swit ching; i t i s compar abl e t o fr ee space opt i cs.
Fi gu r e 2- 34 . 3 D MEMS Sw i t ch Op er at i on
Electro-Optical and Thermo-Optical Switches
By usi ng a di r ect i onal coupl er a coupl er wit h a coupl i ng r at i o bet ween t he t wo out put por t s t hat

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
can be made t o changey ou can f abr i cat e an el ect ro- opt i c swit ch. A 2 x 2 coupl er can be made
t o swi t ch fr om bar st at e t o cr oss st at e by changi ng t he ref ract i ve i ndex i nsi de t he coupl i ng
medi um. Thi s i ndex change leads t o dif fer ent coupl ing rat i os. The change in r efr act i ve i ndex i s
br ought about by i nduci ng di ff erent cur r ent s i n a Li t hium Ni obat e ( Li NiO3) modul at or r egi on.
Li t hium Ni obat e wavegui de has t he pr oper t y t o change t he i ndex of r efr act i on subj ect t o di ff erent
cur r ent condit i ons. Theref ore, t he coupl i ng r at i o can be made t o change, causing t he power at
one of t he por t s t o vary accor di ngly and swi t ch t he l i ght pat hs. Refer t o Fi gur e 2- 35.
Fi gu r e 2- 35 . El ect r o-Opt i c Sw i t ch Based on MZI
Swi t chi ng t i mes i s about 15 ns, but l oss can be al most 23 dB because of imper fect coupl ing
r at i os.
Ther mo- opt i c swi t ches are based on MZI s. The r efr act i ve i ndex of one of t he ar ms can be
changed by alt er i ng t he t emper at ur e, whi ch i s furt her cont r oll ed by cur r ent . Thi s change i n
l engt h causes a phase di ff erence associ at ed wit h bot h arms. The phase dif fer ence can be made
t o const r uct i vely or dest ruct ivel y i nt er fere wi t h each ot her, causi ng a simi l ar di r ect ion coupler -
l i ke- envi ronment and t he abi l i t y t o swi t ch li ght pat hs. Refer t o Fi gur e 2- 36.
Fi gu r e 2- 36 . Pr act i cal I mpl ement at i on of Ther mocoupl e Sw i t ch

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Such devi ces swit ch si gnal s as f ol l ows. Consi der Fi gur e 2- 36. Si gnal s A and B ar e made t o
i nt er fer e at poi nt E such t hat B i nt er f er es dest ruct ivel y; t her ef or e, at point C, onl y A wil l appear .
Si mil ar l y , A can be made t o swi t ch t o por t D by dest ruct i vel y i nt erf eri ng at poi nt F. Such
swit ches ar e sl ow and have hi gh cross- t al k due t o an i mper fect coupl i ng eff ect .
Bubble Technology
Recent l y, Agi l ent demonst r at ed a bubbl e t echnol ogy- based opt i cal swi t ch. The pr inci ple of
bubbl e swi t ch i s demonst r at ed i n t he bubbl e j et pr i nt er . Mi cr o bubbl es ar e made t o ent er a
r egi on of i nt er act i on of opt i cal beams i nsi de capi l l ary wavegui des. The ref ract i ve i ndex of t he
bubbl es can be made t o vary such t hat opt ical beams r efr act t o di f fer ent por t s.
Consi der Fi gur e 2- 37, i n whi ch t he i nput si gnal s are swi t ched bet ween out put por t s by
i nt r oduci ng bubbles of r efr act i ve index t hat ar e capabl e of def lect i ng t he inci dent beam. These
swit ches ar e easy t o make. Some severe dr awbacks i ncl ude l ar ge l oss r esul t i ng f rom a l ossy
medi um and l ar ge cr oss- t alk. Such swi t ches have a r el at i vel y smal l li f et ime ( 1, 000 hours) . The
foundi ng companies ar e conduct i ng ext ensi ve resear ch t o make t he bubbl e swi t ch more ef fi ci ent .
Scal abi l it y issues ar e al so qui t e pr omi nent i n bubbl e t echnology. 32 x 32 swi t ches wer e
demonst r at ed at OFC 02.
Fi gu r e 2- 37 . Bu bbl e Sw i t ch

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Analysis of the Node
So f ar , t hi s chapt er has di scussed var ious WDM component s and subsyst ems t hat ar e used t o
devel op a node. Now t he chapt er wi l l t urn t o t he posi t i oning of t hese t echnol ogi es and
component s i n an act ual WDM net wor k el ement . The most i mpor t ant WDM el ement i s t he opt i cal
ampl i fi er , whi ch i s consi der ed i n Chapt er 3.
Fi gur e 2- 38 shows t he f unct i onal repr esent at i on of WDM net wor k el ement s. For si mpl i ci t y
wi t hout l oss of gener ali t y , a singl e East - West ( di rect i on) fi ber i s assumed. Consi der t he
pr opagat i on of a WDM si gnal f r om l eft t o r i ght . The si gnal befor e ent er i ng t he node mi ght be
ampl i fi ed. Most pr act i cal WDM nodes have bot h pr el i ne ( befor e t he node) and post l i ne ( af t er t he
node) ampl i fi ers as par t of t he nodal conf igur at i on.
Fi gu r e 2- 38 . Anal y si s of Node
The composi t e si gnal i s demul t i pl exed at t he AWG. AWG t echnol ogy has mat ur ed si gni fi cant l y
over t he past decade. AWGs t hat have const ant l oss per channel can now be fabri cat ed. The
i ndi vi dual wavel engt hs demul t i pl exed fr om t he AWG feed t o a swi t chi ng mat r ix. The swit ching
mat r i x i s t he hear t of WDM node. Cur rent ly , most swi t ches have add- dr op and pass- t hr ough
funct i onal i t y f or wavel engt hs. Mor e fut ur i st i c desi gns have wavel engt h conver t er s, meani ng t hat
l i ght pat h swi t chi ng i s embedded i nt o t he mat r i x, demonst rat ing opt i cal cross- connect

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
ar chi t ect ure. St i l l mor e f ut ur i st i c designs wi l l have opt i cal packet or bur st swi t ched/ phot oni c sl ot -
r out i ng ar chi t ect ur es. Those desi gns might not be i nt r oduced for yet anot her decade.
Li ght pat hs on " wavel engt hs" can be added/ dr opped or passed t hr ough by t he swit ch. The
dr opped l i ght pat h i s fed t o a det ect or, whi ch mi ght be canvassed i nsi de a t r ansponder ( r eceiver )
card. The swi t ch coul d al so add l i ght pat hs emanat i ng fr om l aser di odes ( whi ch, li ke det ect ors,
can be canvassed as t r ansponder - t r ansmi t t ers) . I ndi vi dual wavelengt hs f r om t he swi t ches ar e
fed t o an egr ess AWG t hat combi nes t hem i nt o a composit e WDM signal , r eady f or t r ansmi ssi on.
Thi s demul i pl ex and mul t i plex r egi ons i n a WDM node ar e al so cal l ed opt ical mult ipl ex sect ion.
Numerous t echnol ogi es ar e associ at ed wi t h t he var i ous int eract i ng component s. Al t hough t his
book emphasi zes t he net work heur i st i cs, t hese opt i cal t echnol ogies play a cr ucial r ole in
governi ng t he net wor k paramet ers.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Summary
Thi s chapt er showcased some of t he WDM component s and t echnologi es. I t i nt r oduced opt i cal
t r ansmi t t er s and var i ous f or ms of laser s used i n WDM t r ansmi ssi on. I t al so di scussed opt i cal
r ecei ver desi gn and i t s i mpor t ance t o syst em desi gn based on noi se and bit err or r at e ( BER) .
Some element ar y mat hemat i cal anal y si s of BER as wel l as t he Q fact or and si gnal- t o- noi se r at io
r el at i ons have been st udi ed. Component s such as coupl ers, ci r cul at or s, var i ous f or ms of fi l t er s,
and opt ical swi t ches ar e al so st udi ed.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
References
1
Agr awal , Govi nd. Nonl in ear Opt i cs, Second Edi t i on. Agr awal Wi l ey Publ i cat i ons, 1997.
2
Ramaswami , Raj i v and Kumar Si var aj an. Op t ical Net work s: A Pract i cal Per spect iv e, Fi r st
Edit ion. Mor gan Kauf fman Publi cat i ons, 1999.
3
Keiser , Ger d. Op t ical Fiber Comm u nicat i on, Thir d Edit ion. McGr aw- Hi l l Publ i cat i ons, 2000.
4
Bouda et al . Tun able Laser s. Pr oc of OFC 2001. Anahei m, CA.
5
Fukuda, I . Op t ical Semi condu ct or Dev ices. New Yor k: Wi l ey, 1990.
6
Goodman, J. W. Phy sics of Op t oel ect ron ic Dev ices. Wi l ey, 1995.
7
St eel eman, G. E. and C. M. Wol fe. Av alanch e Phot odi odes. Academi c Pr ess, 1977.
8
Taub and Shil l i ng. Pr in ci pl es of Com mu ni cat i on Syst em s, Fi r st Edit i on. McGr aw- Hi ll , 1990.
9
I EEE Qu ant um Phot oni cs let t er s. Mar ch 1984.
10
Kr essel, H. and J. K. But l er . Semi condu ct or Laser s an d Het er oj u nct ion s LEDs. San Di ego:
Academi c Press, 1977.
11
I EEE Jour nal of Ligh t wave Technol ogy . Apri l 1987.
12
Robinson, F. N. H. Noise an d Fl uct uat i ons. Oxf ord: Oxf ord Uni ver si t y Pr ess, 1977.
13
I EEE Speci al I ssue on Opt i cal Technol ogy and Mul t i wavel engt h Net wor ks i n Jour nal of
Li ght wav e Tech nol ogy. June 1993.
14
Li u, M. Pr in ci pl es and Appl icat i ons of Op t ical Comm un icat ion s . Pr ent i ce Hal l, 1996.
15
Gr een P. Fib er Opt i c Net wor k s. Pr ent i ce Hal l, 1993.
16
Zi r ngi bl , M. et al . Phot oni cs Technol ogy Let t er s. August 1986.
17
Br acket t , C. I EEE Tr ansact ion on Com m uni cat ions. May 1990.
18
Agr awal , G. Fib er - Op t ic Com mu nicat i on Syst em s, Second Edi t i on. New Yor k, NY: Wi l ey
I nt er sci ence; 1997.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Chapter 3. Networking with DWDM -2
Si gnal pr opagat ion i n an opt i cal fi ber is li mi t ed because of at t enuat i on. At t enuat i on, di sper si on,
nonli near i t i es, and ot her har mful eff ect s cause t he signal l evel in an opt ical f i ber t o degr ade wi t h
t hei r accumul at i on ( t r ansmi ssi on l engt h) . To sust ai n opt i cal communicat i on, t he r ecei ver
( phot odet ect or ) must be abl e t o det ect or r ead si gnal pul ses and di st i ngui sh bet ween 1s and 0s
eff ici ent l y .
The si gnal befor e r eachi ng t he det ect or suf fer s fr om mult ipl e at t enuat i ons ( i t adds noi se due t o
decrease i n si gnal l evel and incr ease i n noi se due t o accumul at ion) ; t herefor e, i t s si gnal- t o- noi se
r at i o ( SNR) i s degr aded. I n Chapt er 2, "Net wor ki ng wi t h DWDM - 1," we saw bi t err or r at e ( BER)
as a fi gure of mer i t f or opt i cal si gnal s. The SNR i s an i mpor t ant par amet er t o quant i f y BER over
a gi ven t r ansmissi on l engt h.
I n a communi cat i on channel , t he si gnal l evel can be boost ed at i nt er val s wi t h opt i cal amp li fi ers.
These monol i t hi c bl ocks ( subsy st em modul es) can opt i cal l y ampl i fy a si gnal ( complet el y i n t he
opt i cal domai nwit h no el ect r oni c r egener at ion) and, t her efor e, r ai se t he si gnal level.
Opt i cal ampl if i er s ar e f unct i onal l y i dent i cal t o elect r i cal ampl if i er s or repeat er s. Repeat er s ar e 3R
( r eshape, r eampl i f y, and ret i me) O- E- O regener at or s, whi ch compl et el y det ect , ampl i f y, and
r et ransmi t a si gnal . I n cont r ast , opt i cal ampl i f ier s have an advant age over repeat er s i n t he sense
t hat t he dat a st r eams bei ng ampl i fi ed ar e ampl i f ied ent i r el y i n t he opt i cal domai n. Moreover ,
opt i cal ampl i f ier s ar e compl et el y t r anspar ent t o si gnals and pr ot ocols. Thr ee basi c t ypes of
ampl i fi er s ar e bei ng depl oyed:
Doped f iber ampl if i er s ( such as Erbium doped f iber ampl i fi ers, or EDFAs)
Raman ampl i fi ers ( scat t er i ng ampl i fi ers)
Fi ber- semiconduct or opt ical ampli f i er s ( SOAs)
Doped f iber and Raman ampl if i er s wer e fi r st i nt roduced al most hal f a cent ur y ago. SOAs are
compar at i vel y more recent advances. Thi s chapt er di scusses each of t hese t y pes of ampl i f ier s i n
t he subsequent sect i ons.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
A Typical Optical Amplifier
An opt i cal ampl i fi er wor ks on t he same pr i nci pl e as t hat of a laser . I n shor t , inci dent l i ght i s
ampl i fi ed by sust ai ned st i mul at ed emi ssion ( discussed i n Chapt er 2) . The ampl i fi cat i on i s
achi eved by a pumpi ng process whereby ei t her el ect ri cal or opt i cal pumpi ng boost s t he i nci dent
si gnal power in a gai n medium or j ust i n a f i ber . A pump i s a l ocal power sour ce t hat coupl es i t s
power t o an inci dent opt ical si gnal , t her eby ampl i fy i ng t he i nci dent si gnal by t r ansfer r ing it s
power ei t her di r ect l y or t hr ough doped i mpuri t i es t o t he opt i cal si gnal .
For an ampl i fi er t o exhi bi t gai n, st i mul at ed emi ssi on needs t o achi eve a condi t i on of populat ion
i nversi on. On achievement of t hi s st at us, a maj or i t y of t he el ect r ons ar e i n t he exci t ed st at e
( hi gher st at e = N
2
) as compared t o t he el ect r ons i n t he gr ound or common st at e ( l ower st at e =
N
1
) . Var i ous l evel s of exci t at i on ar e possi bl e, each y iel di ng a di ff erent gai n pr ofi l e. The gai n
pr of il e depends on f act or s such as pump power , gain medi um heur ist i cs, and spont aneous
emi ssi on i n t he medi um. An opt i cal ampl i fi er shoul d have t he fol l owing charact er ist i cs:
A f l at gai n spect r a ( equal gai n for all t he channels) .
Hi gh gai n/ channel - t o- i nput pump power requi red r at i o. I n ot her words, for ever y mi l l i wat t
( mW) of inci dent pump power , t he ampl i fi er shoul d gi ve t he hi ghest possi bl e ampl i f icat i on.
Low ampl i fi ed spont aneous ( r andom) emissi on ( ASE) , causi ng noi se i n t he sy st em.
Negl i gi bl e wavel engt h dependence and pol ar i zat i on depended l oss ( PDL) .
Low gai n t i lt : The di ff er ence i n power l evel s bet ween t he lowest ampl i f ied and t he hi ghest
ampl i fi ed channel s shoul d be mi ni mal .
I n general , whil e desi gni ng a WDM net wor k, t he i ssues needed t o be consi der ar e gain f l at ness,
out put power, noi se fi gure, and ampli f i er bandwi dt h.
Amplifier Heuristics
The gai n obt ai ned in an opt i cal ampl i f ier i s a fr equency - dependent quant i t y . The gai n coeff i ci ent
of an ampl i fi er g( ) is shown i n Equat i on 3- 1
2
.
Equ at i on 3- 1
I n t he equat ion, g( ) is t he gain coeff ici ent , i s t he i nci dent opt i cal f requency ,
0
i s t he at omi c
t r ansi t i on fr equency, T
1
i s t he f luor escence t ime ( t hr ough whi ch T
2
i s cal cul at ed) , T
2
i s t he di pole
r el axat i on t i me, P i s t he input power , and P
s
i s t he sat ur at i on power for a gi ven ampli f i er . For an
opt i cal ampl i f ier , bandwi dt h of ampl i fi cat i on is an i mpor t ant val ue. I t shows t he maximum
spect ral spread of t he cumulat ive WDM si gnal t hat can be ampl i fi ed. For a par t i cul ar ampl i fi er
exhi bi t i ng fr equency - dependent gai n g( ) , t he ampl if ier ban dwid t h i s defi ned as t he cumulat ive
spect ral band at ful l widt h hal f maxi mum ( FWHM) of g( ) . The gai n pr ofi l e of g( ) has a t wo-

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
peaked cur ve, as shown in Fi gur e 3- 1.
Fi gu r e 3- 1. Ampl i f i er Gai n Pr of i l e
I n Equat i on 3- 1, i t i s cl ear t hat t he gai n i s maxi mum for =
0
and when P/ Ps t ends t o be zer o.
I t can be shown t hat t he ampl i fi er bandwidt h i s l ess t han t he gai n bandwi dt h. Anot her f act or of
i nt er est i s t he sat urat i on power of an ampl i fi er. The sat ur at i on p ower of an ampl i f ier can be
defi ned as t he i nput power at whi ch t he gain begi ns t o r educe af t er r eachi ng a cer t ai n val ue. Thi s
phenomenon can al so be vi ewed as gai n sat ur at i on, i n whi ch any fur t her i ncr ease i n pump power
pr oduces no mor e i ncrease i n out put power of an ampl i f ier . Sat ur at i on power i s an i mpor t ant
quant i t y because i t li mi t s t he per for mance of opt i cal ampl i fi er s. Ampl if i er s ar e sat ur at ed when
t he inci dent power cr osses t he t hr eshol d Ps, r esul t i ng i n r educed gai n.
Ou t put sat ur at ion p ower
2
( P
out
; see Equat i ons 3- 2 and 3- 3) is defi ned as t he out put power f or
whi ch t he ampl i fi er gain i s r educed by a f act or of 2 ( 3 dB) f r om i t s unsat ur at ed val ue ( g
0
) .
Equ at i on 3- 2
Equ at i on 3- 3

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Amplifier Noise
Noi se is i nher ent wi t hi n an opt i cal ampl i fi er ; i t i s a byproduct of opt ical ampli f i cat i on. The noi se
degr ades t he signal quant i t y and aff ect s over all si gnal t o noi se r at i o ( SNR) . A f igur e of mer i t for
opt i cal ampl i f ier s i s t he noi se fi gure ( NF) . NF, shown i n Equat i on 3- 4, can be def i ned as t he r at i o
of i nput OSNR t o t he out put OSNR i n an opt i cal ampl i fi er.
Equ at i on 3- 4
Noi se in ampl i f ier s i s essent i al l y due t o spont aneous emi ssi on. Spont aneous emi ssion i n
ampl i fi er s i s a byproduct of t he gai n media, whereby t he opt ical ampli f i er emi t s el ect r ons t hat
abr upt l y fal l f r om vari ous l evel s, emi t t i ng uncont r oll ed l ight of random phase and fr equency
di st r i but i on. The emi t t ed l i ght i s noise or random per t ur bat ions and i s cal l ed am pl if ied
spont an eou s emi ssi on ( ASE)
4
. ASE i n an opt i cal ampl i fi er i s a seri ous cause of concer n t hat
sever el y af fect s syst em per for mance; ASE i mpai rment can cr eat e r ippl es i n t he power budget .
Curr ent l y , i t i s impossi bl e t o suppr ess ASE due t o t he cont inuous nat ur e of ASE si gnal
t hr oughout t he ent i re spect r al wi dt h of t he WDM channel s. ASE rej ect i on fi l t ers can f i lt er ASE
out si de t he WDM band or even t he oper at i ng wavel engt h. A fi gure of mer i t f or ASE is t he
spont aneous emi ssi on f act or or popul at i on i nver si on f act or shown i n Equat i on 3- 5 and denot ed
by n
sp
.
Equ at i on 3- 5
I n t he equat ion, N
2
i s t he vol ume of elect r ons i n an exci t ed st at e, and N
1
i s t he vol ume of
el ect r ons i n t he gr ound st at e. Because ASE noise cannot be r educed, i t accumul at es i n sequent i al
ampl i fi er s, wi t h each ampli f i er st age i n a WDM syst em addi ng i t s own component of noise i n
addit ion t o ampl i fy i ng t he noi se t hat i s al r eady i n t he si gnal due t o previ ous st ages. The end
r esul t i s cat ast rophi c degr adat ion of t he signal , whi ch causes SNR t o dr op and t ransmi ssion t o be
l i mi t ed t o a fi xed number of ampl i fi er st ages.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Doped Fiber Amplifiers
By dopi ng fi ber wi t h cer t ai n element s, t he behavior of t he f i ber waveguide t r ansfor ms t o a gain
medi a. The dopant i s gener al ly a r ar e ear t h el ement , such as Erbi um or Pr acy dy mi um. EDFAs or
Er bi um doped fi ber ampli f i er s have been t he most popular because of t hei r oper at ion i n t he 1550
nm C band. Pracy dy mium- based ampl i fi er s wor k i n t he 13101380 nm r egion. Doped f iber
ampl i fi er s ar e anal ogous t o a r eservoi r and pump sy st em, wher eby a pump si gnal t ransmi t s i t s
energy ont o an incomi ng si gnal t hr ough t he doped at oms as an i nt er medi at e medi a. At oms of
t he doped el ement absor b t he local pump and r ise t o a higher l evel . Thi s t ransf er of ener gy fr om
t he pump t o t he i ncomi ng si gnal depends on t he at omi c t ransi t i on fr equency
0
. As t he i ncomi ng
fr equency appr oaches
0
, t he gai n of t he sy st em incr eases unt i l i t r eaches a peak value
governed by Equat i on 3- 1.
EDFAErbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
An EDFA i s a doped f iber ampl if i er t hat i s funct i onal i n t he C band and t he dopant used i s Er bi um
i ons. Wi t h char act er i st i cs of a moder at el y hi gh ( yet uneven) gain spect r a, doped fi ber ampli f i er s
exhi bi t opt i cal gai n because of st i mul at ed emi ssi on of t he hi gher exci t ed st at e. I n pri nci pl e, a
doped f iber ampl if i er s such as EDFA depi ct s t hree ener gy l evel s.
Upon appl i cat i on of an opt i cal pump ( 1480 nm/ 980 nm cont i nuous wave) , el ect rons i n t he st abl e
gr ound st at e- E
1
absorb quant i t i es of ener gy and r ise t o a met a- st abl e st at e of ener gy - E
2
. The
exi st ence of such a st at e i s gover ned by t wo mat er ial fact or s: t he at omi c t r ansit ion f requency- w
0
corr esponding t o t he l ongest l i fet i me st at e
2
, and t he t r ansi t i on wavel engt h on whi ch a maj or
chunk of pump energy i s t r ansi t i oned. The t r ansi t i on wavelengt h is i n t he st r at egic 1550 nm
band; t heref ore, EDFAs are popular in commer ci al WDM net wor ks.
EDFA Working (Operation of EDFA)
Consi der Fi gur e 3- 2 and not e t he t hr ee energy l evels E
1
, E
2
, and E
3
cor r espondi ng t o t he ground,
exci t ed, and met a st abl e st at es. A pump l aser pumps a cont i nuous wave signal at 1480 nm/ 980
nm. The gr ound l evel el ect rons ( whose i nst ant aneous vol ume = N
1
) absorb t his pump energy
and get exci t ed, r i si ng t o l evel E
3
. The vol ume of el ect rons t hat r ise t o l evel of ener gy E
3
( excit ed
st at e) i s given by N
3
. E
2
r epr esent s a met a st abl e st at e wi t h a l if et ime
32
( t ransi t i on t i me fr om
E
3
E
2
) . El ect r ons f r om E
2
dr op t o E
1
, emi t t i ng phot ons at fr equency . An i nci dent opt i cal
si gnal , upon passing t hr ough such a sy st em, i s ampl i fi ed by t he i nst ant aneous absor pt i on of
t hese phot ons.
Fi gu r e 3- 2. Thr ee- Level Model of EDFA Oper at i on

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Good pumpi ng power can enhance t he gai n of a signal . You can achieve a pumpi ng eff i ci ency of
1 dB/ mW wi t h a 980 nm pump; t her efor e, you can achi eve an over al l WDM ( al l channel s) gai n of
30 dB. EDFAs can be made t o oper at e wi t h pumpi ng i n t he same as wel l as opposi t e di r ect i ons of
t he si gnal . When a pump si gnal i s i n t he same di r ect i on of t he WDM si gnal , i t i s known as
for war d pumpi ng ( see Fi gur e 3- 3) ; if a pump si gnal i s i n opposi t i on t o t he WDM si gnal , i t i s
known as r ev er se p um pi ng ( see Fi gur e 3- 4) .
Fi gu r e 3- 3. For w ar d Pump
Fi gu r e 3- 4. Rever se Pu mp

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
A t hi rd exampl e i s when t wo pumps ar e appl i ed
7
and are in f orwar d and r ever se di rect i on at t he
same t i me; t hi s met hod i s known as bi di rect ion al pum p ing. Power conver si on ef fi ci ency ( gai n per
i nput pump power) i s exhaust ed i n a backwar d ( rever se) pumpi ng di r ect i on. I n bidi rect i onal
pumpi ng, t he gai n pr of il e t hr oughout t he doped r egi on i s al most l inear , which i s an advant age.
See Fi gur e 3- 5 f or a vi ew of bidi rect i onal pumpi ng.
Fi gu r e 3- 5. Bi di r ect i on al Pu mp
The gai n spect r a of EDFA i s quit e br oadened, and t hi s br oadeni ng i s propor t ional t o t he dipol e
r el axat i on t i me T
2
( see Equat i on 3- 1) . The gai n pr ofi l e i n t he C band exhi bi t s a doubl e- peaked
cur ve; t he ampl i f icat i on can be any wher e bet ween 730 dB and depends on t he pump power ,
r el axat i on t i me, t ransi t i on fr equency , and sat ur at i on power . For an ampl if i er , t he gai n i ncr eases
exponent i al l y wi t h t he appl ied pump power . At a cer t ai n value, t he i ncr ease in gain sl ows down
and any fur t her incr ease i n pump power decr eases t he gai n.
EDFA Noise
EDFA noi se i s i mport ant in opt ical t ransmi ssi on sy st ems because i t sever ely li mi t s t he syst em
per for mance
7
. The NF of an ampl if i er is gi ven as NF = 2n
sp
, wher e n
sp
i s t he spont aneous
emi ssi on f act or shown i n Equat i on 3- 6.
Equ at i on 3- 6

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Noi se fi gure, NF i s shown i n Equat i on 3- 7.
Equ at i on 3- 7
I n Equat i on 3- 7, N
2
and N
1
ar e t he vol umes of el ect rons i n t he exci t ed and gr ound st at es,
r espect i vel y . The spont aneous emi ssi on fact or causes t he ampl if i er t o gener at e l ar ge amount s of
noi se ( 47 dB) . This is a sever e i mpai rment for opt i cal si gnal - t o- noi se r at i o ( OSNR) , shown i n
Equat i on 3- 8.
Equ at i on 3- 8
The NF, which can be consi dered as a f i gur e of mer it , i s pr opor t i onal l y dependent t o t he pump
power and t he l engt h of t he doped fi ber . One hi ndr ance i n achi evi ng good ampli f i cat i on i s t he
spont aneous emi ssi on t hat i s ampli f i ed i n a r ever se di r ect i on, t hus depl et i ng pump power. One
sol ut i on is t o use an i sol at or ( whi ch ensures t r ansmi ssi on i n one di r ect ion only ) t o prevent
backward emissi on.
When we ar e consider i ng WDM l i nks wi t h cascaded EDFA st ages, t he ampl i fi er noi se ( ASE)
becomes a ser i ous i ssue. The end- t o- end syst em OSNR degr ades due t o cumul at i on of noise
fi gur es ( NFs) of each EDFA st age.
I n a WDM syst em, cr oss sat urat ion occur s wher eby t he gain of a WDM channel i s sat urat ed by
ei t her i t s own power or cr oss- t al k power f r om nei ghbori ng channel s. Cr oss- t al k i n EDFAs i s not a
ser i ous impai r ment and by ensur i ng oper at i on i n an unsat urat ed r egi on r emoves cr oss- t al k t o a
gr eat ext ent .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Raman Amplifier
St i mul at ed Raman scat t eri ng ( SRS) was bri efl y di scussed i n sect i on on Raman and Bri l l oui n
eff ect s i n Chapt er 1, "I nt roduct i on t o Opt i cal Net wor king. " SRS i s a t ype of i nel ast i c scat t er ing
t hat r esult s i n broadband ampl i fi cat i on of opt i cal channel s. The ampl i fi ers r esul t i ng fr om t hi s
eff ect are cal l ed Raman ampl if iers and have a dist i nct feat ur e of ampl i fi cat i on i n a l ar ge
waveband
2
. Raman ampl i fi cat i on occurs when a pump signal i s made t o propagat e t hr ough a
fi ber . The pump si gnal is at a di ff erent ( gener al ly lower ) wavelengt h and cr eat es a St ok es wave
( hi gh ampl i f yi ng wi de band wave) t hat ampl i fi es t he many channel s i n a WDM sy st em. Raman
ampl i fi cat i on occur s f or mul t i channel WDM sy st ems onl y and not for si ngl e- channel opt ical
communi cat ion. The gai n spect r a f or Raman ampl i fi cat i on is qui t e broad ( 150200 nm) , t hus
cover i ng ent i r e operat ing bands. The fi nal br eadt h of t he ampli f i cat i on band in nanomet er s
depends on t he number and power of t he pumps used. The pump si gnal i s at a l ower
wavel engt h. Raman ampl i fi cat i on is pumpi ng of ener gy i nt o a wi de band and cr eat ing
ampl i fi cat i on by phonon- phonon ( opt i cal phonon) i nt er act i on.
Al t hough anal ogous t o EDFA, t he wor ki ng of a Raman ampl i fi er i s not based on st i mul at ed
emi ssi on. I n an EDFA, a pump phot on st i mul at es anot her phot on and t he net ener gy ( fr equency,
phase, and ener gy ) of t he t wo phot ons i s t he ampli f i ed out put . The energy of t he i nci dent phot on
i s not l ost dur ing t hi s pr ocess. On t he ot her hand, i n Raman ampl i fi cat i on, t he pump phot on has
t o lose i t s ener gy t o creat e anot her phot on at a l ower f r equency ( hi gher wavel engt h) and l ower
energy. The dif fer ence in ener gy cr eat es opt i cal phonons, whi ch are absor bed by t he medi um.
Due t o t he absence of st imulat ed emissi on i n Raman ampl i fi er s, popul at i on i nversi on does not
need t o be achieved. Mor eover , no energy t r ansfer bet ween ener gy l evel s i s needed. The
pumpi ng can be done in f orwar d as well as r ever se di rect i ons, wher e t he si gnal and pump
copr opagat e ( for war d) or count er - pr opagat e ( r everse) . The si gnal i s ampl i f ied onl y when bot h
si gnal and pump ar e at l ogical hi gh ( bot h ar e at 1 bi t ) . Ther ef or e, t o ampl i f y a pseudo- random
bi t sequence, we need a pump t hat i s per pet ual l y hi gh. Thi s mi ght cr eat e ot her i mpai r ment s,
such as sel fphase modul at i on ( SPM) and cr oss- phase modul at i on ( XPM) . SPM and XPM ar e
di scussed i n a desi gn aspect i n Chapt er 4, "WDM Net wor k Design - 1. "
Raman Spectra
As ment i oned i n t he pr evi ous sect i on, due t o t he nonl i near i nt er act ion of pump and pr opagat i ng
si gnal , a St okes wave at a l ower fr equency ( hi gher wavel engt h) is pr oduced. This St okes wave
has pr opert i es of ampl i fi cat i on by t r ansf er r i ng ener gy t o t he pr opagat i ng si gnal . The
ampl i fi cat i on occur s by di r ect ener gy t r ansfer bet ween t he pump and t he si gnal r at her t han by
st i mul at ed emi ssi on, as wit h EDFA. The spect r al di f ference bet ween t he pump and t he gener at ed
St okes wave i s cal l ed t he Raman gain spect r a ( g
r
( ) )
2
. Mor eover , t he gai n spect r a i s i nver sel y
pr opor t i onal t o t he pump f requency , and it ext ends over a l ar ge r ange. Gener al l y , = f
p
x f
s
( wher e f
p
i s t he pump f r equency and f
s
i s t he St okes fr equency ) . i s appr oximat el y equal t o 13
THz.
An i ncident si gnal( s) i s ampl i fi ed i f i t spect r al l y fal l s i nt o t he gai n spect r a ( t he Raman gai n
spect ra) . I t s gai n pr ofi l e i s shown i n Fi gur e 3- 6, and t he wor ki ng diagr am i s shown in Fi gur e 3-
7. The gai n exhi bit ed i s hi ghest when = 13. 2 THz. I n addit i on, t he amount of ampli f i cat i on
obt ai ned depends on t he i nput pump power ; af t er a cert ai n t hreshol d, g
r
( ) incr eases
exponent i al l y wi t h i nput pump power unt i l i t get s sat ur at ed. Raman ampl i fi cat i on exhi bit s a sor t
of energy conser vat i on.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gu r e 3- 6. Raman Gai n Spect r a
Fi gu r e 3- 7. Raman Ampl i f i cat i on
I n ot her wor ds, energy i s t r ansfer red fr om a pump t o a St okes wave, and t he number of phot ons
i n a pump wave and a St okes wave r emai ns const ant . A fi gure of mer i t i n t he f unct i oning of
Raman ampl i fi ers is t he Raman t hr esh old , def i ned as t he amount of pump power needed t o
make t he pump equal t o t he power of a St okes' wave
2
. Raman t hreshol d i s al so subj ect t o a

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
const r aint : t he pump and St okes wave shoul d have t he same st at e of polar i zat i on ( SOP) .
I f t he SOP of t he pump and St okes wave i s not mai nt ai ned, t he t hr eshol d ( above whi ch good
Raman ampl i fi cat i on can occur ) i ncr eases by a fact or of about 2. A t y pi cal Raman t hr eshold f or
1550 nm WDM si gnals is bet ween 500700 mW.
As t he i nput pump r eaches Raman t hr eshold, al l t he ener gy fr om t he pump i s t r ansfer r ed t o t he
St okes wave. The power of t he St okes wave mi ght incr ease t o a new t hreshol d poi nt , whereby a
second- or der St okes wave coul d be cr eat ed. An exper i ment whose r esult s wer e shown i n t he
European Confer ence on Opt i cal Communi cat i on 2001 in Amst er dam [ PP] showed a f oundat i on
of mul t i pl e St okes waves cr eat ing fi ne wi de band ampl i fi cat i on of t he WDM si gnal .
Shown i n Fi gur e 3- 7 i s a t y pi cal Raman ampl i fi er wi t h for ward pumpi ng. Ampl i fi cat i on occur s as
a r esul t of SRS as l ong as t he i nput si gnal i s wi t hi n t he gai n band. The amount of gai n
exper i enced i s exponent i al t o t he i nput pump power unt i l t he ampl i fi er i s sat ur at ed and gai n
begi ns t o st abi l i ze. Ty pi call y , Raman ampl i fi er s can produce 2035 dB gai n wit h 800 mW t o 1W
pump power . A t ypi cal laser used is t he Nd: YAG l aser . SRS ampl i fi cat i on occurs upon ful fi l l ing
t hr ee mai n condi t i ons:
I nput pump power exceeds Raman t hr eshol d.
Pol ar izat ion of si gnal and pump ar e t he same. I f t hey ar e or t hogonal , no ampl i fi cat i on
occur s. Ampli f i cat i on al so occur s when input signal i s at a logi cal hi gh.
The si gnal i s wi t hi n t he Raman gain spect r a.
Raman ampl i fi ers are qui t e eff ect i ve f or WDM signal s because of t hei r broad gai n pr of il es. The
mai n i ssue of concern i s t he hi gh pump power t hat i s requir ed. Thi s hi gh power can cr eat e ot her
nonli near impair ment s as wel l .
An i mport ant consi der at i on in Raman ampl i fi er s i s t hat t hey have l ower NFs t han EDFAs. This
r esul t s in bet t er OSNR f or an opt i cal si gnal i f we use Raman ampl if i er s r at her t han EDFAs.
However , t he Raman ampl i f ier 's cost , gai n, and pump power requi rement s do not al l ow t hem t o
be f ul l y expl oit ed.
Distributed Amplification
I nst ead of ampl i f yi ng t he signal at one di scr et e poi nt i n t he net wor k, we can ampli f y i t at vari ous
poi nt s t hr oughout t he net wor k. This ki nd of ampl i fi cat i on i s call ed di st ri bu t ed ampl if icat i on as
opposed t o l um ped am p li fi cat i on. Dist r i but ed Raman ampl i fi ers ( DRAs) are cr eat ed by i nj ect i ng
pumps at var i ous r egi ons or by ensur i ng a l ar ge ef fect i ve l engt h f or Raman ampl i fi er s. The l at t er
i s done by cont r ol l i ng t he pump power and t aki ng car e of t he t r ansi ent s t hat ar e associ at ed wi t h
t he si gnal .
Di st r i but ed ampl i fi cat i on can be achi eved f or bot h Raman ampl i fi ers and EDFAs. One good way
t o achieve t hi s i s t o i nt r oduce bi di r ect i onal pumping, whi ch creat es an al most l inear gai n pr ofi l e.
Hybrid Amplification
The l ow noi se, br oad bandwi dt h of Raman, and l ow pump power requi rement s of EDFAs can be
combi ned i nt o one hy br i d ampli f i er t o sol ve ampli f i cat i on i ssues in l ong- haul and ul t r a l ong- haul
net wor ks. Raman ampl i f ier s pr ovi de a gai n acr oss a l ar ge bandwi dt h, even t hough t he gai n
pr ovi ded mi ght not be hi gh. I n cont r ast , EDFAs pr ovide a subst ant i al gai n but acr oss a r elat ivel y

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
small band, and t he gai n pr ovi ded i s not fl at ( uneven) . By usi ng bot h for ms i n
t andemprovi di ng one Raman and one or mor e EDFAs ( dependi ng on t he bandwi dt h t o be
ampl i fi ed) t he ampl i fi cat i on achieved i s much bet t er and cl eaner ( bet t er OSNR) t han i ndivi dual
conf igur at i on. Ref er t o Fi gur e 3- 8.
Fi gu r e 3- 8. Hy br i d Raman - EDFA Ampl i f i er s
Advantages of Raman Amplifiers and Comparison to EDFAs
Raman ampl i fi cat i on i s an eff ect i ve t echni que for opt i cal r egener at i on ( 1R) ; i t has a l ow NF as
compar ed t o fi ber doped ampl i f ier s. The gai n prof i l e for a par t i cul ar band is also much f l at t er for
Raman ampl i fi cat i on as compared t o Doped f i ber ampl i fi er s. The gai n pr of il e i s much br oader f or
Raman ampl i fi ers, so t hey ar e abl e t o accommodat e mor e channel s. Due t o t he l ow NF of Raman
ampl i fi er s, t he OSNR per for mance i s bet t er t han t hat for EDFAs. On an average, up t o a 5 dB
gai n i n OSNR i s exhi bi t ed t hr ough Raman ampl i f ier s. Al so, due t o Raman ampl i fi er s'
nondependence on carr i er l i fet i mes of met a st able st at es, t hey can be used at hi gher bi t r at es.
Raman ampl i fi ers have cer t ai n di sadvant ages as compar ed t o EDFAs. They need hi gh i nput
pump power , whi ch can cause sever e nonl i near i mpai r ment s. I n addi t i on, st i mul at ed Raman
scat t er i ng can cause four - wave mi xi ng, creat i ng harmoni c peaks and sever e cr oss- t al k.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
SOASemiconductor Optical Amplifiers
Semi conduct or l aser s can be made t o f unct i on as opt i cal ampl i f ier s by r emovi ng t he associ at ed
feedback. Tr adi t i onal l y , semi conduct or l aser s pr ovi de f or l asi ng eff ect t hr ough st i mul at ed
emi ssi on by creat i ng a regi on of popul at i on inver sion bet ween highl y r efl ect i ve f acet s ( mi r r ors)
of a cavi t y. A semi conduct or opt i cal ampl i f ier can be cr eat ed by removing t he f eedback cavi t y
and r epl aci ng t he end facet s of a l aser wi t h ant i r ef l ect or y coat i ngs.
A si gnal t hat i s t o be ampl i fi ed ent ers t he p- n j unct i on. There is a condi t i on of popul at i on
i nversi on alr eady present i n t he p- n j unct i on. The signal i s now ampl i fi ed as i t knocks off higher
energy elect r ons ( exci t ed st at e) and r eleases phot ons, whi ch t heor et i call y shoul d have t he same
phase and fr equency as t he i nci dent pert urbat i on ( input si gnal ) . For opt i cal ampl if i cat ion at a
gi ven wavelengt h or a gi ven band of wavel engt hs, t he p- n j unct i on shoul d oper at e under t he
l asing t hr eshol d. ( Ot her wi se, i t wi ll emi t i t s domi nant wavel engt h. Ref er t o Chapt er 2 f or
i nf ormat i on on how l asers work. )
Two ki nds of SOAs ar e avail able: t he Fabr y Perot cavi t y - based SOA and t he t r av el in g wav e SOA.
The Fabr y Per ot cavi t y- based SOA i s si mi l ar t o a di st r i but ed Br agg r ef l ect or ( DBR) or a
di st r i but ed feedback ( DFB) l aser ( ment i oned i n Chapt er 2) wi t hout feedback. Low gai n and low
power ar e t he t wo seri ous li mi t at i ons of t hese t ypes of SOAs. The t r avel i ng wave SOA consi st s of
a l ong, narr ow p- n j unct ion. Unl i ke t he FP cavit y SOA, t her e i s no need for a cavi t y , and
ampl i fi cat i on occur s al ong t he l engt h of t he SOA. Ty pi call y , SOAs are bui l t on I ndium Gal l i um
Ar seni de Phosphi de ( I nGaAsP) subst rat e because of t heir fast el ect ron- hol e r econfi gur at i on
t i mes.
SOAs have sever e l i mi t at i ons, such as hi gh cross- t al k and l ow out put power . When mul t i pl e
channel s ar e t o be ampli f i ed, hi gh cr oss- t al k exist s bet ween t hem. SOAs ar e cur r ent l y r educed t o
academic pr oj ect s and access net wor ks ( PON and so on) .
Wavelength Conversion Using SOAs
A hi gh- power si gnal sat ur at es ( by depl et i on of exci t ed el ect rons) i n an SOA; i n such a condi t i on,
t he sy st em has sever e cross- t al k. Thi s cr oss- t al k can be put t o good use t o cr eat e wavel engt h
conver t er s. A hi gh- power ed dat a si gnal and a l ow- power ed cont i nuous wave ( at a di f fer ent
wavel engt h) si gnal ar e fed t oget her t o t he SOA. The cr oss- t alk in t he SOA ensur es t hat t he dat a
fr om t he i nput si gnal i s t r ansfer r ed t o t he cont inuous wave si gnal . Therefor e, wavel engt h
conver si on occur s. The new out put wavel engt h has i nver t ed dat a ( 1 f or 0 and 0 for 1) . Refer t o
Fi gur e 3- 9.
Fi gu r e 3- 9. Semi con du ct or Opt i cal Amp l i f i er i n Wavel engt h Con ver t er
Con f i gu r at i on

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Tabl e 3- 1 compar es t he t hr ee basic confi gurat ions of opt i cal ampl i fi er s: doped f iber , Raman, and
SOA. The t abl e examines t he di f fer ent opt i cal charact er i st i cs. A good desi gner oft en chooses a
par t i cul ar ampl i fi er based on t he r equi r ement s of t he net wor k.
Tab l e 3 -1 . Amp l i f i er Compar i son

EDFA RAMAN SOA

Gai n ~ 30 dB ~ 2025 dB ~ 1020 dB
Out put
power
Hi gh Hi gh Low
I nput power Moder at e Hi gh Hi gh
Cr osst alk Low Low Very hi gh
Gai n t i l t Hi gh gai n t i l t Low Hi gh
Appli cat i on Met r o, l ong
haul
Ty pi call y l ong
haul
Shor t haul , si ngle channel , wavel engt h
conver t er s

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Dispersion Compensation Techniques: Pre- and
Postcompensation
Chapt er 1 di scussed disper si on and i t s anal ysi s i n opt i cal f iber s. Di sper sion l i mit s t he
t r ansmi ssi on lengt h of an opt i cal l ink especi al l y at hi gh dat a rat es. Met hods ar e avail able t o
compensat e for di sper si on. Thi s sect i on di scusses di spersi on compensat ion t echni ques and t hei r
evol ut ion.
Postcompensation
We can depl oy el ect r oni c t echni ques for post compensat i on of chr omat i c di spersi on
3
. I t is possi ble
t o desi gn a r eceiver ( phot odet ect or) wi t h adj oi ni ng ci r cui t ry , which can reduce t he amount of
di sper si on t hat a si gnal undergoes. The mai n i dea behi nd usi ng a det ect or ci r cui t t o compensat e
for accumulat ed di sper si on i s t hat a si gnal t hat i s disper sion i mpai r ed can be r ecover ed by a
syst em ( i n t hi s case a det ect or ci r cui t ) whose r esponse i s l i near. Gr oup vel oci t y di sper si on ( GVD)
t hough not ent i r el y a l inear phenomenon st i ll can be compensat ed by t hi s t echni que. I n one
embodi ment , a recei ver conver t ed t he opt i cal si gnal t o an int er medi at e mi crowave si gnal . A
mi cr owave bandpass f il t er wi t h a l i near r esponse funct i on t reat ed t he si gnal, and t he out put was
t he di sper si on- cor rect ed si gnal.
The condi t i on under which t hi s ki nd of compensat ion i s successful i s when we make sur e t hat t he
mi cr owave fi l t er get s t he elect r i cal si gnal t hat i s an exact repl i ca of t he opt i cal si gnal ,
corr esponding t o var iat ions i n bot h ampl i t ude and phase. Most det ect or s ar e based on i nt ensi t y
l ogi c det ect i on; t heref ore, t hei r out put i s a st ri ng of 1s and 0s whose exi st ence depends on t he
cumul at i ve val ue of t he opt i cal i nt ensi t y i n t hat cl ock pulse.
The el ect ri cal out put of t he det ect or s i s gener al ly independent of t he phase f luct uat i ons i n t he
opt i cal si gnal, leadi ng t o di sper si on- based l osses ( BER degr adat i on) . Some new emol ument s
t hat have been pr oposed deal wi t h nonl i near funct i ons, whi ch can compensat e t he bi t pat t er n at
t he recei ver. I n one such scheme, t he deci si on of whet her a bi t i s a 1 bi t or a 0 bi t i s t aken
consi deri ng t he st at us of t he past few 1 and 0 bi t s, and t he char act er i st ics of t hi s bi t are
compar ed t o some of t he char act er i st i cs of t he pr ecedi ng bi t s.
I n anot her scheme, mult ipl e i ndependent deci si on- maki ng l ogi c ci r cuit s l ook at t he si gnal and
deci de t he st at us of each evaluat i ng cir cui t . Over al l , post compensat i on i s an at t r act i ve scheme
for sl ow si gnal s ( l ess bi t r at e) and shor t di st ances. The need f or havi ng el ect r oni c ci r cui t s t hat
ar e much fast er t han t he opt i cal l i ne r at e makes depl oyment sl i ght l y har d beyond 2. 5 Gbps.
( Much of t he work on post compensat i on i s expl ai ned i n Chapt er 9, "Test s and Measur ement s. " )
Precompensation
Pr ecompensat i on i s qui t e t he r ever se of post compensat i on. I n precompensat i on, t he pulses ar e
compensat ed f or di sper si on
2
even bef or e t hey ar e t r ansmit t ed t hrough t he f i ber . The pul ses ar e
chi r ped ( see Chapt er 2) in such a way t hat t he eff ect of t he f iber channel i s not suf fi ci ent t o
di sper se t he pul se out of i t s int ended t i me sl ot . Thi s scheme i s qui t e i nt uit ive and si mpl e t o
demonst r at e. Pr echi r ped pul ses ar e gi ven t he ri ght amount of chi r p, whi ch usuall y depends on
t he lengt h of t he channel and t he di spersi on t he pul se woul d under go at t hat bit r at e.
Pr echi r pi ng i s qui t e di f fi cul t in dir ect modulat ed l aser s i n whi ch t he chi r p par amet er i s of t en
negat i ve, l eadi ng t o high di sper si ve pul ses. On t he ot her hand, ext er nal l y modul at ed l aser s can

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
have t he r ight amount of pr echi r p t o cr eat e pul ses t hat can t ravel sever al kil omet ers of
di sper si ve f iber .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Dispersion Compensation Using Fibers
Gr oup vel oci t y di sper sion i n opt i cal f iber s can be compensat ed easi l y by usi ng high di sper si on
fi ber s. A fi ber of l engt h L
i
wi t h a di sper si on of D
i
ps/ nm- km can be compensat ed by usi ng
anot her spool of fi ber of lengt h L
j
whose di sper si on par amet er i s D
j
such t hat i t sat i sfi es t he
r el at i onship of Equat i on 3- 9.
Equ at i on 3- 9
Each of t he t wo t erms gi ves t he t ot al amount of accumul at ed di spersi on t hat a pul se woul d
undergo af t er t r ansmi ssi on t hr ough any of t he t wo fi ber s. The pr i mar y ai m now is t o keep t he
t ot al di sper si on at t he end of t he communi cat i on channel as l ow ( cl ose t o zer o) as possibl e. The
second f i ber t hat i s used i s t he hi gh disper si on f i ber, whi ch has a st r ong di sper si on pr of il e. The
di sper si on pr of il e of t he second f i ber i s opposi t e t o t he di sper si on pr ofi l e of t he f i r st fi ber , and
over t he l engt h of t he channel , i t i s qui t e suppl ement ary , y i eldi ng al most zer o di spersi on over
t he ent i re channel .
The pr obl em of having di sper si on compensat i ng f i bers ( DCFs) i s t he i nvari abl y hi gh l oss t hat t he
hi gh disper sion f i bers go t hr ough. The at t enuat i on par amet er f or DCF fi ber s i s much gr eat er
t han t he at t enuat ion f or nor mal si ngl e- mode f iber s ( SMFs) . The at t enuat ion paramet er i s
t y pi cal ly as hi gh as 0.50. 8 dB/ km as compar ed t o 0. 2 dB/ km f or st andard 1550 nm SMFs. A
fi gur e of mer i t
8
f or such DCF f i ber s i s t he r at i o of di sper si on par amet er D t o t he at t enuat i on
par amet er ( alpha) . Thi s fi gure of mer i t i s of t en expr essed i n ps/ nm- dB and i s denot ed by M. To
compensat e a channel t hat i s L
i
i n l engt h wi t h a disper si on paramet er of D
i
, we can use a hi gh
di sper si ve f iber of di sper si on par amet er D
j
and a l engt h shown i n Equat i on 3- 10.
Equ at i on 3- 1 0
Ther ef or e, t o ensur e t hat t he l engt h of t he compensat i ng f iber i s smal l enough, it s di spersi on
par amet er D
j
has t o be qui t e l arge. Several t echni ques ar e i l l ust r at ed i n l i t er at ure t hat deal wi t h
met hods t o make ef fi ci ent DCF fi ber s. DCF fi ber s ar e gener al ly kept at one poi nt i n t he
net wor kt ypi cal l y i n cent ral off ices ( COs) of carr i ers; t her ef ore, t hey are wound i n spools,
creat i ng high bendi ng l osses. Mor eover , a power asy mmet ry exi st s due t o t he coupl i ng di ff erence
bet ween nor mal f i ber and DCF, causi ng nonl i neari t i es as wel l as hi gh i nser t i on l osses. Cur bi ng
t he nonl i near i t y and r educi ng i nser t i on l oss is an ongoi ng ar ea of r esearch t oday .
GVD Compensation by Using Fiber Bragg Gratings
Use of Fi ber Br agg gr at i ngs ( FGBs) f or r ej ect i on fi l t er s i n WDM sy st ems was di scussed at l engt h
i n Chapt er 2. Anot her use of FBGs i s f or di sper si on compensat ion. Di sper si on causes a si gnal ' s
spect ral component s t o spr ead i n t he t i me domai n
8
. I n ot her wor ds, component s at dif fer ent
wavel engt hs ( f requenci es) t r avel di ff erent di st ances ( i n t he same t i me) , and t hey need t o be

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
al i gned t oget her so t hat t he pul se does not spread out of i t s i nt ended sl ot . FBGs can accompl i sh
t hi s t ask of al i gnment .
FBGs ar e essent i al l y devices t hat can act as wavel engt h r efl ect ors for sel ect i ve wavel engt hs. By
vary i ng t he i ndex pr of il e i nsi de a f iber , t he f iber can r efl ect exact l y t hose wavelengt hs t hat
corr espond t o some part icul ar pr ofi l e changes i n t he cor e. The same pri nci pl e i s appl i ed f or
di sper si on compensat i on. Di sper si on compensat i on can be accompl i shed usi ng FBG by creat i ng a
gr at i ng pr of i le of t he r efr act ive i ndex inside t he cor e i n such a way t hat t he f ast er movi ng
component s of t he pul se ar e r efl ect ed back f r om a f ur t her dist ance i nsi de t he f i ber. Whereas, t he
sl ower movi ng component s of t he pul se ar e r efl ect ed back f rom a shor t er di st ance i n t he f i ber.
Thi s scheme i s par t i cul arl y usef ul f or si ngl e- channel opt i cal communi cat i on.
Many such FBG- based di spersi on compensat or s can be cascaded t o pr ovi de di sper si on
compensat i on f or a mult ichannel WDM sy st em. The mai n i ssue her e i s fabri cat i ng t he FBG i nsi de
t he fi ber f or vari ous di spersi on pr ofi l es. Dy namical l y compensat i ng di spersi on i s a key for
pr oduci ng good FBG- based compensat ors. A 10 Gbps si gnal woul d have far mor e di sper si on t o
compensat e t han a 2. 5 Gbps si gnal woul d. Theref ore, we have t o desi gn FBGs t hat can be t uned.
One such met hod for FBG desi gn i s by deploy i ng hol ographi c t echnol ogy . A hol ogr am can be
creat ed i nside t he cor e of t he fi ber , whi ch essent i al ly act s li ke an i ndex grat i ng. This hol ogr am
can also be made t o change t he gai n prof i l e as and when requi red. Thi s scheme i s qui t e eff i ci ent
and easy t o use, but cost s ar e r elat ivel y hi gh. Fi gur e 3- 10 shows t he wor king of FBGs in f iber s t o
compensat e for GVD.
Fi gu r e 3- 10 . Schemat i c Di agr am of Di sper si on Compensat i on i n Fi ber s
Usi n g FBG Tech nol ogy

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Polarization Mode Dispersion and Compensation
Techniques
Pol ar izat ion mode di sper si on ( PMD) is expl ai ned i n Chapt ers 1 and 9; however , t hi s sect ion
di scusses t he i ssues associ at ed wi t h PMD and how t o compensat e i t i n hi gh- speed t r ansmissi on
syst ems ( > 10 Gbps) .
Unl i ke chr omat i c disper sion, st at i st ical di mensi on of PMD i s due t o t he var i at i ons in t i me of t he
ext er nal st r ess on t he f iber . I n t r ansmi ssi on sy st ems, t here i s no guar ant ee of t he maxi mum
penal t y due t o PMD. However , f or desi gn consider at i ons, we can choose an upper li mi t . ( A
chance cal l ed out age pr obabi li t y i s alway s avai labl e i f you go bey ond t hi s upper l i mit ) . The PMD
val ue of fi ber ps/ km
1/ 2
i s t he mean val ue over t i me or f requency of t he di f fer ent i al gr oup del ay
( DGD) . See t he fol l owing equat i on.
Curr ent l y i nst al l ed f i bers have PMD val ue gr eat er t han 1. 5ps/ .
The di sper si on due t o PMD must be compensat ed i n long- haul syst ems t hat have bi t r at es
gr eat er t han 10 Gbps f or err or - fr ee t r ansmi ssi on.
PMD Compensation Techniques
8
The pr inci ple of operat i on of a PMD compensat or i s t o r educe t he t ot al PMD of t he fi ber l i ne plus
t hat i n t he compensat or . Fi gur e 3- 11 shows t he basi c scheme of a PMD compensat or. I t consi st s
of one f i xed hi ghl y bi r ef r ingent el ement ( polar i zat i on mai nt ai ni ng f iber ) , pol ari zat i on cont r ol l er
t o ori ent t he axi s of t he count er act i ve el ement s and cont rol al gor i t hm wi t h cont r ol ci rcuit s
8
.
Fi gu r e 3- 11 . PMD Compen sat i on Tech ni que
The cont rol al gor it hm i s i n a t r acking mode and oper at es i n bl ind mode- PMD condi t ions ar e not
dy nami cal ly cont rol l ed; Cont r ol al gori t hm has t o keep t r ack of local opt i mum f eedback si gnal s.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Thi s i s t he l i mi t at ion of PMD compensat or s operat ing in an opt i mum fashi on. Det ai led anal y si s of
l ocal and subopt i mum compensat i on and i t s ef fect s on t r ansmissi on i s bey ond t he scope of t hi s
book.
Di f ferent concept s have been pr oposed f or i mpr ovement of t he basi c PMD compensat or . One of
t he improvement s suggest ed i s t o i ncr ease t he number of pol ari zat i on- maint ai ni ng element s. I n
t heor y , addi ng mor e bi r efr i ngent f iber segment s wi l l hel p t he compensat or addr ess PMD i ssues
i n t he l i nk. This wi l l al so i ncr ease t he number of par amet er s t hat need t o be cont r ol led.
Tunabi l it y of t he bir efr i ngent devi ce is an i mpl ement at i on issue f or pr act i cal depl oy ment s. FBGs
al l ow vari able DGDs for use i n PMD compensat ors. Pr oper set t i ng of t he DGD can be
accompli shed usi ng a polar i zat i on scr ambl er at t he i nput of t he l i ne.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Summary
Thi s chapt er expl or ed ampli f i er s f or opt i cal communi cat i on net works. Ampl i fi er s appear t o be a
small par t of t he WDM net wor k design, but t hey ar e pr obably one of t he most i mport ant
subsy st ems. Ampl i fi er s act as 1R r egener at ors of dat a; t her ef ore, t hey can i ncr ease t he l engt h of
an opt i cal t r ansmi ssi on l ine. An opt o- el ect r oni c r egenerat or woul d indeed be abl e t o enhance t he
si gnal power level, but such a r egener at or i s needed for each channel . However , opt i cal
ampl i fi er s can ampl i f y t he ent i r e composi t e WDM signal at once wi t hout demul t i plexi ng each
channel . Thi s i s pr eci sely t he r eason why WDM net worki ng i s becoming so popular . Ampli f i er s
become a l ow- cost and eff ect i ve means of r egener at i ng an opt i cal WDM si gnal ent i r el y i n t he
opt i cal domai n wi t hout r et i mi ng or reshapi ng i t .
The di sadvant age associ at ed wi t h opt i cal ampl i fi ers is t hat t hey t end t o wor sen t he signal t o
noi se r at i o of t he composi t e si gnal by addi ng t hei r own noi se ( of t en cal l ed am pl if ied sp ont aneous
emi ssi on) because of some spont aneous emissi on.
Ampl i fi er s are basi cal l y cl assi fi ed i nt o t hr ee cat egor i es: doped f iber ampl if i er s, Raman ampl i fi er s,
and semi conduct or opt i cal ampl i f ier s ( al so cal l ed semi conduct or l aser ampl i f ier s) . Doped fi ber
ampl i fi er s, especi all y ones using Er bi um i ons as a dopant , have a good gai n pr ofi l e i n t he 1550
nm C band. They ar e easy t o fabri cat e and have a r el at i vely t ol er abl e noise f i gur e of about 57
dB. Raman ampli f i er s ar e t r adi t i onal l y t he ol dest known ampl i fi ers and are based on t he
phenomenon of Raman's scat t eri ng of l i ght , whi ch dat es back t o t he 1930s. These ampli f i er s
basi call y bui l d up a wave at a l ower fr equency ( compar ed t o t he si gnal t o be ampl i fi ed) cal l ed
t he St okes wave, whi ch i s r esponsi bl e f or wide band ampli f i cat i on. Raman ampl if i er s have a l ow
NF and provi de good OSNR. Semiconduct or opt ical ampli f i er s ar e mor e r ecent innovat i ons and
act as semi conduct or l asers wi t hout feedback. They ar e bei ng i nvest i gat ed at t hi s t i me. Due t o
t hei r l ow ampli f i cat i on and hi gh cr oss- t alk, semiconduct or opt ical ampli f i er s appear pot ent i al
candi dat es onl y for met r o- access and met r o col lect or net wor ks.
Thi s chapt er di scussed some of t he di spersi on compensat ing schemes for bot h chromat i c
di sper si ons and PMD. Precompensat i on and post compensat i on ar e t wo of t he most fundament al
schemes t o reduce GVD. FBG- based schemes ar e compar at ivel y r ecent innovat i ons f or di sper si on
compensat i on. PMD compensat i on i s an i ssue of t r emendous ongoi ng research.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
References
1
Agr awal , Govi nd P. Fib er - Op t ic Com mu nicat i on Syst em s, Second Edi t i on. New Yor k: Wi l ey
I nt er sci ence, 1997.
2
Keiser , G. Op t ical Fiber Commu nicat i ons, Thir d Edit ion. McGr aw- Hi l l, 2000.
3
Seni or , John M. Op t ical Fiber Commu nicat i ons. Pr ent i ce Hal l, 1992.
4
Agr awal G. Non- Lin ear Fi ber Opt ics, Second Edi t i on. Academi c Pr ess, 1995.
5
Lee, T. , ed. Cu rr ent Trend s i n Opt i cal Am pl if ier s and Thei r Appl i cat i ons . Wor l d Sci ent i f i c
Publi sher s.
6
Ki noshi t a, Susumu, ed. Pr oceedings of OAA. Tori no, I t al y, 2001.
7
Shi mada, S. and H. I shi o. Op t ical Am pl if iers and Their Appl icat i ons. John Wil ey and Sons, 2000.
8
Pr oceedi ngs of Symposi um on Polar i zat i on Mode Di sper si on. Veni ce, I t aly , 2002.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Chapter 4. WDM Network Design -1
I nt r oduct i on t o Opt i cal Desi gn
Fact ors That Af fect Sy st em Desi gn
Ef fect of Chr omat ic Di sper si on on Tr ansmi ssi on Lengt h and I nduced Power Penal t y
Design of a Poi nt - t o- Point Li nk Based on Q- Fact or and OSNR
Cal cul at i on of Q- Fact or fr om OSNR
Mar gi n Requir ement s
Design Usi ng Chr omat i c Di sper si on Compensat i on
OSNR and Di sper si on- Based Desi gn
Frequency Chi r p
Ef fect s of FWM and XPM on Long- Haul Desi gn
PMD i n Long- Haul Desi gn
Exampl es
Summar y
Refer ences

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Introduction to Optical Design
A net wor k pl anner needs t o opt i mi ze t he var i ous el ect r i cal and opt ical par amet er s t o ensur e
smoot h oper at i ons of a wavel engt h di vi si on mult ipl exi ng ( WDM) net wor k. Whet her t he net wor k
t opol ogy i s t hat of a point - t o- poi nt l i nk, a ri ng, or a mesh, sy st em design inher ent ly can be
consi dered t o be of t wo separ at e par t s: opt i cal syst em desi gn and elect r i cal or hi gher - l ay er
syst em desi gn. To t he net wor ki ng wor l d, t he opt i cal l ay er ( WDM l ayer ) appears as a barr en
physi cal l ayer whose f unct i on i s t o t r anspor t r aw bi t s at a hi gh bit r at e wi t h negl i gi bl e l oss. Most
convent i onal net wor k l ay er pl anner s do not care about t he heuri st i cs of t he opt i cal l ayer .
However , such l apses can oft en be cat ast r ophi c. Unt i l t he bi t r at e and t he t ransmi ssion di st ance
i s under some bounded const r ai nt ( for exampl e, smal l net works) , i t i s oft en not impor t ant t o
consi der t he opt i cal par amet er s.
However , as t he bi t r at e i ncr eases and t ransmi ssion l engt h i ncr eases, t hese opt i cal paramet ers
have t he capabi l i t y of pl ay i ng t r uant i n t he net wor k. A net wor k pl anner must consi der t he
aff ect i ng par amet er s and buil d a net wor k t hat accommodat es t he i mpai r ment s caused by t he
opt i cal paramet ers. Thi s chapt er expl ores some of t he desi gn const r ai nt s i nvol ved i n t he WDM
net wor k design.
Consi der an opt ical si gnal as a sl owl y var yi ng si gnal of ampl i t ude A ( , t ) ( f unct i on of di st ance ' '
and t i me ' t ') , on which vari ous par amet er s ar e act i ng at al l t imes. An opt i cal si gnal , as di scussed
i n Chapt er 1, "I nt roduct i on t o Opt i cal Net wor king, " pr opagat es t hrough a si l i ca fi ber wi t h
pr opagat i on const ant , whose val ue i s obt ai ned f r om t he sol ut ion of t he basi c wave equat i ons.
Fur t her , t hi s opt i cal si gnal i s subj ect ed t o at t enuat i on, whi ch by vir t ue of i t sel f, i s a proper t y of
t he pr opagat i ng medi umsi l i ca fi ber i n t hi s case. At t enuat i on i n a f i ber i s char act er i zed by t he
at t enuat i on const ant , whi ch gi ves t he l oss ( i n dB) per t r avel ed km.
Why is at t enuat i on par amet er import ant ? Fi r st , common t hi nki ng say s t hat i f t he t ot al
accumul at ed at t enuat i on is gr eat er t han t he si gnal i nput l aunch power P
i n
, a si gnal wi l l not exi st
at t he r ecei ving end. Thi s, al t hough col loqui al , i s an i mpor t ant issue f or ver i f yi ng si gnal recept i on
at t he r ecei ving end of a communi cat i on channel . Second, for opt i cal communi cat i on t o happen,
a r ecei ver ( essent i al l y a phot odet ect or, ei t her a PI N or APD t y pe) needs a mi ni mum amount of
power t o di st i nguish t he 0s and 1s fr om t he r aw i nput opt i cal si gnal .
The mi ni mum power r equi rement of t he r ecei ver i s cal l ed t he r eceiv er sen si t i vi t y , R, and i s
cover ed i n Chapt er 2, "Net wor ki ng wi t h DWDM - 1." Here, we must ensur e t hat t he t ransmi t
power i s hi gh enough so t hat i t can mai nt ai n signal power > R at t he r eceiver end, despi t e t he
at t enuat i on al ong t he t r ansmissi on li ne. That does not mean t hat i f we i ncrease t he t ransmi t
power t o a high l evel , we can send bi t s acr oss gr eat di st ances. Hi gh i nput power al so i s a
br eedi ng gr ound f or i mpai r ment s ( nonl i near i t i es such as cr oss- phase modul at i on [ XPM] , sel f-
phase modul at i on [ SPM] , f our - wave mi xi ng [ FWM] and so on) . I n addit ion, an upper l imi t exi st s
for ever y receiver ( APD t y pe or PI N t ype) for r ecei vi ng opt i cal power . Thi s i s gi ven by t he
dy nami c r ange of t he r ecei ver , and i t set s t he maxi mum and mi ni mum power r ange for t he
r ecei ver t o funct i on. For exampl e, 7 dBm t o 28 dBm i s a t y pi cal dynami c r ange of a r ecei ver .
Ther ef or e, t he maxi mum i nput power t hat we can l aunch i nt o t he f i ber i s l i mit ed. Thi s al so l i mit s
t he maxi mum t r ansmi ssi on di st ance, L. I f P
i nMax
i s t he maximum i nput power , t he t r ansmi ssi on
di st ance i s L, and P
r
i s t he mi ni mum r ecei ver power ; t hen Equat i on 4- 1 shows t he maxi mum
i nput power t hat can be sent i nt o t he f i ber and Equat i on 4- 2 shows t he maxi mum t r ansmissi on
di st ance.
Equ at i on 4- 1

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Equ at i on 4- 2
NOTE
The opt i cal power at t he r ecei ver end has t o be wi t hi n t he dynami c r ange of t he
r ecei ver ; ot her wi se, it damages t he r ecei ver ( i f i t exceeds t he maximum value) or t he
r ecei ver cannot dif fer ent i at e bet ween 1s and 0s i f t he power l evel i s l ess t han t he
mi ni mum val ue.
For an i nput power of + 5 dB and a r ecei ver sensi t i vi t y of 20 dBm at 1550 nm, t he maxi mum
t r ansmi ssi on di st ance wi t hout ampl i fi cat i on is shown i n t he fol l owing equat i on. ( Assume = 0. 2
dB/ km at 1550 nm. We usual ly get f r om t he manuf act ure' s spec. )
Fur t her i n t he precedi ng calcul at i on, we have negl ect ed di sper sion, fi ber nonl i near it ies,
pol ar i zat i on, spect r al br oadeni ng, chi r p ( source broadeni ng) , fi ber pl ant l osses ( connect er s,
spl i ces, and aging fact or s) , and so on. I f we consi der t hese eff ect s, t hen t he maxi mum lengt h i s
r educed f ur t her . How can we t hen have ul t r a l ong- haul i nt er cont i nent al sy st ems? By pl aci ng
r epeat er s i n cascade, we can enhance t he t r ansmi ssi on di st ance.
Two ki nds of repeat er s exi st : opt o- el ect r o- opt o ( OEO) el ect r i cal r epeat er s t hat det ect , r eshape,
r et ime, and r et r ansmi t ( 3R) t he si gnal ( channel - by - channel ) , and t he fi ber ampli f i er s
( 1R) ( doped fi ber , Raman, and SOA) t hat boost t he si gnal power l evel ( no r eshape and no
r et imi ng) ent i r ely in t he opt i cal domai n. A t hir d t echni que al so exi st s: r eshape and r eampl i fy
( 2R) r egenerat ion. Thi s t echnique i s gaini ng in popul ar i t y due t o i t s pr ot ocol i ndependence. This
book di scussed 2R i n Chapt er 2, so i t i s not necessary t o consi der i t here f r om a desi gn
per spect i ve because i t proposes a gener ic alt er nat i ve t o t he ot her desi gn schemes.
El ect ri cal r epeat ers have an advant age i n t hat t hey can compl et el y r el aunch t he si gnal by
r egener at i ng and f ur t her r et r ansmi t t ing it due t o opt o- elect r oni c conver si on and regener at i on. To
do so, t he composi t e WDM si gnal needs t o be ful ly demul t ipl exed, whi ch i s nei t her cost eff ect i ve
nor ef fi ci ent . Opt i cal ampl if i er s al l evi at e t hat pr obl em by ampl i fy i ng al l t he channel s t oget her
compl et el y i n t he opt i cal domai n; t heref ore, opt i cal ampl if i er s can enhance t he t r ansmi ssi on
di st ance. So, does t hat mean t hat opt i cal ampl i fi er s can i ncr ease t he ampl i fy i ng di st ance as
much as t hey want s? Not r eall y ! Ampl if i er s come at a pr i ce and i nduct a t rade off ; t hey enhance
t he si gnal power l evel , but at t he same t i me, t hey add t heir own compl ement of noi se. Thi s noise
i s ampl i fi ed spont aneous emi ssi on ( ASE) , whi ch was i nt roduced i n Chapt er 3, "Net wor ki ng wi t h
DWDM - 2." Pl ease r efer t o Fi gur e 4- 1.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gu r e 4- 1. Si ngl e St age Ampl i f i er and Noi se Associ at ed wi t h Si gn al
The noi se is random i n nat ure, and i t i s accumul at ed at each ampl i fi cat i on st age. Refer t o Fi gur e
4- 2.
Fi gu r e 4- 2. Noi se Accu mul at i on Resu l t i n g f r om Mu l t i st age Ampl i f i cat i on
Ampl i fi er noi se i s a sever e problem i n syst em desi gn. A f i gur e of meri t here is t he opt i cal si gnal -
t o- noise r at i o ( OSNR) r equir ement of t he syst em. The OSNR specif i es t he r at i o of t he net si gnal
power t o t he net noi se power . I t i s a r at io of t wo power s; t her efor e, i f a si gnal and noi se ar e
bot h ampl i f ied, sy st em OSNR st il l t el l s t he qual i t y of t he si gnal by cal culat ing t hi s r at i o. Sy st em
desi gn based on OSNR i s an i mport ant f undament al desi gn t ool .
NOTE
OSNR i s not j ust li mi t ed t o opt ical ampli f i er - based net works. Ot her act i ve and passi ve
devi ces can also add noi se and creat e an OSNR- l imi t ed sy st em design pr obl em. Act i ve
devi ces such as l aser s and ampl i fi er s add noi se. Passi ve devi ces such as t aps and t he
fi ber can add component s of noi se. I n t he cal cul at i on of syst em desi gn, opt i cal
ampl i fi er noi se i s consi dered t he pr edomi nant source f or OSNR penal t y and
degr adat ion. That does not i mpl y unimport ance t o ot her sources of OSNR penal t y .
Fi gur es 4- 1 and 4- 2 shows t he eff ect of noi se on si gnal as t he si gnal and noi se pass t hr ough t he
ampl i fi er s.
Di sper si on, ment ioned i n Chapt er 1, causes pulse spr eadi ng. The most i mpor t ant f orm of
di sper si on i s gr oup veloci t y disper sion ( GVD) . Gr oup veloci t y i s i nver sel y pr opor t i onal t o t he r at e
of change of pr opagat ion const ant wi t h r espect t o f requency . I sn' t a const ant ? Not r eal ly !

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
act ual l y ( i ndir ect l y) depends on , t he nonli near coeff i ci ent , and P, t he power of t he si gnal .
fur t her depends on t he gr oup i ndex, whi ch i n t ur n depends on t he GVD par amet er s. Ther ef or e,
di sper si on causes sever e pul se spreadi ng and leads t o i nt er symbol i nt erf erence ( I SI ) . The GVD
par amet er
2
i s t he second or der di ffer ent i al of t he wi t h r espect t o change i n opt i cal fr equency -
omega.
Techni ques ar e avai l abl e t o compensat e di sper si on. Not e her e t hat t he di sper si on di scussed so
far ( GVD) i s call ed chr omat i c di sper si on as opposed t o ot her f or ms of di spersi on, such as
pol ar i zat i on mode di spersi on, or PMD. ( PMD is di scussed f r om a desi gn poi nt of vi ew i n Chapt er
5, "WDM Net wor k Design - 2". ) Disper sion f l at t ened or shif t ed fi ber s ar e an exampl e. Di spersi on
shi ft ed fi ber s ( DSFs) have t he zer o- di spersi on wavel engt h shi ft ed i nt o t he oper at i ng band.
Fur t her di sper si on- compensat i ng f i bers can be pl aced at st r at egi c l ocat i ons i n a net work so t hat
we can reshape t he br oadened pulse as desi r ed. Yet anot her t echni que i s t o use fi ne fi ber Br agg
gr at i ngs ( FBGs) - based disper sion compensat or s. The quest i on st i ll r emai ns: I n a net work, wher e
do we pl ace t he di sper si on compensat or s? Di sper si on compensat i on i s needed onl y f or si gnal s
above a cer t ai n bi t r at e.
Anot her desi gn i ssue i s pol ar i zat i on. Assumi ng fi ber s t o be polar i zat i on pr eser vi ng i s not a good
i dea. Di f fer ent polar i zat i on st at es cr eat e di f fer ent l evel s of PMD. PMD compensat i on and
pl acement i s y et anot her st r ong i ssue at hi gh bi t r at e signal s.
Last but not l east , we need t o consi der f i ber nonli near i t i es. Sel f - phase modulat ion and cr oss
phase modul at i on are t wo common coupl i ng problems. FWM, st i mul at ed Raman scat t eri ng
( SRS) , and st imulat ed Br i ll ouin scat t eri ng ( SBS) ar e al so hi gh bi t r at e, hi gh power i ssues.
A sy st em desi gn can be opt i mi zed by consi der ing t hese ef fect s i n a st r at egi c manner . The
sect i ons t hat fol l ow consi der sever al st eps t hat need t o be consi der ed i n an i deal syst em desi gn
case. I ni t i al l y , l et 's assume a poi nt - t o- poi nt l i nk and t hen speci fi cal l y l ook at r i ng and mesh
net wor ks in Chapt er 5.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Factors That Affect System Design
I ni t i al l y, fi ber l oss was consi dered t he bi ggest f act or i n l i mi t i ng t he l engt h of an opt ical channel .
However , as dat a r at es gr ew and pulses occupi ed l esser and l esser t i me sl ot s, gr oup veloci t y
di sper si on and nonl inear i t i es ( SPM, XPM, and FWM) became i mpor t ant consi derat i ons.
As we wi l l see in t he fol l owi ng sect i ons, an opt ical l i nk is desi gned by t aking int o account a f i gur e
of mer i t , which i s gener al ly t he bit err or r at e ( BER) of t he sy st em. For most pract i cal WDM
net wor ks, t hi s r equi r ement of BER i s 10
-12
( ~ 10
-9
t o 10
-12
) , which means t hat a maxi mum one
out of ever y 10
12
bi t s can be corr upt ed dur i ng t r ansmissi on. Ther efor e, BER i s consi dered an
i mpor t ant fi gure of mer i t f or WDM net wor ks; al l designs ar e based t o adhere t o t hat qual i t y.
I n Chapt er 2, we saw t he anal y t i cal explanat i on behi nd BER. I t showed BER t o be a r at i o of t he
di f fer ence of hi gh and l ow bi t l evels ( power) t o t he di f fer ence in st andard devi at i on of hi gh and
l ow bit l evel s. As can be observed i t i s quit e di ff i cul t t o cal cul at e BER inst ant aneousl y .
Anot her pl ausi bl e expl anat i on of BER can be consi der ed as fol l ows. For a phot odet ect or t o det ect
a 1 bit cor rect l y ( assumi ng nonr et ur n- t o- zer o/ r et urn- t o- zer o, or NRZ/ RZ modul at i on; see
Chapt er 2) , i t needs a cer t ai n mi ni mum number of phot ons ( N
p
) fal l i ng on i t . I f N
TP
i s t he
number of phot ons l aunched at t he t r ansmi t t er and p i s t he number of phot ons l ost
( hy pot het ical l y ) due t o at t enuat i on, absorpt i on, scat t eri ng, and ot her i mpair ment s dur i ng
t r ansmi ssi on, t hen i f N
TP
- p < N
p
, t he r ecei ver wi l l not be abl e t o decode t he si gnal s proper l y .
To sust ai n good communi cat i on, i t is i mper at i ve t hat N
TP
p > N
p
over ' L' t he desi r ed l engt h of
t r ansmi ssi on channel . The number of phot ons t ransl at es t o t he power ( whi ch i s a funct i on of
i nt ensi t y ) of t he opt i cal si gnal .
From t he expl anat i on, i t becomes evi dent why opt i cal sy st em desi gn consi der s power budget and
power mar gi ns ( saf et y mar gi ns for good desi gn) so import ant .
As f ar as t he di spersi on i ssue goes, we know t hat di sper si on i s t he spreadi ng of a pul se i n t i me
domai n, general l y due t o t he l ar ge var i ance of t he spect r al domai n. ( Many dif fer ent spect r al
component s exi st i n a pul se, each t ravel li ng at a di ff er ent speed. ) That means di sper si on causes
pulse spr eadi ng.
The most har mf ul ef fect of t his pul se spr eadi ng i s I SI . Even i f y ou assume I SI never t o happen
( due t o good desi gn) , st i l l a smal l amount of di sper sion has sever al har mf ul ef fect s. The
spr eadi ng of a pul se lower s i t s power cont ent , whi ch means t hat p i ncreases. I n ot her wor ds,
t he number of phot ons t hat wi l l st r i ke t he phot odet ect or decreases. Therefor e, when we ar e
consi deri ng disper si on- l i mi t ed syst ems, we must consi der a power penal t y due t o disper si on.
Thi s power penal t y
3
can quali t at ivel y be def i ned as t he net l oss in power because of di sper sion
duri ng t r ansmi ssi on of a si gnal i n a di sper si on af fect ed/ li mi t ed sy st em.
Quali t at i vel y, power penal t y can also be consi dered as t he net ext r a power r equi r ed t o pump up
t he si gnal so t hat i t r eaches t he r eceiver ( phot odet ect or) whi l e mai nt ai ni ng t he mi nimum BER
r equi r ement of t he sy st em. Ty pi cal l y, t he power penalt y for most net works i s i n t he r ange of 23
dB. I TU speci fi cat i on G957 st at es t hat t hi s penal t y shoul d not be great er t han 2 dB.
Long-Haul Impairments: Nonlinearity
By pl aci ng opt i cal ampl i f ier s, we can great l y enhance t he power of an opt i cal si gnal as i t r eaches
t he phot odet ect or . Yet anot her syst em desi gn consider at i on i s t he net f i ber nonl i near i t y t hat i s
pr esent i n si l i ca f iber s. The i nt ensi t y of t he el ect r omagnet i c wave propagat i ng t hr ough a f iber
gi ves ri se t o nonl i near i t i es. The r ef r act i ve i ndex has a st r ong nonl inear component t hat depends

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
on t he power level of t he si gnal . Nonl i neari t y produces a nonl i near phase shi f t denot ed by
NL
.
Thi s i s shown i n Equat i on 4- 3.
Equ at i on 4- 3
I n Equat i on 4- 3, i s t he nonl inear coef fi cient t hat i s denot ed by Equat i on 4- 4.
Equ at i on 4- 4
I n Equat i on 4- 4, n
2
i s t he cl addi ng i ndex, and A
eff
i s t he ar ea of cross- sect i on of t he cor e. Fur t her

NL
bei ng dependent of P
i n
such t hat P
i n
by i t sel f i s a t i me var y i ng response.
Ther ef or e, t he nonl i near phase shi f t i nduced i n a f ast - movi ng opt i cal pul se i s quit e dy nami c.
The i mpl i cat i on is t hat a f requency chir p i s associ at ed wit h t hi s phase shi f t . I n ot her wor ds, a
pulse at fr equency
0
woul d, i n t i me, have component s i n t he f r equency r ange shown i n t he next
equat i on.
I n t he equat ion,
NL
i s dy namic. The r esul t i s pulse spr eadi ng, whi ch i s a r esul t of t he power
dependence on t he i nduced phase shi f t . Ther efor e, t o keep a check on t he maxi mum phase shi ft
t hat a pul se can have, i t i s i mper at i ve t o set a t hreshol d t o t he maxi mum input power . Thi s
nonli near phase shi ft i s Sel f Phase Modulat ion ( SPM) . I n opt i cal communicat i on, l ight pat hs need
t o be desi gned, keepi ng i n mi nd t he maxi mum t ol er abl e phase shi ft
NL
< 1. Ther efor e, t he
maxi mum power [ P
i n max
|
NL
< 1] can l i mi t phase shi ft t o l ess t han t he sy st em requi rement .
SPM does not act al one. I n opt i cal communi cat i on, GVD and SPM oft en go hand i n hand, act i ng
quasi - si mul t aneousl y over a l engt h of t he fi ber . The input channel power needs t o be opt i mi zed
so t hat i t ensures a net di sper si on ( at a gi ven bi t rat e) t hat i s l ess t han t he mi ni mum t ol er abl e
di sper si on, as well as for whi ch t he net nonl i near eff ect s ar e under cont r ol . I n ot her wor ds, a
t r adeoff i s i nvol ved: We need some more power t o t ake car e of t he disper si on- i nduced power
penal t y , but t hi s addit ional power l eads t o fi ber nonl i near eff ect s ( such as SPM) , whi ch cr eat es
mor e spr ead.
An opt i mi zat i on t echnique i nvol ves si mul at i on, wher eby we can corr ect l y desi gn t he net wor k by
consi deri ng al l t he af fect ing fact or s and usi ng t he appr opr i at e ent i t i es t o com- pensat e f or t hese
fact or s. I n one met hod, SPM and GVD ar e bot h cal cul at ed on a spl i t Four i er t r ansfor m. Usi ng t his
met hod, fr equency domai n anal y si s of t he t wo ef fect s i s accompl i shed by br eaki ng t he cyl i ndri cal
wavegui de ( f i ber) i nt o i nfi ni t esi mal over l appi ng segment s, such t hat SPM i s assumed t o act on
odd segment s and GVD i s set t o act on even segment s. The fi nal sum of eff ect s on t he l ast and
penult imat e segment s gi ves t he net i mpai r ment i n t he sy st em.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
So f ar , nonli near i t i es have been consi der ed on j ust one channel . What happens when we have a
WDM syst em? Do par al l el channel s have an eff ect on each ot her ? Two or more channel s have
nonli near ef fect s on each ot her : XPM and FWM. Cross phase modul at i on r esul t s fr om t he
di f fer ent car ri er f requency of independent channel s, i ncl uding t he associ at ed phase shi f t s on one
anot her . Cr oss phase modul at i on i s sever el y harmf ul and i s t wi ce as power ful as Sel f phase
modul at i on. The i nduced phase shi ft i s due t o t he " wal kover" eff ect , wher eby t wo pul ses at
di f fer ent bi t r at es or wi t h di ff er ent gr oup vel oci t i es wal k acr oss each ot her . The sl ower pulse sees
t he wal kover and i nduces a phase shi ft because of t hi s wal kover ef fect . The t ot al phase shi f t
depends on t he net power of al l t he channel s and on t he bi t out put of t he channel s. Maxi mum
phase shif t i s pr oduced when t wo 1 bi t s wal k acr oss each ot her due t o t he hi gh power i n bot h t he
bi t s ( as opposed t o t he l ower power level s when bot h bi t s ar e not at l ogi cal 1) .
Mat hemat i cal ly , t he phase shif t is shown i n Equat i on 4- 5.
Equ at i on 4- 5
I n Equat i on 4- 5, w is t he t ot al number of channel s and P
k
i s t he power of t he k
t h
channel . The
maxi mum phase shi f t ( f or al l 1 bi t s) is shown i n Equat i on 4- 6.
Equ at i on 4- 6
NOTE
Anot her met hod i s t o sol ve Schr di nger' s nonl inear pr opagat ion equat ion shown i n t he
next equat i on.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Effect of Chromatic Dispersion on Transmission Length
and Induced Power Penalty
Gr oup vel oci t y di sper sion ( chr omat i c di sper si on) i s a pr i mar y cause of concern i n hi gh bi t r at e ( >
2. 5 Gbps) si ngl e- mode WDM sy st ems. As expl ained previ ously , di sper si on i n an opt i cal pul se
creat es pul se br oadeni ng such t hat t he pul se spr eads i nt o t he slot s ( i n t he t i me domai n) of t he
ot her pul ses. This not onl y causes I SI , but i t al so i nt r oduces a power penal t y , whi ch can cause
degr adat ion of t he sy st em' s SNR. As shown i n t he next sect i on, OSNR is a t r ue f i gur e of mer it for
opt i cal communi cat i ons. The power penal t y due t o di sper si on is shown i n Equat i on 4- 7.
Equ at i on 4- 7
I n t he pr eceding equat i on, i s t he spect ral widt h and i s t he pul se wi dt h. Furt her for SMF fi ber s,
di sper si on par amet er D = 17 ps/ Km nm. The l i mi t on t ransmi ssion dist ance i s shown as i n
Equat i on 4- 8.
Equ at i on 4- 8
Ther ef or e, t he f ol lowi ng equat i on i s t r ue.
K i s a const ant ; t her ef or e, as B i ncr eases, L decreases wi t h t he squar e r oot of B.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Design of a Point-to-Point Link Based on Q-Factor and
OSNR
To desi gn a net work, i t i s i mper at i ve t o compl y t he syst em desi gn wi t h t he BER r equi r e- ment of
t he net work. I f one car eful l y consi der s t he pr ecedi ng cri t er i a, i t shoul d be evi dent t hat
cal culat ing BER inst ant aneousl y i s an i nt r i gui ng t ask gi ven t hat a desi gner has t ool s such as a
spr eadsheet and calculat or . Chapt er 2 br ief ly di scussed t he Q- f act or of an opt i cal si gnal . The Q-
fact or pr ovi des a qual i t at i ve descri pt ion of t he r eceiver per for mance because i t i s a funct i on of
t he si gnal t o noi se r at io ( opt i cal ) . The Q- f act or suggest s t he mi nimum SNR r equir ed t o obt ain a
speci f i c BER for a gi ven si gnal. Fi gur e 4- 3 shows t he r elat ionshi p of Q- fact or t o BER. As we can
see, t he hi gher t he val ue of Q- fact or , t he bet t er t he BER.
Fi gu r e 4- 3. The Rel at i onshi p of Q t o BER
Fi gur e 4- 4 shows t he penalt y of t he Q- fact or due t o nonl i near eff ect s by i ncr ease i n i nput power .
Fi gu r e 4- 4. Q- Fact or Penal t y

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Mat hemat i cal ly, Equat i on 4- 9 gi ves t he Q- f act or of an opt i cal si gnal .
Equ at i on 4- 9
I n Equat i on 4- 9, I
1
i s t he val ue of t he 1- bi t cur rent , I
0
i s t he val ue of t he 0- bi t cur rent ,
1
i s t he
st andar d devi at i on of t he 1- bit cur r ent , and
0
i s t he st andard devi at i on of t he 0- bi t cur r ent . The
r el at i onship of Q- fact or t o BER i s shown i n Equat i on 4- 10.
Equ at i on 4- 1 0
A not e on err or f unct i on i s pr ovi ded i n Chapt er 2.
Why is BER di ff i cul t t o si mul at e or cal cul at e? For a gi ven desi gn at a BER ( such as 10
-12
and a
l i ne r at e of OC- 3, or 155 Mbps) , t he net work woul d have one err or i n approxi mat ely 10 day s. I t
woul d t ake 1000 day s t o r ecord a st eady st at e BER val ue. That i s why BER calcul at i ons ar e qui t e
di f fi cul t . On t he ot her hand, Q- fact or anal ysi s i s compar at i vel y easy . Q i s of t en measured i n dB.
The next quest i on is how t o dy nami call y cal cul at e Q. Thi s i s done fr om OSNR.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Calculation of Q-Factor from OSNR
The OSNR i s t he most i mpor t ant par amet er t hat is associ at ed wi t h a given opt i cal signal . I t is a
measurable ( pr act ical ) quant it y for a gi ven net wor k, and i t can be cal cul at ed fr om t he gi ven
syst em paramet ers. The fol l owi ng sect i ons show you how t o cal cul at e OSNR. Thi s sect ion
di scusses t he r el at i onshi p of OSNR t o t he Q- f act or .
The l ogari t hmi c val ue of Q ( i n dB) i s r el at ed t o t he OSNR by Equat i on 4- 11.
Equ at i on 4- 1 1
I n t he equat ion, B
0
i s t he opt ical bandwi dt h of t he end devi ce ( phot odet ect or) and B
c
i s t he
el ect r i cal bandwidt h of t he r ecei ver f i l t er .
Ther ef or e, Q( dB) i s shown in Equat i on 4- 12.
Equ at i on 4- 1 2
I n ot her wor ds, Q is somewhat pr opor t i onal t o t he OSNR. Gener al l y, noi se cal cul at i ons are
per for med by opt i cal spect rum anal y zers ( OSAs) or sampl i ng osci l l oscopes, and t hese
measurement s ar e carr i ed over a par t i cul ar measur i ng r ange of B
m
. Ty pi cal l y, B
m
i s
approxi mat ely 0. 1 nm or 12. 5 GHz f or a gi ven OSA. Fr om Equat i on 4- 12, showi ng Q in dB i n
t er ms of OSNR, i t can be under st ood t hat i f B
0
< B
c
, t hen OSNR ( dB ) > Q ( dB) . For pr act ical
desi gns OSNR( dB) > Q( dB) , by at l east 12 dB. Ty pi call y , whi l e desi gni ng a hi gh- bi t r at e
syst em, t he mar gi n at t he r ecei ver is appr oxi mat el y 2 dB, such t hat Q i s about 2 dB smal l er t han
OSNR ( dB) .
Calculation of OSNR for a Point-to-Point Link
Consi der a physi cal l ink AB, as shown i n Fi gur e 4- 5. Assume t hi s t o be a l ong- haul fi ber WDM
l i nk ( a l ink t hat i s several hundr ed ki l omet er s) . Ampl i fi ers are pl aced per iodi cal l y at repeat ed
i nt er val s t o boost si gnal power . Ther efor e, a si gnal can r each much far t her t han t he maxi mum
al l owabl e accumul at ed l oss due t o t he fi ber ( L) . However, in doing so, each ampl i fi er st age
adds i t s own component of ampli f i ed spont aneous emi ssi on ( ASE) noise and degr ades t he OSNR
fur t her. Mor eover, ever y ampl i fi er ampl i fi es t he al r eady pr esent noise. Not e t hat noise i s
omni pr esent t hr oughout t he spect r a and almost impossi bl e t o be r emoved. Ther efor e, i t is
i mperat ive t o devi se a met hod t o cal culat e t he OSNR ( out put ) at t he end of an N st age- ampl i fi ed
syst em and see i f t he val ue N i s st il l val i d.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gu r e 4- 5. A Mul t i p l e St ag e Ampl i f i ed DWDM Sy st em Depl oy ed i n a
Poi n t - t o- Poi nt Topol ogy
I n an OSNR- based desi gn, we must ensur e t hat OSNR of t he fi nal st age i s i n compli ance wi t h
syst em OSNR r equi r ement s and hence t he BER requir ement s. To make t he sy st em suppor t a
par t i cul ar BER, i t i s necessar y t o make t he OSNR syst em desi gn compl iant .
The OSNR of each st age i s shown in Equat i on 4- 13.
Equ at i on 4- 1 3
I n Equat ion 4- 13, NF
st age
i s t he noi se f igur e of t he st age, h is Plank' s const ant ( 6. 6260 x 10-
34
) ,
i s t he opt ical f r equency 193 THz, and f i s t he bandwi dt h t hat measur es t he NF ( i t i s usual l y
0. 1 nm) .
The t ot al OSNR for t he sy st em can be consi der ed by a r eci procal met hod and i s shown i n
Equat i on 4- 14.
Equ at i on 4- 1 4
for t he ' N' st age syst em. That summari zes t o Equat i on 4- 15.
Equ at i on 4- 1 5
A sl i ght det ai l ed anal ysi s pr ovi des a mor e appropri at e equat i on for OSNR. For a si ngle ampl if i er
of gai n G, t he OSNR i s shown i n Equat i on 4- 16.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Equ at i on 4- 1 6
I n Equat i on 4- 16, n
sp
i s t he popul at i on i nver si on paramet er t hat i s shown i n Equat i on 4- 17 and
i s t he rat io of el ect r ons i n hi gher and lower st at es.
Equ at i on 4- 1 7
I n Equat i on 4- 17, N
2
i s t he number of el ect r ons i n a higher st at e and N
1
i s t he number of
el ect r ons i n t he lower st at e. ( Ref er t o Chapt er 2 f or mor e det ai l s. )
The popul at i on i nversi on par amet er i s al so shown i n Equat i on 4- 18.
Equ at i on 4- 1 8
For an N ampl i fi er st age sy st em, wi t h each ampl i f ier compensat i ng for t he l oss of t he pr evi ous
span where t he span l oss i n dB i s , y ou have t he rel at i onshi p for f i nal st age OSNR in Equat i on
4- 19.
Equ at i on 4- 1 9
Taki ng logar it hm t o t he common base ( 10) , we get Equat i on 4- 20.
Equ at i on 4- 2 0
From t he previ ous sect i on, we get f = 0.1 nm, or 12.5 GHz. Subst i t ut i ng t hi s, we get Equat i on
4- 21.
Equ at i on 4- 2 1

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
The f ol l owing i s assumed:
The NF of every ampli f i er is t he same. ( we assume uni for mi t y of pr oduct s; t her ef or e, NFs
ar e t he same f or al l ampl i fi er s. )
i s t he span l oss and i s same. ( Thi s i s a gener i c assumpt i on and can be changed, as shown
l at er i n t hi s sect i on. )
Noi se is t ot al ed over bot h st at es of pol ar i zat i on. I n shor t , i t i s unpol ar i zed noi se.
Equat i on 4- 21 pr ovi des t he act ual mat hemat i cal cal cul at ion of OSNR. Thi s cal cul at i on met hod
has qui t e a few appr oxi mat i ons i n whi ch we can st i l l f ind t he sy st em OSNR t o a great degr ee of
accur acy . I n a mul t i channel WDM syst em, t he desi gn should consi der OSNR for t he wor st
channel ( t he one t hat has t he wor st i mpai r ment ) . The wor st channel i s gener al ly t he f ir st or l ast
channel i n t he spect r um.
OSNR Improvements by Raman Amplification
I f we l ook at Equat i on 4- 21, we can see t hat t he EDFA gai n fact or G i s not consi dered. That i s
because OSNR i s a r at i o, and t he gai n act s equal l y on si gnal and noi se, cancel i ng t he gain f act or
i n t he numer at or and denomi nat or . I n ot her wor ds, al t hough EDFAs al l evi at e t he upper bound
on t r ansmissi on l engt h due t o at t enuat ion, by cascadi ng EDFAs i n a ser ies, t he OSNR is
cont i nuousl y degr aded wi t h t r ansmi ssi on l engt h and ASE ( fr om EDFAs) . Thi s degr adat ion can be
l essened somewhat by di st r i but ed Raman ampl if i er s ( DRAs) . As can be seen f rom Chapt er 3,
"Net worki ng wi t h DWDM - 2, " Raman ampl if i cat ion i s i nher ent l y a r esul t of st imul at ed Raman
scat t er i ng of a hi gh i nt ensi t y pump si gnal at a di ff erent fr equency ( compar ed t o t he si gnal
fr equency ) . This pr oduces a gai n because of cr eat ion of a St okes wave, whi ch i n t ur n pr oduces a
gai n feedi ng wave of a wi de bandwi dt h.
Consi der a hy br i d sy st em as shown i n Fi gur e 4- 6.
Fi gu r e 4- 6. Mul t i st age Raman Ampl i f i er - Based Syst em
From t he precedi ng sy st em, t he OSNR of t he fi nal st age i s shown as i n Equat i on 4- 22.
Equ at i on 4- 2 2

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Equat i on 4- 23 gi ves t he OSNR val ue of each st age.
Equ at i on 4- 2 3
As we can see f r om Equat i on 4- 23, t he fact or G
RA
i n t he numer at or act ual l y enhances t he OSNR
of t he sy st em. Fi gur e 4- 7 shows t he var iat ion of Raman gai n wi t h pump power .
Fi gu r e 4- 7. Var i at i on of Raman Gai n wi t h Pump Power

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Margin Requirements
I n a mul t i node WDM l ink, t he mai n component of t he sy st em l oss i s not at t enuat i on due t o
t r ansmi ssi on li nk; but i nst ead, i t i s t he l oss associ at ed wi t h t he var ious subsy st ems. A t ypical
l i nk consi st s of mul t i pl e nodes, each equi pped wi t h a vari et y of component s. The l oss due t o
each component i s hi gh, whi ch resul t s i n a sever e penal t y for sy st em desi gn. A t y pi cal WDM
node might have a f ul l opt i cal mul t i pl ex sect i on ( OMS) t hat consi st s of ar r ayed waveguides
( AWGs) and a swi t chi ng mat r ix. A t y pi cal gr at i ng- based AWG has a 5 dB l oss ( i nser t i on l oss)
associ at ed wi t h i t . An opt i cal si gnal t hat i s passi ng t hr ough a node wi t h t wo such AWGs
( mul t i pl exer and demul t ipl exer sect i on) i s t y pi call y subj ect t o 10 dB l oss in addi t i on t o t he
swit ching fabr i c l oss. An est i mat e of t he l oss can be under st ood wi t h t he fol l owing argument .
Consi der t wo nodes, each equi pped wit h AWGs ( l oss = 5 dB) and swi t chi ng f abr i c ( l oss = 3dB) i n
addit ion t o connect or l oss ( 2 dB) . I f t hey ar e separ at ed by 50 km of SMF ( = 0. 2 dB/ km) , t he
t ot al at t enuat i on due t o t r ansmi ssi on i s 10 dB ( . 2 x 50) . However, at each node, t he loss i s 5 + 5
+ 3 + 2, or 15 dB. I n ot her wor ds, t he nodal l osses can be hi gher as in compar i son t o
t r ansmi ssi on losses. Thi s aff ect s sy st em designs and OSNR as wel l . The ef fect i s i ndir ect i n t he
sense t hat out put power f r om a node i s af fect ed due t o such l osses, whi ch furt her aff ect s OSNR
due t o Equat i on 4- 21.
Tabl e 4- 1 shows t he i nser t ion l oss due t o t ypical el ement s. We have t o quant i ze l osses due t o
i mpai r ment s i n t r ansmi ssi on. As ment i oned i n t he i nt r oduct or y sect i on t o t hi s chapt er , disper si on
can be quant i fi ed as a penal t y i n dB. Si mil ar t reat ment can be done t o ot her phenomena such as
pol ar i zat i on and nonl i near i t i es and so on.
Tab l e 4 -1 . I nser t i on Loss an d Ot her Losses f or 1 55 0 nm Oper at i on
Comp onen t I nser t i on Loss
Wav el engt h -
Depen dent Loss
Pol ar i zat i on -
Depen dent Loss
Cr oss-
Tal k NF
Mult i plexer
Demul t i pl ex ( AWG)
5 dB < 1 dB 0. 1 dB 40 dB
Opt i cal 2 x 2 add-
dr op swi t ch
1. 2 dB < 0.2 dB 0. 1 dB 40 dBm
Coupl er ( 2 x 2)
passi ve
3 dB - - -
Fi lt er - Thi n- fi l m 1 dB 0. 1 dB - 40 dBm
Fi lt er - AOTF/ MZI 1 dB 0. 1 dB - 35 dBm
I nt er leaver 23 dB - - -
Opt i cal cr oss-
connect ( OXC)
Por t t o por t
3 dB t ypi cal
wi t hout AWG l oss
< 0.4 dB 0. 1 dB 40 dBm
Tabl e 4- 2 pr esent s mar gi n r equi rement s f or a good desi gn. These mar gi ns adhere t o vari at i ons

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
i n opt i cal si gnal budget ing issues, especi al ly on a dy nami c l evel . The mar gi ns ar e general l y
chosen by eval uat i ng a set of r eadings t hat r epr esent t he pseudo- popul at i on of a number of
di scret e event s governi ng t he ent i r e sampl e space of opt i cal si gnal desi gn.
Tab l e 4 -2 . Mar gi n Requ i r emen t s
Sy mpt om Loss Mar gi n
Fi ber di spersi on 1 dB
SPM mar gin 0. 5 dB
XPM mar gin 0. 5 dB
DCU compensat i on 6 dB
FWM 0. 5 dB
SRS/ SBS 0. 5 dB
PDL 0. 3 dB
PMD 0. 5 dB
Ampl i fi er gai n t i l t ( due t o nonf l at gai n spect r a) 3. 0 dB
Recei ver sensi t i vi t y t i l t ( wavelengt h dependence of PMD) 0. 5 dB
Tr ansmit t er chir p 0. 5 dB
AWG cross- t al k 0. 2 dB
Fi ber connect ors 0. 5 dB

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Design Using Chromatic Dispersion Compensation
I n a chr omat i c di spersi on- l i mi t ed sy st em in whi ch t he t ot al accumul at ed disper sion f or a
t r avel i ng pul se i s gr eat er t han t he maximum al lowabl e di spersi on, t he syst em cannot f unct i on
because of t r emendous I SI or j ust pur e pulse spr ead. Ther efor e, we need t o pl ace disper sion
compensat i on uni t s ( DCUs) at dif fer ent posi t i ons i n a net wor k. Chapt er 3 di scussed some of t he
di sper si on- compensat i ng schemes, such as di sper si on shi ft ed fi ber s and FBGs, whi ch are t he
most common. When we ar e designi ng a hi gh bi t rat e WDM l ink ( wher e di spersi on can be
consi dered a maj or design impai r ment ) , we shoul d use di sper si on maps t o ef fect i vel y design a
syst em.
Di sper si on maps ar e t wo- dimensi onal maps t hat pl ot t he accumul at ed di sper si on ver sus t he
l engt h of t r ansmi ssi on. They are par t i cular l y useful maps t hat hel p desi gner s t el l wher e t o place
di sper si on compensat ors in a net wor k. Accumul at ed di spersi on i s calcul at ed by mul t i ply i ng t he
fi ber and t he l aser di spersi on speci f icat i ons for a gi ven bi t r at e wi t h respect t o t he l engt h of t he
fi ber . For exampl e, an SMF fi ber 's t ypical val ue of di sper si on i s 16 ps/ nm- km, whi ch means t hat
for ever y t r aver sed kil omet er of SMF f iber , a pulse at 10 Gbps ( 100 ps pul se wi dt h) spreads f or
about 16 ps fr om i t s mean. Ensur e t hat t he accumul at ed pul se spread across ' x' km i s l ess t han
t he maxi mum disper si on l i mi t ( which mi ght be 1600 ps/ km- nm f or a 10 Gbps si gnal ) .
From t hi s discussion, i t i s obvi ous t hat t he si gnal can t ravel 16x = 1600 km ( i f x = 100) of SMF
fi ber at a 10 Gbps bi t rat e. I t i s i mpor t ant t o not e t hat as t he si gnal t r aver ses a great er di st ance,
t he accumul at ed di sper si on al so i ncr eases. For a gi ven bi t r at e and at a gi ven operat ing
wavel engt h ( or operat ing band) , t he maxi mum al l owabl e accumul at ed disper si on i s gi ven by a
st andar d speci f i cat i on. At no point i n t he di sper si on map should t he val ue of t he cur ve go hi gher
t han t he di spersi on t ol er ance l i mi t . Not e t hat t he di sper si on par amet er s depend on many fact or s.
The mai n fact or s ar e t he bi t r at e ( whi ch gi ves t he pul se wi dt h) , t he l engt h of t he fi ber , t he basi c
di sper si on par amet er , and t he spect ral widt h of t he l aser, whi ch qual it at i vel y pr ovides t he
amount of di sper si on i nduced ( GVD) . An int erest i ng speculat ion i s t hat of t he vari at i on of power
penal t y f or di sper sion- l imi t ed sy st ems as a f unct i on of t he di sper si on par amet er D, whi ch i s
der i ved fr om t he speci f icat i on of t he basic fi ber . D can be consi der ed a bal anci ng component
bet ween t he bi t rat e, t he l engt h of t he fi ber , and t he widt h of t he spect r al sour ce t hat emi t s t he
pulse. Ref er t o Fi gur e 4- 8.
Fi gu r e 4- 8. Var i at i on of Di sper si on Par amet er D w i t h Pow er Pen al t y

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Two t echniquespr ecompensat i on and post compensat ioncan compensat e disper sion usi ng any
of t hese met hods. As t he name i mpl i es, pr ecom p en sat i on means compensat i ng f or di spersi on
befor e t he si gnal is induced in t he syst em. Thi s i s a t echni que of compr essi ng t he pul se i n
advance wi t h DCUs; i t t akes car e of t he accumul at ed di sper si on i n advance. I n cont r ast ,
post compensat i on uses compensat i ng equi pment t hat i s pl aced at t he end of a fi ber . I n
pr ecompensat i on, we can pl ace t he DCU aft er t he post l i ne ampl i fi er . Such uni t s have l oops of
fi ber wi t h disper sion prof i le opposi t e t o t hat of t he t r ansmi ssi on fi ber . For exampl e, a
t r ansmi ssi on fi ber woul d have disper sion paramet er of 16 ps/ nm- km. A DCU coul d hy pot het i cal ly
be made t o have a di sper si on pr of il e of ~ 50 ps/ nm- km. The si gnal passes t hr ough such fi ber
spool s ( DCU) and t he pul se i s pr ecompensat ed. Conversel y, wi t h post compensat i on t echni ques,
t he DCU modules ar e placed befor e t he pr el i ne ampl if i er , as shown i n Fi gur e 4- 9. Tabl e 4- 3
shows t he di spersi on par amet er D f or di ff erent kinds of f i ber at 1550 nm.
Fi gu r e 4- 9. DCU Posi t i oni ng i n a Mu l t i st ag e Sy st em ( Above) and
Di sp er si on Map f or t he Same Syst em ( Bel ow ) . Not e t he f al l i n
di sper si on du e t o t he DCU pl acemen t an d al so n ot e t h at accu mul at ed
di sper si on nev er ex ceeds t hr esh ol d ( d ot t ed l i n e) . Pr eced i n g t ech n i qu e
i s f or pr ecomp en sat i on.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Tab l e 4 -3 . Di sp er si on Par amet er D
Fi ber Ty pe
Nor mal Di sper si on at 1 550 nm Measur ed i n p s/ nm-
k m
Si ngl e mode fi ber ( SMF) 17
E- Lar ge Ef fect i ve ar ea f i ber
( ELEAF)
4
Tr ueWave RS ( TW- RS) 4. 2
Di sper si on shi ft ed fi ber ( DSF) - 0. 33
A ser ious l oss ( at t enuat i on) occur s when DCUs ar e added. Thi s i s due t o a coupl i ng dif fer ence
bet ween t r ansmi ssi on fi ber and t he DCU. Moreover , di ff er ent di spersi on pr ofi l es r esul t i n a phase
mi smat ch, whi ch pr event s FWM f r om happeni ng. Thi s i s one advant age of DCU i n li mi t i ng t he
eff ect s of nonl i neari t y . Ref er t o Fi gur es 4- 9 and 4- 10.
Fi gu r e 4- 10 . Di sper si on Maps f or Post compensat i on Scheme

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
OSNR and Dispersion-Based Design
For a gi ven net work, i t i s i mpor t ant t o cal cul at e t he OSNR and make a desi gn based on bot h
OSNR and di sper si on l i mi t at ions. I t i s possi bl e t o compensat e f or disper sion t o a great ext ent .
However , OSNR compensat i on needs 3R ( O- E- O) r egener at i on, whi ch i s expensi ve. I n ot her
wor ds, OSNR compensat ion i s al most i mpossibl e for mult ichannel WDM syst ems. Ther ef ore,
when we are desi gni ng a WDM l i nk, i t i s i mper at i ve t o fi r st consi der OSNR' s l i mi t at i ons. OSNR-
based desi gn essent i al l y means whet her t he OSNR at t he f inal st age ( at t he recei ver) i s i n
conf ormi t y wi t h t he OSNR t hat i s desi r ed t o achi eve t he r equi red BER. Thi s al so guar ant ees t he
BER r equi r ement t hat i s essent i al f or gener at i ng r evenue.
Fol lowi ng OSNR- based desi gn, di spersi on i s t he next issue t o compensat e fr om a design
per spect i ve. Di spersi on- compensat i ng unit s ar e readi l y avai l abl e, but an i mpor t ant issue i s
wher e t o pl ace t hem. Vari ous al gor it hms have been suggest ed dependi ng on t he net wor k
t opol ogy, t he t r ansmi ssi on l engt h, and t he bi t r at es. For most desi gns, opt i mi zat i on pl acement s
have t o be done on a span ( per l engt h) basi s.
Shown i n Fi gur e 4- 11 i s an OSNR map t hat careful ly di ssemi nat es t he opt i cal signal l evel and t he
noi se l evel as t he si gnal passes t hrough each ampl i fi cat i on st age.
Fi gu r e 4- 11 . OSNR Level s i n Ter ms of Si gn al and Noi se Pow er Lev el s
f or Mu l t i st ag e WDM Tr ansmi ssi on

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Frequency Chirp
When pulses ar e gener at ed at t he t ransmi t t ed end, i nt ensi t y modul at i on causes phase
modul at i on due t o t he car ri er - induced change i n t he ref ract i ve i ndex. Thi s change i s i nher ent l y
due t o t he l aser l i newi dt h. Such opt i cal pul ses wi t h a t i me- dependent phase shif t ar e cal l ed
chi rp ed pu lses. The opt i cal spect rum i s br oadened due t o t hi s chi rp. Theor et ical l y , t he chi r p-
i nduced power penal t y is di ff i cult t o cal cul at e, but i t can be appr oxi mat ed t o a 0.5 dB margi n i n
syst em desi gn ( Chir p i s al so def ined i n Chapt er 2. )

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Effects of FWM and XPM on Long-Haul Design
FWM i s a t hi r d- or der nonl i near it y in opt i cal li nks t hat can be compar ed t o t he i nt er modul at i on
di st or t i on in st andard el ect r i cal syst ems. FWM i s wor se for equal ly spaced WDM syst ems and at
hi gh power s. When t hr ee opt i cal channels at f requenci es
i
,
j
, and
k
t ravel such t hat t hey ar e
cl ose t o t he zer o di sper si on wavel engt h, t hey i nt er mingl e t o pr oduce a four t h si gnal whose
fr equency i s shown i n Equat i on 4- 24.
Equ at i on 4- 2 4
Thi s
i j k
can mi x wi t h anot her WDM channel, causi ng sever e cr oss- t al k. For W wavel engt hs in a
fi ber , t he number of FWM channel s ( N) pr oduced i s shown i n Equat i on 4- 25.
Equ at i on 4- 2 5
Fi gur e 4- 12 shows t he eff ect s of FWM i n equal l y spaced syst ems and power consi der at i ons, and
Fi gur e 4- 13 shows t he same consider at i ons for unequal l y spaced sy st ems.
Fi gu r e 4- 12 . Equ al Chann el Spaci n g ( Thr ee Equ al l y Spaced Ch an nel s
Gener at ed Ni ne FWM Si gn al s, Ou t of Whi ch Thr ee Fal l on Top of t h e
Si gn al s)
Fi gu r e 4- 13 . Th r ee Un eq ual Spaced Chann el s Gener at i n g Ni n e FWM
Si gn al s; Non e of t h e Gener at ed Si gnal s Fal l s on Top of t h e Or i gi nal

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Si gn al s
The sol ut i on f or mini mi zi ng FWM i s t o use unequal channel spaci ng i n such a way t hat t he
gener at ed wavelengt h does not i nt er fere wi t h t he signal channel ( s) . Use of NZDSF mi ni mi zes t he
eff ect of FWM.
I n mul t ichannel WDM sy st ems, XPM causes i nt ensi t y - based modul at i on t o adj acent f requency
channel s. XPM causes f l uct uat i ons i n pul se pr opagat ion due t o t he eff ect of ot her channels.
Fur t her mor e, i f adj acent channel s ar e t raveli ng at t he same bit r at e, XPM ef fect s ar e more
pr onounced. One way t o avoi d XPM i s by caref ul l y sel ect i ng bi t r at es for adj acent channel s t hat
ar e not equal t o t he pr esent channel bi t r at e. When desi gni ng WDM l i nks, we t y pi call y keep a 0. 5
dB power penal t y mar gi n for bot h FWM and XPM. XPM has mor e i mpact on cer t ai n t y pes of
modul at i on f ormat s. Ty pi cal ly , FSK and PSK have a mor e pronounced impact t han pur e NRZ and
RZ codi ng.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
PMD in Long-Haul Design
PMD i s not an i ssue at l ow bit r at es; i t becomes a domi nant i ssue at bi t r at es i n excess of 5
Gbps. PMD i s i nher ent l y caused by t he asy mmet r y of t he f i ber . Thi s asy mmet r y adds t o a
pr oper t y cal l ed bi r ef r ingence, such t hat t he t wo pr i nci pl e degener at e modes ( polar i zat i on modes
E
x
and E
y
) are subj ect t o wal kover eff ect . Due t o t hi s wal kover eff ect , t he modes ar e not coupl ed
t o each ot her , whi ch in t urn causes t he pul se t o spr ead in t i me.
The mai n t y pe of PMD consi dered i s second- or der PMD, whi ch essent i al l y or i gi nat es f rom
di sper si on due t o wavelengt h dependence of t he signal as wel l as t he spect ral widt h of t he
si gnal . Fi gur e 4- 14 shows t he heuri st i cs t hat cr eat e PMD i n hi gh bi t - r at e sy st ems.
Fi gu r e 4- 14 . Th e PMD i n a Pul se
A measur e of PMD i s t he di ff er ent i al group del ay ( DGD) , whi ch can si mpl y be visual i zed as t he
t i me di f ference i n mul t i pl e spect r al component s ( at mul t i pl e speeds) over a gi ven l engt h of fi ber .
The pol ari zat i on axes are no l onger j oi nt , and t he separ at i on i ncreases as t he pul se i s
t r ansmi t t ed t hrough a f i ber. The dif fer ence i s somewhat pr opor t i onal t o t he DGD. Theref ore,
DGD can be accur at ely used as a measur e of PMD f or a given sy st em. Mor eover, PMD for a gi ven
fi ber is defi ned as t he mean of DGD. The mean DGD can be cal cul at ed fr om Equat i on 4- 26.
Equ at i on 4- 2 6

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
The t ypical sy st em mar gin f or PMD i s 1 dB f or gener al l ong haul , but i t depends on t he
t r ansmi ssi on lengt h.
Consi der a numer i cal exampl e: I f t he PMD coeff i ci ent of t he gi ven fi ber i s 2 ps and t he dist ance
under consider at i on i s 625 Km, cal cul at e t he DGD. Refer t o Equat i on 4- 27.
Equ at i on 4- 2 7
I n 10 G and 40 G sy st ems, a DGD of t hi s magnit ude degrades t he per f ormance of t he syst em
( causes more BER) .
Fi gur e 4- 15 shows t he basi c f l ow di agr am t hat we woul d use t o desi gn an opt i cal net wor k based
on syst em desi gn pr i ncipl es expl ai ned so far . One i ssue t hat has not been di scussed i s t he t i l t
l i mi t ed syst em, wher eby t he gain of t he ampl i fi er pr oduces dif fer ent ampl i f icat i on for di ff er ent
channel s ( and hence di ff erent noi se l evel s) , gener at i ng di ff er ent val ues of OSNR f or di f fer ent
channel s. Compensat i ng t il t i s a hard t ask despi t e t he avail abil i t y of f l at band fi l t ers ( cal l ed gai n
fl at t ening fi l t er s) as wel l as band equal i zer s, whi ch t r y t o cr eat e uni for mi t y t o some ext ent i n t he
opt i cal wor king band.
Fi gu r e 4- 15 . Fl ow Di agr am of a Gen er i c DWDM Desi gn Case

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Examples
The f ol l owing case st udies r ei nfor ce t he pr i ncipl es di scussed so f ar i n t hi s chapt er .
Case 1
Design a 4 x25 span WDM li nk wit h an opt ical ampli f i er gai n of 22 dB and NF equal t o 5 dB.
Cal cul at e t he fi nal OSNR i f t he i nput power is 0 dB. Cal cul at e t he signal power at t he r eceiver .
Wi l l t his sy st em work if t he r ecei ver sensi t i vi t y i s a mini mum of 25 dB?
Wi l l t he sy st em wor k i f t he i nput power is 10 dB?
The answer i s shown i n Fi gur e 4- 16.
Fi gu r e 4- 16 . Answer t o t h e Pr obl em
You can use one of t he t wo met hods t o det er mi ne t he f i nal OSNR.
Method 1
OSNR
Fi nal
= P
0
+ 58 10l ogN NF
N = 4 ( number of spans)
NF = 5
= 25 dB
OSNR
Fi nal
= 0 + 58 25 10l og4 5
= 58 25 6 5 = 22 dB ( t he best est i mat e val ue)
Method 2
OSNR st age by st age anal y sis using t he f ormula:
OSNR
st agei
= 1/ ( 1/ OSNR
st age0
+ NF. h.v. f / P
i n
) ( 1/ OSNR
st age0
= 0)

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
OSNR St age 1
NF = 5 dB conver t i ng t o l i near = 3. 166 ( 10
NF dB/ 10
)
h = Pl ank' s const ant = 6. 6260E 34
v = fr equency of l i ght 1. 9350E + 14
f = bandwi dt h ( measur ing t he NF) = 12. 5 KHz ( . 1 nm)
P
i n
= i nput power at t he ampl if i er
0 25 dB = 25 dB
OSNR
st age1
= 28 dB
Out put fr om t he ampl i fi er = 25 + 22 = 3 dB
OSNR St age 2
OSNR
st age2
= 1/ ( 1/ OSNR
st age1
+ NF. h.v. f / P
i n
)
I nput at t he second ampl i fi er
= 3 25 = 28 dB
OSNR
st age2
= 23 dB
Out put fr om t he ampl i fi er = 28 + 22 = 6
OSNR St age 3
OSNR
st age3
= 1/ ( 1/ OSNR
st age3
+ NF. h.v. f / P
i n
)
I nput at t he t hi r d ampl i f ier = 6 25 = 31 dB
OSNR
st age3
= 20 dB
Out put fr om t he ampl i fi er = 31 + 22 = 9 dB
Power at t he r ecei ver
= 9 25 = 34 dB
I f t he r ecei ver sensi t i vit y is 25, t he sy st em wil l not wor k.
The sol ut i on i s t o ( a) i ncr ease t he gain of t he ampl i fi er ( b) i ncrease t he input power of t he
t r ansmi t t er .
The same sol ut i on for 10dB i nput power i s shown i n Fi gur e 4- 16.
Usi ng Met hod 1: OSNR
f inal
= 10 + 58 25 6 5 = 32
Met hod 2: gi ves OSNR
f inal
= 29 dB
The di ff er ence i n val ue is due t o t he appr oxi mat i on made i n t he par amet er s.
Fi nal power at t he r ecei ver

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
= 10( Tr ) 25 ( l oss1) + 22 ( gai n1) 25 ( l oss2) + 22 ( gai n 2) 25 ( l oss 3) + 22 ( gai n 3) 25
( l oss) = 24 dB
The r ecei ver sensi t i vi t y i s gi ven as 25 dB, so t he sy st em wil l wor k.
Case 2
Cal cul at e t he number of spans i n t hi s l i nk, gi ven P
i n
= 0 dB; OSNR
f inal
= 20 dB t ot al l engt h =
300 km Bi t r at e = 5 Gbps; NF = 5 dB. ( Assume fi ber t y pe is SMF = . 2 dB/ km)
Answer
Tot al l oss over ent i r e l engt h = 300 x 0. 2 = 60 dB
At t enuat ion per span = 60/ N ( assume N number of spans
OSNR
Fi nal
= P
0
+ 58 10logN NF
20 = 0 + 58 60/ N 10logN 5
- 33 = 60/ N 10l ogN
Rear rangi ng, you get t hi s:
60/ N 10l ogN = 33
Sol vi ng f or N ( for N = 2)
60/ 2 + 10log2 = 33
Ther ef or e, t he number of spans = 2.
Case 3
OSNR = 20 dB, di sper si on of t he f i ber i s 17 ps/ nm- km, span l oss = 22 dB.
What i s t he t ot al l engt h of t he syst em? ( NF of t he ampl i fi er = 4 dB, and di spersi on t ol er ance i s
gi ven as 1600 ps/ nm, P
i n
= 10)
Answer
OSNR
Fi nal
= P0 + 58 10logN NF
20 = 10 + 58 22 4 10l ogN
22 = 10 l ogN
N = 158 spans
Ther ef or e, t ot al l engt h = 158 * 22/ 0. 2 = 17,280 km ( t heor et i cal l i mi t )

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
But due t o disper sion, max l engt h = 1600 ps. nm/ 17 ps / nm. km = 94 km.
Case 4
Cust omer A want s t o bui l d a 200 km OC48 l i nk t o t r anspor t t r aff ic. Desi gn t he li nk wit h t he
fol l owi ng par amet er s. ( Assume SMF- 28 fi ber wi t h = . 25 dB/ km/ and 18 ps/ nm/ km as t he
di sper si on char act er i st i c. )
Recei ver sensi t i vi t y: 18 dBm @BER= e
-12
Recei ver over l oad: 10 dBm @BER= e
-12
Tr ansmit power : + 7 t o + 9 dBm
Di sper si on t ol erance: 1500 ps/ nm
Di sper si on penal t y : 1. 5 dB @ 1500 ps/ nm
OSNR t ol erance: 20 dB @ Resol ut i on Bandwi dt h 0.1 nm
EDFA
I nput power r ange: + 3 t o 25 dBm; Gai n: 20 dB t o 14 dB
Maxi mum out put power: + 17 dBm; Noise Fi gur e: 5 dB
DCU
Loss 5 dB, di spersi on compensat i on 1100 ps
Answer
The answer r equi r es several st eps. Refer t o Fi gur e 4- 17.
Fi gu r e 4- 17 . Case 4 An sw er
St ep 1. The t ot al di st ance i s 200 km; t her ef or e, t ot al l oss i s 200 * . 25 = 50 dB. You need
ampl i fi er s t o r each t hat di st ances.
St ep 2. Tot al di sper si on i s 200 km * 18 ps. nm / km = 3600 ps. nm

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
You need t o use di sper si on compensat or s because t he given di sper si on t ol er ance i s 1500 ps. nm.
The maxi mum dist ance f or t his sy st em wi t hout DCU i s 1500/ 18 = 83. 33 km gi ven DCU = 1100
ps. I f y ou st r at egi cal ly pl ace 3 DCU, y ou get ( 3600 3 * 1100) = 300 ps, whi ch is wel l wi t hin
t he li mi t . The DCU has a 5 dB passt hr ough l oss, so i t is best t o pl ace it befor e preampl i fi er s.
An al ysi s of t he pr obl em
Tr ansmit power = + 7 dB
St age 1 :
l oss = 10 ( l i nk l oss) 6 ( DCU l oss) 1. 5 ( mar gi n) = 17.5 dB
P
i n
= Power at t he end of st age 1 = 7 17. 5 = 10. 5 dB
St age 1 ampl i f ier gai n: 20
Power out put f r om t he ampl if i er : ( power i nput + gai n) 10. 5 dB + 20 = 9.5 dB
OSNR calcul at i on
OSNR
st agei
= 1/ ( 1/ OSNR
0
+ NF. h.v. f / P
i n
) ( for st age 1 1/ OSNR
0
= 0)
OSNR
1

=
Pi n/ NF. h. v. f
Subst i t ut i ng t he val ues Pi n = 10.5 dB = 8.9125E 05 W ( convert t o wat t s)
NF = 5 dB conver t i ng t o l i near = 3. 166 ( 10
NF dB/ 10
)
h = pl anks const ant = 6. 6260E 34
v = fr equency of l i ght 1. 9350E + 14
f = bandwi dt h ( measur ing t he NF) = 12. 5 KHz ( . 1 nm)
Subst i t ut i ng, you get OSNR = 42 dB
St age 2 :
Loss = 20 ( l i nk l oss 6 ( DCU l oss) 1. 5 ( mar gi n) = 27. 5 dB
Power at t he end of st age 2
P
i n
= 9. 5 20 6 1. 5 ( mar gi n) = 18 dB
St age 2 ampl i f ier gai n: 20
Power out put f r om ampl i fi er : 18 + 20 = 2 dB
OSNR
st age2
= 1/ ( 1/ OSNR
1
+ NF. h.v. f / P
i n
)
OSNR1 i s t he OSNR of st age 1 = 42 dB and P
i n
= 18 dB
OSNR
st age 2
= 34 dB
St age 3 l oss:
20( l ink l oss) 6 ( DCU l oss) 1. 5 ( mar gi n) = 27.5 dB ( l oss)
Power at t he end of st age 3

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
P
i n
= 2 27. 5 = 25.5 dB
St age 3 ampl i f ier gai n 20 dB
Power out put f r om t he ampl if i er : = 25.5 + 20 = 5. 5 dB
OSNR
OSNR
st age3
= 1/ ( 1/ OSNR
st age2
+ NF. h.v. Df / P
i n
)
OSNR = 26
Case 5
Cal cul at e t he composi t e power at t he out put of a DWDM 8 channel mul t i pl exor ( shown i n Fi gur e
4- 18) if t he i nput power i s 0 dB ( i nsert ion l oss = 5 dB) .
Fi gu r e 4- 18 . Cal cul at e t h e Composi t e Pow er
P
composi t e
= P
channel
+ 10l ogN I nser t i on l oss ( wher e N is t he number of channel s)
= 0 + 10l og8 5 dB = 0 + 9 5 dB
= 4 dB
Exercises
The f ol l owing exerci ses ar e l eft for you t o sol ve. Use pr evi ous exampl es as gui del i nes.
Cal cul at e t he di sper si on and t he recei ver power of an opt i cal l i nk t hat i s 90 km i n l engt h.
The t ransmi t power = + 8 dB, t he r ecei ver sensi t ivi t y = 18 dB, and t he di sper si on
t ol erance = 1500 ps/ nm ( SMF = . 25 dB/ km 18 ps/ nm- km) . I s i t di spersi on l imi t ed?
Design t he l i nk f or pr oper net wor k oper at i on i f you need t o use EDFA 15 dB ( gai n) and DCU
1.
2.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
1100 ps and 5 dB l oss) .
Design a 4 x 25 span WDM l i nk wi t h opt i cal ampl i fi er gain = 18 dB and NF = 6 dB.
Cal cul at e f i nal OSNR i f t he input power i s 0 dB. Cal culat e si gnal power at t he recei ver.
( The recei ver sensi t i vi t y i s 25 dB at BER 10
-15
) . Does t he syst em wor k?
Now cal cul at e t he fi nal OSNR by r epl aci ng t he fol l owi ng:
- The t r ansmi t t er wit h i nput power t o + 7 dB
- The ampl i fi er gai n t o 22 dB
2.
Cal cul at e power i n mi l li wat t s if t he i nput power wer e 0 dBm.
Cal cul at e t he power i n dBm i f t he input power were 12 mW.
Hi nt : XmW power i s 10 * l og
10
( x) i n dBm
Y dBm power i s 10
Y/ 10
i n mW
3.
Cal cul at e t he composi t e power at t he out put of a DWDM 16- channel mux i f t he i nput power
i s 4 dB. I f t he i nput i s pl ugged i nt o an ampl i f ier , how much at t enuat i on do you need ( gi ven
NF = 5 dB, i nput r ange = 025 dB, gai n = 22)
4.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Summary
Thi s chapt er di scussed opt i cal net wor k syst em- level designs. We i ni t i al l y consi dered power
budget - based desi gn, f rom whi ch we mi gr at e t o more compl ex OSNR- based desi gns. This
chapt er showed t he i mpor t ance of OSNR i n est i mat i ng BER and t he need f or eval uat i on of t he Q-
fact or as an int ermedi at e st age in BER development . We discuss di sper si on- based sy st ems and
penal t i es t hat ar e associ at ed wi t h disper sion- l imi t ed sy st ems. We show how di spersi on- l i mi t ed
syst ems can be compensat ed usi ng gener i c schemes and hence show t he met hods of pr e- and
post compensat i on as wel l as pl acement of such compensat i ng uni t s. Nonli near ef fect s ar e al so
st udi ed fr om a design poi nt of vi ew, as well as t he var i ous penal t i es and t heir cur es f r om a
syst em desi gn per spect i ve. Fi nall y , we analy zed numeri cal exampl es for t he st udi ed sy st em
desi gn pr i ncipl es.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
References
1
Bononi, A. Op t ical Net work in g. Spri nger Publ i sher s, 1999.
2
Seni or , J. , C. Qi ao, and S. Dixi t . All Opt i cal Net wor ki ng 199 9: Archi t ect ur e, Cont r ol and
Man agem ent I ssu es. Pr oceedi ngs SPI E, 2000.
3
Agr awal , Govi nd P. Fib er - Op t ic Com mu nicat i on Syst em s, Second Edi t i on. Wi l ey I nt er science,
1997.
4
Keiser , G. Op t ical Fiber Commu nicat i ons, Thir d Edit ion. McGr aw- Hi l l, 2000.
5
Mukher j ee, B. Op t ical Communi cat ion s Net wor k s. McGr aw- Hi l l , 1997.
6
Gr een, P. Fib er Opt i cs Net wor k s. Pr ent i ce Hal l, 1992.
7
Ramaswami , R. and K. Si var aj an. Op t ical Net work : A Pr act ical Per spect iv e , Second Edi t i on.
Mor gan Kauf mann, 2001.
8
Agar wal , G. Nonl in ear Fi ber Op t ics, Second Edi t i on. Academi c Pr ess, 1995.
9
Sal eh, B. and M. Teich. Fund ament als of Ph ot oni cs. Wi l ey, 1991.
10
Ramamur t hi u, B. Desi gn of Opt i cal WDM Net wor ks, LAN, MAN, and WAN Arch it ect ur es . Kl uwer ,
2001.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Chapter 5. WDM Network Design -2
Thi s chapt er focuses on net work t opol ogy desi gn based on t he act ual depl oyment and expect ed
fut ur e of opt ical net wor ks. Pr act i cal net wor ks ar e designed and depl oy ed i n t opol ogi es t hat ar e
quit e wel l def i ned, al t hough t he net work it sel f might be spr ead acr oss vast geogr aphical ar eas i n
an ext ensi ve way.
From t he per spect ive of t he opt i cal l ay er , net wor ks ar e cl assi fi ed by t hei r t opol ogy as wel l as
t hei r si ze. Chapt er 4, "WDM Net wor k Design - 1, " bri efl y di scussed t he t hr ee t opol ogi es: point - t o-
poi nt net wor ks, ri ngs, and mesh t opol ogi es. Whi l e desi gni ng a net wor k, it i s i mper at ive t o know
whi ch is t he most sui t able t opol ogy f or a gi ven clust er of nodes. Thi s deci si on i s i mpor t ant i n
gr een f i el d as well as depl oy ed brown f iel d net works, and many fact or s aff ect t he f i nal out come
of t he desi gn.
Consi der a gi ven net wor k t opology such t hat t he f iber s ar e al r eady depl oy ed ( f i ber s are lai d i n
t he fi eld) . I f we have t o opt i mal ly use t he f i bers t o provi de t r af fi c t o t he set of nodes and at t he
same t i me ensure t he l east cost and good opt i cal charact er i st i cs, we need t o make a good desi gn
for t he net wor k. The easi est way t o do t his, of cour se, i s t o desi gn a t opol ogy , whi ch maps each
t r aff i c r equest ( sour ce- dest i nat i on pai r ) t o a fi ber l i nk. Thi s is what i s cal l ed t he ful ly connect ed
mesh. The next obvious quest i on i s whet her a f ul l y connect ed mesh ( one i n whi ch each node i s
connect ed t o ever y ot her node t hrough a f i ber) i s t he most wi del y deploy ed t opol ogy ? The
answer i s no, f or t he simpl e r eason t hat such a net work i nfr ast ruct ur e woul d never be
economical . What i s t he most f easi bl e t opol ogy ?
The answer t o t hat quest i on i s qui t e compl i cat ed. No t opol ogy i s t he best t opol ogy , but di f fer ent
t opol ogies ar e good enough for di ff er ent al t er nat ive scenari os. The i dea i s t o choose a t opology
and t hen t o choose archi t ect ur es t hat woul d most sui t t hi s t opol ogy . We have t o choose dif fer ent
t opol ogies and we do so on t he basi s of geogr aphic area and or si ze of t he net wor k. Topol ogy
choi ces, whet her poi nt - t o- poi nt , r i ng, mesh, or any hybri d ar chi t ect ures, depend on t he t raf fi c as
well as t he si t uat ional r equi r ement of t he net wor k.
Consi der Fi gur e 5- 1a and 5- 1b i n whi ch we have a mesh and r i ng net wor k. Not e t hat i n Fi gur e 5-
1a, we have a ful ly connect ed mesh t opol ogy, wher eas i n Fi gur e 5- 1b, we have a r i ng. By
defi nit ion, a mesh is a gr oup of nodes t hat ar e connect ed t o one anot her by l i nks ( f i bers in our
case) i n a fi xed or arbit rar y manner ; t hese l inks are f ur t her i nhabi t ed by WDM channels or
wavel engt hs. The i nt er connect i on pat t er n of nodes i n a mesh net wor k can be r egul ar or i r r egul ar
and can have di ff erent degr ees of connect i vi t y ( expl ai ned l at er ) . Mesh ar chi t ect ur es speak of a
l ar ge capaci t y, whi ch i s t y pi cal l y equal t o t he number of l i nks, ' L' t i mes t he number of
wavel engt hs ' w' i n each l i nk. A mesh i s char act er i zed as a pl anar gr aph G( V, E) of V ver t i ces and
E edges such t hat each ver t ex corr esponds t o a par t i cul ar net wor k element or a nodal i nt er face
unit or j ust si mpl y a node. The edges corr espond t o fi ber s; an edge mi ght be a si ngl e f i ber or a
gr oup of mul t i pl e f i bers ( t wo i n most cases f or dupl ex t r aff ic) . The degr ee of con nect i v it y ( D of a
node) can be defi ned as t he number of nodes t hat ar e connect ed t o t he pr esent node t hr ough t he
vari ous edges.
Fi gu r e 5- 1. ( a) Mesh Top ol ogy ( b) Ri n g Top ol ogy

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
I f a part i cul ar node, N
1
, has t hr ee adj oini ng edges connect i ng t o t hr ee nodes, t hen i t s degr ee of
connect i vi t y , D i s equal t o 3. For a f ul l y connect ed mesh, t he degr ee of connect i vi t y ' D' i s N 1,
wher e N i s t he number of nodes i n t he mesh net wor k. A mesh i s t er med cy cl i c i f cycl i c l oops ar e
pr esent i n t he t opol ogy . I n ot her words, a cy cl e can be t r aced out f r om t he source back t o i t sel f
t hr ough a seri es of nodes.
A t ree i s a set of nodes wi t h an ori ginat i ng node ( cal l ed r oot ) and connect ing nodes connect ed as
per t he net wor k t opol ogy . A spanni ng t ree i s a t r ee of nodes t hat consist s of al l t he nodes such
t hat no node is repeat ed t wi ce, and al l nodes ar e pr esent i n t he set cor r espondi ng t o t he t r ee.
The nodes i n a t r ee ar e cal l ed br anches or l eav es, and an ar t i cul at i on poi nt in a mesh i s defi ned
as a node i n t he t r ee, whi ch i f removed, br eaks t he mesh ( and hence t he t r ee) i nt o t wo di scret e
t r ees ( or t wo meshes) .
A mi ni mum- wei ght spanning t ree i s a t r ee t hat incl udes t he shor t est pat h t o each node f rom t he
r oot of t he spanning t ree. Var i ous al gor i t hms i n l i t er at ure can cal cul at e and fi nd t he spanni ng
t r ee i n a fi xed number of i t erat i ons. The number of i t er at i ons t o l ocat e nodes is oft en associ at ed
wi t h t he comput at ional compl exi t y of t he al gor i t hm, whi ch i s a f i gur e of meri t for management
syst ems i n opt i cal net wor ks ( for exampl e pr ot ect ion and r est orat i on r out e cal cul at i on) . A mesh
net wor k wi t h all nodes havi ng degree of connect i vi t y 2 i s cal l ed a r in g, wher eby each node i n t he
r i ng i s connect ed t o onl y i t s most adj acent nodes i n t he net wor k.
I n a gr een- fi el d net work, t hese ki nds of gr aph t heor y corol l ar i es ar e benef i ci al in t he over al l
net wor k design. However , t hat mi ght not al way s be t he case i n br own fi el d or exi st i ng net work
t opol ogies. An i ssue of t remendous i mpor t ance i s t hat of mappi ng t hese cor ol lar i es t o di ff er ent
net wor ks and faci l it at i ng good i nt er connect i on at t he opt i cal lay er as expl ai ned i n t he sect i ons t o
come. Most of t oday ' s opt i cal net wor ks ( especi al ly met r opol i t an ar ea) ar e l ai d out i n r ing
t opol ogy due t o hi st or i cal dependence on SONET hi er archy .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
WDM Pass-through CaseVirtual or Logical Topology
Design
Li ght pat h communi cat i on i s an eff i cient way t o incr ease bandwidt h i n opt i cal net works. A
l i ght pat h i s an all - opt i cal pat h bet ween a gi ven sour ce and dest i nat i on node such t hat i t can cut
t hr ough many i nt er medi at e nodes. The l i ght pat h i s on a gi ven wavel engt h, and for most cases,
wavel engt h cont i nui t y i s a const r ai nt . The const r ai nt i s such t hat al l t he i nt er nodal segment s of a
l i ght pat h ( bet ween each pai r of nodes fr om source t o dest inat i on) have t o use t he same
wavel engt h. Now consi der Fi gur e 5- 2a and 5- 2b. I n Fi gur e 5- 2a, we can see t hat f or a 6- node
net wor k, we have a f ul l y connect ed mesh.
Fi gu r e 5- 2. ( a) Fu l l y Conn ect ed Mesh ( b) Cor r esp ondi ng Ri ng Topol ogy
Not e t hat t he number of l i nks i s equal t o t he number of unique sour ce- dest i nat ion pair s ( assume
hal f dupl ex connect i on per pai r) . I n cont r ast , i n Fi gur e 5- 2b, we have a 6- node r i ng such t hat
t he number of l i nks i s equal t o t wi ce t he number of nodes i n t he net wor k. Obvi ousl y, t hi s means
t hat t he number of l i nks i n a r i ng i s f ar l esser t han t he number of l i nks i n a mesh net wor k. That
means cost savi ng! How can we map a l i ght pat h f or a sour ce dest i nat i on pai r t hat i s qui t e far
apar t ( i n ot her words, not adj acent ) ?
Consi der a l i ght pat h request fr om node A t o node C. Because of t he absence of a di r ect l ink
bet ween A and C, we have t o r esor t t o some l ogi cal connect i vi t y . We can est abl i sh a li ght pat h
bet ween nodes A and C t hr ough node B, such t hat node B act s as a pur e pass- t hr ough node. We
can do t hi s by choosi ng a wavel engt h ( oft en not as easy as we mi ght t hi nk due t o t he li mi t at i on
on t he number of wavel engt hs) such t hat t he wavelengt h i s fr ee i n t he l i nks A- B and B- C. Then
we can confi gure t he nodal i nt er face uni t ( s) such t hat t he l i ght pat h i s not bl ocked. Upon
compl et i on, we have a li ght pat h AC, whi ch i s qui t e obl i vi ous t o node B. We have done t his by
usi ng t he pass- t hr ough char act er of node B and by i nt el l i gent l y choosi ng a wavel engt h bet ween
A and C.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
I n ot her wor ds, we have al so est abl i shed a logi cal connect ion bet ween nodes A and C. Thi s
means t hat al t hough no di rect phy sical l i nk is pr esent bet ween nodes A and C, we st i l l have a
l ogi cal connect i on bet ween nodes A and C t hr ough node B. The connect ion i s not dropped at
node B, whi ch is in f act obl i vi ous t o t he dat a f l owi ng t hr ough i t . This ki nd of t opol ogy desi gn i s
oft en t er med v ir t ual or l ogical t opol ogy desi gn. Thi s means t hat f or a gi ven physi cal t opol ogy , we
can pl ot a l ogi cal dy nami c t opol ogy t o suppor t t he gi ven t r af fi c demands at a gi ven t i me usi ng a
fi xed number of r esources ( usual l y wavel engt hs) . We can deal wi t h t hi s i ssue i n var i ous way s;
one way is t o t r y t o design a l ogi cal t opol ogy t hat can be mapped ont o an exi st i ng phy si cal
t opol ogy for t he gi ven number of l ogi cal connect i ons t o be est abl i shed.
Thi s chapt er st udi es t he met hod t o design net works based on t opol ogy , t hei r cl assi f icat i on, and
t hei r per for mances, as wel l as compari son. Bef ore movi ng on t o t he basi c cl assi fi cat i on
nomencl at ur e, we need t o underst and t he concept of prot ect i on. As of t oday and f or t he near
fut ur e, opt i cal ci r cuit s or l i ght pat hs ar e t he commodit y t hat car r i ers of fer t o cust omer s t o
gener at e r evenue. Ther efor e, t he ser vice l evel agr eement s ( SLAs) bet ween cust omer s and
carr i er s or carr i ers and ot her car ri er s ar e based on t he l ight pat h st r engt h ( i n number s and i n
gr anul ari t y - bi t r at e) t hat i s off ered.
By t i me di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( TDM) and mux pond in g ( aggr egat i ng sever al l ow bi t r at e st reams
i nt o a si ngl e hi gh bi t r at e st r eam i n t he el ect r i cal domai n) , many l ow bi t r at e signal s ar e
mul t i pl exed i nt o a l i ght pat h of l arge gr anular i t y , f rom whi ch t he carr i er ( I SP) i s eff ect i vely abl e
t o make r evenue. Most of t he t r aff ic in previ ous y ear s was voi ce- based t r aff i c, alt hough t hat i s
now bei ng repl aced r apidl y wit h dat a t r af fi c. Never t hel ess, as of t oday, voi ce t r aff i c cont i nues t o
be t he par t of t he l i ght pat h t hat earns t he most revenue. Voi ce t r aff ic general l y has severe
const r aint s, such as l ow end- t o- end del ay and hence lat ency . I f a f i ber cut occur s or equi pment
fai l s, t he l ight pat h i s l ost , r esul t i ng i n l oss of r evenue.
Thi s i ssue i s somewhat al l evi at ed by t he concept of pr ot ect i on, wher eby a pr ot ect i on l i ght pat h
( gener al l y spat i al ly separ at ed fr om t he 'wor k' li ght pat h) i s set up. The concept of pr ot ect i on at
t he opt i cal l ayer i s act uall y borr owed fr om l egacy SONET net wor ks, wher eby one or more of t he
l egacy pr ot ect i on f eat ures provi ded by SONET mi ght pr ot ect a work l i ght pat h. Thi s chapt er
devot es a compl et e sect i on t o st udyi ng prot ect i on i n opt i cal net works and t he eff ect s of
pr ot ect i on on net wor k heur i st i cs. To pursue t he cl assi fi cat i on of net works i n det ai l , we need t o
know t hat prot ect i on l ight pat hs ar e gener al l y l onger t han t hei r wor k count er part s for t he si mple
r eason t hat wor k l ight pat hs ar e est abl i shed on r out es t hat ar e based on shor t est pat h
al gor i t hms.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Classification of Optical Networks Based on
Geographical Sizes and Functionality
The opt i cal net wor ki ng mar ket i s r oughl y di vi ded i nt o t hr ee main segment s f or ease of analy si s
as wel l as cust omer focus. The di visi on i s based on t he si ze of a net wor k because of t he
underl y i ng physi cs of t he opt i cal lay er . I n t he pr ecedi ng chapt ers, we saw t hat as t he
t r ansmi ssi on di st ance and l i ne r at es i ncr eased, t her e was an al most exponent i al cor r espondi ng
i ncr ease i n opt i cal i mpai r ment s.
For shor t WDM l i nks at l ow bi t r at es, t her e was no i ssue of i mpai r ment s due t o nonl inear i t i es.
Si mil ar l y , di spersi on di d not become a pot ent hazar d t o t ransmi ssi on unt i l t he bi t - r at e-
t r ansm ission di st ance pr odu ct r eached a cer t ai n cut off val ue. To maint ai n good opt i cal
t r ansmi ssi on, we need t o inst all di spersi on compensat i on equi pment as wel l as opt i cal ampl i f ier s
t o ensure t hat t he si gnal reaches t he receiver at a pr oper power l evel ( bi t er r or r at e, or BER,
mai nt enance) . Tr ansmi ssi on di st ance pl ay s a cr i t i cal rol e i n det er mi ning net work cost .
Ult imat el y , cost s gui de t he whol e mar ket , so i t makes perf ect sense t o cl assi fy net works based
on t r ansmissi on di st ances or geogr aphi cal si zes.
Net works ar e cl assi fi ed i nt o t hr ee mai n cat egor ies cor r espondi ng t o t heir si ze and funct ions. The
fi r st t ype i s t hat of met r o access net works, or si mpl y access net wor ks. The second cl assi fi cat i on
t y pe i s t hat of met r opol i t an or r egional ar ea net wor ks. The l ast cl assi fi cat i on t y pe i s t hat of l ong-
haul as wel l as ul t r a long- haul ( submar i ne and int ercont i nent al ) net wor ks. As we wil l see l at er ,
t he net work si ze and r equi r ement gr eat l y enhance t he cost of t he net wor k.
Classification of Networks
As ment i oned befor e, t he cl assif i cat ion nomencl at ur e i s a t hr ee- t i er ed hier ar chy, based pr i mar il y
on t he t ransmi ssi on di st ances. I n t he fi r st t i er i s t he access net wor k market . Ref er t o Fi gur e 5- 3.
Fi gu r e 5- 3. Net w or k Cl assi f i cat i on: Lon g- Haul , Met r o Cor e, and Access
Hi er ar ch i es. Not e t he t op ol ogi cal di f f er en ces bet w een t h e di f f er ent
n et w or k t ypes as wel l as t h e geog r aph i cal ar ea cov er age.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
I n t he next t ier i s t he met ro core mar ket , and i n t he upper most t i er is t he l ong- haul mar ket . The
ent er pr ise cust omers fal l under t he cust omer premi ses equi pment ( CPE) lay er, where t he end
cust omer s ar e connect ed t o t he ser vice provi der 's net wor k. Ref er t o Tabl e 5- 1 f or mor e
i nf ormat i on.
Tab l e 5 -1 . Cl assi f i cat i on an d Compar i son of Op t i cal Net w or k s

Met r o Access
Net w or k Met r o Cor e Net w or k Lon g Haul
Topol ogy Ri ng Ri ng/ mesh Poi nt - t o-
poi nt / ri ng and
mesh
Tr aff i c fl ow Hubbed Di st r i but ed/ meshed Hubbed
Ri ng ci r cumf erence/ l engt h 4075 km
Smal ler r i ngs
al so possi bl e
< 100 t o 250~ 300 km < 300+ t o 2000
km
Wavel engt h suppor t ed Up t o 16
l ambdas
32 t o 64 t y pi cal 64+
Number of nodes i n t he
r i ng
6 ~ 8 8 ~ 16 512
Di st ance bet ween t he
node ( span l engt h)
1030 km ~ 40300 km 300+ km
Curr ent market si ze 20~ 30% 50~ 60% 10~ 20%

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
DWDM t echnol ogies
( not l i mi t ed)
Mux/ Demux
OADM
El ect ri cal
swit ching and
r out i ng
Mux/ Demux
OADM
EDFA ( ampl i fi er)
DCU
Wavel engt h- t unabi l i t y
El ect ri cal swi t chi ng and
r out i ng/ l imi t ed al l opt i cal
swit ching
Mux/ Demux
OADM
EDFA ( ampl i fi er)
DCU
PMD
Wavel engt h-
t unabi l i t y
Al l opt ical
swit ching and
r out i ng

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Metro Access Networks
Met r o access i s t he most conveni ent opt ical net work t hat i s curr ent l y deploy ed. An access
net wor k can be def i ned as t he edge of a net wor k t hat a cust omer can access di r ect l y . Access
net wor ks can be ri ng shaped or bus/ t r ee shaped i n t opology. These net works ar e gener al l y
4075 km i n l ongest t r ansmi ssi on l engt hs, which means t hat i f t hey ar e depl oy ed as a r i ng, t he
ci rcumf er ence i s gener al ly less t han 75 km.
Access net wor ks are bui l t t o r each t he end user , who i s gener al ly a corpor at i on or an ent er pr i se.
Servi ce l evel agr eement s are i ssues t o such ent er pr i se busi nesses. Access net wor ks ar e cur r ent l y
t he most gr owi ng t opol ogy i n t he met r opol i t an ar ea. The mar ket wit nessed phenomenal gr owt h
even i n t imes of r ecessi on due t o t he ever - i ncr easi ng I nt er net t r aff i c and consumer busi ness
act i vi t y i n t he ent erpri se. The mai n pur poses of access net wor ks ar e rout i ng, aggr egat i on, and
t r anspor t , al t hough r out i ng can be assumed sl i ght l y l ower i n pr i ori t y t han aggr egat i on because
access net wor ks are li nked t o met r opol i t an area cor e net wor ks, whi ch per for m t he mai n t ask of
t r anspor t .
I n t he access net wor k ar ea, a part icul ar sy st em mi ght consi st of a few WDM channel s ( t y pi call y
816) pr ovided by redundant prot ect i on channel s i n anot her f i ber and t r aver si ng a dif fer ent
pat h. The met r o access net wor k does not consi der t oo many of t he opt i cal i mpai r ment s i n
syst em desi gn for t wo r easons. Fi r st , t he net work i s not spr ead more t han 75 km; t her ef or e,
i ssues such as disper sion and at t enuat i on are qui t e mi ni mal ( at l ow r at e) . Second, t he l i ne r at es
by t hemsel ves ar e qui t e l ow. I n one depl oy ed 16- channel WDM access net work, t he maj or i t y of
wavel engt hs were on OC- 3 speed, a f ew wer e based on OC- 12- OC48 speed, and none wer e
based on OC- 192 ( 10 Gbps) speed. Thi s i s due t o t he f act t hat access net wor ks act as
aggregat ors of t raf fi c f r om vari ous nodes. Ty pi call y , gi gabi t - swit ched r out er s woul d be
posi t i oned wit h OC- 3, OC- 12, and Gi gabt y e E ( Gi gE) i nt er faces addi t i ve i nt o an access net work.
A r ar e OC 192 could al so be par t of t he net wor k, but such inst ances ar e uncommon.
The t raf fi c schemat i c for access net works i s qui t e well defi ned. Alt hough t her e i s a per cent age of
t r aff i c, whi ch emanat es and cul mi nat es i nsi de t he access r ing or t r ee, a suff i ci ent l y l ar ge amount
of t r aff i c i s dest i ned f or t he cor e or even t he l ong- haul net work. This int ernet wor k t r af fi c i s what
defi nes t he access t opology. General l y due t o t hi s ki nd of t r aff ic mat ri x demand, t he t opol ogy i s
hu bbed, wher eby t he i ndi vi dual nodes have a logi cal connect ion t o t he parent hub, which i n t ur n
i s connect ed t o t he cor e net wor k. Opt ical l y , at t he hub, t he l i ght pat hs can be f ul l y demul t i pl exed
and swi t ched i n t he el ect r onic lay er , or t he l ight pat h can be al l opt i call y conver t ed i nt o a met r o-
core wavel engt h ( can be t he same as t he access wavel engt h) .
Al l opt ical wavel engt h conver sion t echnol ogy i s i n i t s infancy ; t heref ore, t he most vi abl e opt i on i s
t o use t r ansponder car ds for opt o- elect r o- opt o ( O- E- O) conversi on and r egener at i on. Thi s ki nd of
3R r egenerat i on enhances t he signal qual i t i es in t er ms of t he opt i cal si gnal - t o- noi se r at i o
( OSNR) . I n t he hubbed ar chit ect ur e, t he hub pl ay s a pi vot al r ol e i n det er mi ni ng whi ch l i ght pat hs
ar e i nt er r i ng and whi ch li ght pat hs ar e i nt r a r i ng. The ar chi t ect ur e of t he nodes ( i n general ) can
ei t her be t hat of a convent i onal OADM as descr i bed i n Chapt er 1, "I nt roduct i on t o Opt i cal
Net worki ng," wi t h ful l y mul t i pl ex sect i ons deci mat i ng t he composi t e si gnal i nt o i t s const i t uent
wavel engt hs, or a mor e economi cal archi t ect ur e wi t h passive devi ces such as coupler s and
fi l t er s.
Looki ng at some cur r ent access r equir ement s, t he most vi abl e ar chi t ect ur es are t hose t hat can
dr op and add, a smal l per cent age of t r aff i c at each node and whose opt i cal char act er i st i cs
( t y pi cal ly inser t i on l oss) are qui t e l ow. I n one such embodi ment , a f i l t er - based ar chit ect ur e was
i nt r oduced wher eby t hi n fi l m f i lt er s were pl aced ( see Fi gur e 5- 4) in t he l ine of t he composi t e
si gnal , t hus droppi ng a f r act ion of t he wavel engt hs t o t he l ocal mul t i pl ex sect i on. The i nser t i on
l oss of such ar chi t ect ur es was t ypi cal l y i n t he r ange of 56 dB as compar ed t o t he inser t i on loss

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
of al most 14 dB i n cor e Opt i cal Add- Drop Mult ipl exer ( OADMs) .
Fi gu r e 5- 4. Thi n Fi l m Fi l t er -Based Net w or k ( Met r o Access)
The phi l osophy of success of such ar chi t ect ur es i s t hat t he const i t uent nodes add and drop only a
small fr act i on of t he wavel engt hs; t her efor e, i t i s not necessar y for a f ul l opt ical mult ipl ex sect ion
t o be pr esent . However , at t he hub node, t her e i s a need t o add and dr op most of t he t raf fi c;
t her efor e, t hi s ar chi t ect ur e might fol l ow convent i onal model s- ful l demul t i pl ex sect i ons. The
advant age of such a hy br i d sy st em i s not onl y t he l ower cost but also an i mpr oved sy st em
desi gn. Thi s can be at t r i but ed t o t he l osses associ at ed wi t h ful l mult ipl ex sect ions such as
ar r ayed waveguides ( AWGs) , wher eby t he wavegui des have a hi gh l oss of t hei r own due t o
phase mat chi ng of di ff er ent wavel engt h st reams. I n addi t i on, t he wavel engt hs have consi der abl e
det r i ment al eff ect s on t he pol ar izat ion and pul se shape of t he t r avel i ng signal ( s) . I n short , we
shoul d avoi d AWG- based f ul l demul t i pl ex sect i ons wherever possi ble. Though at t i mes, i t
becomes i mper at i ve t o wor k wi t h AWGs, as shown i n t he sect i ons t o f ol low.
Because access net works gener at e t he most r evenue due t o t hei r cl ose pr oxi mi t y t o t he
cust omer s or end user s, i t becomes i mper at i ve t o pr ot ect t he net wor ks wi t h a pl ausi bl e
pr ot ect i on al gori t hm. Alt hough such pr ot ect ion schemes ar e discussed i n t he sect ion l at er i n t hi s
chapt er t it l ed "Pr ot ect i on i n WDM Net wor ks and Pr ot ect i on Swi t chi ng, " i t i s i mpor t ant t o ment i on
now t he ar chi t ect ur al aspect s of pr ot ect i on wi t h respect t o hubbed access net works.
I t i s a good i dea t o have a dual - homi ng net wor k or a t wo- hubbed net work ( Fi gur e 5- 5a and 5-
5b) wi t h t wo i ndependent nodes int erconnect i ng t o t he cor e r i ngs. Such dual - hubbed
ar chi t ect ures serve as t wo ent r y poi nt s t o t he core net works. I f a si ngl e- hub f ai l ur e occurs, t he
second hub can st i l l f unct i on as an int erconnect i ng segment bet ween t he cor e and access

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
net wor ks. A gr eat deal of resear ch is curr ent l y under way t o det er mi ne new ar chi t ect ur es and
t opol ogies f or met ro access net wor ks. Al t hough t hi s seems t o be a good sour ce of r evenue for
equi pment vendor s, a l oss of visi on for most car r i er s makes depl oyi ng new ver sat i le
ar chi t ect ures qui t e di f fi cul t .
Fi gu r e 5- 5. ( a) Doub l e-Hubb ed Ri ng ( b ) Si ngl e- Hubbed Ri ng

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Metro Core Networks
Met r o cor e i s t he next t i er i n our t hr ee- lay ered approach t o cl assi f yi ng opt i cal net wor ks. Because
of i t s r evenue- gener at i ng capabil i t y , t his is curr ent l y a hot area for car r ier s. Most equi pment
vendor s have pr oduct por t f ol i os i n t hi s segment . Met r o core is di st i ngui shed fr om t he access ar ea
by i t s si ze. Ty pi cal met ropol it an ar ea r egi onal net works ar e 100300 km i n t ot al t r ansmi ssi on
l engt h. Most depl oyed met r o cor e net wor ks ar e r ing- based t opol ogi es because of t hei r mi gr at i on
fr om Sy nchronous Opt i cal Net wor k ( SONET) r i ngs.
The i ssue of why ri ngs have been chosen i s a hot debat e among academi c ci r cl es. Al t hough t he
pr oponent s of mesh ar gue about t he benef i t s such as gr eat er capaci t y , i t remai ns a fact t hat
r i ng- based t opol ogi es ar e mor e r esi l ient and l ower- cost al t er nat i ves. Met ro cor e net wor ks have
t he di st inct f unct i onal i t y of br i dgi ng t he gap bet ween access and l ong- haul net wor ks. They have
t he pr edomi nant rol e of t r ansport i n t he WDM l ay er . Met r o cor e net wor ks al so have a ser i ous
i nt r anet wor k ( wi t hi n t he net wor k) component of t r af fi c compar ed t o t he al r eady exi st i ng
i nt er net work ( bet ween di f ferent net wor ks) component . Met r o cor e net wor ks can be descr i bed as
a mult ihubbed net wor k wi t h some hubs int erf aci ng t o l ong- haul access poi nt s and ot her hubs
i nt er faci ng t o t he met ro access r i ngs. Ther efor e, met r o cor e net wor ks ser ve as an i nt er medi at e
l ay er t o bot h met r o access and l ong- haul net wor ks.
Met r o cor e net wor ks also have subsi di ar y net works cal l ed coll ect or net work s, whi ch coll ect t r af fi c
fr om met r o access and suppl y i t t o t he r egional r i ngs. The r ing si ze i s gener al l y l ess t han 200 km
i n ci r cumfer ence, and t he l i ne capaci t y i s t y pi cal l y up t o 40 wavel engt hs ( al t hough
demonst r at i ons of gr eat er wavel engt hs have been sparsel y i l lust rat ed) . Typi cal met r o cor e
net wor ks deri ve most of t hei r l egacy ar chi t ect ure fr om SONET r i ngs; t heref ore, t hey are t ypical l y
buil t on t wo uni di r ect i onal ( cl ockwise and count ercl ockwi se) fi ber r i ngs.
Met r opol i t an area cor e net wor ks assume si gni fi cant import ance because most of t he I nt er net as
well as l egacy voi ce t r aff i c i s concent r at ed i n t hi s segment of t he hi er archy . As ment i oned bef ore,
t hese net wor ks are based on r ing t opol ogi es t hat have evol ved f r om t he t radi t i onal SONET r i ngs.
Tr adi t i onal SONET r i ngs had t he pr obl em of a si ngl e wavel engt h i n t he r i ng causi ng nonopt imal
use of t he fi ber . By placi ng an SONET add- dr op mult i plexer ( ADM) at each node, t he net wor k
funct i oned ext r emel y well , but t he si gnal had t o be dr opped at each node, and t he ADM had t o
swit ch i ndivi dual bi t st r eams at t he STS- 1 l evel .
The t raf fi c demand i n t he ri ng i ncr eased dr ast i cal l y as mor e access r i ngs wer e added t o t hi s r i ng.
WDM met ro r ings al l evi at e t hi s i ssue by placi ng opt i cal ADMs, whi ch can add- dr op or pass-
t hr ough t r affi c at each si t e. These ADMs can al so be made t o behave li ke wavel engt h r out er s,
r out i ng wavel engt hs f rom one f i ber t o anot her ent i r el y i n t he opt i cal domai n. Thi s t echni que,
al t hough cost ef fect i ve, has t he issue of t r ansmi ssi on l engt h. Typi cal l y , 40 wavel engt hs can be
envi si oned i n t he WDM met r o r i ngs, and t r ansmi ssi on di st ances can span t he l engt h and br eadt h
of a t ypical met r opol i t an ci t y .
Curr ent net works suggest t hat met ro core ri ngs oper at e i n t he 100300 km ci rcumf er ence wi t h
about 614 nodes in each such r i ng. A t y pi cal WDM met ro cor e r i ng woul d i nt er face wi t h bot h
l ong haul and wi t h access ri ng at t wo di st inct poi nt s, t hus ser vi ng as access int erf acing poi nt s t o
t he t wo net wor ks. Due t o t he st r ong emphasi s on SLAs, car ri er s t end t o benef i t si gni f i cant l y fr om
met ro core net wor ks. Unt i l opt ical packet swi t chi ng mat ur es, met r o cor e net wor ks wi ll cont i nue
t o be t he mai n sour ce of r evenue. However , af t er t he l ong- haul mar ket picks up, met r o cor e
net wor ks wil l pl ay t he r ol e of si l ent aggr egat or of t r aff i c for t he access net wor k and wi l l schedul e
t hi s t raf fi c i nt o t he l ong- haul net wor k.
Met r o cor e net wor ks also have t he si ncere benefi t of havi ng t o i nt er face wi t h di ff er ent carr i ers.
Ther ef or e, st andar di zat i on i s an i mport ant i ssue. Many I TU st andar ds have been pr oposed for

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
t hese net wor ks, one of whi ch i s wavel engt h spacing and wavel engt h al l ocat i on. Because of t he
l ow l oss segment i n t he f i ber sit uat ed i n t he vi ci ni t y of 1550 nm, t he band commenci ng f r om
15251565 nm i s commonly depl oyed. Thi s i s al so cal l ed t he C ban d ( refer t o Chapt er 1 f or
oper at i ng bands) . Longer L bands ( 1570+ nm) ar e bei ng cur r ent l y i nvest i gat ed. Cor e r ings need
t o be r esi l i ent and of t en need SONET- li ke pr ot ect i on f eat ur es. The swit ch f rom a f ail ed l ight pat h
t o a pr ot ect i on l i ght pat h i s cal l ed r est or at i on. I n met r o cor e net wor ks, t y pi cal r est or at i on t i mes
have t o be i n t he 50 mi l l i second r ange t o f aci l i t at e excel l ent r esponses especi al ly for embedded
voi ce communi cat i on.
Salient Features of Metro Core Rings
The r i ng t opology has some st r at egi c fi ner poi nt s, whi ch have made t he depl oy ment of r ing
t opol ogy an excel l ent sol ut ion f or met ro core net wor ks. I nt ui t i vely , mesh net wor ks seem l i ke
good choi ces for deploy ment consi der i ng t hat t he obj ect i ve is t o guar ant ee maxi mum t raf fi c
bet ween any arbi t rar y sour ce dest i nat i on pai r i n a net wor k. Ri ngs seem t o be a poor cousi n for
t he hi gher degree ( of connect i vi t y) of t he mesh i n t hat r egar d.
Curr ent net work t r affi c repor t s t hat t he huge capaci t y of t he mesh is not cal l ed f or . I n one
anal y sis, i t was shown t hat ri ng net wor ks can do al l t hat a mesh can do but save pr i ce for a
gi ven l oad ( t he key her e i s t hat l oad shoul d be l ow) . Moreover , i nt er connect ed r i ngs off er t o be a
genuine sol ut i on for i mpl ement i ng mesh- l i ke ar chit ect ur es, al l evi at i ng t he t edious r out i ng t abl es
and pr ot ect i on i ssues. Pr ot ect i on and r out i ng i n mesh i s qui t e int r icat e because of t he hi gher
degr ee of connect i vi t y i n t he net work.
Fur t her mor e, a fai l ed f i ber gr ant i ng a pr ot ect ion pat h mi ght l ead t o an al gor i t hm of hi gh
comput at i onal compl exi t y , whereby t he t i me needed t o choose a pr ot ect i on pat h depends on t he
net wor k st at e and t hat l oad bal anci ng ( dy nami c) af t er r est or at i on can be achi eved. I n t hat
r egar d, we can consi der a 2- f i ber r i ng such t hat each f i ber i s uni di rect i onal ; for a fi ber cut , we
can guar ant ee prot ect i on by swit ching t he si gnal i nt o a corr esponding pr ot ect i on wavel engt h i n
t he fi ber wi t h an opposi t e di r ect ion of pr opagat i on. Obviously , t he t r ansmissi on lengt h wil l
i ncr ease, but f or abr upt and ar bi t r ar y f ail ures, t hi s pat h i s pr edet er mi ned, i ndependent of what
t he t raf fi c mat r i x l ooks l i ke at t he gi ven t i me. Theref ore, i t i s qui t e independent of l oad- bal anci ng
schemes.
Anot her ser i ous i ssue i n met r o r i ngs i s t he abi li t y t o r euse t he wavel engt hs. When a l ight pat h i s
dr opped at some dest i nat ion node, t he wavel engt h ( corr espondi ng t o t he dr opped l ight pat h) can
be r eused f or set t i ng up anot her li ght pat h emanat i ng at ei t her t he same node or at one of t he
nodes in t he downst r eam di r ect i on. Al t hough mesh net wor ks can also reuse wavel engt hs based
on spat i al separ at i on, t his is not so pr onounced due t o t he al r eady exi st i ng huge capaci t y i n t he
mesh. Al so i n mesh, due t o st r ong dependence on cr oss- connect ar chi t ect ures ( expl ai ned in t he
sect i on t i t l ed " Nodal Archi t ect ur es for Di ff er ent Net wor k Mar ket s, " wavelengt h reuse does not
gr eat l y aff ect syst em per for mance. Spat i al r euse of wavel engt hs by add- drop nodes gr eat ly
i ncr eases t he capaci t y ( t raf fi c) of t he net wor k. The f i nal amount of t r af fi c ( i n number of
l i ght pat hs) at any poi nt is shown i n Equat i on 5- 1.
Equ at i on 5- 1
I n t he equat ion, N i s t he number of nodes, w i s t he number of wavel engt hs, and H i s t he
i nst ant aneous aver age hop di st ance. The l ogi cal expl anat i on i s as f oll ows: Consi der t he N node

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
r i ng as shown in Fi gur e 5- 2. I f w/ 2 wavel engt hs ar e i n each of t he t wo fi ber s, t he t ot al number
of act i ve wavel engt hs bet ween any t wo adj acent nodes i s w. I f we assume t hat t her e ar e w/ 2
l i ght pat hs f r om each node t o bot h i t s adj acent nodes in cl ockwi se and count er clockwise
di r ect i ons, t he t ot al number of l i ght pat hs t hat can be est abl ished i s N* w.
Not e t hat f or t he pr ecedi ng st at ement t o be t r ue, each l i ght pat h must be exact l y one hop l ong.
Thi s i s sel dom t he case. Light pat hs ar e gener al l y of arbi t rar y l engt h f r om 1 t o N 1 hops
( i ncl udi ng prot ect i on LPs) . Ther efor e, we have t o scal e t he val ue N* w by t he average hop
di st ance of t he est abli shed l ight pat hs. An i nt erest i ng ar gument i s t o f i nd out how many
l i ght pat hs can fi t ont o a si ngl e wavel engt h. I n one anal ysi s usi ng l oad bal anci ng and embedded
t opol ogy desi gn, an aver age of 2. 43 l i ght pat hs coul d be made t o f i t ont o a si ngl e wavel engt h i n
a t wo- fi ber r i ng. The t r aff i c di st r i but i on was bot h uni for m and r andom.
I n cont rast , for a met r o cor e net wor k t hat has a si gni f i cant port i on of t r aff i c goi ng t o t he l ong-
haul net wor k such t hat t he met ro- t o- l ong- haul t r af fi c i s sent t hr ough a node t hat per f orms hub-
l i ke feat ur es, t he number of l ight pat hs ont o a si ngl e wavel engt h i s about 2. 05. I n ot her wor ds,
wavel engt h r euse for a met r o net wor k wi t h N bet ween 6 and 14 causes capacit y t o be about
t wi ce t he number of wavel engt hs. Thi s anal y si s can al so be ver i fi ed in Bi di r ect i onal Li ne Swi t ched
Ri ng ( BLSR) ki nd of SONET net wor ks.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Long-Haul Networks
The f i nal t ier i n our t hr ee- t i er cl assi fi cat i on of opt i cal net wor ks is t he l ong- haul net wor k.
Tr adi t i onal l y , t hese l ong haul net wor ks wer e t he f i r st net wor ks t o have f i ber as a t ransmi ssion
medi a on account of t he f act t hat si gnal s can go for a l ong di st ance i n a f iber and are
compar at i vel y err or f r ee. Long- haul net wor ks ar e t y pi call y r egi onal or i nt er cont i nent al net wor ks
connect i ng di ff erent ci t i es or even cont inent s t oget her . The net wor ks can span up t o a f ew
t housand ki l omet er s. Long- haul net wor ks wer e f ir st bui l t using f i ber because fi ber pr ovi ded for
t r anspor t of raw dat a bi t s wi t h few er ror s and t hr ough hi gher bi t rat es. How- ever , as t he bi t
r at es i ncreased, di f fer ent opt i cal par amet er s had negat i ve eff ect s on t hei r t ransmi ssi on l engt hs.
Ther ef or e, long- haul net wor ks ar e sever el y i mpai red by i ssues such as at t enuat i on, di spersi on,
and nonl inear i t i es.
Ty pi call y , l ong- haul sy st ems are poi nt - t o- poi nt sy st ems wi t h r egenerat or s at each end and i n
bet ween; t hi s pr eser ves si gnal qual i t y because t he signal r eaches t he f ar end of a t r ansmi ssi on
l i nk. I n some deploy ment s, t he poi nt - t o- poi nt li nks have been scal ed t o f or m mesh- li ke
ar chi t ect ures such t hat t he i r r egul ar mesh t opology can f aci li t at e a huge sur ge i n net wor k t r aff i c
demands. As t he r equi r ement t o t ransf er dat a i ncreased subst ant i al ly , t he i mpai r ment s off er ed
due t o communi cat i on i n t he opt i cal f i ber al so i ncreased. I n addi t i on, t her e was a l i mi t t o t he
amount of dat a ( dat a- rat e) t hat a si ngl e opt i cal channel coul d car ry . This br ought about t he
concept of dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exi ng ( DWDM) , wher eby many channel s were
i nt er l eaved or mul t i pl exed t oget her t o pr oduce a dense composi t e si gnal and have huge
bandwi dt h i n t he same fi ber .
Al so, a change was bei ng br ought about i n t he subsy st ems t hat faci li t at e such l ong- haul
net wor ks, such as Raman ampl i fi er s, cl osely spaced AWGs and so on. Anot her ar ea of act ive
r esear ch was opt ical cr oss connect t echnol ogy, whi ch was used t o cut t hr ough an i nt er medi at e
node. Alt hough i t was at t r act ive and concept uall y br il l i ant , t hi s vi si on of opt i cal ( wavelengt h)
r out i ng pr oved qui t e i neff ect i ve f or pr esent net wor ks.
Submar i ne net wor ks ar e t y pi cal ly under sea net wor ks used t o t ransfer dat a across cont i nent s.
They ar e al so poi nt - t o- poi nt l ong- haul li nks wi t h r epeat er s t o ensur e signal power level s and
quali t y . The mai n i ssue associ at ed wit h such net wor ks is t hat rest or ing fi ber - opt i c under sea li nes
aft er fi ber cut s i s al most i mpossi bl e. I n addi t i on, f i ber- lay i ng cost s ar e t he mai n component t o
t he net work cost in such net wor ks.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Nodal Architectures and the Optical Service Channel
The most import ant el ement i n a net wor k i s t he node. For WDM l ay er ed hi er ar chy , di f fer ent
conf igur at i ons have been pr oposed, each adher ing t o some di ff erent set of r equi r ement s. I n fact ,
t he access, met r o, and cor e net wor ks have t hei r own uni que combinat i on of nodal ar chi t ect ur es.
A good nodal archi t ect ur e i s char act er i zed by l ow i nser t ion l oss, l ow pol ar i zat i on- dependent and
wavel engt h- dependent l osses, hi gh scal abi l i t y ( t o number of wavel engt hs) , and good swi t chi ng
pr owess. I n addit ion t o t he f or e- ment i oned desir ed char act er i st i cs, a node shoul d al so be abl e t o
conf igur e and communi cat e t o ot her nodes about li ght pat h est abl i shment . The node does t hi s
t hr ough t he net wor k management sy st em ( NMS) , which i s t y pi cal ly bui l t t o pr ovi de end- t o- end
pr ov isi onabi li t y ( abi l it y t o provi sion t he net wor k) i n t he net wor k. The servi ce user cont r ol s t he
nodal element s by usi ng t he el ement manage- ment sy st em ( EMS) , whi ch i s l i ke an operat i ng
t ool t o oper at e t he node l ocal l y i n var i ous scenar ios.
The NMS accompli shes f ast l i ght pat h est abli shment ( set up) and t ear down and i nvol ves ot her
net wor k- level i ssues. The node communi cat es t o t he ot her nodes about l ocal posi t i on ( t r aff ic,
st at es, and so on) t hr ough an out - of- band / i n- band channel cal l ed t he opt i cal ser v ice chann el
( OSC) , whi ch i s general l y a channel t hat drops at each node. Shown i n Fi gur e 5- 6 i s t he
i mpl ement at ion of out - of- band OSC. OSC i s l i ke t he nervous sy st em of t he net wor k; i t i nfor ms
t he const i t uent nodes of t he net wor k det ai l s at any gi ven poi nt . Typical l y , OSC carr i es
i nf ormat i on per t ai ni ng t o rout i ng where t he r out i ng i s based on short est pat h al gor i t hms ( SPFs) .
OSC i s used t o di scover t opol ogy and i dent i f y nei ghbor s. OSC i s also used t o pr ovi si on, r est ore
or prot ect t he net wor k. The node bui lds a t opol ogy t able and l ight pat h t abl e usi ng t he dat a
col lect ed dur i ng t he di scover y process. Fi nal l y , a r out ing t abl e i s der i ved for aut omat i c r out i ng of
l i ght pat hs. OSC al so r epor t s t he net work perf or mance and hel ps t o make deci sions duri ng
l i ght pat h est abli shment .
Fi gu r e 5- 6. Use of OSC i n Met r o Ri n gs

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
OSC does t his repor t i ng and i nfor mat i on broadcast i ng and makes t hese deci si ons by pr opagat i ng
t he t abl e of l i ght pat hs, wavel engt hs used and unused, sour ce, and dest i nat ion nodes for t hese
l i ght pat hs at al l t i mes. Typical l y , OSC i s at a much sl ower l i ne r at e of about OC- 3 ( 155 Mbps) ,
but some OSCs have been r epor t ed at an OC- 12 speed, al t hough t her e i s no st andard f or t he
OSC speed; i t depends on t he net wor k r equi r ement . The l ow speed can be at t ri but ed t o t wo
mai n causes: f ir st , t her e i s not much i nf ormat i on t o be convey ed t o ever y node; second, t he OSC
has t o be dr opped at each node, so t he opt o- el ect ronic i nt erf ace needs t o be l ow cost .
Hi gher bit r at e el ect r oni c car ds ar e expensive, so OC- 3 i s a good al t er nat i ve speed. The OSC i s
t y pi cal ly at 15101520 nm, and we do not need t o defi ne it as per I TU channel spaci ng. The
i mpor t ance of OSC i s gr owi ng due t o t he r api d st andar di zat i on of signal i ng pr ocedur es for
est abl i shment of l i ght pat hs. Gener al mul t i pr ot ocol l abel swi t chi ng ( GMPLS) i s a new
i mpl ement at ion and a par adi gm t o si gnal i ng i n opt i cal net wor ks t hat i s i mpl ement ed usi ng t he
opt i cal servi ce channel . As opt i cal net wor ks become mor e mat ur e, t he OSC wi l l play a mor e
pr omi nent rol e i n di ct at i ng t he net work heur i st i cs and r evenue earning capaci t y .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Nodal Architectures for Different Network Markets
Long- haul , met r o, and access net works have t heir own dist i nct nodal ar chit ect ur es sui t ed f or
t hei r own appli cat i ons. The archi t ect ur es ar e more cl ear ly defi ned for each mar ket t y pe because
of t he cost fact or i nvol ved i n t hem. For exampl e, a long- haul node might have t o opt i mize t he
si gnal for al l i t s opt i cal i mpai rment s such as l oss, di sper si on, and nonl i near i t i es, wher eas a
met ro node mi ght have t o car e onl y f or l oss and di spersi on. Fi nal l y , an access node might have
t o bot her j ust wi t h l oss, not car i ng for ei t her di sper si on or nonl i near i t i es.
Thi s ki nd of di f fer ent iat ion i s t he mai n mot i vat i on behi nd havi ng di ff erent kind of archi t ect ur es i n
t he di ff er ent market s. Nat ur al l y, t he f unct i onal i t y i n most l ong- haul net works makes long- haul
nodal ar chi t ect ure t he most expensive t o depl oy . Cer t ai n i mpor t ant char act eri st i cs make nodal
funct i onal i t y an i mpor t ant subj ect of st udy . A node i s gener al l y desi r ed for i t s abi li t y t o i nsert
t r aff i c i nt o t he net wor k and t o dr op l ocal l y or i ent ed t r af fi c t o t he cl i ent l ay ers off t he net work. I n
addit ion, a node mi ght per for m cer t ai n ot her funct i ons such as t r aff i c passt hr ough ( act as a
passt hr ough t unnel f or t r af fi c) and t r af fi c gr oomi ng.
Wi t h t hi s gener at i on of WDM net wor ks, we i nit i al l y envi saged a short t i me of depl oy ment of
opt i cal packet - swit ching node. The absence of an opt i cal RAM and t he sheer uneconomi cs of t he
busi ness pr oposi t i on r enders packet swi t chi ng i n t he opt i cal domai n a wast ef ul t echnology at t hi s
t i me. I t wi l l pr obabl y t ake a decade f or commer cial packet - swi t ched net wor ks i n t he opt i cal
domai n t o be depl oy ed, al t hough smal l - scal e uni ver si t y pr oj ect s mi ght pr ecede t hat dat e on a
pi l ot basis.
A t ypical node can be broken i nt o f our discr et e sect i ons. The f i r st sect i on i s usual l y t he input
sect i on. Her e, a si gnal i s f ed t o t he node ( of t en t hrough a prel i ne ampl i fi er whi ch boost s t he
si gnal power and may be al so t hr ough sect i ons of di sper si on compensat i ng uni t s, or DCUs,
whi ch compensat e f or t he accumulat ed di sper si on) . Fur t her mor e, i n t he i nput sect i on is a
demul t i pl exer t hat can segregat e t he composi t e WDM si gnal int o i ndi vi dual wavel engt hs or i nt o
bands or cl ust er s of wavel engt hs.
The next sect i on of t he t y pi cal node i s t he swi t chi ng sect i on. Thi s i s by far t he most i mpor t ant
par t of t he node. Long- haul nodes can have a compl et e opt ical cr oss- connect device such as an
opt i cal swi t ch. An opt i cal cr oss- connect ( OXC) , as t he name impli es, i s a cr oss- connect t hat i s
buil t on some opt i cal t echnol ogy ( such as MEMS, di scussed i n Chapt er 2, "Net wor ki ng wi t h
DWDM - 1") . Thi s cr oss- connect can swi t ch any wavel engt h f rom one port t o any ot her port . Of
cour se, t hi s kind of swi t ch also needs wavel engt h conversi on at t he i ngr ess or egr ess ends t o be
abl e t o support fi xed channel - spaced AWG mul t i pl exer sect i ons at t he ext r eme ends.
Met r o nodes, in cont r ast , mi ght not have OXC f eat ur es. Met r o ar chi t ect ur es are general l y r i ng
based; t heref ore, a simple add, dr op, passt hr ough swi t ch on a per wavel engt h i s enough t o
pr ovi de t he necessary f l exi bi l i t y and granul ar it y . Ever y node has onl y one pai r of fi ber s ent eri ng
and one pai r l eavi ng t he node because of t he dual degr ee of connect i vi t y of t he r i ng. I n mesh
ar chi t ect ures, t he number of f i bers t hat ent er / exit a node mi ght var y based on t he degr ee of
connect i vi t y of t hat node. Access ar chi t ect ures mi ght not even need swi t ches; t hey mi ght be
i mpl ement ed usi ng band f i lt er s or passi ve st ar coupl er s. The poi nt t o not e her e i s t hat each
ar chi t ect ure has i t s own advant ages and di sadvant ages, but most i mpor t ant ly , each archi t ect ur e
has it s own opt i cal charact er i st i cs. Each ar chit ect ur e mi ght pass a di f fer ent set of wavel engt hs,
have di f fer ent l osses t o di f fer ent wavel engt hs, di f fer ent polar i zat i on pr ofi l es, and di ff erent
i nducement s of nonl i neari t i es.
I n short , each ar chi t ect ure i s ver sat i l e i n i t s own r ight and has some fundament al issues t hat
aff ect t he sy st em desi gn. When an opt i cal sy st em i s desi gned, we have t o keep in mi nd t he
eff ect ( s) of t he node on t he sy st em desi gn. Most i mpor t ant i s t he l oss budget . Each node has a

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
sever e l oss of si gnal. I n t he passt hr ough case, a si gnal mi ght have up t o 16 dB l oss as i n t he
case of AWG- based el ement s. Thi s l oss i s more t han made up f or by t he post l i ne ampl i f ier , whi ch
r eboost s t he si gnal power bef ore f eeding it i nt o t he t r ansmi ssi on channel . Ther efor e, when we
ar e designi ng a sy st em, we have t o consi der t hese f act ors one by one.
Long-Haul Nodal Architectures
Long- haul nodes are charact er ized by t heir nonf l exi bl e ar chi t ect ures, whi ch i nher ent l y mini mi ze
or t ake car e of opt i cal i mpai r ment s. Typical l y , l ong- haul net wor ks ar e mesh or poi nt - t o- poi nt
l i nks; t her efor e, t he degree of connect i vit y of a par t i cul ar node ( t he number of nei ghbor nodes
connect ed t o an i ncumbent node or si mpl y number of pai r s of f iber s at t ached t o t he node i n a
dupl ex sy st em) i s gr eat er t han 2 ( as shown i n Fi gur e 5- 7) .
Fi gu r e 5- 7. A Ty pi cal Reg i onal ( Long- Hau l ) Net w or k
Thi s means t hat a node can be at t ached t o t wo or more di ff er ent nodes t hrough t he f i ber l i nes.
Thi s t hough i s no har d and f ast r ul e, but t hi s hi gh degr ee of connect ivi t y needs a cross- connect
l i ke archi t ect ur e t o faci l it at e what is cal l ed wavel engt h r out i ng. Wav el engt h r out i ng i s a r out i ng
concept t hat i s ext ended t o t he opt i cal l ay er so t hat wavel engt hs ( and l i ght pat hs) are rout ed
based on t he wavel engt h granul ar it y and wavel engt h separ at i on. A wavel engt h r out er ( see
Fi gur e 5- 8) is a devi ce t hat can r out e a par t i cul ar l i ght pat h t o a par t i cul ar node ( t hr ough a
pr edet ermi ned por t ) based on j ust i t s i ngress wavel engt h.
Fi gu r e 5- 8. Wav el en gt h Rout er : Not e t he St at i c Wavel en gt h Rou t i ng as
Per t h e Su f f i x on t he l

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Al t hough wavel engt h r out i ng i s cumber some t o i mpl ement , i t i s a pr omisi ng appr oach i n opt i cal
shor t est pat h r out i ng, and we can easi l y car ry i t out by usi ng OXC ar chi t ect ur es. One of t he key
feat ures of OXCs i s t hei r al l - opt i cal nat ur e. An OXC can swit ch any l i ght pat h at any port t o any
ot her port as l ong as t here i s no blocki ng and wavel engt h cont i nui t y i s mai nt ai ned. A sui t abl e
candi dat e t echnol ogy f or t hi s i s MEMS t echnol ogy . OXCs are also being devel oped t o f aci l i t at e
new ar chi t ect ur es for bur st and packet swi t chi ng. However , t he pr ogr ess i n t hese f i el ds i s qui t e
sl ow. Typi cal swi t chi ng t i me i s a few mi l li seconds, wher eas por t - t o- por t l oss i s about 39 dB
depending on t he OXC confi gur at i on and si ze ( r emember we have not added mul t i pl ex sect i on
l osses) . We can al so depl oy OXCs usi ng O- E- O t echnol ogy. Her e, t he si gnal i s pr ocessed and
swit ched i n t he el ect r i cal domai n.
Metro Network Nodal Architectures
I n met r opol i t an- ar ea net wor ks ( MANs) , t he main ar chi t ect ur e i s t hat of a r i ng. A r i ng net wor k
does not need cr oss- connect s, al t hough t hey ar e al way s benefi ci al . Convent i onall y , r i ng net wor k
nodes are i mpl ement ed by add- dr op or dr op and cont i nue ki nd of devi ces ( l i ke OADMs) such t hat
wavel engt hs can be added or dropped at each node. Not e t hat no f eat ure exi st s for all - opt i cal
swit ching ( cr oss connect ) . Nodes have a t y pi cal f ul l demul t i pl ex sect i on t hat di ssemi nat e t he
composit e si gnal i nt o i ndi vi dual channel s. Each channel has a 2x2 swi t ch, as shown i n Fi gur e 5-
9. The swi t ch can ei t her add- dr op or pass- t hr ough li ght pat hs ( opt i cal si gnal) . Possi bl e
i mpl ement at ions ar e mechanical swi t ches, whi ch ar e t y pi cal l y slow but r el i abl e.
Fi gu r e 5- 9. Met r o Node Ar ch i t ect ur e: Not e t he Pr e- an d Post l i n e
Amp l i f i er s and 2 x2 Swi t ch es f or Ef f i ci ent Ad d-Dr op

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
As of t oday, most net works ar e ci r cuit swit ched, so t hey wor k wel l wi t h mechani cal swi t ches.
Mechani cal swi t ches have a t y pi cal swi t chi ng t i me ( fr om one st at e t o anot her ) of 1015
mi ll i seconds. Thi s i s enough t o ensur e 50- mi l li second r est orat ions, as i n SONET- l i ke net works
aft er fi ber cut s. Met r o net wor ks can also be bui lt wi t hout f ul l demul t i pl ex sect i ons.
Thi s met hod of i mpl ement at ion i s t hrough t he use of t hi n fi l m f il t er s ( TFFs) . Thi n fi l m t echnol ogy
i s mat ur e and r obust . Mor eover , t her e i s some degr ee of fl exi bi l i t y because any channel can be
dr opped by usi ng a t unabl e TFF. The mai n advant age i s i n t he nodal l oss. Nodal l oss creat es a
subst ant ial l oss in opt ical power . I n ar r ayed waveguide ( AWG) - based nodes, t he nodal l oss can
be as hi gh as 15 dB.
By usi ng TFFs, t hi s l oss can be t r immed t o j ust a few dB. Typi cal l y , t he inser t i on l oss of one fi l t er
i s about 1.2 dB. Ther ef ore, a ser i es of TFFs has a l ower l oss compared t o convent i onal AWG
desi gn. Anot her opt imi zed archi t ect ur e i s by using subbands. By cr eat i ng bands i n t he operat ing
spect ra, a node can drop an ent i r e band ( of wavel engt hs) fr om t he l ine ( composi t e si gnal ) . Thi s
band can be f ur t her demul t i plexed by cl i ent equi pment . Ther efor e, l oss i s l ow, and t her e i s some
degr ee of fl exibi li t y . This ki nd of net wor k ar chi t ect ur e cannot t ake lar ge dy nami c vari at i ons in
t r aff i c; i n ot her wor ds, i t cannot t ake excess chur n. The t r adeof f i s t he cost i nvol ved. Some
vendor s have managed t o make product s based on such TFF t echnol ogy .
Anot her met hod i s t hat of broadcast and sel ect net wor ks. Passi ve st ars and br oadcast
ar chi t ect ures ar e becomi ng qui t e popul ar because of t hei r cost and perf or mance met r i cs.
However , t hese ( r equi r ed f or effi ci ent shari ng of t he medium amongst di ff erent users) net works
ar e quit e academi c because medi um access pr ot ocol s ar e hard t o i mpl ement successf ul l y over
l ar ge di st ances i n opt i cal envir onment s.
Al t hough fi l t er- based t echnol ogi es of fer opt i cal l y bet t er design in t er ms of l ow node l oss, t hey
ar e l i mi t ed i n f l exi bi l i t y of oper at i on. We cannot dy nami cal l y dr op a channel f rom a band fi l t er.
Each band f i lt er i s abl e t o dr op only t hat speci fi c band. Theref ore, t o creat e a dy nami c dr op-
capabl e sy st em, we need a l ar ge i nvent or y of f i lt er s, whi ch mi ght not be an economi cal sol ut i on.
Mor eover , pl aci ng such f i l t er s i n t he t ransmi ssion channel duri ng act i ve oper at i on can creat e
pr ot ect i on sur ges, whi ch l imi t sy st em per for mance. Also t he f i lt er i ng wi ndow is not alway s a
per fect r ect angl e, but may have a pr ofi l e whi ch can be l ower or der Lor ent zi an or Gaussian
creat i ng l osses f or hi gh r at es.
Protection in WDM Networks and Protection Switching
At t he opt ical or WDM l ayer , a l i ght pat h i s set up usi ng a cont r ol mechani sm t hat i nvolves t he
i ngr ess, t he egr ess, t he i nt er mediat e nodes and equipment , i n addi t i on t o t he f iber s t o set up t he

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
l i ght pat h. Fai l ur e of equi pment / fi ber / nodes can cause t he l i ght pat h t o be di sr upt ed, resul t i ng i n
a huge loss i n r evenue. Pr ot ect i on of l i ght pat hs i s a means wher eby f ail ure of f i ber or equipment
can be sur passed by ot her means. Prot ect i on essent i al ly means addi ng some degr ee of
r edundancy or di versi t y t o t he net wor k. The excess r edundant por t i on of t he net wor k i s ut i li zed
t o pr ovi de net work capaci t y i n t he event of a f ail ure or fault .
I n pr incipl e, pr ot ect i on i s a f ast phenomenon such t hat t he fai l ed l i ght pat h i s swit ched ont o t he
excess al locat ed capaci t y in t he shor t est i nt erval of t ime. An opt i cal net wor k has var i ous ki nds of
fai l ur es. The most common fai l ur e i s t hat of equi pment . Equi pment f ai lur e account s f or al most
70 per cent of al l f ai lur es and is a r esult of vari ous fact or s such as agi ng, mal funct i on, and human
err or .
Pr ot ect i ng net wor ks fr om equi pment or subsyst em f ai lure is a di f fi cul t t ask. The onl y way t o
pr ot ect a net work fr om equi pment fai l ur e i s t o depl oy r edundant equi pment as pr ot ect i on
equi pment and t o swi t ch fr om t he nor mal equi pment t o t he r edundant gear i n t he event of a
fai l ur e. Cer t ai n al gor it hms act ual l y descr i be and faci li t at e t he way i n whi ch t he si gnal is
t r ansfer r ed f rom t he normal equi pment t o t he r edundant equi pment ( pr ot ect i on equi pment ) and
al so descr i be when t hi s change is t o be done. Equi pment fai l ur e can al so be t he ent i r e node
fai l i ng. Thi s mi ght happen due t o power out ages or even human er ror s. Nodal fai l ur e i s di f fi cul t
t o pr ot ect , and unl ess t he f ai l ur e i s par t i al , t he node i s al most down unt i l r ect if i cat ion exer ci ses
ar e carr i ed out . A node f ai l ur e can be r egarded as mul t i - l i nk fai l ur e. For exampl e i n a r i ng
net wor k a f ai l ur e of a node, i s as good as f ai l ur e of t he t wo at t ached li nks.
The next common fai l ur e af t er equi pment fai l ur e i s f iber fai l ur e, whi ch i s mor e commonl y known
as fi ber cut . Fi ber cut s ar e f ai lur es t hat ar e caused by t he damage r ender ed t o oper at i onal f i bers
ei t her fr om phy si cal cut s or fr om sever e bendi ng ( t hus i ncreasi ng t hei r l osses t o unbear abl e
val ues) . We can t ake car e of fi ber cut s by usi ng r edundant fi ber s al ong wi t h wor k or nor mal - use
fi ber s and swi t chi ng si gnal s f rom t he wor k t o t he r edundant ( pr ot ect i on) f i ber s. Prot ect i on in
WDM net wor ks can be cl assi fi ed i nt o t wo t ypes: l ine- and pat h - lev el p rot ect i on. Line pr ot ect i on
means pr ot ect i ng t he ent i r e f iber or t he ent i re band of WDM channel s i n t he event of a fi ber cut
or f ai lure ( see Fi gur e 5- 10) .
Fi gu r e 5- 10 . A 1 : 1 Pr ot ect ed Li n k : Not e Bot h Tr ansmi t t er and Recei v er
Hav e t o Swi t ch
I n cont rast , pat h pr ot ect ion means accordi ng pr ot ect i on t o j ust t he si ngle li ght pat h t hat has
fai l ed ( see Fi gur e 5- 11) . Ther efor e, pat h prot ect i on is mor e speci fi c and mor e di f fi cul t t o
i mpl ement , whereas l i ne prot ect i on i s more gener i c and easi er t o i mpl ement . For most of t he
di scussi on on pr ot ect ion and i t s mechani sms, t hi s chapt er consi der s f iber cut s as t he
pr edomi nant fai l ur e i n opt i cal WDM net wor ks because of t he si mpl e r edundant t echni ques
pr esent t o sol ve t he pr ot ect i on i ssue for equi pment f ai l ur e.
Fi gu r e 5- 11 . 1 + 1 Pr ot ect ed Li nk : Not e Th at On l y Recei v er Has t o
Swi t ch t o Pr ot ect i on Si g nal

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
I n convent i onal SONET net wor ks, l i ne and pat h pr ot ect i on has been i ncor por at ed i nt o t he r ing
t opol ogy by t wo di st i nct schemes: uni di r ect i onal pat h- swi t ched ri ng ( UPSR) and bi dir ect ional
l i ne- swi t ched r ing ( BLSR) . We can ext end t he same scheme t o WDM net wor ks over a var i et y of
t opol ogies. For pat h- swi t ched pr ot ect i on i n poi nt - t o- poi nt or mesh t opologi es or even WDM
r i ngs, t he pr ot ect ion i s known as 1+ 1 pr ot ect ion ; on t he ot her hand, for l i ne- swit ched pr ot ect i on,
t he scheme i s cal led 1: 1 p rot ect ion .
For pat h- swi t ched 1+ 1 pr ot ect ion, t he t ransmi t t er or ingr ess node t r ansmi t s t he si gnal ( WDM
l i ght pat h on speci fi c wavelengt h- l ambda) i nt o t he wor k ( normal ) as wel l as t he prot ect i on
( r edundant ) pat h si mul t aneousl y. At t he receiver or egr ess node, t he r eceiver chooses t he si gnal
fr om ei t her t he wor k or t he pr ot ect i on pat h, dependi ng on t he si gnal qual i t y . Essent i al ly , t hi s
ki nd of scheme i s easy t o manage because t he changeover deci sion ( f or choosi ng ei t her wor k or
pr ot ect f i ber) i s t aken onl y by t he recei ver sect i on and not be mul t i pl e sect i ons. Not e t hat i t is
best t o have t he work and t he prot ect pat hs on di f fer ent f i bers such t hat exul t i ng phy si cal
di versi t y .
I n cont rast , in t he 1: 1 or l i ne- swit ched scheme as i n Fi gur e 5- 10, t he signal i s sent onl y i n t he
wor k sect i on or wor k channel whil e one pr ot ect ion channel ser ves as a backup t o mul t i pl e
geogr aphi cal l y di verse wor k channel s. I n t he event of a fai l ur e, bot h t he sender and t he recei ver
need t o coor di nat e wi t h one anot her and swi t ch t he signal i n t he fai l ed sect ion t o t he prot ect i on
channel . Thi s i nvol ves dual swit ching at bot h t he t r ansmi t t er and r ecei ver sect i ons, as shown i n
Fi gur es 5- 10 and 5- 12.
Fi gu r e 5- 12 . 1 : N Pr ot ect i on ( Shar ed Pr ot ect i on)
Nat ur al l y, t he 1+ 1 prot ect i on for mat i s a much easi er way of guar ant eei ng fast pr ot ect i on
( r est or at i on t i me i s mini mal ) q, but t he cost i nvol ved i s oft en more as more bandwi dt h
( r esources) i s needed t o f aci l i t at e i t . 1: 1 pr ot ect i on, i n cont rast , is not t hat fast i n t er ms of
r est or at i on t i me ( t i me needed t o r est or e a f ai l ed l i nk or li ght pat h) , but t he cost i nvol ved i s oft en
quit e l ower even t hough t he si gnal i ng pr ocedur e i s oft en cumbersome because of t he fact t hat

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
t her e i s f ul l dupl ex si gnal i ng ( communi cat i on) i nvol ved.
However , 1: 1 pr ot ect i on has t he added advant age of opt i mizing t he pr ot ect i on bandwi dt h among
many wor k pat hs. Thi s ki nd of scheme i s al so r efer red t o as 1: N pr ot ect ion, wher eby one
pr ot ect i on pat h can pr ovi de prot ect i on of a si ngl e f aul t i n any of t he N fi ber s ( one f aul t at a
t i me) . See Fi gur e 5- 12. When t he pr ot ect ion al gor i t hm is 1: 1 ( t hat i s, ever y channel has a gi ven
r esour ce t o ensur e pr ot ect i on) , t he scheme i s al so cal led dedi cat ed pr ot ect ion or more
t echni cal ly , dedi cat ed 1: 1 pr ot ect i on. I f t he pr ot ect i on al gor i t hm shar es many wor k channel s for
a si ngl e pr ot ect i on channel , t hi s ki nd of scheme i s cal led shar ed p rot ect i on. Shared pr ot ect ion
envi si ons one pr ot ect i on channel f or N wor k channel s, assumi ng t hat onl y one of t he N wor k
channel s wi l l be cut ( l ost ) at any gi ven t i me. Shar ed pat h pr ot ect i on i s al so an i nt er est i ng
concept f or according pr ot ect i on t o indi vidual l i ght pat hs i n WDM met r o r i ngs. One i ssue of
ongoing resear ch i s t hat of opt i mi zi ng t he amount of bandwi dt h al l ot t ed for prot ect i on as
compar ed t o t hat for wor k, i n a 1: N pr ot ect i on net wor k. Thi s r at i o is cal l ed t he shar e t o work
( S/ W) r at i o.
Protection for Different Qualities of Lightpaths
The si mpl est for m of pr ot ect i on i s t he dedi cat ed pr ot ect i on scheme i n which ever y l i ght pat h has
i t s own compl ement of pr ot ect i on bandwi dt h al l ocat ed t o i t such t hat i n t he event of a f ail ure, t he
l i ght pat h i s compact l y prot ect ed using t he basi c pri nci pl es of 1: 1 or 1+ 1 schemes. One maj or
i ssue i n prot ect i on i s t he t ime needed for pr ot ect i on t o t ake pl ace. When we prot ect a fai l ed
l i ght pat h or l i nk, we need t o r un an al gor it hm t hat act ual l y det er mines t he f ai lure, al l ocat es
r esour ces t o t he f ail ed l ight pat h, and coor di nat es t he t r ansmit t er and receiver on t hese
r esour ces. Thi s t akes a f ini t e amount of t i me.
Pr evi ousl y , we l ear ned t hat 1+ 1 pr ot ect i on i s much fast er and seamless t han 1: 1 pr ot ect i on. Of
cour se, t he t r adeoff i s t he cost i nvol ved. I n voi ce net works and SONET model s, t he pr ot ect i on
t i me must be l ess t han 50 ms. Thi s i s di ff i cul t t o achi eve i f t he pr ot ect i on r esources ar e qui t e
dy nami c, i n t he sense t hat mul t i pl e al gor i t hms need t o be r un and decisi ons need t o be made t o
al l ocat e t he prot ect i on resour ces. I n r ing net works, t he idea i s t o have t he wor k l i ght pat h i n t he
shor t est pat h and t o have t o pr ot ect i on l i ght pat h i n t he l onger pat h ( whi ch i s i nvar i abl y now i n
an opposi t e dir ect i on t o t he wor k pat h) . Thi s means t hat a good way t o depl oy WDM r i ngs i s t o
ensur e t hat t her e ar e t wo f i ber s: one i n a cl ockwi se ( CW) sense and t he ot her i n a
count er clockwi se ( CCW) sense. We can do t hi s by keepi ng hal f t he channel s i n a CW dir ect ion
and t he ot her hal f i n a CCW di rect i on. Then we need t o sol ve t he probl em of wavel engt h
congr uency of wor k and prot ect i on t raf fi c. As i t i s easi er t o keep wor k and prot ect i on l ight pat hs
on t he same f iber .
Pr ot ect i on channel access ( PCA) is a cl ass of t raf fi c t hat has a lower pr i or i t y t han wor k t r aff i c.
When t he net work i s heal t hy ( no fai l ur es) , t he bandwi dt h t hat i s al l ocat ed t o pr ot ect i on can be
used t o depl oy addi t i onal li ght pat hs. However, when a fai l ur e occur s, t hi s cl ass of low- pri or i t y
t r aff i c i s t he fi r st t o be di scarded. Thi s cl ass of t r aff ic is al so si mpl y consi der ed unpr ot ect ed
t r aff i c. Many l ow- cost appl i cat i ons t oday use a PCA t r aff ic scheme. Because f i ber cut s ar e qui t e
r ar e, PCA- l ike schemes maxi mize t he capaci t y of t he fi ber by ef fi ci ent l y ut i l i zi ng al l t he channel s.
Bell core document 2979 speci f i es t he r equi r ement for OADM and ot her equi pment fr om t he
pr ot ect i on poi nt of vi ew and ment i ons t hat we consi der only a si ngl e f ai lur e per net wor k. Thi s i s
not al ways t he case. Mul t i pl e f ail ures can occur because of over l oadi ng or human er r or. Li mit ed
al gor i t hms t ake car e of mul t i pl e fai l ur es. Thi s i s an ar ea of const ant r esearch especi al l y i n mesh
net wor ks because t wo or mor e fai l ur es i n r ing net wor ks br eak t he basi c cont i nui t y of t he r i ng
net wor k element s.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Mesh Protection
I n ri ngs, t he prot ect i on al gor i t hms ar e simple. The shor t est pat h i s t he work pat h, and t he
corr esponding longest pat h ( on t he same ) is t he prot ect i on pat h- i n compl ement ar y dir ect i on.
Mesh net wor ks mi ght cont ai n mul t i pl e pr ot ect i on pat hs. I t i s i mpor t ant t o choose t he best
pr ot ect i on pat h. Thi s deci si on mi ght incl ude some aspect s of dynamic load balanci ng, as wel l as
r out e sel ect i on. I n one embodi ment , pr ot ect i on cy cl es were cr eat ed i n an N node mesh t opol ogy
such t hat for a gi ven cy cl e, t he work pat h was a chor d t o t he cycl e and t he pr ot ect ion pat h was
t he arc subt endi ng t he chor d.
Ci sco has implement ed t he pat h prot ect ed mesh net wor k ( PPMN) phi losophy i n it s SONET/ SDH
pr oduct , whi ch essent ial l y al l ocat es a prot ect i on pat h t o each wor k pat h acr oss a ser i es of l i nks
t hat ser ve as const i t uent s of a l i ght pat h. I n r i ng net wor ks, t he pr ot ect i on bandwi dt h i s equal t o
t he wor k bandwi dt h. I n mesh net works, t he pr ot ect i on bandwi dt h does not need t o be as hi gh as
t he wor k bandwi dt h because mul t i pl e pat hs exi st . Al gor it hms have been pr oposed t o opt i mi ze
t he amount of bandwi dt h pl aced for t he wor k and pr ot ect i on sect i ons. I n one embodi ment , t he
pr ot ect i on bandwi dt h was 2060 per cent less t han t he work bandwi dt h. Al t hough t hi s seems t o
be qui t e a speci fi c case, such scenar i os do general l y exi st . However , i t i s di ff i cul t t o for mul at e an
opt i mum number f or pr ot ect i on bandwi dt h f or WDM mesh net wor ks; i t depends t o a great ext ent
on t he t opol ogy and t r af fi c pat t er ns.
Signaling and Protection in WDM Networks
When a f ai l ur e occurs in a WDM net work, t hr ee t hi ngs need t o be done i n t he l east l apse of t i me.
Fi rst , i f t he net wor k fai l swhet her i t i s a fi ber f ai l ur e or an equi pment fai l ur ewe need t o
i dent i f y t he f aul t . Thi s i s gener all y done by usi ng t he EMS. Second, upon det ect i ng a fai l ur e, we
need t o br oadcast t he f aul t acr oss t he net wor k t o at l east t he nodes or t er mi nal equi pment t hat
ar e aff ect ed by t he faul t . Thi s i s gener al l y accompli shed by usi ng t he opt i cal servi ce channel i n
conj unct i on wit h t he NMS. Fi nal l y, we need t o pr ot ect t he faul t . I f i t i s a f i ber cut , t hen l i ne or
pat h or bot h pr ot ect i on mechani sms need t o be i nvoked. I f t he f aul t i s an equipment f ail ure,
t hen t he redundant equi pment i s swi t ched t o. Fi nal l y , af t er t he f aul t i s r epai r ed ( which mi ght
t ake a l ong t ime, as wi t h a f i ber cut ) , t he net wor k i s r ever t ed t o i t s or i gi nal st at e. The ent i r e
pr ocedur e i s based on t he si gnal i ng and cont r ol mechani sm of t he net work. Dif fer ent met hods of
si gnal i ng have been demonst rat ed i n li t er at ur e. I n one embodi ment , GMPLS- based si gnal ing is
used t o r est or e t he net wor k fr om f ai l ur es. I n y et anot her embodiment , st andar d SONET- l i ke
aut omat i c prot ect i on swi t chi ng ( APS) i s i nvoked.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Optical System Design
Chapt er 4 consi der ed var i ous aspect s of syst em desi gn for gener i c WDM net wor ks. We buil t
net wor ks based on BER or OSNR r equi r ement s. We al so l ear ned about di sper si on and
at t enuat i on budget s whi le desi gni ng opt i cal net wor ks. So far , t hi s chapt er has focused on
di f fer ent t opologi es such as r i ngs, mesh, and poi nt - t o- point net wor ks. Most of t he design model s
i n Chapt er 4 wer e based on point - t o- poi nt net wor ks.
The r eader mi ght have not iced t hat i n Chapt er 4 we di d not t ake i nt o account l osses or , for t hat
mat t er, t he ef fect s of nodes or net wor k el ement s on t he pr opagat i ng signal . This chapt er has
cl assi fi ed t hr ee basi c net wor ks based on t he hier ar chi cal model : access, met r o, and l ong- haul
net wor ks. Each cat egor y has a di f fer ent nodal st r uct ur e; t her efor e, t he ef fect s r endered by each
net wor k element ont o t he t r aver si ng opt i cal si gnal is also di ff er ent .
Thi s chapt er consider s desi gning each of t he t hree net wor k t y pes, wi t h di ff er ent ki nds of net wor k
el ement s f or each t y pe. I t i s beyond t he scope of t hi s book t o act ual ly desi gn net wor ks wi t h each
possi bl e ar chi t ect ure f or t he nodes; t her efor e, t he desi gns i n t hi s book are based on gener i c
ar chi t ect ures. Mor e specif i c or unconvent i onal ar chi t ect ur es ar e bey ond t he t ext .
Whi l e desi gni ng WDM net wor ks, we need t o not e t he f ol lowi ng point s:
Cl assif i cat ion of t he net wor k ( access, met r opol i t an, and l ong haul )
Cl assif i cat ion of t he net wor k t opol ogy ( ri ng, mesh, and poi nt - t o- poi nt )
Number of nodes, t ype of nodes, and nodal heuri st i cs ( passt hr ough and add/ dr op l oss)
Maxi mum span l oss and adher ence of t he net wor k t o span budget
Maxi mum di sper si on on t he longest l i nk/ pl acement of di spersi on compensat i on equi pment
( i f any )
Budget by OSNR/ BER f or t he ent ir e net wor k based on worst li nk ( worst at t enuat ed WDM ) ,
t aki ng i nt o account nodal l osses
Budget consi st ency for prot ect i on on wor st ( usual ly short est wor k) pat h
Nonl i near eff ect s, modul at i on f or mat s
Component desi gn
Thi s l i st mi ght seem qui t e i nt ri gui ng for t he begi nner t o adher e t o, but i n fact , it i s a st andar d
way of desi gni ng f oolpr oof WDM net works. Gener al ly , a WDM designer faces t wo ki nds of design
scenar i os: t he gr een- fi el d desi gn and t he br own- f iel d design. The gr een- fi eld desi gn scenar i o
i nvol ves desi gni ng net wor ks f rom scr at ch, such t hat even t he basi c f i ber i s not l ai d. The desi gner
t hen has t he l i bert y of choosi ng r out es t o l ay f iber based on t r aff i c mat r ices ( t r aff i c vari at i ons of
nodes wi t h r espect t o one anot her ) , as wel l as t o opt i mi ze t he net work for l oss and disper sion
budget i ng purposes.
I n br own- fi el d net work desi gn, t he fi ber i s al r eady l ai d and t he desi gner must opt i mi ze t he
net wor k fr om t here onwards. Thi s ki nd of desi gn i s gener al l y mor e di ff i cul t because t he desi gner
i s f aced wit h many const rai nt s t hat need t o be f ul fi l l ed. This chapt er consi ders bot h design t ypes,
but mor e emphasi s i s gi ven on br own- f i el d net wor ks for t he pr act i cal wort hi ness t hat is
associ at ed wi t h t hem. Not e, however, t hat al l of t he desi gn heur i st i cs cannot be manuall y

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
comput ed; t her ef or e, t here is a def ini t i ve need for si mul at i on soft war e.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Access Network Design
Access net wor k t opol ogies can var y f r om poi nt - t o- poi nt buses ( as part of a t ree) t o nor mal
access r i ngs dependi ng on t he net wor k r equi r ement s ( capaci t y) , number of nodes, and so on.
Thi s chapt er wil l fi r st consi der access r i ngs. Access r i ngs are general l y hub- and- spoke r ings
wher eby a cent r al hub node i s si t uat ed and act s as a sink of access t r aff i c and a gat eway t o t he
met ro ( or met r o core) net work. The t r aff i c mat ri x i s general l y uni pol ar i n t he sense t hat al l
nodes have ful l duplex t r af fi c r equi r ement s wit h t he hub node. Ther e might be some i nt r a- r i ng or
node- node communi cat i on wi t hin t he access net wor k, but t hi s i s gener al l y quit e l ow.
To f aci li t at e and pr ovi si on l ight pat hs i n t he access net wor k, t he net work desi gn needs t o
encompass t he hubbed t r aff i c i n t he normal as wel l as t he pr ot ect ed case. For most access
net wor ks in t he opt i cal domai n, t he di st ances ar e l ess t han 75 km i n ci r cumfer ence, and l ongest
spans are usual l y not mor e t han 40 km. Access net wor ks ar e si t uat ed in cl ust ered, heavi l y
popul at ed Manhat t an- l i ke ar eas; t her efor e, t y pi cal di st ances ar e much l ess t han even 40 km.
Access Node Architecture
The hub node has a complet el y di f ferent ar chi t ect ure t han t he i ndi vi dual access nodes. Thi s i s
because i t i s unnecessar y t o demult i plex t he ent i r e composi t e si gnal at each node. On t he ot her
hand, t he WDM signal needs t o under go f ul l demul t i plexi ng at t he hub node; t her efor e, t hi s
ar chi t ect ure confor ms t o t he ar chi t ect ure of a ful l- fl edged OADM as descr i bed t owar d t he end of
Chapt er 1. The nonhub nodes ( access nodes) have t y pi cal ar chi t ect ur es t hat faci li t at e for l ow loss
( add/ dr op or passt hr ough) as wel l as low cost .
Ty pi call y , t he access nodes do not need much capaci t y f or add/ dr op t raf fi c. Ther efor e, fr om t he
desi gn poi nt of vi ew, t he access nodes must off er t he l east l oss for t he channel s t hat pass
t hr ough. One possi bl e i mpl ement at ion of access nodes i s usi ng t hi n fi l m f i lt er s ( TFFs) . Numer ous
vendor s have pr oposed t hi s conf i gur at i on, whi ch i s shown i n Fi gur e 5- 4. The TFF is t he hear t of
t he nodal appar at us. I t has t hree port s: an input por t , a r ej ect i on por t , and a t r ansmi ssi on por t .
The ent ir e composi t e si gnal is fed t o t he TFF input por t . Dependi ng on t he f i l t er confi gurat i on,
some wavel engt hs ( a band of wavel engt hs or even a si ngl e wavel engt h) ar e dr opped at t he
r ej ect i on por t . The r emai ni ng si gnal l ess t he dr opped band is avai l abl e at t he t ransmi ssion por t .
Ty pi cal passt hr ough l oss f or t he f i l t er is about 2 dB, whi ch i s negl i gi bl e compar ed t o t he OADM
count er par t in met r o r i ngs. The dr opped band can be f ur t her demul i t plexed by usi ng ei t her a
spl i t t er and sever al fi l t er s or a l ow cost , smal l r ange ( 410 nm) demul t i plexer ( AWG) . Not e t hat
t he demul t i pl exi ng oper at i on occur s out si de t he f l ow band; t hat is, t he channel s t hat do not need
t o be dr opped ar e not sent t hr ough t he wall s of t he AWG used as a demul t i pl exer . Gener al l y, t he
AWG l osses ar e much mor e t han t he passt hr ough l osses ( of t he TFFs) ; t her efor e, t hi s does not
become a cause of concer n f or passt hr ough channels.
By usi ng an ar rangement wher eby t he dr op channel s ar e demul t i pl exed out si de t he fl ow of t he
composit e si gnal , l oss i s kept t o a mi ni mum. Thi s arr angement al so l ower s cost si gni f i cant l y.
Thi s ar r angement is good for access net works but cannot be r epli cat ed t o higher t r aff i c met r o
core net works because of t he l ow scal abil i t y and l ow fl exi bil i t y f or dr oppi ng an arbit rar y
wavel engt h ( l i ght pat h) . I n access net works, i t i s of t en not necessar y t o consider di spersi on-
l i mi t ed or OSNR- li mi t ed desi gns because t her e mi ght not be suf fi ci ent noise or di sper si on
i mpai r ment s, and di st ances woul d of t en be l ess t han what was needed for maxi mum al l owabl e
accumul at ed disper si on. Even if we consi der a 40 km access r ing and use few ampli f i er st ages,
t he di sper si on does not become a domi nant i ssue i n access sy st em desi gn.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
I n access net works, t he ri ng t opol ogy i s not t he onl y domi nant t opology; bus and t r ee t opol ogi es
ar e al so quit e nor mal. I f t he medi um i s a bus or a shar ed bus t opol ogy , t he net work el ement s
( nodes) general l y ar e passi ve, t ypical l y consi st i ng of passi ve devi ces such as spl it t er s and t aps.
A t ypical access net wor k i s char act er ized by many nodes ( 418) , and each node has a small
add/ dr op t raf fi c r equir ement . Due t o t he l ow- capacit y requi rement of such net wor ks, wavelengt h
r euse is not essent i al i n access net works. Wavelengt h reuse i s a simple yet ef fi ci ent way of
i ncr easi ng t he net capaci t y of a net work gi ven t he l i mi t ed number of wavel engt hs, by r epeat i ng
wavel engt hs f or l ight pat hs such t hat no t wo l i ght pat hs on t he same wavel engt h wi ll shar e t he
same phy si cal fi ber . For access net wor ksespeci al l y r i ngswavel engt h r euse mi ght not be
r equi r ed because t he maxi mum t raf fi c capaci t y ( i n number of li ght pat hs) can alway s be less t han

max
, t he t ot al number of wavel engt hs i n t he net wor k.
When access net wor ks are impl ement ed i n t r ee/ bus t opology wi t h passi ve el ement s, t his ki nd of
net wor k set up is t ypi cal l y r eferr ed t o as passi ve opt i cal net wor k ( PON) . Her e, a coupl er spl it s t he
power f rom a f iber , and each access node get s a por t ion of t he power. Thi s sy st em cr eat es a
mul t i cast gr oup f rom t he cent r al of fi ce t o t he end users. ( Ref er t o Chapt er 7, "X over WDM, " f or
mor e i nfor mat i on on PON.) The power spli t t ing can be mat hemat i cal l y expl ai ned as f oll ows: I f
t he spli t t er spli t s t he i nput fi ber t o N nodes, and if P i s t he i nput power, t hen t he out put power t o
each user node por t is shown i n Equat i on 5- 2.
Equ at i on 5- 2

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Metropolitan Area Network (Metro Core) Design
Met r opol i t an area net works ( Met r o cor e) t oday ar e t he most popul ar opt i cal net wor ks in t he
i ndust ry because of t heir t r emendous r evenue pot ent i al . Tr adi t i onal l y , t hese net wor ks wer e al l
voi ce based, but t hey ar e now becomi ng mor e dat a cent r ic. Due t o t he over- indul gence i n
SONET/ SDH as wel l as t he st rong pot ent i al i n r i ng t opol ogy , met r o net wor ks are pr i mar i l y
conf igur ed i n r ings. The t opol ogi cal super i ori t y of ri ngs makes met r o net wor ks a t r uly survi vabl e
ar chi t ect ure for l ong- t erm appl i cat i ons.
Met r o net wor ks can be furt her classi fi ed as met r o cor e and met r o col lect or net wor ks ( bot h r i ng
t opol ogies) . Met r o cor e net wor ks can be di st i nguished by t he enor mous capaci t i es i nvol ved. They
ar e gener al ly li nked at one or mor e nodes t o l ong- haul t er mi nal equipment . I n cont rast , met r o
col lect or net wor ks can be seen as aggregat or s of met r o access t r af fi c. Met r o net wor ks have
vari ous ser vice cl asses f rom l egacy SONET on some wavel engt hs wi t h speeds r angi ng fr om OC- 3
t o OC- 192 t o Gi gabi t Et her net and 40 Gbps exper iment al l ight pat hs.
Chapt er 6, "Net wor k Level St rat egies i n WDM Net work Desi gn: Rout i ng and Wavel engt h
Assi gnment , " expl ores t he classi c pr obl em of r out i ng and wavelengt h assi gnment f or l ight pat hs
for a given t raf fi c usi ng t he mi ni mum r esources and under some gi ven const r ai nt s. Wavel engt h
assi gnment by i t sel f i s a ser ious pr obl em not j ust f rom t he net wor k per spect ive but also fr om t he
physi cal l ayer per spect i ve; i n a mul t ichannel WDM net wor k, pr oper placi ng of di f fer ent bit r at e
si gnal s i s not an easy pr ocedure.
The compl exit y invol ved i n assigni ng di f fer ent l engt h l i ght pat hs t o dif fer ent wavelengt hswi t h
each of t hem at a bi t r at e t hat i s not necessar i l y t he same as i t s spect r al nei ghbor makes
wavel engt h assi gnment a chal l engi ng pr oposi t i on, par t i cul arl y at hi gh bit r at es ( 1 Gbps and
bey ond) because t he channel spect ral envel ope mi ght spr ead int o t he adj acent spect ral
envel ope( s) . I t i s beyond t he scope of t hi s book t o di scuss wavel engt h assi gnment due t o
physi cal l ayer const r ai nt s, al t hough some ref er ence on t he t opi c can be seen i n l ong- haul
net wor k design wher e such eff ect s ( such as wal kover due t o XPM and FWM) ar e more
pr onounced.
A met r o net wor k i s char act eri zed by OADMs i n t he per i pher y of t he ri ng. A t ypi cal net work woul d
demand t he fol l owing:
Hi gh capacit y ( maxi mum wavel engt h r euse)
Good pr ot ect i on and rest or at i on ( UPSR/ BLSR or even opt i cal shar ed pat h prot ect i on in
r i ngsOSPPR)
Net work scal abi l i t y ( i n- servi ce upgr ade)
Low cost
The OADM archi t ect ur e can be gener i cal l y descri bed as an opt ical mult ipl ex sect ion ( OMS)
cont ai ni ng some swit ching el ement s as well as l ocal access equi pment . Chapt er 1 br ief ly
descr i bed one such OADM conf igur at i on ( ref er t o Chapt er 1' s Fi gur e 1. 19) . The WDM composi t e
si gnal is ful l y demul t i pl exed and f ed t o a swi t chi ng mat r ix. The swi t chi ng mat r i x has var i ous
l evel s of hi erar chy such t hat i t can be si mpl e enough t o add/ drop channels or compl ex enough
t o cr oss- connect channel s and per f orm some amount of wavel engt h conver sion. Today ' s met r o
net wor ks general l y need pur e add/ dr op funct i onal i t y, whereby we can add or dr op i ndi vi dual
channel s dependi ng on t he t raf fi c r equi r ement .
Ty pi call y , each channel passes t hr ough a 2x2 swi t ch such t hat i f t he swi t ch i s confi gur ed i n t he

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
bar st at e, t he channel - l i ght pat h purel y passes t hr ough. On t he ot her hand, i f t he swi t ch i s
conf igur ed i n t he cr oss st at e, we can add or dr op li ght pat hs or even per for m bot h funct ions of
adding and dr oppi ng at t he same t i me ( assumi ng l ow cross- t al k bet ween t he add and dr op por t s
of t he 2X2 swi t ch) .
I n a mor e complex scenari o, wavel engt h r out i ng can be car ri ed out , wher eby l i ght pat hs can be
swit ched bet ween dif fer ent port s usi ng a cr oss- connect archi t ect ur e, such as t he one shown in
Chapt er 2 f or 3D MEMS desi gn. However, i f t he cr oss- connect is onl y j uxt aposed for channel s
t hat ar e i n t he same fi ber , wavel engt h conver si on i s needed t o ensur e smoot h operat i on. I n
cont r ast , a cr oss- connect ar chi t ect ur e t hat per f orms cr oss- connect funct i ons bet ween f i bers ( and
not j ust on a pur e wavel engt h basi s) does not need wavel engt h conversi on ( as shown i n Fi gur e
5- 13) .
Fi gu r e 5- 13 . Ty pi cal Wav el engt h Rout er w i t h No Wavel engt h
Con ver si on
Wavel engt h conver si on as such i s quit e an expensi ve t echnol ogy , and cur rent t echnol ogy
val idat es onl y O- E- O wavel engt h conver t ers, whi ch ar e pr ot ocol dependent as wel l as bi t r at e
dependent . Some advances have been made i n pr ot ocol - i ndependent wavel engt h conver t er s, but
i mpl ement at ion i s r est r i ct ed at t hi s t ime. However , pr ot ocol - i ndependent wavelengt h conver t ers
ar e expect ed t o be mor e popul ar i n t he near fut ur e. I t i s desi r ed t hat t he wavel engt h conver si on

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
t echnol ogy be t r anspar ent t o bi t r at e and pr ot ocol and pr ef er abl y do t he conver si on ent i r el y i n
t he opt i cal domai n. Thi s r emai ns as a seri ous resear ch t opi c; semiconduct or opt ical ampli f i er s
( SOAs) t hat are using XPM and XGM have been ci t ed as possi bl e candi dat es, but t hi s t echnol ogy
i s st i l l y ear s f rom depl oy ment i n commerci al sy st ems because of t he sever e opt i cal penal t i es in
usi ng SOA as a wavelengt h conver t er.
Wavel engt h conver si on i ni t i al l y seemed t o be an at t r act i ve sol ut ion f or opt i mi zi ng t he net work
capaci t y due t o t he fl exibi li t y associ at ed wi t h i t , especi al l y fr om t he r out i ng and wavel engt h
per spect i ve ( see Chapt er 6) , wher eby wi t h t he use of wavel engt h conver t er s, wavel engt h
cont i nuit y for a l i ght pat h was no longer a const r ai nt . I n one such r esul t , i t was seen t hat t he
benefi t of ful l wavel engt h conversi on ( usi ng wavel engt h conver t er s at each node) was al most
i dent i cal t o par t i al wavel engt h conver si on ( usi ng wavel engt h conver t er s at few sel ect ed nodes) .
I t was al so seen t hat t he degr ee of conver si on ( t he number of wavel engt hs t hat a convert er can
t une t o) di d not need t o be t he ent i re operat i ng band for opt i mum per for mance. I n one such
scheme, t he opt i mum degr ee of conver si on was one t ent h t he t ot al number of wavelengt hs i n
t he net work. Vendors are mut i ng t hi s ki nd of l imi t ed wavel engt h conver si on for act ual
depl oy ment . The conver si on i s done by opt o- elect r oni c conver si on and regener at i on of t he si gnal
r at her t han al l - opt ical conver si on. Sel ect i ve wavel engt h conver sion bet ween f i ber s or bet ween
channel s ( see Fi gur e 5- 14) was also pr oposed.
Fi gu r e 5- 14 . Wavel engt h Con ver t er s f or Sh ar i ng Bet w een Two Fi ber s. A
f ul l y n onbl ock i n g cr oss-conn ect can swi t ch a g i v en w av el en gt h t o t h e
WC, wh i ch has f i xed l ou t pu t s con n ect ed t o t he AWG.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Overal l , wavelengt h conver sion f or met r o net works was not a feasi bl e i dea. To a gr eat ext ent ,
t hi s di mi nished t he advant ages of a cr oss- connect ar chi t ect ure over t he convent ional OADM
add/ dr op archi t ect ur e.
Fi gu r e 5- 15 . Shar i n g Wavel eng t h Con ver t er s ( of Smal l l Di mensi on )
Bet w een Ch an nel s i n t h e Same Fi ber . Thi s i s an econ omi cal met hod of
obt ai n i n g wavel eng t h con ver si on.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Yet a t hi r d ki nd of ar chi t ect ur e was an ext ensi on of access net wor k ar chi t ect ur es, wher eby t he
nodes wer e made by a seri es of band pass fi l t ers. Thi n f i l m fi l t er t echnol ogy is mat ur e enough t o
be depl oyed i n met r o net wor ks. A seri es of cascaded fi l t er s suff i ces t he t asks requi red for an
OADM.
The advant age of such a conf i gur at i on i s t he cost invol ved and t he compar at i vel y l ow l oss. As we
wi l l see i n t he desi gn exampl es lat er , nodal l oss i s a maj or l i mi t i ng f act or for sy st em budget i ng
and opt ical desi gn. The appar ent drawback is t he degree of f lexi bi l it y i n t er ms of adding or
dr oppi ng channel s. To ef fect ivel y have fl exibl e add/ dr op capabi li t y f or a ful l C band ( about
3240 channel s) WDM sy st em, we need many cascaded f i l t er s. Thi s i s a management as wel l as
syst em desi gn di sast er . Never t hel ess, by depl oy i ng fast t unable mul t ichannel TFF, we can have a
dy nami cal ly confi gurable OADM archit ect ur e ( see Fi gur e 5- 16) .
Fi gu r e 5- 16 . Dyn ami cal l y Conf i g ur abl e OADM Ar ch i t ect ur e Not e t h e t w o
band- pass TFFs dr op some of t h e si gnal t o t he AWGs, an d si mi l ar l y f or
addi n g a ban d- pass f i l t er can be u sed. Passt h r ough l oss i s onl y ar oun d
4 dB, wh er eas d r op l oss i s abou t 7 dB.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
When we desi gn OADM ar chit ect ur es for met r o net works, we have t o consider many i ssues. The
fi r st l evel of desi gn i s gener al l y t he power budget . Because t here are many wavel engt hs and
many nodes i n addi t i on t o var i ous bi t r at es, we need t o ensure power budget f or t he wor st
channel ( l ight pat h) . I n Chapt er 4, we saw t hat t he upper l i mi t t o i nput ( t r ansmit ) power i s
di ct at ed t o a gr eat ext ent by t he nonl i near ef fect s t hat ar e pr edomi nant at hi gh power l evel s.
However , i n met r o net wor ks, t he nonl i near eff ect s do not di ct at e an upper bound on power l evel;
i nst ead, t he maxi mum power t hat a r ecei ver ( phot odet ect or ) can handl e set s t hi s mar gi n
( r ecei ver sensi t i vi t y ) . Ther efor e, we must ensur e t hat power level s ar e wi t hin t hese conf ormi t i es:
The power budget needed t o ensur e t hat t he signal r eaches t he egr ess node
The power level al ways sust ai ns wit hi n t he dy nami c r ange of t he r ecei ver
The next l evel of t he desi gn i s f or BER. Chapt er 2 expl ai ned anal yt ical l y how t o cal cul at e BER.
BER by it sel f i s di ff i cul t t o cal cul at e i nst ant aneousl y, and a si mul at i on set up on a f ast comput er
woul d pr obably t ake a l ong t i me. Chapt er 4 descr i bed t echni ques t o cal cul at e BER f rom t he
OSNR of t he si gnal. BER i s di r ect l y l i nked t o t he Q- fact or of t he si gnal . We can per cei ve t he Q-
fact or as t he qual i t y of t he si gnal . See Equat i on 5- 3.
Equ at i on 5- 3
Fur t her , we can cal cul at e OSNR by using Equat i on 5- 4.
Equ at i on 5- 4
The onl y i ssue in met r o net wor k ar chi t ect ures i s t hat span l oss and nodal l oss might not be
const ant . A si ngl e- l i ne for mul a ( for mul a 58, which i s explai ned i n Chapt er 4) is suff ici ent t o
cal culat e t he OSNR f or t he ent ir e net wor k. We have t o cal cul at e t he OSNR of a l ight pat h by
di ssemi nat i ng t he l i ght pat h int o i t s const i t uent spans. For a gi ven span, t he span l oss i s speci fi ed
as t he act ual span l oss ( at t enuat ion, di sper si on penal t y , nonl i near penal t y , spl i ces, and so on)
pl us t he adj oi ni ng nodal l oss ( node passt hr ough l oss) .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
I ncl udi ng node l oss i s i mpor t ant because it gr eat l y di ct at es t he power budget and t he OSNR
budget . Nodal l oss can somet imes be gr eat er t han even t ransmi ssi on l osses because of t he fact
t hat AWG- t ype demul t i pl exer s and swit ches have losses amount i ng t o several dB. A t ypi cal
OADM t hat consi st s of full mul t i pl ex/ demul t i pl ex AWGs separ at ed by a swi t chi ng mat r i x may
have a t ypi cal passt hr ough l oss of 1314 dB and somet i mes as hi gh as 17 dB. The l oss per AWG
( mul t i pl exer / demul t i pl exer ) i s about 6 dB, wher eas t he l oss of t he swi t chi ng f abr i c i s 2 dB f or
pure add/ drop 2x2 swit ches.
Thi s chapt er has not y et consi der ed l osses due t o connect or s, spl i ces, and so on. Ther efor e, t he
t ot al passt hr ough l oss might be as high as 1416 dB. Ty pi cal l y, we can consi der l i ght pat h
i nsert i on l oss at nodes t o be approxi mat ely hal f of t he passt hr ough loss, assumi ng a wel l- defi ned
gr anul ar swi t ch.
One more aspect of desi gn i s di sper sion- l imi t ed sy st em design. I n t oday ' s net wor ks, disper sion-
compensat i ng equi pment is qui t e common. The i ssue i n such net works i s i n opt i mi zi ng t he cost s
and pl acement of t he di spersi on compensat or s. I n a r i ng net wor k, dependi ng on t he t raf fi c
mat r i x, t he desi gner needs t o opt i mi ze t he pl acement of t he disper sion- compensat ing equi pment
for opt i mum per f ormance. Al gor i t hms can be wr i t t en t o opt imi ze such pl acement s, and t hi s does
not pose a ser i ous i ssue i n net work desi gn.
Yet anot her i ssue t hat poses consi der abl e probl ems i s t he gai n t i l t of ampl i f ier s. I n Chapt er 3,
"Net worki ng wi t h DWDM - 2, " t he gai n prof i l e of an EDFA was shown not t o be l i near for all t he
channel s; t heref ore, some channel s r ecei ve l ess ampl i f icat i on t han ot her s. I n a mul t i span
net wor k, t hi s means t hat t he signal - t o- noi se l evel s of some channel s i s dif fer ent f r om t he si gnal -
t o- noise l evel s of ot her channel s, whi ch cr eat es an i ssue for opt i cal syst em desi gn. Thi s i ssue
l eads t o gai n- t i l t based desi gn.
The ef fect of gai n- t i lt can be underst ood as f ol lows: For a gi ven WDM net wor k, i f channel s A
t hr ough F can exhi bi t an OSNR of 30 dB, and channel s G t hrough M can exhi bi t an OSNR of j ust
18 dB because of t hei r negat i ve gai n t i l t , t hen t he l at t er channel s cannot sust ai n t he BER
r equi r ement for t he same l ight pat h l engt h ( span budget ) as t he earl i er channel s. Thi s i ssue can
be al l eviat ed t o some ext ent by usi ng gai n- f l at t eni ng fi l t er s t hat ar e cascaded wit h t he EDFAs
such t hat t he gain i s somewhat uni for m. We can al so use vari able opt i cal at t enuat ors ( VOAs) t o
r educe t he ext r a ampl i f icat i on of t he hi gher ampl i fi ed channel s. We can use equal i zers t hat have
feedback si gnals t o adj ust some of t he gai n t i l t dynami cal l y. However , despi t e t he use of such
equi pment , some t i l t i s al ways i ncor por at ed, and pr act ical scenar ios advi se us t o t ake i nt o
account some ext r a mar gi n ( i n deci bel s) t o compensat e or work ar ound t he gain t i l t .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Long-Haul System Design
I n long- haul net wor ks, t he mai n t hr ust i s not i n opt i mi zi ng t he net work l evel perf or mance;
r at her i t is in t r ansmi ssi on char act er i st ics. Tr ansmi t t i ng dat a st reams over hundr eds or
t housands of ki l omet er s i s quit e pr obl emat ic in t he pr esence of t he var i ous opt i cal i mpai rment s
di scussed i n Chapt ers 1, 2, and 3. Long- haul desi gn needs t o consider mi nut e det ai l s, and power
budget s can be qui t e t i ght especi al l y fr om t he OSNR poi nt of vi ewbecause t he si gnal
undergoes sever al st ages of ampli f i cat i on and ampl i fi ed spont aneous emi ssion ( ASE) noi se
cont i nues t o bui ld up.
Reduci ng t hi s accumulat ed ASE noi se i s a new area of resear ch i n t oday' s opt ical net works. One
possi bl e solut i on is by depl oy i ng negat i ve noi se f il t er s, al t hough t hi s t echnol ogy i s i n i t s absol ut e
i nf ancy. At such hi gh di st ances ( and such hi gh power s) , t he opt i cal si gnal f aces sever e
degr adat ion f rom nonl i near eff ect s, which were not even consi der ed i n met r o net works. Self -
phase modul at i on ( SPM) and cr oss- phase modul at i on ( XPM) happen t o be t wo common
i mpai r ment s. Thi s i mpai rment i s due t o t he beat i ng of t he si gnal fr equency by i t sel f i n t he ear l ier
case ( SPM) and by an adj oini ng si gnal f requency ( adj acent wavel engt h) as i n t he l at t er case
( XPM) .
XPM par t i cul arl y i s sever e i n l ong- haul WDM net wor ks, and t he accept abl e norm in sy st em
desi gn t o count er t hi s eff ect i s t o t ake i nt o account a power penal t y t hat can be assumed equal
t o t he negat ive eff ect posed by XPM. Ty pi cal l y, 0. 10.5 dB power penal t y suff ices t he desi gn
const r aint s f or XPM. Anot her nonli near i t y i s f our - wave mi xi ng ( FWM) , whi ch creat es several
pr obl ems i n sy st em desi gn and resul t s i n i mpl ement at i on of di f fer ent wavel engt h assi gnment
st r at egi es t o avoi d t he har mful eff ect s of FWM. I n one such assignment , t o avoid t he har mful
eff ect s of FWM, t he r eact i ve f requenci es ar e chosen i n such a way t hat t he resul t ant spect ral
envel opes would not af fect each ot her i n a ser i ous way . I n ot her wor ds, di f fer ent bit r at e si gnal s
ar e used t o i nt er l eave and cr eat e a non- FWM sy st em.
We can di r ect l y avoi d FWM by using uneven channel spaci ng. This is a good t echni que t hat i s
si mpl e t o adopt , but I TU st andar ds have l ai d down r ul es for f i xed wavel engt h spaci ng ( for
exampl e, 100 GHz i n t he C band) . Long- haul net wor ks t ypical l y ar e mesh or poi nt - t o- poi nt
t opol ogies, wi t h t he l at t er i mpl ement at i on common in t oday' s net wor ks. Mesh net wor ks are
get t i ng some pr omi nence t oday , especi al l y for l ong- haul cases. Compar ing t he t wo t opol ogi es,
we can say i n a nut shel l t hat r i ngs can do al l t hat mesh can at a l ower pr ice as l ong as t he l oad
i s bear abl e by t he r i ng. ( The capaci t y of a mesh far exceeds t hat of a r ing. )
Long- haul nodes are gener al l y composed of mul t i pl exer / demul t i pl exer equi pment at per ipher al
nodes, separ at ed by cascaded r egener at or si t es. The r egenerat or sit es mi ght be ei t her opt i cal
ampl i fi er s or ful l 3R r egener at or s ( O- E- O) . Furt hermor e, t hese sit es coul d be used t o add and
dr op a f ew l i ght pat hs, whi ch woul d add fl exi bi l i t y t o t he net wor k.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Forward Error Correction
Legacy communi cat i on net works i nt r oduced a concept of codi ng messages i n a l ossy
communi cat ion channel t o pr event dat a loss due t o channel i mpai r ment s. Thi s pri nci pl e has been
ext ended t o opt i cal net wor ks as well . Bit s can be coded usi ng a code wor d such t hat t he new
coded wor d i s an ext ensi on of t he bit i n a mar kup f or m. The probabi l it y of an indi vidual bit bei ng
corr upt ed i n a t ransmi ssion i s higher t han t he pr obabil i t y of an ent i r e code wor d being
corr upt ed. This is t he pri nci pl e t hat i s appl i ed i n FEC.
The t radeof f i s t hat t he new signal r equi r es hi gher bandwi dt h for t r ansmi ssi on. The mi ni mum
di f fer ence ( in wor ds or in vect or s) t o di st i ngui sh bet ween t wo code wor ds f or t wo adj acent unl i ke
symbols is cal l ed t he hammin g d ist ance. The hammi ng di st ance i s a measur e of t he accur acy or
t he fool pr oofness of t he for war d er r or cor rect i on ( FEC) . FEC causes a di r ect i mpr ovement i n
syst em gain. For i nband FEC, t he gai n is around 2 dB. The gai n exper i enced for out - of - band FEC
can be expect ed around 6 dB. This does show phenomenal i mpr ovement i n syst em per f ormance,
but t he FEC equi pment comes at a pr i ce due t o hi gh- speed el ect r oni c ci r cui t ry invol ved. I n
t oday ' s net wor ks, FEC i s i mpl ement ed usi ng Reed- Sol omon codes ( RS- codes) . The bi t r at e
enhancement due t o FEC is shown i n Equat i on 5- 5.
Equ at i on 5- 5

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
WDM System Design: Components and Subsystem
Consideration
The t ransmi t t er s for WDM sy st ems are made of semi conduct or laser s. The l aser s ar e t y pi cal l y
si ngl e mode and t he power t hat i s associat ed wi t h t he out put l i ght i s governed by car r i er - phot on
dy nami cs. We want t he l aser t o gi ve power onl y at t he wavel engt h of oper at i on, whi ch mi ght not
happen accur at el y. Most l aser s give power s at var i ous wavel engt hs due t o mode part i t i on noi se,
wher eby mul t i pl e modes exi st ( apar t f r om t he dominant mode) and gener at e a power pr ofi l e, as
shown i n Fi gur e 5- 17.
Fi gu r e 5- 17 . Laser Pr of i l e: Opt i cal Pow er Ver su s Fr equ en cy Dev i at i on
Ty pi call y , we want t he domi nant mode t o have a power l evel at l east 30 dB hi gher t han t he si de
modes. Thi s way , we can mi nimi ze t he cross- t al k i n adj acent channel s by assumi ng al l out put
power s ar e 30 dB gr eat er t han t he si de mode power s. We can pr event t he si de mode fr om
corr upt i ng t he adj acent channel s by using a wavel engt h- sel ect i ve devi ce such as AWG at t he
out put of t he t r ansmi t t er. Thi s mi ght be an expensi ve t echnique, however . Ty pi cal out put powers
of l aser s f or l ong- haul oper at i on ar e 0 t o + 7 dB. Not e here t hat 30 db r at i o cor responds t o 1000
t i mes magni fi cat i on, in ot her wor ds, t he domi nant mode power l evel i s 1000 t i mes higher t han
si de mode power l evel .
Modulating a Laser: Direct and External Modulation and Spectral
Efficiency
Thi s book di scussed di r ect and ext er nal modul at i on i n Chapt er 2. Fr om t he sy st em design poi nt
of view, dir ect modul at ion r epr esent s a si mpl e way t o send dat a ont o t he r equi r ed wavel engt h.
Di r ect modul at i on occurs due t o t he "di r ect " modul at i on of t he l aser by maki ng t he el ect r oni c
dat a pr opor t i onal t o t he bi asi ng cur rent . Di r ect modul at i on has t he si de ef fect of produci ng
heavy chi rp because of t he st rong r el at i onshi p bet ween carr i er densi t y and r efr act i ve i ndex
i nsi de t he l aser cavi t y. The f requency is in quadr at ur e t o t he power dur i ng modul at i on;
t her efor e, chi rp r esul t s.
The chir ped wavef orm occupi es a wi der spect r al bandwi dt h t han t he expect ed ampl i t ude
modul at ed signal . For di r ect modul at ed l aser s, an i mport ant consi der at i on is bet ween chi rp and

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
t he ext i nct i on rat io. Typi cal l y , t he ext i nct i on rat io ( t he rat i o of a 1- bi t power l evel t o a 0- bi t
power l evel ) i s pr opor t i onal t o t he chi r p. I ncr easing t he ext inct ion r at i o al so incr eases t he chi r p
associ at ed wi t h t he signal , whi ch i s a harmf ul eff ect of di r ect modul at i on.
I n cont rast , ext er nal l y modul at ed laser s ar e mor e st able and are used f requent l y i n t oday 's WDM
net wor ks. A DC- bi ased l aser ( produci ng a cont i nuous wave, or CW) f eeds t he opt ical wavel engt h
t o an ext ernal modul at or , which modul at es t he CW si gnal i nt o desi red opt i cal bi t st reams.
Ty pi call y , t wo ki nds of modul at or s ar e avai l abl e: el ect r o- absor pt i on modul at or s ( EAMs) and
Mach- Zehneder I nt er f er omet er ( MZI ) modulat ors. Mach- Zehneder i nt er feromet er s are mor e
common. Demonst r at i ons up t o 40 Gbps have been made, but 10 Gbps t echnol ogy is mor e
common. EAM l aser s have t he advant age of si ze over t he MZI count er par t because t hey ar e
much smal l er t han MZI s.
The si ngl e bi ggest advant age of havi ng ext er nal modul at or s i s t he r educed chi r p, which means
t hat t he si gnal occupi es l ess bandwi dt h. Ty pi cal ly , MZI modul at or s ar e known t o have t wi ce t he
bi t r at e as t hei r bandwi dt h. Thi s al so means t hat t he spaci ng bet ween adj acent channel s i n a
WDM syst em can be great l y r educed.
Today ' s WDM net wor ks have di ff er ent modul at i on for mat s, as descri bed i n Chapt er 2. For most
pr act i cal cases, nonret ur n t o zer o ( NRZ) i s an eff i ci ent for mat t hat requir es 2. 5 Hz of bandwi dt h
for ever y t r ansmi t t ed bi t . Ret ur n t o zer o ( RZ) and car ri er - suppr essed ret urn t o zer o ( CS- RZ) ar e
t wo addi t i onal for mat s used i n WDM t r ansmi ssi on l inks. Di ffer ent for mat s ar e t r i ed because some
for mat s have mor e eff i ci ency over t he ot her s and can have bet t er r esponse t o fi ber
i mpai r ment sespeci al l y nonl inear i t y ( XPM) and disper sion ( CD) .
Optical Receiver Design
The r ecei ver ( phot odet ect or ) happens t o be t he most impor t ant component i n t he WDM
t r ansmi ssi on li nk because sy st em per for mance i s measur ed as a f unct i on of t he BER at t he
r ecei ver . The t wo mai n consi der at i ons ar e t he noi se of t he r ecei ver and t he r ecei ver dy nami c
r ange ( for macr o- l evel design) . Recei ver noise as expl ai ned i n Chapt er 2 i s mai nl y made of shot ,
whi t e and t hermal noi se. One way of l i mi t i ng noi se t o a cer t ai n ext ent is by pl aci ng a
pr eampl i fi er and a narr ow band f il t er .
The ot her design consi der at i on is t he dynami c r ange. Thi s gi ves t he mi ni mum and maxi mum
power t hat a recei ver can det ect ( or wor k under ) . Recei ver s al so have cl ock recover y ci rcui t s t hat
can be opt i mi zed f or var ious bi t rat es. Gener al l y, as l ong as t he recei ver can det ect a par t i cul ar
bi t r at e and t he power fal l s wi t hi n t he dynamic range, t he opt i cal syst em desi gn wil l adher e t o
t he gi ven BER assuming t hat t he OSNR budget has been met .
Choosing Fiber and Design Based on Different Fiber Types
Fi ber l oss and fi ber disper sion ar e t he t wo most i mpor t ant i mpai r ment s for choosi ng f i ber t y pes.
Fib er l oss i s a mat eri al charact er ist i c of t he fi ber , wher eas di spersi on i s a char act er i st i c of t he
fi ber at a gi ven bi t rat e. Typical l y, t he di sper si on i s propor t i onal t o t he square of t he bit r at e. The
maxi mum al lowable di sper si on D shoul d be l ess t han 104, 000/ B
2
L. Usi ng di sper si on- shif t ed f i ber
( nonzer o) enhances t he sy st em per for mance and i ncr eases t he t ransmi ssi on l engt h, al t hough i t
r esul t s in higher l oss. For exampl e, at 10 Gbps, t he maxi mum t r ansmi ssi on l engt h i s 65 km
usi ng SMF f i ber, but i t i s 500 km usi ng NZ- DSF f iber for di sper si on- l i mi t ed syst ems onl y .
The i nt ensi t y - dependent r efr act i ve index creat es nonl inear ef fect s i n t he f i ber, such as SPM, XPM,
FWM, st i mul at ed Raman scat t er ing ( SRS) , and st i mul at ed Br i l l oui n scat t er i ng ( SBS) , whi ch have
been di scussed bef or e. We must l eave suff ici ent mar gi ns for t hese impair ment s and ensur e t hat

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
no singl e eff ect dest r oy s t he t r ansmi ssi on si gnal.
SPM is pr i mar i l y due t o t he sel f modulat ion of t he pul ses. I t i s caused gener al l y i n si ngl e-
wavel engt h sy st ems. At hi gh bi t rat es, SPM t ends t o cancel di spersi on.
XPM is modul at i on of pul se power by adj oi ning pul ses ( at dif fer ent wavel engt hs) . We can
cal culat e XPM and di sper si on i n a fi ber by usi ng t he spl i t Fouri er t r ansfor m met hod, wher eby t he
di sper si on eff ect s and t he XPM ef fect s ar e t aken i ndi vi dual ly . We al so must di vi de t he fi ber i nt o
mi nut e st r i ps for i ndi vi dual comput at i on.
FWM i s di rect l y dependent on t he wavel engt h spaci ng in WDM sy st ems. I t i s i nver sel y
pr opor t i onal t o t he di sper si on of t he fi ber . A 1 dB penal t y f or XPM and FWM i s gener al l y
advi sabl e.
SRS and SBS ar e compar at i vel y unimport ant ef fect s on long- haul syst em desi gn, especi al ly at
compact WDM spaci ng.
PMD i s t he bi g source of i mpai r ment f or ul t r a l ong- haul syst ems due t o group del ay of t he pulse
bei ng a f unct i on of t he st at e of pol ar izat ion ( SOP) of t he si gnal .
Optical Amplifiers
The per f ormance charact er ist i cs of an ampl i fi er t o be consider ed for desi gn ar e opt i cal gai n, gai n
pr of il e, bandwi dt h, noi se fi gur e ( NF) , and gai n t i l t . Opt i cal gai n i n dB gi ves t he aver age amount
of ampl i fi cat i on t hat can be expect ed. The gai n pr ofi l e depi ct s t he fl at ness of t he gai n over t he
ent i r e oper at i ng spect r a.
The wi dt h of t he oper at i ng spect r at hat i s, t he fr equency dif fer ence bet ween t he l owest and
hi ghest ampl i fi ed channel s above cut of fgives t he bandwi dt h of t he ampl i fi er . NF gi ves t he noise
( i n dB) t hat t he ampl i fi er adds t o t he si gnal due t o t he ampl i fi ed spont aneous emi ssi on ( ASE) .
Thi s i s one of t he most import ant desi gn const r aint s i n WDM l inks. The gai n t i l t can be
quant i t at i vel y summar i zed as t he di f ference i n hi ghest gai n and l owest gai n exper i enced by
di f fer ent channels in t he WDM spect r a. Di ffer ent ampli f i er combi nat i ons ar e used. EDFAs are t he
most common and provi de 22- 25 dB gai n, but Raman ampl i fi ers based on SRS are becomi ng
quit e pr ominent because of t he l arge oper at i ng bandwidt h and l ow noi se f igur e.
SOA t echnol ogy i s gr adual l y mat ur i ng, but i t s use mi ght be r est ri ct ed for access net wor ks onl y
due t o t he hi gh cr oss- t al k and low gai n pr ofi l e t hey of fer . The most import ant desi gn
consi derat i on i n ampl i fi ers st i l l r emains t he NF resul t i ng f rom t he addi t i on of ASE. ASE rej ect i on
fi l t er s ar e slowl y appeari ng i n t he indust r y , but per for mance i s debat abl e.
OSNR degr adat i on i s t he most i mpor t ant desi gn const r ai nt in t he syst em because of t he noi se
bei ng added by cascaded ampli f i er st ages. The t r adeoff i n opt i cal sy st em ( wavel engt h di visi on
mul t i pl exi ng, or WDM) desi gn i s bet ween ampli f yi ng t he power of i ndivi dual channel s and
r educi ng t he nonl i near eff ect s. I n ot her wor ds, as power i ncr eases, so do nonli near i t i es;
t her efor e, a t r adeof f is needed. To mai nt ai n t his equi l ibri um, we need t o depl oy l ow noi se
ampl i fi er s ( LNAs) , whi ch can cr eat e hi gher OSNR sy st ems at l ower power ( and t her ef or e,
nonli near i t i es) usi ng t he l ow noi se feat ur es. Raman ampl if i cat ion i s a st ep i n t hi s di r ect ion of
ampl i fi er s wit h l ow NF.
Optical Add/Drop MUX and Cross-Connects
OADMs wer e descr ibed i n t he previ ous sect i ons. For long- haul net wor ks, some of t he desi gn
const r aint s t hat we need t o l ook i nt o ar e l ow l oss, l ow cross- t al k, l ow conf igur at i on ( add/ drop)

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
t i mes, l ow wavel engt h- dependent l oss ( WDL) , l ow pol ar i zat i on- dependent l oss ( PDL) , and good
fi l t er char act eri st i cs of t he mul t i plexer / demul t i pl exer . Opt i cal cross- connect s ( OXCs) need t o
have al most t he same f eat ur es as OADM wi t h t he except i on of wavel engt h conversi on. A l ow l oss
per port as wel l as a low cost ar e al way s desi r abl e. The most i mpor t ant consi derat ions of OXCs
or OADMs ar e l ow i nser t ion l oss ( l ow l oss f or addi ng a signal ) and low passt hr ough l oss.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Questions
The f ol l owing quest ions ar e l ef t as an exerci se for we. Use t he pri nci ples i n Chapt ers 4 and 5 t o
sol ve t he pr obl ems.
Question 1
Consi der a met r o cor e r i ng ( see Fi gur e 5- 18) wi t h t he fol l owi ng feat ur es:
Number of nodes = 10
Fi gu r e 5- 18 . A 1 0 Node Met r o Cor e Ri ng
The net wor k has OADM wi t h t he f ol lowi ng char act eri st i cs:
Passt hr ough l oss = 14 dB

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Post l i ne amp gai n = G1 dB
Add/ dr op loss = 7 dB
Number of channels = 32, spaci ng = 100 GHz
For an OSNR of 20 dB, what wi l l be t he mi ni mum post l i ne ampli f i er gai n for NF = 4. 5 dB? I f we
assume 1600 ps as t he maxi mum all owabl e accumul at ed di spersi on, t hen how many
compensat ors wil l be needed f or SMF fi ber ? ( Di sper si on = 16 ps/ nm- km) at 10 Gbps l ine r at e.
Question 2
Design a f ul l OADM met r o core "mesh" as shown i n Fi gur e 5- 19.
Fi gu r e 5- 19 . A Sampl e OADM Met r o Cor e " Mesh "
The OADM node consi st s of a mult iwavelengt h mul t i fi ber cr oss- connect , as shown i n Fi gur e 5- 19.
Tabl e 5- 2 shows it s char act er i st ics.
Tab l e 5 -2 . OADM Nod e Ch ar act er i st i cs
Degr ee of Con nect i vi t y Passt hr ou gh Loss Ad d/ Dr op Loss
2 8 4
3 8. 5 4
4 9 4
5 10 4

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
A post li ne ampl i fi er has a gai n of 22 dB and an NF of 4. 5 dB. Assume i ndi vi dual li nks t o be
pr ot ect ed. Cal cul at e t he OSNR based on wor st l i ght pat h case. To use SMF f iber , what i s t he
number of di spersi on- compensat i ng equi pment t o use if t he maxi mum al lowable di sper si on is
1600 ps? I f t he aver age hop di st ance of t he l i ght pat h i s 1. 8 hops and l oadi ng i s 0. 4, woul d a r i ng
( A- B- C- F- E- D) suffi ce t he l oad?

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Summary
Thi s chapt er di scussed phi l osophi es of opt i cal net wor k desi gns fr om a t opol ogi cal poi nt of vi ew.
Opt i cal net works can be cl assi f ied i nt o t hr ee mai n ar eas: access, met r o, and l ong haul . Each
net wor k t y pe has di ff erent component s and desi gn i ssues associ at ed wi t h i t . Access net wor ks
have r elat ivel y few opt i cal impair ment s and can be i mpl ement ed usi ng l ow- cost t echnol ogi es.
Access net wor ks are mor e f l exi bl e and provi de a di r ect poi nt of at t achment t o end users. Met r o
net wor ks requi re compar at i vel y mor e st r i ngent opt i cal r equi r ement s t han access net wor ks.
Met r o net wor ks ar e phy si cal l y l ar ger t han access net wor ks and need mor e speci fi c t echnol ogi es
for i mpl ement at i on. Because of t hei r sheer si ze, long- haul net wor ks have t he br unt of opt i cal
i mpai r ment s. Long- haul net work desi gn i nvol ves many di ff er ent phi l osophi es and component s.
I n t hi s chapt er , we l ear ned how t o desi gn opt i cal WDM net works and choose t he r i ght equi pment
for t he r i ght appl icat i on.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
References
1
Agr awal , Govi nd P. Wi l ey I nt ersci ence, Fib er - Op t ic Com mu nicat i on Syst em s.
2
Keiser , G. Op t ical Fiber Commu nicat i ons. McGr aw- Hi l l ; 1996.
3
Ramaswami , R. and Si var aj an, K. Op t ical Net work s a Pract i cal Per spect i v e. San Francisco, CA:
Mor gan Kauf fman; 1999.
4
Taub, M. and Shi ll i ng, S. Pr in ci pl es of Com mu ni cat i on Syst em s. McGr aw- Hi l l ; 1992.
5
Bononi, A. Op t ical Net work in g. Spri nger Publ i sher s; 1999.
6
Agr awal , Govi nd P. Wi l ey I nt ersci ence, Fib er - Op t ic Com mu nicat i on Syst em s, Second Edi t i on.
1997.
7
Mukher j ee, B. Op t ical Communi cat ion s Net wor k s. McGr aw- Hi l l ; 1997.
8
Ramamur t hi u, B. Desi gn of Opt i cal WDM Net wor ks, LAN, MAN an d WAN Ar ch it ect ur es. Kl uwer ;
2001.
9
Nar ul a, A. , Lin, P. and Modi ano, E. Ef fi cient Rout i ng and Wav el en gt h Assi gnm en t f or
Reconfi gur abl e WDM Net wor k s. Jour nal on Sel ect ed Ar eas i n Communi cat ion; Jan 2002, pp- 75-
88.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Chapter 6. Network Level Strategies in
WDM Network Design: Routing and
Wavelength Assignment
I n t he pr eceding chapt er s, we looked at opt ical net wor ks f rom t he phy si cal l ay er perspect i ve.
Thi s chapt er t akes a closer l ook at opt i cal net wor ks, but fr om a rout i ng and wavel engt h
assi gnment per spect ive. Si nce t he semi nal paper on WDM net wor ks by Charl es Br acket t in 1990,
opt i cal net wor ks fr om t he net wor k l ay er per spect i ve have been act i vel y r esear ched.
The next maj or breakt hr ough i n net wor k l ayer t echnology for fi ber - opt i c communi cat i on was
di scussed i n t he cl assi c July 1992 paper i n I EEE Tr ansact ions on Comm u nicat i on by Chlamt ac et
al on Li ght pat h communi cat i on. Li ght pat h communicat i ons seemed t o be a conveni ent way t o
map dat a ( TDM or pl ane dat a f r ames) ont o opt i cal wavel engt hs. The paper br ief ly di scussed
some of t he i ssues t hat hi ghli ght a net wor k phil osophynamel y r out i ng i n an opt i cal
envi ronment and wavel engt h assi gnment under t he const r ai nt s t hat a l i mi t ed number of
wavel engt hs were avai l abl e t o choose fr om.
The most import ant r esul t of t he paper was t he ment i on of vi r t ual t opol ogy desi gn i n opt i cal
net wor ks. The v ir t ual t opology can be r oughl y def i ned as t he mapping of l i ght pat hs bet ween
sour ce dest inat i on pai rs for a gi ven t r aff i c mat r ix. Thi s paper deal t wi t h t he opt i mum ways t o
map t raf fi c t o a gi ven set of wavel engt hs and const r uct l ogi cal or vi r t ual t opol ogy on t he
embedded phy sical t opol ogy . Chapt er 5, "WDM Net wor k Design - 2, " showed how a l ogi cal
t opol ogy i s di ff erent fr om a physi cal t opol ogy .
A t hi rd i nnovat ion i n opt i cal net wor k desi gn was i n assi gni ng wavelengt hs wi t h a const r ai nt of
wavel engt h r euse. I n t hi s r egard, Acampora and Zhang pr oduced some qual it y resul t s and
anal y t i cal explanat i ons t o gi ve st rong i mpet us t o t oday' s net wor k capaci t y pl anni ng based on
wavel engt h assi gnment as wel l as wavel engt h r euse ( opt i mi zi ng t he net wor k f or a mi ni mum
number of wavel engt hs by st r at egi c assi gnment phi l osophy ) .
Fi nal l y, Ramaswami and Si var aj an for mul at ed t he bounds on rout i ng and wavel engt h
assi gnment i n t oday ' s opt i cal net wor ks and publ i shed a set of r esul t s t hat quant i f ied wavel engt h
assi gnment st r at egi es based on an i nt eger l i near pr ogr am f or mul at i on.
Thi s chapt er st udi es each of t hese concept s and devel ops some basi c r ul es t hat help i n opt i cal
net wor k design. We must be awar e of mat hemat i cal i nt r i caci es used in t hi s chapt er , al t hough
care has been t aken t o mi ni mi ze t he degr ee of mat hemat i cs used. Alt hough r out i ng, wave- lengt h
assi gnment , and vi r t ual t opol ogy desi gn might appear t o be a pr omisi ng way t o i ncrease t he
capaci t y or opt imi ze t he per for mance of a net wor k, not e t hat t he phy si cal l ay er impair ment s play
a st r ong vet o r ol e i n t he f inal l i mit at i ons of t he net work perf or mance.
When we consi der opt i cal net wor ks fr om t he net wor k poi nt of view, we have t o consi der cer t ai n
at t r i but es t hat refl ect t he quali t y of t he net wor k or t hat give us t he net wor k per f ormance
heur i st i cs. Fr om basi c packet - swi t chi ng t heor y , t he most i mpor t ant heur i st i c t hat det er mi nes t he
net wor k per for mance i s t he t hr oughput of t he sy st em. Thr ough put can be def i ned as t he net fl ow
i n a channel as compar ed t o t he maxi mum fl ow possi ble in t hat channel. Anot her way of def i ni ng
t hr oughput i s consi der i ng t hr oughput t o be t he quant i t y of ser vi ce t hat t he net wor k pr ovi des.
Thr oughput i s gener al l y i nt egr at ed and aver aged over t he ent i r e net work; t her ef ore, i t vari es
fr om t ime t o t i me depending on t he net wor k t r aff i c l oad and ot her associ at ed const r ai nt s.
The i nver se of t hr oughput i s t he bl ocki ng pr obabi l it y of t he net wor k. Bl ocki ng pr obabi l it y can be

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
consi dered as t he net packet l oss pr obabi li t y in packet - swi t ched net wor ks. I t can al so be
consi dered as t he pr obabi l i t y t hat a l ight pat h connect i on get s blocked f or a gi ven sour ce
dest i nat i on pai r i n cir cui t - swi t ched net wor ks.
The next most i mpor t ant fact or t o consider in net wor ks i s t he end- t o- end associ at ed lat ency .
Lat ency i s basical l y t he end- t o- end del ay i n t he net wor k. The del ay can be due t o pr ocessi ng
t i mes of t he dif fer ent nodes i nvol ved i n t he buff er i ng at t he nodes, or i t can be due t o t he
t r ansmi ssi on delay t hr ough t he fi ber . Del ay i n a net wor k can be consi der ed t o be t he qual i t y of
ser vi ce t hat t he net wor k pr ovi des.
Two ki nds of net works ar e proposed her e: t he si ngle- hop model and t he mul t i hop model . I n
si ngl e- hop net wor ks, t he packet or l i ght pat h i s set up bet ween sour ce and dest i nat i on di r ect l y
wi t hout opt o- el ect roni c conver sion and r egener at i on at t he int ermedi at e nodes. I n ot her wor ds
t he packet j ust zooms t hr ough f r om one node t o anot her on a di r ect l y connect ed li ght pat h. Thi s
gener al ly happens i f a di r ect physi cal l i nk exi st s bet ween t he t wo nodes. On t he ot her hand, i n
mul t i hop net wor ks, packet s hop f r om one node t o anot her en r out e t o t he dest i nat ion; t her efor e,
el ect r oni c pr ocessi ng does occur at each node.
Mult i hoppi ng i s t he pr efer red communi cat i on met hod i n t oday 's I nt er net because we cannot have
fi ber s connect i ng ever y node t o every ot her node in t he net wor k. ( Full mesh i s not possibl e) .
However , at hi gh bi t rat es and numerous channel s, mul t i hoppi ng might not alway s be t he
pr efer red approach; pr ocessi ng hi gh vol umes of packet s at ever y i nt er medi at e node i s def i ni t ely
a di ff icul t t ask! Ther ef or e, l ight pat hs ar e est abl i shed bet ween sour ce dest i nat i on pai r s t hr ough
many i nt er medi at e nodes, such t hat t he i nt er medi at e nodes are obl i vi ous t o t he dat a t hat fl ows
t hr ough t hem ( pass- t hr ough funct ion) .
Mult i hop net wor k t opol ogi es can al so be cl assi fi ed as regular and i rr egular t opol ogi es. Regul ar
t opol ogies ar e t hose t hat have phy si cal fi ber s connect ed t o nodes f ol l owi ng t he i nt er connect ion
mat r i x of a r egul ar graph. Some exampl es of such t opol ogies ar e Shuff l enet , GEMNET, and
TI ONet . As of now, regul ar mul t i hop net wor ks ar e r el egat ed mor e t o academi c pr oj ect s and pi l ot
access net wor ks onl y . I rr egul ar mult ihop net works make up approxi mat el y 95 percent of t oday 's
I nt er net .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Routing and Wavelength Assignment: The Basic
Problem
Consi der an ar bi t r ar y net wor k wi t h N nodes and E l i nks. Now assume t hat t he E f i ber l i nks ar e so
di sper sed; t hey cr eat e a net wor k t opol ogy gr aph t hat connect s t he N nodes in some ar bi t r ar y
manner . I n addi t i on, assume t hat each l ink has 2 w wavel engt hs in i t , wi t h w wavel engt hs in
each dir ect ion. Then t he capaci t y of t he net wor k i n number of l i ght pat hs is E * 2w / h, wher e h is
t he aver age hop dist ance of t he l i ght pat hs. The obj ect i ve of a net wor k capaci t y pl anner i s t o
opt i mi ze t he net work for some maximum t r aff ic mat ri x Tr
max
. I n ot her wor ds, we have t o fi t ont o
t he phy sical t opol ogy an ar bi t r ar y maxi mum number of l i ght pat hs bet ween t he given source
dest i nat i on pai r s. I n ot her wor ds, we have t o mat ch t he t raf fi c mat r i x t o off er t he maximum
t hr oughput ( cr eat e a maxi mum number of l ight pat hs) . Whi l e est abl i shi ng t he maxi mum possi bl e
l i ght pat hs, we ar e subj ect t o t he f ol lowi ng const r ai nt s:
A l i ght p at h shoul d hav e w avel eng t h cont i nui t y . The same wavel engt h shoul d be
exhi bi t ed by t he ent i r e l i ght pat h. I n ot her words, even i f t he l i ght pat h t raver ses mul t i pl e
l i nks, i t must be on t he same wavel engt h on each of t he l i nks. Alt hough each node can
have some element s of wavel engt h conver si on, t hi s condit ion i s gener al l y spar se and
cannot be assumed.
The r out i ng sh oul d be d one so t h at r out es ar e on t h e sh or t est pat h( s) . Thi s ensur es
t hat t he capaci t y of t he net wor k i s maximi zed. Nonshort est pat h rout es wast e bandwidt h
t hat ot her l i ght pat hs woul d nor mall y use.
Wav el engt h s shoul d b e assi gn ed t o r educe or mi ni mi ze bl ock i ng of ad di t i onal
l i gh t pat hs. Wavel engt h assi gnment al gori t hms can be made t o opt i mize a par t i cul ar
quali t y in a net work. I n one embodiment , wavel engt h r euse and capaci t y wer e maximi zed.
Thi s was done by al locat i ng wavel engt hs mor e pr obabi li st i call y ( heur ist i cal l y) t o shor t er
hop l i ght pat hs, which maxi mi zes t hei r r euse. Thi s ki nd of wavelengt h assi gnment st r at egy
can be t er med fi r st f it .
Wav el engt h r euse shoul d be maxi mi zed. As ment ioned i n t he pr evi ous point , wave-
l engt h r euse i s an import ant f eat ur e of opt i cal net wor ks. We can accompl i sh wavel engt h
r euse by r eusing t he same wavel engt h ( l ambda) i n di ff erent ( di sj oi nt ed) segment s ( l i nks)
i n t he net wor k. Wavel engt h reuse r esult s fr om spat i al di ver sit y. Spat i al di ver sit y her e
means havi ng t wo l i ght pat hs on t he same wavel engt h, but t he t wo l i ght pat hs ar e di sj oi nt .
I n ot her wor ds, t hey do not shar e a common l i nk; t her ef ore, t he l i ght pat hs can use t he
same wavel engt h. The t wo l ight pat hs ar e spat i al l y di ver se.
Rout i ng and wavel engt h assignment can be consi der ed t wo separ at e pr obl emsone in whi ch t he
physi cal r out es need t o be comput ed, t her eby r out i ng l i ght pat hs on t hese comput ed r out es, and
t he second whereby t he wavel engt hs need t o be assi gned t o t hese r out es for li ght pat hs i n t he
most eff i ci ent manner . As we can see, al t hough rout i ng and wavel engt h assi gnment are t wo
di f fer ent pr oblems, t hey sol ve t he same i ssue: opt i mi zing t he net wor k t o cr eat e maximum
benefi t . I n some embodi ment s, t he t wo pr obl ems ar e t r eat ed as one, and sol ut ions ar e obt ai ned
t o sol ve t hem i n t andem.
Sol ut i ons t o t hese problems of t en l ead t o al gor i t hms wi t h hi gh l evel s of comput at ional
compl exi t y ( mul t i pl e i t er at i ons) . The sol ut i on i s sai d t o be nondet er mi ni st i c pol y nomi al t i me har d
( NP- har d) . NP al gor i t hms can be char act er ized by t he fact t hat t hei r sol ut i on requi res
exponent i al l y hi gh t i mes; t her ef or e, t hei r l evel of comput at i onal complexi t y i s ext r emel y hi gh.
We can vi ew t he r out i ng and wavel engt h assi gnment ( RWA) pr obl em as analogous t o opt i cal

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
syst em desi gn, whereby t he net wor k r esour ces ( i n t hi s case, wavel engt hs and t hr oughput whi l e
i n t he sy st em desi gn case OSNR and BER) ar e opt i mi zed or maxi mized.
One of t he mor e heur i st i c solut i ons i n t r yi ng t o solve t he RWA pr obl em i s t o br eak t he t wo
pr obl ems i nt o a set of subpr obl ems, wher eby each subpr obl em i s solved t o obt ain some
opt i mi zat i on val ues. I n one appr oach by Zhang and Acampor a, t he RWA subpr obl ems wer e as
fol l ows:
Fi ndi ng a wavel engt h assi gnment al gor i t hm t hat t ended t o f avor t he one opt i cal hop t r af fi c
and obt aini ng a connect i on ( l ogi cal ) gr aph f or i t .
Devel opi ng r out ing schemes for t he obt ai ned l ogi cal gr aph t hat produces t he l owest cal l-
bl ocking pr obabi l i t y.
The const r ai nt her e i s t hat no t wo l i ght pat hs on t he same li nk can have t he same col or
( wavel engt h) . I n addi t i on, t he second const rai nt i s t hat of wavel engt h cont inui t y , wher eby t he
ent i r e l i ght pat h spread across dif fer ent f i ber l i nks must have t he same wavel engt h. The second
const r aint can be r el axed i f we assume wavelengt h conver sion at i nt er medi at e nodes.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Formulating the Wavelength Assignment Problem
Consi der a t opol ogy t hat we must opt imi ze f or a gi ven l oad. We have t o assi gn wavel engt hs t o
set up l i ght pat hs in t he most appropri at e way . The wavel engt h assignment al gori t hm as
pr oposed by Zhang and Acampor a essent i al ly maxi mi zes al l one- hop t r aff ic and bases t hi s
maxi mi zat i on t o t he condi t i on t hat no t wo l i ght pat hs on t he same fi ber l i nk have t he same
wavel engt h. Thi s r esul t s i n a mat hemat i cal for mul at i on t hat can be defi ned as a l ight pat h- l i nk
mat r i x shown i n Equat i on 6- 1.
Equ at i on 6- 1
I f l ight pat h( i , j ) and l ight pat h( l , m) have a common l i nk, we have Equat i on 6- 2, wher e m = 1.
Equ at i on 6- 2
I f no common li nk exi st s bet ween l i ght pat h( i , j ) and l i ght pat h( l, m) , we get Equat i on 6- 3.
Equ at i on 6- 3
Not e her e t hat l i ght pat h( i , j ) si gni f ies t hat t he sour ce node i s node i and t he dest i nat i on or si nk
node i s node j . We can gener al i ze t hi s convent i on for t he r emai nder of t he chapt er .
Ther ef or e, 'm' woul d be 1 i f a common l i nk exi st s bet ween t he li ght pat hs i - j and l - m. I f no such
common l i nk exist s, t hen t he value of m i s 0. Thi s f ormul at i on hel ps t o defi ne and buil d up t he
const r aint t hat no t wo l ight pat hs i n t he same f iber li nk can have t he same wavel engt h.
We al so def i ne an ar ray ( z) , one for each of t he N
2
possi bl e l i ght pat h connect i ons i n t he net work,
wher e N i s t he number of nodes shown i n Equat i ons 6- 4 and 6- 5.
I f nodes i and j are connect ed t hr ough wavel engt h k, we get Equat i on 6- 4 f or z.
Equ at i on 6- 4
I f wavel engt h k does not connect nodes i and j ( no l i ght pat h i s present bet ween nodes i and j on
wavel engt h k) , we get Equat i on 6- 5 f or z.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Equ at i on 6- 5
Thi s means t hat z
i j
( k) assumes t he val ue of 1 f or al l t hose wavelengt hs on whi ch t her e ar e
l i ght pat hs whose source and dest i nat i on nodes are i and j , respect i vel y.
I f C i s t he l i ne r at e ( i n bi t s per second) , t he t ot al capaci t y bet ween i and j i s shown i n Equat i on
6- 6.
Equ at i on 6- 6
I n t he equat ion, W is t he t ot al number of wavel engt hs in a gi ven fi ber li nk.
We can under st and t his by usi ng t he si mpl e cal cul at i on t hat st at es t hat if we add t he number of
t i mes z
i j
( k) i s 1 f or al l t he wavel engt hs, we pr eci sel y get t he number of l i ght pat hs t hat is set up
excl usi vel y bet ween nodes i and j . The number of l i ght pat hs mul t ipl ied by t he capaci t y of each
l i ght pat h gi ves us t he t ot al capaci t y of t he t raf fi c bet ween nodes i and j .
The wavel engt h assi gnment pr oblem can be t er med as i n Equat i on 6- 7.
Equ at i on 6- 7
Equat i on 6- 7 by Zhang and Acampor a, al t hough seemi ngl y compl i cat ed, i s i n fact qui t e
st r aight f orwar d. The t er m i nsi de t he r ound br acket s t hat we have t o mi ni mi ze i s a choice
bet ween t he t ot al net wor k t r af fi c denot ed by t
i j
( bet ween nodes i and j ) and t he capaci t y
bet ween nodes i and j on t he est abl i shed li ght pat hs. Thi s i s t hen maximi zed over al l t he sour ce
dest i nat i on pai r s t hr oughout t he net work. I t is easy t o under st and t hat t he summat ion t er m
pr ovi des t he capaci t y of t he set up l i ght pat hs bet ween nodes i and j . We i ni t i al l y mini mi ze t hi s
wi t h respect t o t he demand, whi ch is t
i j
. I n ot her wor ds, we ar e opt imal l y assi gni ng wavel engt hs
subj ect t o t he const r ai nt s shown i n Equat i ons 6- 8 and 6- 9.
Equ at i on 6- 8

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Equ at i on 6- 9
I n t he equat ions, k = 1, 2, . . . W, and i and j ar e el ement s of t he set of nodes gi ven by { 1,2, ,
N} .
Thi s const r ai nt basi cal l y st at es t hat f or each of t he W wavel engt hs present , t her e can be at t he
most one connect i on ( l i ght pat h) emanat i ng ( st ar t ing) fr om node i and one l i ght pat h si nki ng or
endi ng at node j . Thi s ensur es t hat no wavelengt h is used t wi ce on each l i nk.
The f i nal wavel engt h assi gnment condi t i on i s shown i n Equat i on 6- 10.
Equ at i on 6- 1 0
for al l di st i nct pai rs of l i ght pat hs, i, j and l , m:
The t hi r d condi t ion st at es t hat i f t wo l i ght pat hsi - j and l - mcr oss each ot her ( shar e) one or
mor e l inks in t he net wor k, t hen at no t i me can t hey have t he same wavel engt h on t he same l i nk
( wavel engt h di ver si t y const r ai nt ) . As per t he wavel engt h di versi t y const r ai nt , we ensure t hat no
t wo l i ght pat hs i n t he same fi ber have t he same wavel engt h.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Routing and Wavelength Assignment and Integer Linear
Programming Formulations
To maxi mize t he per for mance ( t hr oughput ) of an opt i cal WDM net wor k, it i s i mper at ive t o r out e
t he set of demands i n t he most appr opr i at e way ( on t he best possi bl e r out es and usi ng t he
pr oper wavelengt h assi gnment ) . For a given net work gr aph G( V, E) , wher e V repr esent s ver t i ces
( nodes) and E repr esent s t he l i nks j oi ni ng t hese ver t i ces ( fi ber l i nks) , we have a t r aff ic mat r i x T
( gi ven l oad) t hat has t o be sat isf ied i n t he best possi bl e manner. I n ot her wor ds, we have t o set
up l i ght pat hs for each of t he nonzer o el ement s i n T, t he t raf fi c mat r i x.
Mat hemat i cal ly , t hi s means t hat we have t o set up l i ght pat hs f or ever y t
i j
> 0 where i , j ar e
el ement s of t he node arr ay ( V) . Whi l e set t i ng up t hese l ight pat hs and conf or mi ng t o t he load i n
t he net work, we have t o consi der t he const r ai nt s t hat gover n t he rout i ng and wavel engt h
assi gnment phi l osophy . I n t he absence of wavel engt h convert er s at each node, we have t o
ensur e t hat ever y l i ght pat h is subj ect t o t he wavel engt h cont i nui t y const rai nt . Thi s const r ai nt
ensur es t hat ever y l ight pat h has t he same wavel engt h i n each of i t s f i ber hops ( l i nks) .
We al so have t o ensur e t hat no t wo l i ght pat hs ar e on t he same wavel engt h i n a given fi ber l i nk.
Under al l t hese consi der at i ons, we have t o r out e t he l ight pat hs t o yi el d t he maximum t hr oughput
or per for mance. We mi ght be abl e t o accompl i sh t hi s i n var i ous way s. I n one embodi ment , we
can use shor t est pat h r out i ng. I n anot her embodi ment , we can assi gn wavel engt hs f i rst t o
l i ght pat hs on shor t pat hs and assi gn wavel engt hs l at er t o longer l i ght pat hs ( ascendi ng or der of
number of hops met hod) . Wavelengt h reuse i s a par amet er t hat det er mi nes t he ef fi ciency of t he
net wor k. I n one RWA algor it hm, wavel engt h r euse i s t he maxi mizi ng quant it y .
As we can see f r om t hi s discussion, r out i ng and wavelengt h assi gnment ar e pr obl ems wi t h
mul t i pl e i nput s, mul t i pl e wor ki ng const rai nt s, and var i ous sol ut ions of whi ch onl y a f ew are
opt i mal . To sol ve such an RWA probl em, we need t o make use of i nt r i cat e sol ut i ons i n
mat hemat i cs. One such sol ut i on i s t o for mul at e an i nt eger l i near progr am on whi ch l i t erat ur e
r ef erence
3
t hr ows l ight .
I n t he quest for a sol ut i on t o t he RWA pr obl em, we can expect many possi bl e i mpl ement at ions.
The best possibl e i mpl ement at i on i s t he one for whi ch t he value of t he f or mul at ed i nt eger
pr obl em i s t he hi ghest . I t i s bey ond t he scope of t his book t o sol ve or even f ormulat e such a
pr obl em. Si mul at i on sof t wares and Excel graphs ar e good met hods for provi di ng sol ut i on t o such
pr obl ems.
Consi der i ng a net wor k RWA pr oblem under t he const rai nt s of wavel engt h cont i nui t y, wavel engt h
di versi t y , and shor t est pat h r out i ng, t he l inear pr obl em y iel ds a near opt imum solut i on f or a
gi ven t r af fi c l oad. When t he t r af fi c l oad i s subj ect t o r api d changes and t he RWA pr obl em needs
t o cat er t o t hese changes on a t i me- sensi t i ve basi s, t he RWA pr obl em i s known as onl in e RWA. I n
cont r ast , i f t he r equir ed sol ut ion needs t o be comput ed f or fi xed ( nonchangi ng) l oads and
const r aint s, t he RWA probl em is cal l ed off li ne RWA.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
The Graph Coloring Approach to the Wavelength
Assignment Problem
For a gi ven net work and set of t r aff ic demands, i t i s impor t ant t o assi gn wavelengt hs t o
l i ght pat hs manual l y. Some of t oday' s net wor ks ar e char act er i zed by a smal l gr aph ( i n si ze) and
l ow l oads. An i nt ui t i ve y et si mpl e way t o assi gn wavel engt hs t o l ight pat hs i s t he gr aph color i ng
approach. Gr aph color i ng i s a legendar y mat hemat ical pr obl em whereby nodes of a graph are
col ored such t hat no t wo adj acent ( l i nked) nodes have t he same col or.
Ext endi ng t hi s approach t o opt i cal net works, consi der t he net work t o be gi ven by a gr aph
G( V, E) . I n ot her words, V r epr esent s vert ices ( nodes) and E repr esent s edges ( l i nks) . Fur t her i f
we ar e gi ven a t r aff ic mat ri x T
i j
, wher e i , j are any el ement s of V, we can r out e t hese T demands
on t he best possi ble rout es ( whi ch mi ght be t he shor t est pat h) . Now we can name each l ight pat h
a uni que name such t hat
i s t he set of li ght pat hs t hat cat ers t o l oad T.
We can dr aw a gr aph G( W, P) whose nodes ar e t he l i ght pat hs t hat we named i n set { w} .
Fur t her mor e, we can dr aw an undi r ect ed edge bet ween any t wo or mor e nodes t hat share a l i nk.
Repeat i ng t he pr ocedur e t o draw edges over all t he l i ght pat hs t hat shar e common l inks, we get
t he gr aph G( W, P) . Now col or t he gr aph G( W, P) such t hat no t wo l i nked ( adj acent ) nodes have
t he same col or . The phy si cal meani ng i s t hat i f t wo nodes ar e adj acent , t hey have at l east one
common l i nk ( l i ght pat h) bet ween t hem.
Upon complet i on of t he col or i ng pr ocedur e, we get a gr aph whose nodes ar e t he l i ght pat h
connect i ons. The col or of t hese nodes corr esponds t o t he wavel engt hs t hat ar e used. The mor e
col ors t hat exi st , t he mor e t he wavel engt hs need t o r out e ( T
i j
) connect i ons over G( V,E) .
A mor e heur i st i c approach t o gr aph col or i ng i s t he sequent i al approach. Col or ing al l demands
( nodes) si mul t aneousl y i s a har d pr ocedur e, and i t i s sai d t o be NP compl et e ( meaning t hat it
wi l l t ake an exponent i all y l ong comput at i onal t i me) . The sequent i al approach i s qui t e modul ar ,
such t hat gr aph color i ng i s done as t he l ight pat hs ar r ive. I n ot her wor ds, as new nodes i n t he
gr aph ( l i ght pat hs) ar ri ve, t hey ar e col ored by t aki ng j ust t he pr evi ous st at e of t he graph i nt o
account rat her t han t aki ng t he ent ir e graph and reassi gni ng color s i n t he most appr opri at e way
( usi ng t he l east number of r equi r ed col or s) .
I f a graph of t he l i ght pat hs ( as nodes) has V vert i ces ( V l i ght pat hs) and t he degr ee of t hese
ver t i ces i s gi ven by t he set D = { D
1
, D
2
, D
v
} , t hen t he maximum number of col or s needed
( wavel engt hs needed) i s shown i n Equat i on 6- 11.
Equ at i on 6- 1 1
Numeri cal exampl e: Consi der t he physi cal gr aph ( net wor k) shown i n Fi gur e 6- 1.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gu r e 6- 1. The Basi c Topol ogy ( phy si cal t opol ogy )
I f t he t r af fi c t o be r out ed i s t he fol l owing ( t he t r af fi c l oad) :
AED
ABC
BCD
BAE
EDC
DCB
DEA
t hen each of t he seven demands r epresent s a li ght pat h f r om sour ce t o dest i nat i on t hr ough an
i nt er mediat e node. Not e, however , t hat we must est abl i sh t he l ight pat h under t he const rai nt of
wavel engt h cont i nui t y ( expl ai ned ear l ier ) and also under t he const r ai nt t hat no t wo l ight pat hs i n
a phy sical l i nk can have t he same wavel engt h.
Rout e t he r equest s and col or t he gr aph t o gi ve t he mi ni mum number of wavel engt hs.
The l i ght pat h gr aph G or "w
I
" li ght pat hs i s gi ven as
Shown i n Tabl e 6- 1 i s t he wavel engt h assi gnment scheme based on t he r esult s i n Fi gur e 6- 2,
whi ch shows t he l i ght pat h gr aph.
Fi gu r e 6- 2. The Rou t ed Tr af f i c on t he Topol og y

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Tab l e 6 -1 . Obt ai n ed Resul t s of t h e Gr aph Col or i ng Appr oach t o
Wav el engt h Assi gnmen t
NODE Col or / l Node Col or / l
AED
1
EDC
4
ABC
1
DCB
3
BCD
2
DEA
2
BAE
3
From t he t abl e, we can see t hat t he number of wavel engt hs r equi r ed i s 4.
We can ver i fy t hi s solut i on by consi deri ng t he node wit h t he hi ghest degr ee and usi ng t he
t heor et i cal equat i on shown i n Equat i on 6- 11. Ref er t o Equat i on 6- 12 f or veri f icat i on.
Equ at i on 6- 1 2
Ther ef or e, t he nu mb er of Col or ( s) / needed i s t hi s.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
From t he graph in Fi gur e 6- 3, we see t hat t he maxi mum degree of a node i s 3; t her efor e, t he
number of wavel engt hs requi red for pr oper wavel engt h assignment is 3 + 1, or 4.
Fi gu r e 6- 3. The Li ght pat h Gr aph: Th e nodes i n t h e gr aph ( f i l l ed ci r cl es)
r epr esen t est abl i shed l i gh t pat h s. I f a l i n k exi st s bet w een t w o n od es
( l i ght pat hs) , t h e t w o l i gh t pat h s sh ar e a f i b er .
I f we consider 40 col or ( s) / s and 100 l ight pat h connect i ons over 1016 nodes, we can i magi ne
how har d it woul d be t o dr aw such a schemat i c. Theref ore, l i near pr ogrammi ng i s a vi abl e
sol ut i on for l ar ge gr aphs wi t h many wavelengt hs.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Static and Dynamic Lightpath Establishment
Two ki nds of l ight pat h est abl i shment t echni ques deser ve at t ent i on: st at i c l i ght pat h
est abl i shment ( SLE) and dynami c li ght pat h est abl i shment ( DLE) . Bot h ar e pract i cal i ssues in
t oday ' s net wor k, and t hei r solut i on has di r ect eff ect s on net wor k pl anni ng mainl y i n capi t al
expendi t ur e ( CAPEX) and oper at i onal expendi t ur e ( OPEX) r educt i on.
The f i r st i ssue, t hat of st at i c l i ght pat h est abl i shment , i s t he RWA probl em for a pr eknown set of
l i ght pat hs. I n ot her wor ds, t he set of demands or t raf fi c mat r i x i s known "off hand. " We have t o
r out e l i ght pat hs i n t he most eff i ci ent way t o mi ni mi ze t he number of wavelengt hs r equi r ed.
One possi ble appr oach in t he st at i c l ight pat h est abl i shment case i s t o br eak up t he set of
demands int o var i ous subset s i n descendi ng order of li ght pat h l engt hs. Thi s means we can r out e
t he longest pat h f i rst and t hen r out e t he shor t er li ght pat hs subsequent l y . The assumpt i on her e i s
t hat of wavel engt h cont i nui t y , wher eby no wavel engt h conver si on at i nt er medi at e nodes i s
assumed.
Anot her sol ut ion f or pr ovi di ng st at i c l i ght pat h est abl i shment is by al l ocat ing li ght pat hs wi t h
shor t est hop di st ance f i rst . St at ic l ight pat h est abl i shment i s a pr act i cal pr obl em i n t oday 's
net wor ks; ever y sol ut i on has i t s own pr os and cons.
The second i ssue i s dy namic l ight pat h est abl i shment . For a net work t hat i s subj ect ed t o a
vary i ng t r aff i c l oad, we have t o assign wavel engt hs and r out e t he l ight pat hs so t hat we have t he
maxi mum t hr oughput ( number of est abl ished l i ght pat hs) over a per i od of t i me. Thi s r esul t s in
opt i mi zi ng t he net work f or some " chur n, " whi ch denot es t he var iat ion i n t r aff i c l oad.
The opt i mizat ion paramet er t o be consider ed i s based on t he fact t hat at a gi ven t i me, we shoul d
be abl e t o r out e and assi gn t he maxi mum number of l i ght pat hs in t he net wor k; we shoul d be
capabl e of sat i sfy i ng t he maxi mum number of demands at epoch. I n ot her wor ds, we should be
abl e t o t ake i n as many new demands as possi bl e ( given t he st at e of t he net wor k at present ) ,
wi t h old demands st i ll exi st i ng and no det r iment al damage done t o t hem. Thi s r educes t he
l i ght pat h bl ocki ng probabi l it y. Li ght p at h block in g pr ob abil it y i s t he r at i o of l i ght pat hs rej ect ed t o
l i ght pat hs r equest ed. ( Ref er t o Equat i on 6- 13, blocki ng pr obabil i t y of l i ght pat hs. )
Equ at i on 6- 1 3
The goal i s t o mini mi ze t he bl ocking pr obabi l i t y , or maximi ze t he l i kel i hood of a l i ght pat h
demand bei ng sat i sf i ed t aki ng i nt o account t he RWA al gor it hm t hat i s deploy ed. One way of
doi ng so i s by r out i ng l i ght pat hs accor di ng t o a l east congest ed pat h ( LCP) r out i ng al gor i t hm. I n
such a scheme, i f mul t i pl e pat hs ar e pr esent bet ween t he sour ce and dest inat i on pai r, a r equest
i s r out ed on t he l east congest ed pat h. The advant age of such an approach i s t hat t he over al l
congest i on in t he net wor k i s under check. That signi fi es t hat we can r out e addi t i onal r equest s as
l ong as t he net congest i on on a l i nk i s l ess t han
max
, t he maxi mum number of wavel engt hs i n
t he fi ber .
Least - cost pat h al gor i t hms ensur e t hat t he l oadi ng of t he net work is uni f orm as l ong as t he
t r aff i c demands are uni for m. Least - cost pat h f ai l s for hubbed t r af fi c. The l ower bound on t he
number of wavel engt hs needed i n a net wor k t o r out e a par t i cul ar set of demands i s of t en gi ven
by t he number of wavel engt hs i n t he most congest ed l i nk. The bound i s t i ght for acy cl ic

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
net wor ks, which does not hol d t r ue f or cy cl i c r i ng net wor ks because of t he passt hr ough t raf fi c i n
r i ngs.
Ramaswami and Sasaki appr oxi mat ed t he ri ng per for mance ( number of l i ght pat hs est abl i shed)
t o be 2
max
1 l i ght pat hs
9
.
Chlamt ac' s semi nal wor k i n l i ght pat h est abl i shment can be regar ded as a fundament al st ep in
l i ght pat h est abli shment t echni ques. I t i s r epr oduced here for conveni ence.
Tabl e 6- 2 shows Chl amt ac's seminal al gor i t hm for assi gni ng wavel engt hs f or a gi ven t r aff ic
demand i n a WDM net wor k.
Tab l e 6 -2 . Al gor i t hm f or RWA as pr oposed i n " Li gh t pat h
Commu ni cat i on s: An App r oach t o Hi gh Bandw i dt h Opt i cal WANs"
1
l pcm[ i ,j ] The l i ght pat h col l isi on mat ri x. l pcm[ i , j ] = 1 i f li ght pat hs i and j have a l i nk i n
common. ( l i ght pat h i and j col li de. )
l pnum[ i ] Li ght pat h I D' s or dered by descendi ng l i ght pat h l engt h.
w Wavel engt h number cur r ent l y assi gned.
set [ i] Set s of l i ght pat hs or der ed accor di ng t o al l ocat ed wavelengt h.
s, e St ar t and end poi nt ers t o cur r ent set .
l ambda[ i ] Wavel engt h defi ni t i on ar ray . Lambda [ i] poi nt s t o t he f ir st l i ght pat h i n a set usi ng
wavel engt h i .
l pal l oc[ i] Fl ags i ndicat i ng whet her l i ght pat hs i have al r eady been all ocat ed.
n Number of l i ght pat hs in set or ( set ,s, e, l pnum[ i] , l ambda[ i ] ) funct ion; r et ur ns t rue i f
l i ght pat h l pnum[ i ] has a l i nk i n common wi t h t he l i ght pat hs i n t he set
set s[ s] . .set [ e] , based on t he l i ght pat h col l i si on mat r i x l pcm.
The f ol l owing f unct i on gi ves st at i c l ight pat h est abl i shment f or an ar bi t r ar y net work:
procedure static-establishment
begin
lambada [1] = w = s =e = 1
for i= 1 to n do lpalloc[i] = false
while (e<n) do begin
for i=1 to n do begin(*)
if not lpalloc[i] then
if not or (set, s, e lpnum[i],lpcm) then begin

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
set[e] = lpnum[i]
e=e+1
lpalloc[i]=true
end
end
w=w+1
lambda[w] = s =e
end
end

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Virtual Topology Design
Consi der a gi ven phy si cal t opology depi ct ed by t he gr aph G( V, E) , wher e V st ands f or t he set of
ver t i ces and E st ands f or t he set of edges. Also consi der a gi ven t r af fi c mat r i x T, whi ch basical l y
gi ves t he t r af fi c i n l i ght pat hs bet ween ever y sour ce- dest i nat i on pai r i n t he net - wor k. We have t o
creat e a vir t ual or l ogi cal t opol ogy i n t he most ef fi cient way t o map t he set of demands i n t he
mat r i x T most opt i mal l y . We need t o sat i sfy some const r ai nt s bef ore we cr eat e t he vi r t ual or
l ogi cal t opol ogy. As an exampl e, a part icul ar const r ai nt i s t hat t he number of l i ght pat hs t hr ough
any l i nk shoul d be l ess t han or equal t o t he wavel engt hs i n t he f iber , and in t he absence of
wavel engt h conversi on, a l i ght pat h spr ead acr oss mult ipl e l inks shoul d have t he same
wavel engt h on each l i nk ( wavel engt h cont i nuit y const ant ) . The pr obl em can be for mul at ed as
ment i oned in Op t ical Communi cat ion Net work s
3
and " Mul t i wavel engt h Opt i cal Net wor ks wi t h
Li mi t ed Wavel engt h Conver si on."
9
For an N node W wavel engt h net wor k, consi der t he net wor k t opol ogy t o be depi ct ed by gr aph
G( V, E, W) , where | V| = N, and E repr esent s t he edges or l i nks wit h W wavel engt hs i n each
di r ect i on. I f F
mn
i s t he number of fi ber s connect i ng nodes m and n, t hen l et t he t ot al number of
fi ber li nks i n t he net work can be shown as in Equat i on 6- 14.
Equ at i on 6- 1 4
Fur t her mor e,
mn
i s t he l engt h i n kil omet er s f r om node m t o n and
i s t he delay bet ween m and n i n t i me. T
sd
i s t he t r aff i c mat r i x, and t he maxi mum capaci t y of
each channel i s B
max
. Let
denot e t he t r af fi c bet ween s and d on physi cal l i nk i , j . Then t he issue of vi r t ual t opol ogy desi gn
i s gi ven i n Equat i on 6- 15 as a mi ni mi zat i on probl em.
Equ at i on 6- 1 5

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
I n ot her wor ds, we have t o mi nimi ze t he aver age fl ow or hop di st ance of l ight pat hs over t he set
of gi ven l i nks i n t he most opt i mal manner . As t he aver age hop di st ance i s mini mi zed, t he net
t hr oughput of t he net wor k i s maxi mi zed and t he l i ght pat h bl ocki ng probabi l i t y i s mi ni mi zed. I n
t he pr ocess, we wi ll get a mat ri x V
i j
, whi ch i s call ed t he v ir t ual t opology con nect i on mat ri x . The
const r aint s we need t o t ake i nt o account are t he wavel engt h cont inui t y const r ai nt as wel l as t he
net rout i ng del ay. Ot her f ut ur e i ssues t hat we mi ght consider are congest i on or l oadi ng i n
net wor k behavi or and l i mit ed wavel engt h t unabi l i t y const r ai nt s.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Some Corollaries on Routing and Wavelength
Assignment
I t i s i mpor t ant t o defi ne t he concept of l oad i n opt i cal net wor ks. Fr om l egacy t el ephone ( ci r cui t
swit ched) net wor ks, net work load was cal cul at ed as t he pr oduct of mean ar r i val rat e and mean
cal l hol di ng t i me. I n opt i cal/ li ght wave net works, t he l oad can be def i ned as t he product of
l i ght pat hs' ar ri val r at e and aver age l i ght pat h dur at i on. Anot her f act or ment i oned pr evi ousl y i s
t he wavel engt h r euse fact or .
A good rout i ng and wavel engt h assignment scheme wi ll end up maxi mi zi ng t he wavel engt h
r euse fact or . I n t he paper " Ef fi cient Rout i ng and Wavel engt h Assi gnment for Reconf i gur abl e
WDM Net works, "
7
Li n and Modi ano showed t hat f or r i ng net works, t he maxi mum number of
l i ght pat hs per wavel engt h can be 2. 43. ( The wavel engt h r euse was 2. 43. ) Si mi l ar l y, in t he paper
"A Heur i st i c Wavel engt h Assi gnment Al gor it hm f or Mul t i hop WDM Net wor ks wit h Wavel engt h
Rout i ng and Wavel engt h Reuse, "
2
by Zhang and Acampor a, wavelengt h reuse was shown as a
fr act i on of t he number of nodes i n ar bi t r ar y t opol ogi es.
As we can ant i ci pat e, wavel engt h r euse i ncr eases wi t h t he i ncr ease i n nodes. The reason for such
an i ncrease can be at t r i but ed t o an i ncr ease i n r aw capaci t y ( due t o more li nks, and due t o more
spat i al diver si t y l eadi ng t o move wavel engt h r euse) . An i nt er est i ng point of consi der at i on i s t he
wavel engt h r euse fact or compar ed t o t he mini mum number of wavel engt hs ( or l ower bound) f or
vari ous l oads. The mi ni mum number of wavelengt hs r equi r ed mi ght be qui t e hi gh i n hubbed
ar chi t ect ures, wher e t he t raf fi c t ends t o si nk at one node, causi ng sever e congest ion and mor e
wavel engt hs needed near t he per i pher y of t he node.
For r i ng net works wi t h N nodes, a l oad of L ( number of l i ght pat hs) can be suppor t ed wi t h a
maxi mum of 2L wavel engt hs wi t hout wavel engt h conversi on. I n cont r ast , i f we have l i mi t ed
wavel engt h conversi on of degr ee 'd', t hen t he maxi mum number of wavel engt hs r equi r ed i s
shown i n Equat i on 6- 16. Her e, li mi t ed conver si on of degr ee D means t hat a l i ght pat h on
wavel engt h
i
can be conver t ed t o a l i ght pat h on any of t he wavel engt hs
i
t o
i + D
. I n full
wavel engt h conversi on, t he convert ed l i ght pat h can have any of t he wavelengt hs i n t he
oper at i ng band t hat we want .
Equ at i on 6- 1 6
Fi gur e 6- 4 shows wavel engt h r euse agai nst l oad for t wo dif fer ent t opol ogi es wit h t he same
number of nodes.
Fi gu r e 6- 4. Wav el en gt h Reu se

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Blocking Probability Computation in Optical Networks
The bl ocki ng pr obabi li t y of a net wor k i s a f undament al met ri c t hat j udges t he qual i t y of t he
net wor k per for mance ( how much t hr oughput and l oss a net wor k i s subj ect t o) . I n packet -
swit ched net wor ks, it can al so be defi ned as packet l oss pr obabi li t y . I n ci rcui t - swi t ched
net wor ks, i t can be defi ned as t he r at i o of t he number of ci r cuit s dr opped ( l i ght pat hs dropped) t o
t he number of ci r cuit s set up. I n t hi s sect i on, we consi der t he bl ocki ng probabi l i t y of opt i cal
net wor ks wit h and wi t hout wavel engt h conver si on. Much of t his wor k i s adapt ed fr om a paper by
Bar ry and Humbl et i n I EEE JSAC appear ed i n 1996
6
.
When we comput e t he bl ocking pr obabi l i t y i n an opt i cal net wor k, we consi der t he ci rcui t -
swit ched approach; t her efor e, we ar e act ual l y comput i ng t he bl ocki ng pr obabi l it y of a l i ght pat h.
Consi der a net wor k wi t h N nodes and w wavel engt hs. Assume t hat t he net wor k has no
wavel engt h conversi on. For a l i ght pat h request t o be honored,
6
i t has t o sat i sf y t wo cr i t eri a:
At least one avail able wavel engt h must be pr esent i n each of t he h l i nks ( f iber ) for a
l i ght pat h of 'h' hops.
The avai l abl e wavel engt h has t o be t he same i n each l i nk ( wavel engt h cont i nui t y
const r aint ) .
I n cont rast , if we consi der an N node net wor k wi t h wavel engt h convert er s, t hen for a l i ght pat h
r equest t o go t hr ough, t he onl y cri t er i a t hat needs t o be sat i sfi ed is t he f ol lowi ng:
At least one avail able wavel engt h ( fr ee wavel engt h) must be present i n each of t he 'h' l inks
t hr ough whi ch t he l ight pat h t raverses. ( Not e her e t hat i n t he presence of wavel engt h
conver t er s, wavel engt h cont i nui t y i s not necessary in t he h- hop l i ght pat h. )
We can see t hat by depl oy i ng wavel engt h conver si on or t r ansl at ion i n opt i cal net wor ks, t he
bl ocking pr obabi l i t y decr eases because onl y one cr i t eri on needs t o be sat i sfi ed as opposed t o t he
sat i sf act i on of t wo cri t er i a i n t he case wi t hout wavel engt h conversi on. However , f r om act ual
r esul t s, t he eff ect s of f ul l wavelengt h conver sion on opt i cal WDM net wor ks i s i n fact mi ni mal . I n
fact , recent wor k has shown t hat a l i mi t ed wavel engt h conversi on yi el ds si mil ar resul t s t o full
wavel engt h conversi on under cer t ai n generi c assumpt i ons. Li mit ed wave- l engt h conver si on can
be consi der ed as conver t i ng any i nci dent wavel engt h t o any of a sel ect band of wavelengt hs. The
si ze of t he band of wavel engt hs fr om whi ch t he out put wavel engt h i s sel ect ed i s cal l ed t he
degr ee of con ver si on. For a ful l wavel engt h conver si on, t he degr ee D =
max
, t he maxi mum
number of wavel engt hs i n t he net wor k. An i nt ui t i ve under st anding of bl ocki ng pr obabi li t y i n
net wor ks can be consi der ed f r om t he fact t hat bl ocki ng pr obabi li t y i s somewhat pr opor t i onal t o
t he pat h l engt h i n number of hops. I n ot her words, t he great er t he number of hops f or a
l i ght pat h request , t he bet t er probabi l i t y t hat t hi s r equest wi l l be bl ocked because of t he dif fi cul t y
i t sees i n f i ndi ng a wavel engt h (
s
) for each of t he h hops.
Fi gur e 6- 5 shows a f ul l wavel engt h conver si on t r ansponder and a l i mi t ed wavel engt h conver si on
( of conver si on degr ee D) t r ansponder .
Fi gu r e 6- 5. Fu l l and Li mi t ed Wavel en gt h Con v er si on Tr an sponder s

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Now consi der a li ght pat h r equest t hat i s h hops l ong f rom source t o dest i nat i on. Let t her e be w
wavel engt hs i n each of t he net wor k l i nk. I f we assume t o be t he pr obabi l it y t hat a wavel engt h
i s used ( in ot her words, i s t he pr obabi l it y of congest i on on a gi ven l ink) , t hen . w i s t he
expect ed mean number of wavel engt hs t hat i s used i n a gi ven l ink. ( 1 ) can be consi der ed t he
pr obabi li t y t hat a desi red wavel engt h i s f ree on t hat l i nk. Fur t her more, t he pr obabil i t y t o fi nd t he
same wavel engt h fr ee on each of t he h l i nks would be ( 1 )
h
. Then t he bl ocki ng probabi l it y of
t hat wavel engt h would be ( 1 ( 1 )
h
) . I f we ext end t hi s concept over t he ent ir e w
wavel engt hs, t hen t he bl ocki ng pr obabil i t y f or an h- hop l i nk woul d be l i ke t hat shown i n
Equat i on 6- 17.
Equ at i on 6- 1 7
Refer ence 6 showed t hat t he ut i l izat ion f or a bl ocki ng pr obabi li t y P
bi
f or a WDM net work wit hout
wavel engt h conversi on i s as shown i n Equat i on 6- 18.
Equ at i on 6- 1 8
The pr ecedi ng equat i on i s act ual l y t he sol ut ion of Equat i on 6- 17.
Fi gur e 6- 6 shows ut i l i zat i on verses number of wavel engt hs for P
b1
= . 001 ( 10
-3
) wi t hout
wavel engt h conversi on.
Fi gu r e 6- 6. Ut i l i zat i on as a Fu nct i on of Di f f er ent Number s of
Wav el engt hs f or Var i ou s Val u es of H at a Bl ock i ng Pr ob abi l i t y of 0 .0 01
w i t h No Wavel eng t h Con ver si on

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Now consi der a net work wi t h wavel engt h conver t er s. The i mmedi at e eff ect i s t hat t her e i s no
wavel engt h cont i nui t y const r ai nt i n t he net work any mor e. We ar e assumi ng ful l wave- l engt h
conver si on; such convert er s ar e pr esent t hroughout t he net wor k at ever y node.
Agai n, i f i s t he pr obabi l it y of fi nding a wavel engt h busy, t hen
w
i s t he pr obabi l it y t hat al l t he
wavel engt hs ar e busy . 1
w
i s t he pr obabi l it y t hat al l t he consi der ed wavelengt hs ar e f ree ( i n
t he gi ven l i nk) . Fur t her mor e, ( 1
w
)
h
i s t he pr obabi l it y t hat al l t he w wave- l engt hs ar e fr ee i n
al l t he h li nks. The bl ocki ng probabi l it y of a l i ght pat h wi t h wavel engt h conver si on i s shown as i n
Equat i on 6- 19.
Equ at i on 6- 1 9
Si mil ar t o Equat i on 6- 18, we can now sol ve Equat i on 6- 19 and pl ot Equat i on 6- 20 f or t he net
ut i l i zat i on of t hi s net wor k.
Equ at i on 6- 2 0
Fi gur e 6- 7 shows t he ut il i zat i on U
2
as a f unct i on of wavel engt h w f or di f fer ent pat h lengt hs usi ng
wavel engt h conversi on.
Fi gu r e 6- 7. Ut i l i zat i on as a Fu nct i on f or Di f f er ent Hop Di st ances w i t h
Ful l Wavel en gt h Con v er si on

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Unl i ke t he pr evi ous gr aph t hat used no wavelengt h conver t ers, t he hop l engt h has mini mal ef fect
on net wor k ut i l i zat i on i f we use wavel engt h conver t er s.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Summary
Thi s chapt er focused on r out i ng and wavel engt h i ssues i n opt i cal net wor ks. RWA anal ysi s i s
i mpor t ant fr om a net wor k pl anni ng and capaci t y pl anni ng obj ect ive. We l ear ned some
al gor i t hms proposed by l eadi ng r esear cher s about t he var ious facet s of t he RWA pr obl em. We
al so consi dered some manual as wel l as mat hemat i cal sol ut i ons t o t he RWA pr obl em.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
References
1
Chlamt ac, I . , A. Ganz, and G. Kar mi . Li ght p at h Commu ni cat i ons: An Ap pr oach t o High
Band wi dt h Op t ical WANs' I EEE Tr ansact i ons on Commun icat i ons . Vol . 40, No 7. Jul y 1992.
2
Zhang, Z. , and A. Acampor a. " A Heur ist i c Wavel engt h Assi gnment Al gor i t hm for Mul t i hop WDM
Net works wi t h Wavel engt h Rout i ng and Wavel engt h Reuse. " I EEE/ ACM Tr ansact i ons on
Net work i ng. Vol . 3, No. 3. 1995.
3
Mukher j ee, B. Op t ical Communi cat ion Net work s. McGr aw- Hi l l , 1997.
4
Ramaswami , R. , and K. Si var aj an. "Rout i ng and Wavel engt h Assi gnment i n Al l - Opt i cal
Net works. " I EEE/ ACM Tr ansact i ons on Net wor k in g . Vol . 3, No. 5. 1995.
5
Chlamt ac, I . et al . " Li ght net s: Topologi es f or Hi gh- Speed Opt i cal Net wor ks. " Jour nal of
Li ght wav e Tech nol ogy. Vol . 11, No. 5/ 6. May/ June 1993.
6
Bar ry , R. , and P. Humblet . " Model s of Bl ocki ng Pr obabi l i t y i n Al l- Opt i cal Net works Wi t h and
Wi t hout Wavel engt h Changer s. " I EEE Jour nal on Select ed Ar eas in Comm un icat i ons . Vol . 14, No.
5. June 1996.
7
Nar ul a, A. , P. Li n, and E. Modi ano. "Ef fi ci ent Rout i ng and Wavelengt h Assi gnment for
Reconfi gur abl e WDM Net works. " Jour nal on Select ed Ar eas i n Comm u nicat i on . Jan 2002.
8
Gi bbons, A. Algor i t hm i c Gr aph Theor y. Cambri dge Uni ver si t y Pr ess, 1985.
9
Ramaswami , R. and G. Sasaki . " Mul t i wavel engt h Opt i cal Net wor ks wi t h Li mi t ed Wavel engt h
Conver si on." I EEE/ ACM Tr ans. on Net wor ki ng. Vol . 6, No. 6. Dec. 1998.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Chapter 7. X over DWDM
Tr adi t i onal l y , t he open st andards i nt er face ( OSI ) model assumes seven l ayer s of hi er archy f or
dat a communi cat ion. The WDM lay er can be viewed as t he bot t om- most l ayer i n t hi s hi er ar chi cal
model . Thi s l ay er i s qui t e t ranspar ent t o dat a for mat s or prot ocol s; i t j ust t r anspor t s si mpl e r aw
bi t s. Layer s 2, 3, and 4 per for m t he funct i on of dat a l i nk cont r ol, net work lay er , and t r anspor t
l ay er , r espect i vel y . They gui de communi cat i on sessi ons bet ween t wo or more poi nt s i n a
net wor k.
Mor e t han 1600 pr ot ocol s exi st in t oday' s I nt er net t hat f acil i t at e t he t r anspor t of dat agr ams and
voi ce ci r cui t s across t he net wor k. I n t his chapt er , we shal l br i efl y vi ew some of t he pr ot ocol s
over WDM as t hey f aci l i t at e t r anspor t of i nfor mat i on t hr ough a net wor k. Alt hough t her e i s a
gr eat deal of li t er at ur e on each of t he i ndi vi dual pr ot ocols, t her e st i l l i s mi ni mum det ail about t he
use of t hese pr ot ocol s di r ect ly over t he WDM l ayer . I t i s our desi re t o t hrow some l i ght on t hese
i ssues and accust om t he r eader t o t he i nt r i caci es of t hese pr ot ocol s.
I t i s not possi bl e t o consider each pr ot ocol as a st ack over t he WDM l ayer , but t hi s chapt er does
consi der some of t he maj or pr ot ocols, such as Sy nchr onous Opt i cal Net wor k/ Sy nchr onous Di gi t al
Hi er ar chy ( SONET/ SDH) , Gi gabi t Et her net ( GE) , I nt er net Pr ot ocol ( I P) , and Resi l i ent Packet
Ri ngs ( RPRs) over t he WDM l ay er . Legacy SONET and Packet over SONET ( POS) / SDH ar e t he
most common i mpl ement at i ons f or communi cat i on over t he WDM l ay er. SONET, wi t h i t s
synchr onous hi er ar chy, seems t o be a nat ur al choi ce for t r anspor t . Thi s i s suppor t ed by t he fact
t hat pr i or t o t he ar r i val of WDM net wor ki ng, SONET and i t s Eur asi an count er par t , SDH, wer e t he
pr i mary t r anspor t phenomena f or gl obal net works. SONET/ SDH boast s of a well - def i ned f r ame
and cl assi c sy nchr oni zat i on bet ween user nodes. SONET/ SDH net wor ks ar e al so r esi l ient t o faul t s
and of t en provi de 50 ms prot ect i on t i mes wi t h aut omat i c pr ot ect i on swi t chi ng ( APS) - li ke
feat ures. SONET has i t s share of dr awbacks, t he most i mpor t ant of whi ch i s t he pr i ce. Ot her
i ssues i n SONET over WDM are t he excess wast age i n bandwidt h ( due t o over head) and
pr obl ems i n sy nchr oni zat i on of t he nodes wi t h hi ghspeed accurat e cl ocks. A dat a i mpl ement at i on
t o SONET net works has been POS or packet over SONET int erf aces. Due t o t he hi gh cost and
di f fi cul t i es i n i mpl ement i ng sy nchr onous net wor ks, Et her net was ext ended as a possi bl e i nt er face
over t he WDM l ay er . The opt i cal l ay er pr ovi des an excel l ent t r ansport syst em f or Et her net , whi ch
ot her wi se has sever e l imi t at i ons at high r at es above one gi gabi t per second in copper or coax
t r anspor t medi a. Gi gabi t Et her net and 10Gi gabi t Et her net ar e soon set t o r epl ace convent ional
SONET/ SDH net wor ks, t hough t hi s change woul d t ake a f ew year s due t o t he enor mous
r esour ces al ready invest ed i n SONET/ SDH. Et her net has t he di st i nct advant ages of a si mpl e
fr ame f ormat , ease of f rame gener at i on, and det ect i on.
Raw I P over WDM is being mut ed as a possi bl e appr oach t o sendi ng dat a over t he WDM lay er.
The mai n i ssue i s t he l ack of l ay er 2 f rami ng. I n one approach, HDLC- l ike f rami ng was
consi dered. I n anot her approach, label - based fr ami ng l i ke MPLS i s al so consi der ed t o ser ve as an
approach t o I P over WDM. Yet a t hi r d appr oach sends I P packet s di r ect l y over WDM usi ng CSMA
CA ( Car r ier sense mul t i pl e access wi t h coll i si on avoi dance) li ke scheme. The main i ssue i s t he
sl ow pr ogr ess of opt i cal t echnol ogi es. The need t o have fast det ect or s, t unabl e l aser s, and
swit ches under l i nes much of t he advance i n I P over WDM. Fr om t he net wor k perspect i ve, I P over
WDM becomes one of t he most successf ul prot ocol s i n t he ent ir e st ack. I P i s a st andar d pr ot ocol
t hat has easy i mpl ement at ion f or t r anspor t , wher eas WDM means cheap bandwi dt h. The
mar ri age of I P and WDM i s an excell ent sour ce t o gener at e r evenue. Alt hough I P over WDM
mi ght be f i ve year s or mor e fr om st r ong i mpl ement at ion, some i ni t i al wor k has al r eady been
done on t hi s approach.
Usi ng r esi l i ent packet ri ngs ( RPRs) i s anot her appr oach t o t r anspor t packet s over a ri ng net wor k
wi t hout t he need f or synchroni zat i on y et provi di ng f or st r ong pr ot ect i on, and an ef fi ci ent overl ay

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
model . RPR and t he Spat i al Reuse Pr ot ocol ( SRP) f i nd vast appl i cat i ons i n met r o net works.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Gigabit Ethernet/ 10Gigabit Ethernet (Optical Ethernet)
Et her net was defi ned i n t he 1980s as an open st andar d by a consor t i um, which was com- pr i sed
of Di gi t al Equipment Cor porat i on, I nt el , and XEROX. Et her net fi t s i n l ay er 2 of t he OSI model . By
1985, I EEE adopt ed t he Et her net st andar d and rel eased t he 802. 3 st andar d. Si nce t hen,
Et her net has proven t o be fl exi bl e. I n t he past 20 y ears, Et her net has evol ved fr om 10 Mbps hal f
dupl ex t o 10 Gbps f ul l dupl ex, ser vi ng appl i cat i ons f rom l ocal area net wor ks ( LANs) ,
met ropol it an ar ea net wor ks ( MANs) , and wi de ar ea net wor ks ( WAN) . Fi gur e 7- 1 shows t he
evol ut ion of Et hernet .
Fi gu r e 7- 1. Evol u t i on of Et her net f r om 10 Mb ps 1 00 Mb ps 1 GE
1 0 GE
The i nit ial i mpl ement at i on of Et her net used a shared Medi a Access Cont r ol ( MAC) mechani sm
known as carr i er sense mult ipl e access wit h col l i si on det ect ion ( CSMA/ CD) . The bit r at e depl oy ed
was t y pi cal ly 10 Mbps on a shar ed half - dupl ex copper medi um and suppor t s al most al l LAN
appli cat i ons at t hat t i me. Et her net t hen t ransfor med t o 100 Mbps f ul l dupl exal so known as Fast
Et her net t o support mor e bandwidt h- demandi ng appl i cat i ons. Wi t h t he int r oduct i on of swi t ches,
Et her net coul d suppor t poi nt - t o- poi nt f ul l - dupl ex l inks ( unshar ed) at 100 Mbps over bot h copper
and f iber . The medi um of t r anspor t was pr i mari l y copper , whi ch i s used ext ensivel y i n LAN
appli cat i ons. Fi ber was used i n appl i cat i ons t hat needed t o support gr eat er di st ances.
The next st ep i n t he evol ut i on of Et her net t echnology i s Gi gabit Et her net ( GE) . The st andar d
support s gi gabit Et her net fr ames t o be t r ansmit t ed on bot h copper and fi ber medi um. GE
t echnol ogy was soon adopt ed by ent erpri se net wor ks, campus net wor ks, and even by ser vi ce
pr ovi der net wor ks ver y r api dl y due t o i t s low cost and good r el i abi l i t y .
The expl osi on of bandwi dt h- i nt ensi ve appl i cat i ons combi ned wi t h t he gr owt h of I nt er net dat a
paved t he way f or 10 GE i nt er faces and appli cat i ons. At 10 GE speeds, t he r eal chal l enge i s t o
make el ect ri cal si gnals t o t r avel si gni fi cant di st ance. Thi s i s not possi bl e usi ng copper medi a. The
I EEE st andard ( 802. 3ae) is used f or opt i cal f i ber medium as t he t r anspor t opt i on ( no 10 GE over
copper st andar ds) . 10 GE suppor t s onl y f ul l dupl ex oper at ions over fi ber medi um; t heref ore, i t
does not need t o i mpl ement col li si on- det ect i on ci r cui t s. Not e t hat det ect i on of col l i si on at t he
opt i cal l ay er i s not feasibl e, alt hough i t i s possibl e. Apar t f rom t hese di ff er ences ment i oned, 10
GE i s i dent i cal t o 802. 3- defi ned pr ot ocol s.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Li ke SONET/ SDH, opt i cal Et hernet can also be t r anspor t ed over WDM net wor ks. Basi cal l y, opt i cal
Et her net can be t r anspor t ed usi ng one of t he f ol l owi ng met hods: over a dar k f i ber, over
SONET/ SDH ( EoSONET) or pur e Et her net over WDM. As t he I nt er net gr ows and I P t r aff i c
i ncr eases, Et her net is an i deal t echnol ogy for t r anspor t of dat a acr oss WAN appl icat i ons. The
advanced Qual i t y of Servi ce ( QOS) mechani sms enable Et her net t o off er voice, vi deo, and dat a
ser vi ces. Et hernet i s al so l ow cost and si mpl e ( pl ug and pl ay) compared t o ot her t echnol ogi es
t hat ar e cur r ent ly avai l abl e.
The f ol l owing Et her net st andar ds have been est abli shed and defi ned by I EEE. Some of t he
r el evant Et her net - r el at ed st andar ds are gi ven her e for r efer ence: 802. 310BASE- T, 10BASE- 5,
and 10BASE- 2:
80 2. 3u Fast Et her net ( 100 Mbps)
80 2. 3z Gi gabi t Et her net ( 1000BASE- SX/ LX/ CX)
80 2. 3ab Gi gabi t Et her net ( 1000BASE- T)
80 2. 3ae 10 GE
80 2. 3af Power over LAN ( for exampl e, VOI P appl icat i ons)
80 2. 3ah Et her net Passi ve Opt i cal Net work ( EPON)
Ethernet Frame
A t ypical Et her net 802. 3 fr ame i s shown i n Fi gur e 7- 2.
Fi gu r e 7- 2. I EEE 8 02 . 3 Et her net Fr ame
Pr eamb le i s an al t er nat i ng pat t er n of ones and zer os t hat i s 7 by t es l ong. I t i nf orms t he r ecei ver
t hat a fr ame i s comi ng. St ar t of f r ame ( SOF) ser ves t o sy nchr oni ze t he fr ame; i t is 1 byt e long.
The next 6 by t es are t he dest in at ion add r ess, and t he fol l owi ng 6 by t es ar e t he sour ce addr ess.
The l en gt h f iel d i s 2 byt es, and i t i ndi cat es t he number of by t es of dat a t hat i s i n t he dat a fi eld.
Fram e check seq uence ( FCS) i s a 4- by t e f i el d t hat t he sending devi ce creat es. The r ecei ver
r ecal cul at es t he FCS t o ver if y whet her t he fr ame ar r ived has an err or . ( The sy st em di scards a
fr ame wi t h an er r or .)
Gigabit Ethernet (GE)
Gi gabi t Et hernet ( 802. 3z) i s an ext ensi on of t he 802. 3 st andar d, and i s bui l t on t he same
Et her net pr ot ocol and f rame st r uct ur e but t he speed i s i ncr eased t en t i mes compar ed t o 100
Mbps Et her net ( Fast Et her net ) . The physi cal i nt er face needs t o be modi f i ed t o move f r om 100

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Mbps t o 1 Gbps. Gigabi t Et her net has t o l ook l i ke Et her net fr om t he dat a l ink l ayer and up ( i t has
t o keep t he basi c Et hernet fr ami ng st r uct ur e) , and at t he same t i me, it shoul d be abl e t o
i nt er face wi t h hi gh- speed opt i cal i nt er faces. The mergi ng of t he I EEE 802. 3 Et her net fr ame
for mat and t he ANSI X3T11 Fiber channel high- speed phy si cal i nt er face t echnologi es al l evi at es
t he chall enges invol ved i n ar chi t ect i ng gigabi t Et her net i n a t imel y manner . A Gi gabi t Et her net
st ack st ruct ur e i s shown i n Fi gur e 7- 3.
Fi gu r e 7- 3. Gi gabi t Pr ot ocol St ack ( Sou r ce: I n t er net w or k i n g
Techn ol ogi es Han dbook , Secon d Edi t i on)
The ser ial i zer / deser i al izer i s r esponsi bl e f or encodi ng schemes and communi cat i on t o t he upper
l ay er s. The encodi ng scheme used i n 802. 3z is 8B/ 10B, whi ch i s si mi l ar t o f i ber channel
encodi ng.
Gigabit Physical Layer
The gi gabi t Et her net speci fi cat i on addr esses t hr ee f orms of t r ansmi ssi on medi a:
Long wave ( LW) l aser on SM/ MM ( singl e mode/ mul t i mode) fi ber known as LX
Shor t wave ( SW) l aser on SM/ MM ( si ngl e mode/ mul t i mode) f i ber known as SX
Tr ansmissi on over copper known as CX
Many mor e gi gabi t int erf aces ar e avai l abl e i n t he mar ket , such as i nt er f aces f or 1550 nm and
wavel engt h divi si on mul t i plexi ng ( WDM) appli cat i ons. The for mal st andard, Gi gabi t Medi a
I ndependent I nt er face ( GMI I ) , i s t aken over by t he Gi gabi t I nt er face conver t er ( GBI C) st andar d

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
and suppor t s a wi de arr ay of appl i cat i ons. Tabl e 7- 1 shows di ff er ent GBI C t ypes and t he
di st ances t hey suppor t .
Tab l e 7 -1 . GI BI C
Ty pe Cab l i n g Di st an ce
1000BASE- SX ( 850 nm) on SM/ MM Up t o 550 m
1000BASE- LX/ LH ( 1310 nm) MM Up t o 550 m
1000BASE- LX/ LH ( 1310 nm) SM Up t o 10 km
1000BASE- ZX ( 1550 nm) SM Up t o 100 km
1000BASE- CX ( RJ 45) Max 100 m
GBI C pr ovi des hot swappabl e modul es t hat we can i nst al l i nt o any por t of a GE devi ce and
conf igur e per por t basi s at t he net wor k manager 's int erest . For example, an SX can be used i n
shor t - r ange appl i cat i ons and an LX GBI C can be used i n l ong- r ange campus appl icat i ons on t he
same gi gabi t Et her net swi t ch on di ff er ent por t s.
Gi gabi t Et hernet fi nds appl icat i ons in LANs, st or age area net works ( SANs) , campus appl i cat i ons
( as campus backbone) , and i n met r o. A t y pi cal gi gabi t Et hernet met ro r ing over DWDM i s shown
i n Fi gur e 7- 4. This is a gi gabi t Et her net GE hub- and- spoke ar chi t ect ur e, wher e four gi gabi t
Et her net swi t ches ar e hubbed i nt o a mast er node. At t he hub- end usual ly a hi gh end GE swi t ch
l i ke Ci sco 7600 or Ci sco 6500 r esides, whil e at t he sat el l i t e nodes a medi um or l ow- end swit ch
l i ke Ci sco 3550 or Ci sco 4000 r esides. The t r aff i c i s al l hubbed at t he cent er locat i on and may be
swit ched or r out ed depending upon t he need.
Fi gu r e 7- 4. GE ov er WDM ( Hu b- an d- Sp ok e Ar ch i t ect ur e)

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
10 Gigabit Ethernet
10 gi gabi t Et her net i s t he nat ural evol ut i on of Et her net fr om 1GE in speed and di st ance. The
mai n pur pose of 10 gi gabi t Et her net i s t o ext end t he Et her net appl i cat ion i nt o WAN and long-
haul appli cat i ons. 10 gi gabi t Et her net i s a fi ber onl y ( opt i cal ) t echnol ogy and i s ful l dupl ex.
Curr ent l y , 10 GE i s st andardi zed under t he I EEE 802. 3 ae t ask for ce. The t ask for ce has defi ned
fi ve cr it er i a t hat t he st andar d shoul d meet : ( Refer t o
ht t p: / / gr ouper. i eee. or g/ gr oups/ 802/ 3/ ae/ cr i t er ia. pdf f or mor e det ai l s on t he t ask f or ce)
Br oad mar ket appl icat i on, wit h mul t i ple vendors suppor t i ng i t al ong wi t h mul t i pl e cl asses of
ser vi ces
Compat ibi li t y wi t h I EEE 802. 3 st andar ds and opens sy st em i nt er connect i on ( OSI ) model
I dent i t y ( do not want al t ernat i ve pr obl ems; shoul d be a sol ut i on f or a problem)
Techni cal possi bi l it y ( shoul d be able t o t echni cal l y demonst rat e t he t echnol ogy)
Economi c f easi bi l i t y ( shoul d j ust i fy cost )

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
10 gi gabi t , Et hernet uses t he I EEE 802.3 Medi a Access Cont r ol , f r ame for mat , and mi ni mum and
maxi mum fr ame size. Bot h 1 GE and 10 GE Et her net phy si cal l ay er devi ces ( PHY) map t o lay er 1
of t he OSI model , whi ch i s connect ed t o t he MAC l ay er ( lay er 2 of t he OSI ) . The physi cal l ay er
( PHY) is di vi ded i nt o t he phy si cal medi a dependent ( PMD) subl ay er and t he phy si cal codi ng
subl ay er ( PCS) . The t r anscei ver ( bot h opt i cal and copper) i s defi ned by t he PMD subl ay er. The
PCS subl ay er deals wi t h codi ng and seri al i zer/ deser i ali zer f unct i ons t hat are associat ed wi t h t he
i nt er face.
The 802. 3ae speci fi cat i on defi nes t wo PHY t y pes: LAN PHY and WAN PHY:
LAN PHY Thi s i s a ser ial i nt erf ace t hat uses 64/ 66B encoding, wi t h a dat a st r eam of 10
Gbps and a cl ock r at e of 10. 3 Gbps.
WAN PHY Thi s i s al so a ser ial i nt erf ace t hat uses 64/ 66B encoding, and i t i s compat i bl e
wi t h SONET OC- 192 st eams wi t h dat e st r eams of 9. 953 Gbps. The advant age i s t hat t hi s
i nt er operat es wi t h SONET OC- 192 net wor ks. The WAN I nt er f ace subl ayer ( WI S) t akes car e
of t he SONET/ SDH fr ami ng.
The WAN PHY and LAN PHY are di st ingui shed by t he Phy si cal codi ng sub- l ayer ( PCS) . Bot h of
t hese PHYs oper at e over t he PMD; t her efor e, t hey suppor t t he di st ance def i ned by t he PMD. The
ar chi t ect ural l ayer of WAN and LAN PHY i s shown in Fi gur e 7- 5.
Fi gu r e 7- 5. The Ar chi t ect u r al Lay out of t h e 10 GE ( 8 02 . 3ae) St and ar d
( Sou r ce: w ww . 10 GEA. or g 1 0 GE Wh i t e Paper )
Bet ween t he MAC and t he PHY i s t he 10 Gi gabi t Media I ndependent I nt er face ( XGMI I ) or t he 10
Gi gabi t At t achment Uni t I nt er face ( XAUI ) . The XGMI I pr ovides ful l dupl ex oper at i on at a r at e of
10 Gbps bet ween t he MAC and PHY. Each pat h ( di rect i on) is independent and cont ai ns a 32- bi t
dat a pat h and cl ock/ cont r ol si gnal s ( 74 bi t s wi de i n t ot al) . The separ at e t r ansmi ssi on of cl ocking
and dat a al ong wi t h t he t i mi ng r equi r ement s make t he archi t ect ur e chal l engi ng and l i mi t t he
number of 10 GE por t s on a l i ne car d.
To over come t hese chal l enges, t he 10 GE t ask for ce devel oped t he 10 Gi gabi t at t achment uni t
i nt er face ( XAUI ) . XAUI si mpl i fi es t he rout i ng of elect r ical connect i ons and al so hel ps t o over come
t he lengt h l imi t at i on of t he XGMI I . XAUI al so suppor t s f ul l dupl ex oper at i ons at li ne r at e speed

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
( 10 Gbps) . XAUI hel ps t he fan out of i nt er faces on mul t i por t car ds on t he same l i ne car d or any
10 GE l i ne car d in t he syst em chassis. The sel f - managed int erf ace also hel ps t o over come t he
cl ocki ng i ssues t hat ar e associat ed wi t h XGMI I i nt er faces ( ht t p: / / www. 10gea. or g/ Tech-
whi t epaper s.ht m) . Fi gur e 7- 6 shows t he f unct i on of t he XAUI i nt er face.
Fi gu r e 7- 6. XAUI Fu nct i on as an Ex t en der I nt er f ace ( Sour ce:
w ww . 10 GEA. or g 1 0 GE Wh i t e Paper )
Appli cat i ons 10 GE can be used i n t he f ol l owi ng:
Met r o The I nt er net servi ce pr ovider s ( I SPs) use 10 GE for l ow- cost t r ansport of I P t r aff i c
across t he met ro net wor ks.
LANs Ent er pr i se backbone upgr ade t o al levi at e t r aff i c demand and connect bet ween
di f fer ent si t es.
St or ag e Di sast er r ecovery , dat a backup, and video ser ver s use 10 GE.
WANs 10 GE bet ween cent ral off i ces and l ong- haul net wor ks usi ng WAN PHY. Thi s al so
ensur es t he i nt er oper abi l i t y wi t h exi st ing OC- 192/ STM- 64 net works.
A t ypical wi de area appl i cat i on i s shown i n Fi gur e 7- 7 ( 10 GE over DWDM) .
Fi gu r e 7- 7. GE ov er DWDM Net w or k Con nect i n g Mu l t i pl e Cent r al Of f i ces
( COs)

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPON)
As t he demand for voi ce, vi deo, and dat a i n t he l ocal loop ( l ast mi l e) has i ncreased, t echnol ogi es
such as cabl e modem and di gi t al subscri ber l i ne ( DSL) have begun depl oyment t o al l evi at e t he
bandwi dt h pr obl em. The dat a r at e t hat DSL and ADSL pr ovi des i s t ypical l y 128 kbps t o 10 Mbps,
and cabl e compani es cl aim t o provi de dat a r at es up t o 10 Mbps on a shar ed basis. The pr obl em
i s t hat t hese t echnol ogi es cannot sat i sf y t he new bandwi dt h demand for ser vi ces such as vi deo-
on- demand ( VOD) , st r eami ng vi deo, and vi deophone, along wi t h ot her regular I nt ernet
appli cat i ons. Opt i cal fi ber i s an i deal t echnology t hat i s capabl e of del i ver i ng bandwi dt h t o hi gh-
end appl i cat i ons at gr eat er di st ances ( > 20 km) and at hi gher speeds. ( Bot h cabl e modem and
DSL ar e di st ance and bandwi dt h l i mi t ed) .
Passi ve opt ical net wor ks ( PONs) are one choi ce for connect i ng bot h resi dent i al and business
access net wor ks. A PON ( passi ve opt ical net wor k) i s a poi nt - t o- mul t i poi nt opt i cal net wor k wi t h
passi ve el ement s i n t he si gnal pat h fr om sour ce t o dest i nat i on. Ther e ar e several ver sions of PON
bei ng mut ed, out of which, Et her net - PON has gained a l ot of at t ent i on due t o t he l ogi cal choi ce
for car r y ing I P dat a. The QOS t echni ques t hat are avai l abl e l ead Et her net - based net wor ks t o
support voi ce, vi deo, and dat a t r aff i c eff ici ent l y . The advant age of usi ng PON for subscr i ber l oop
( access net wor k) makes i t accommodat e a l ar ger cover age ar ea, a hi gher bandwi dt h, r educed
fi ber depl oyment , mul t i cast and br oadcast suppor t , ease of upgr ade, and low cost of oper at i on.
I EEE 802. 3ah Et hernet i n t he Fi rst Mi l e ( EFM) t ask for ce has been set up t o def i ne st andards for
Et her net t o t he l ocal l oop access. The I EEE 802. 3ah t ask for ce i s f ocused on bot h Et her net t o t he
home ( ETTH) as wel l as Et hernet t o t he business ( ETTB) appl i cat i ons. At present , 802. 3ah i s
focused on t he f oll owi ng oper at i ons:
Et her net over copper
Et her net over poi nt - t o- point f i ber
Et her net over poi nt - t o- mul t i point f i ber
Oper at i on Admi ni st rat ion And Mai nt enance ( OAM) - li ke f eat ures
The Et her net over poi nt - t o- mul t i poi nt i s concent rat ing over l ower l ayer s of t he EPON. This
i ncl udes def i ni ng cont r ol messages, sl ight modi fi cat i on of MAC ( 802. 3) , and physi cal ( PHY) l ay er
speci f i cat i on.
PON Topologies
Sever al mul t i poi nt t opologi es ar e def i ned f or t he fi r st mi l e ( access net wor k) , whi ch i ncl udes bus
t opol ogy, ri ng t opol ogy , t r ee t opol ogy , and t r ee- and- branch t opology. PON can be depl oyed i n
any of t hese t opol ogi es by usi ng opt i cal spli t t er s and opt i cal combi ner s ( see Fi gur e 7- 8) . We can
add r edundancy t o a par t of t he net wor k or t o t he net work as a whole. PON defi nes t wo t y pes of
net wor k element s. One el ement r esides at t he cent ral off ice and i s known as opt i cal l ine t ermi nal
( OLT) . The ot her element i s t he cust omer l ocat i on or t he cur b, whi ch i s known as t he opt i cal
net wor k unit ( ONU) . I n t he downst ream ( OLT t o ONU) , t he PON is a mul t i poi nt sol ut i on; i n t he
upst r eam ( ONU t o OLT) , PON i s a mul t i pl e poi nt - t o- poi nt sol ut i on.
Fi gu r e 7- 8. PON Topol ogi es
4

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Ethernet Passive Optical Network
The pr opert y of EPON is such t hat i t cannot be consi dered eit her a shar ed medi um or a poi nt - t o-
poi nt net wor k. EPON can be expr essed as a mi xt ur e of bot h of t hese; i n a downst r eam di r ect i on,
i t i s poi nt - t o- mul t i point . The passi ve spl i t t ers wit h spl i t t i ng r at i o 1: R ar e used ( wher e R can be
any wher e fr om 464 dependi ng on t he r equi r ement ) , whi ch spl i t s t he mai n f i ber i nt o 'R' ar ms.
The si gnal t hat i s passed i nt o t he mai n f iber shows up i n all t he ar ms due t o spli t t er t echnology.
Thi s broadcast nat ure of Et her net f i t s wel l wi t h t he downst r eam fl ow. For downst ream
t r ansmi ssi on, an Et hernet packet i s br oadcast ed and t he packet i s accept ed by t ar get ed ONUs by
compar ing t he MAC address, much li ke i n t he Et hernet shar ed medi a appr oach. The fl ow of
downst r eam t r aff i c i s shown i n Fi gur e 7- 9.
Fi gu r e 7- 9. Dow nst r eam Tr af f i c Fl ow i n EPON

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
The upst r eam i s much l i ke a mul t i ple poi nt - t o- poi nt sol ut ion. The combi ner combi nes al l t he
opt i cal si gnals int o one fi ber . Due t o t he nat ur e of t he combi ner ( passi ve coupl er) , an ONU can
see onl y t he OLT; ONUs cannot see ot her ONUs. This makes i t hard t o use Et hernet br oadcast as
an upst r eam t echni que because CSMA/ CD wor ks onl y i n a shar ed medi a.
An Et her net fr ame t hat i s t r ansmit t ed by t wo or mor e ONUs si mul t aneousl y col l i des. The ONU
does not know t hat col l i si on occur red unless a mechani sm i s avai l abl e at t he OLT t o not i fy ONU
of t he col l i sion. Thi s ki nd of mechani sm reduces t he eff ici ency of t he net wor k by 3040 per cent .
Refer t o Fi gur e 7- 10 f or upst ream t raf fi c f l ow.
Fi gu r e 7- 10 . Upst r eam Tr af f i c Fl ow
We can al so over come t he upst ream communi cat i on i ssue by usi ng WDM, where each ONU has
i t s own upst r eam channel . The sol ut i on is si mpl e and st r ai ght for war d, but i t r equi r es t unabl e
l aser s and mul t i ple ONU t y pes, whi ch i ncr ease t he cost of t he equi pment and operat i on. At
pr esent , t hi s i s a viabl e sol ut i on even t hough i t is not t he best appr oach. I n one embodi ment ,
spect ral l y spl i ced SOAs ar e set up as ONUs, each at dif fer ent f r equenci es.
Anot her way t o sol ve t he upst r eam communi cat i on i ssue is by t i me- shari ng t he opt i cal channel
( TDMA l i ke) , wher e each ONU is sy nchr oni zed t o a common t i me r ef erence. Here, each ONU i s
al l ocat ed a t ime sl ot . The ONU st or es all t he f r ames unt i l t he t i me sl ot ar ri ves and sends al l t he
packet s at f ul l - l i ne speed. Duri ng i dl e t imes ( i n whi ch t here i s no packet t o send) , ONU sends an
i dl e packet . Ot her schemes are avai l abl e, but at pr esent , t her e i s no st andar di zed way t o
mul t i pl ex packet s ( fr ames) ef fi ci ent l y. The basi c i dea when developi ng t he prot ocol is t o keep i n
mi nd t hat downst r eam communi cat ion i s i n br oadcast mode and upst r eam communi cat ion i s i n
mul t i pl e point - t o- poi nt mode. We face several chal lenges apar t f r om t he upst r eam opt i mi zat i on
i ssue. Due t o t he unequal di st ance bet ween t he OLT and t he ONU, t he ONU shoul d be abl e t o
handl e di f fer ent power r equi r ement s. Dependi ng on t he di st ances, ONU shoul d be abl e t o adj ust
t he at t enuat i on t o handl e r ecei ved power and var y t he t r ansmi t power t o reach t he r equi r ed
di st ance. Securi t y is an i ssue i n t he downst r eam because ever y ONU can access al l t he packet s in
t he downst r eam. We must i mpl ement MAC l ay er encr y pt i on or PHY l ay er encr y pt i on. The ONU
shoul d be abl e t o handl e voi ce, dat a, and vi deo and shoul d be abl e t o mi gr at e fr om t he TDM
net wor k t o t he I P net wor k seaml essl y . The advance QoS and pr i ori t i zi ng t echni ques can handl e
al l t hese servi ces.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
SONET/SDH
Sy nchr onous Opt i cal Net wor k ( SONET) and Sy nchr onous Di gi t al hi er ar chy ( SDH) Net wor k ar e
t wo cl osel y al l i ed st andar ds t hat def i ne i nt er face r at es, for mat s, mul t i pl exi ng met hods,
oper at i ons, admi ni st r at i ons, mai nt enance, and provi sioni ng ( OAM&P) f or t r ansmi ssi on sy st ems.
SONET i s a set of st andar ds f or Nor t h Amer i ca, wher eas SDH st andar ds ar e used i n Eur ope and
Asi a. Bot h SONET and SDH can t r ansfer si gnal s t hat ar e cur r ent l y def ined such as T1/ E1 and so
on, and t hey can accommodat e any of t he f ut ur e r equi r ement s. I n t his chapt er , we br i efl y
descr i be t he t echnol ogy and di scuss how SONET/ SDH i s used t o t ranspor t si gnal s over WDM
net wor ks ( SONET/ SDH over WDM) .
SONET/SDH Date Rate
As ment i oned befor e, SONET and SDH are cl osel y r el at ed st andar ds. Telecommuni cat i on car r ier s
wi del y use SONET and SDH for t r ansport of voice, vi deo, and dat a across t hei r net wor k.
SONET and SDH are consi der ed as legacy t echnol ogies, but t hey are not goi ng t o vani sh fr om
carr i er s' net wor ks i n t he near f ut ure. Even t hough t he t wo t echnol ogi es ar e cl osel y rel at ed, t her e
ar e some di ff er ences t hat make t hem di st i nct . I n t hi s sect i on, we di scuss t he basi c bui l di ng bl ock
of SONET and SDH, t he l ay er ed pr ot ocol , t he mul t i pl exing st r uct ure, and t he common
ar chi t ect ures ( i ncl udi ng SONET/ SDH over WDM) .
The basic bui l di ng bl ock of a SONET si gnal i s cal l ed t he Sy nchr onous Tran sp ort Si gnal Lev el - 1
( STS- 1) . The STS- 1 has a bi t r at e of 51. 84 Mbps and is made up of 90 col umns and 9 r ows of
oct et s per f rame, as shown i n Fi gur e 7- 11. Lower - r at e pay l oads ar e mapped i nt o STS- 1s, and
hi gher - r at e si gnals are obt ai ned by mul t i pl exing ( bi t i nt er l eaved sy nchr onous mul t i pl exer ) N
fr ames of STS- 1s t o for m an STS- N, wher e N = 1, 3, 12, 24, 48, 192. The t r ansmi ssi on r at e of
STS- N i s N * 51. 84 Mbps. The order of t ransmi ssi on of t he by t es i s row by r ow, f rom l ef t t o r i ght .
Fi gu r e 7- 11 . Basi c SONET Bui l di ng Bl ock

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
The l i ne rat e of an STS- 1 i s cal cul at ed as shown i n Equat i on 7- 1.
Equ at i on 7- 1
( The li ne rat e of STS- N i s N t i mes t he l ine r at e of STS- 1; for exampl e, STS- 3 = 51.84 * 3 =
155. 52 Mbps. )
Out of t he 810 oct et s ( 9 * 90) , 27 oct et s ( t he f i rst 3 col umns and 9 rows) are cal l ed t he
t r anspor t over head, whi ch i s di vi ded i nt o t wo por t i ons: t he fi r st t hree r ows of sect i on over head
and t he next si x rows of li ne over head. The r emai ni ng 87 col umns car r y pay l oad ( sy nchr onous
pay l oad envel ope, or SPE) , and a col umn of pat h overhead l i es wit hi n t he STS pay load ( SPE) .
Due t o t hi s over head, t he t r ansmi ssi on capacit y decr eases and is cal cul at ed as shown in
Equat i on 7- 2.
Equ at i on 7- 2
Basic SDH Building Block
The basic bui l di ng bl ock of an SDH si gnal i s cal l ed Sy nchr onous Tran sp ort Mod ule Level - 1 ( STM-
1) , and i t has a bit r at e of 155. 52 Mbps ( and uses 125us fr ame l engt h) . Each fr ame i s made up
of 270 col umns and 9 rows of oct et per fr ame. The l ower- r at e payl oads ar e mapped int o an STM-
1, and hi gher - r at e si gnal s ar e obt ai ned by mul t i pl exi ng N STM- 1 si gnal s t o f or m an STM- N
si gnal , wher e N = 1, 4, 16, and 64 ( def i ned by G. 707) .
Fi gu r e 7- 12 . Basi c SDH Bui l di ng Bl ock

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
The l i ne rat e for an STM signal i s cal cul at ed as shown i n Equat i on 7- 3.
Equ at i on 7- 3
Li ne Rat e of STM- N i s l i ne r at e of STM- 1 * N, f or exampl e l i ne r at e of STM- 4 = 155. 52 * 4 =
622. 08 Mbps.
Out of 2430 ( 9 r ows and 270 col umns) oct et s per fr ame, t he f ir st 9 col umns are set asi de f or
sect i on over head ( SOH) , and t he sect i on over head i s furt her di vi ded i nt o 3 ar eas. Of t he f ir st
ni ne col umns, t he f i rst t hr ee rows are known as r egener at i on sect ion ov er head ( RSOH) , t he next
r ow cont ai ns poi nt er s ( H1, H2, and H3 by t es) , and r ows 5 t hr ough 9 ar e i dent i fi ed as
m ul t ip lexi ng sect i on ov erh ead ( MSOH) . The remai ni ng 261 col umns car r y t he pay l oad, whi ch i s
i dent i f ied by t he vi rt ual cont ai ner ( VC) , and a col umn of pat h overhead l i es al ong wit h t he VC
pay l oad. The VC combi ned wi t h r ow four ( H1, H2, and H3 poi nt er s) f orms t he admi ni st r at i ve uni t
( AU) . Li ke STS f r ames, t he STM f r ame is t r ansmi t t ed r ow by row in a by t e ser i al f ashi on.
Tr ansmissi on capaci t y i s t he capaci t y of SDH STM- 1 pay load; i t i s cal cul at ed as shown i n
Equat i on 7- 4. For f ur t her det ai l s, r ef er t o Tabl e 7- 2.
Equ at i on 7- 4
Tab l e 7 -2 . SONET/ SDH Di gi t al Hi er ar chy

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Opt i cal
Lev el
SONET
( El ect r i cal ) SDH
Li ne Rat e
( Mbps)
Pay l oad Capaci t y
( Li ne Rat e
Ov er head ( Mbps)
SONET
Cap aci t y
SDH
Cap aci t y
OC- 1 STS- 1 51.840 50.112 28 DS- 1s /
1 DS- 3
21 E1s
OC- 3 STS- 3
STM-
1 155. 520 150. 336
84 DS- 1s /
3 DS- 3s
63 E1s /
1 E4
OC- 12 STS- 12
STM-
4 622. 080 601. 344
336 DS- 1s
/
12 DS- 3s
252 E1s /
4 E4s
OC- 48 STS- 48
STM-
16 2488. 320 2405. 376
1, 344 DS-
1s /
192 DS- 3s
1, 008 E1s
/
16 E4s
OC- 192 STS- 192
STM-
64 9953. 280 9621. 504
5, 376 DS-
1s /
192 DS- 3s
4, 032 E1s
/
64 E4s
SONET/SDH Layers
SONET/ SDH ( prot ocol ) lay er model s ar e i dent i cal i n concept , but t hey use di ff er ent t er ms t o
defi ne t hem. Four l ay er s ar e def i ned i n t he pr ot ocol st ack and ar e hi erar chi cal i n nat ur e. Tabl e 7-
3 expl ai ns t he funct i on of each l ayer br i efl y .
Tab l e 7 -3 . Some Gen er i c Def i n i t i on s of SONET/ SDH
SONET SDH Def i n i t i on
Pat h Pat h Map si gnal s i nt o an STS ( SONET) / STM ( SDH) f r ame
Li ne Mult i plex Sect i on Sy nchr oni zat i on and mul t i pl exi ng f unct i on for t he pat h l ay er
Sect i on Regener at or Sect ion Tr anspor t of STS/ STM f rames across t he physi cal medi um
Phot oni c Phot oni c Conver si on bet ween el ect r i cal ( STS/ STM) opt i cal si gnal ( OC)
The pr imar y r esponsibi li t y of t he pat h l ay er i s t o map t he si gnal s i nt o t he r equi r ed f or mat t hat i s
speci f i ed by t he l i ne l ay er ( SONET) / Mul t i pl ex Sect i on ( SDH) . Thi s l ayer al so def i nes t he di ff er ent
t r anspor t ser vi ces bet ween t he pat h- t er mi nat i ng equi pment ( PTE) . At t hi s l ayer , t he pat h
over heads are read, modi fi ed, and i nt er pr et ed f or per for mance and f or aut omat i c prot ect i on
swit ching feat ur es. The l i ne l ay er i n SONET or t he mul t i pl ex sect i on i n SDH pr ovi des mul t i pl exi ng
and sy nchr oni zat i on for t he pat h l ay er . I t al so deal s wi t h t he t r anspor t of t he overhead and
pay l oad of t he pat h l ay er, i n addi t i on t o per for mi ng err or moni t or i ng and prot ect i on swi t chi ng at
t he li ne l evel. Fi gur e 7- 13 shows a gener i c SDH end- t o- end connect i on.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gu r e 7- 13 . SDH End -t o-En d Conn ect i on
The sect i on l ay er ( SONET/ Regener at i on Sect i on, or SDH) i s r esponsi bl e f or t r anspor t of STS- N
/ STM- N fr ames acr oss t he net work medi a. Thi s l ayer 's funct i ons i ncl ude f r ami ng, scrambl i ng,
mai nt enance, and er ror moni t ori ng. The phot oni c l ayer i s wher e t he conver sion of t he signal s
happens bef ore t he si gnal i s t r anspor t ed t hr ough t he fi ber . Thi s l ay er det ermi nes t he l aunch
power , shape, and f r equency of t he opt i cal pul se.
Fi gu r e 7- 14 . SONET End -t o-En d Conn ect i on
SONET and SDH car r y a compar at i vel y hi gh percent age of over head i n each lay er. A det ai l ed
descr i pt i on of over heads i s beyond t he capaci t y of t hi s book; r eader s ar e advi sed t o r ef er t o
SONET/ SDH st andards or any SONET/ SDH books t hat ar e avail able in t he market f or mor e
det ai l s.
SONET/SDH Multiplexing Structure
The pr inci ple of mul t ipl exi ng SONET and SDH are t he same, but t he mappi ng schemes for SONET
and SDH are di ff er ent . The basi c SONET si gnal ( STS- 1) can car ry l ar ge pay loads ( > 50 Mbps) . At
t he same t i me, i t can accommodat e t he l ower- speed si gnal s such as T1/ E1 and so on. To achieve
t hi s, STS pay l oad i s di vi ded i nt o smal l er st ruct ur es cal l ed v ir t ual t ri but ari es ( VTs) . VTs ar e used
for swi t chi ng and t ransport ing payl oads smal l er t han STS- 1. T3 ( DS3) si gnal s ar e carr i ed i n an
STS- 1 pay l oad. ( The r emai ni ng bi t s in STS- 1 ar e st uf fed wi t h dummy bi t s.) N number s of STS- 1
si gnal s ar e t hen mul t i pl exed t o for m STS- N. Fi gur e 7- 15 shows t he basi c mul t i plexi ng scheme f or
SONET fr ames.
Fi gu r e 7- 15 . SONET Mu l t i pl ex i n g St r u ct u r e
1

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
The SDH mul t i pl exing scheme i s shown in Fi gur e 7- 16. The l ower - speed si gnal s ar e f i rst mapped
i nt o one of t he fi ve cont ai ner s ( Cs) accor di ng t o t he bandwi dt h needs. Pat h Over Head ( POH) i s
added t o t he Cs t o get VCs. Two t ypes of VCs ar e defi ned: hi gher- or der and lower - or der VCs.
The hi gher - or der VCs ( VC- 3 and VC- 4) ar e mapped ei t her t o Admi ni st r at i ve Uni t 3 ( AU- 3) or
Admi ni st r at i ve Uni t 4 ( AU- 4) . Lower - or der VCs ( VC- 3, VC- 2, VC- 11, and VC- 12) ar e mapped t o
VC- 3/ VC- 4 al ong wi t h t ri but ar y uni t ( TU) poi nt er s, whi ch ar e used t o l ocat e t he VCs. One TU- 2,
t hr ee TU- 12, or four TU- 11 for ms ar e mapped i nt o a t r i but ary uni t gr oup ( TUG) . One AU- 4 or
t hr ee AU- 3s ar e mapped t o an admini st r at i ve unit gr oup ( AUG) , whi ch i s t he "SDH payl oad
envel ope" of t he STM- 1. N STM- 1 si gnal s ar e by t e- int erl eaved mul t i pl exed t o cr eat e STM- N.
Fi gu r e 7- 16 . SDH Mu l t i pl ex i n g St r u ct u r e

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gur e 7- 17 shows how a C- 4 cont ai ner i s mapped and how an STM- 1 si gnal i s f or med.
Fi gu r e 7- 17 . STM-1 Si gn al I s Der i v ed by Addi ng Over head s
1

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
The C- 4 cont ai ner occupi es 9 r ows and 260 columns. As expl ained bef ore, VC- 4 is obt ai ned by
adding a r ow of pat h over head ( POH) t o C- 4 si gnal. To VC- 4 si gnal , a 9 by t e of AU- 4 poi nt er i s
added t o get t he AU- 4 si gnal. Transpor t overhead ( RSOH and MSOH) i s added t o AU- 4 t o get t he
STM- 1 si gnal .
SONET and SDH Architectures
SONET and SDH suppor t l inear add/ drop and r i ng ar chi t ect ures, bot h of whi ch ar e di scussed in
det ai l i n t hi s sect ion.
Linear Add/Drop
An i ni t i al i mpl ement at ion of l i near SONET/ SDH ar chi t ect ur e i s shown i n Fi gur e 7- 18. I n t hi s t y pe
of appli cat i on, t raf fi c bet ween t he nodes i s car r i ed acr oss mul t i pl e nodes t hat are cascaded i n
ser i es. Ser vi ce t raf fi c can or igi nat e and t er mi nat e bet ween any nodes i n t hi s cascaded chai n. The
end nodes i n t hi s conf i gur at i on ar e call ed t ermi nal nodes, and i nt er mediat e nodes ar e cal l ed
add/ dr op nodes ( ADM) . As bandwi dt h demand i ncr eases, WDM can be added t o al l evi at e t he
capaci t y const r aint s by pl aci ng mul t i ple SONET st r eams on di ff er ent wavel engt hs.
Fi gu r e 7- 18 . SONET/ SDH Li n ear Ar chi t ect u r e over DWDM

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Ring Architectures
As t he r equi rement s f or r el i abi l i t y i ncr eased, ri ng ar chi t ect ur es wer e i nt r oduced t o suppor t
vari ous sur vi vabl e net wor k t opol ogies. Ri ng ar chi t ect ur es are di ff er ent i at ed by t he di r ect i on of
t he rout i ng and pr ot ect ion mechani sm. A uni di r ect i onal ri ng car r ies servi ce t r aff ic i n only one
di r ect i on ( cl ockwi se) . I n cont r ast , a bi di r ect i onal r ing car r i es ser vi ce t r aff i c i n bot h a cl ockwi se
( CW) and a count er cl ockwi se ( CCW) di rect i on. Fur t her mor e, a pat h - swi t ched ri ng pr ot ect s t raf fi c
based on t he condi t i ons of t he ent i r e pat h. ( A pat h i s an end- t o- end ser vi ce connect ion.) A l ine-
swit ched r ing swi t ches based on t he condi t i ons bet ween each pai r of node. When an er r or
condi t i on or f aul t i s l ocat ed in a l ine, an ent ir e l i ne is swi t ched t o t he pr ot ect ed l i ne. Based on
t hese r out i ng and prot ect i on schemes, t he f oll owi ng f our t y pes of r i ngs have been def i ned f or
SONET/ SDH net wor ks:
A uni di r ect i onal l i ne- swi t ched ri ng ( ULSR)
A bi di r ect i onal li ne swi t ched r ings ( BLSR)
A uni di r ect i onal pat h- swi t ched r ing ( UPSR)
A bi di r ect i onal pat h- swi t ched r i ng ( BPSR)
A det ail ed anal y si s i s bey ond t he scope of t hi s book; t her ef ore, r eader s ar e advi sed t o r efer t o
t he st andar ds. A WDM net work can suppor t al l of t hese ar chi t ect ur es.
Packet over SONET/SDH (POS)
Even t hough SONET/ SDH i s opt i mized for ef fi ci ent t r ansport of voice t r af fi c, i t s capabi l i t y t o
t r anspor t hi gh bandwi dt h dat a makes i t an excel l ent choi ce t o connect packet ( I P) net wor ks at
hi gh speeds. POS t echnol ogy pr ovi des eff ici ent t ranspor t of dat a over SONET/ SDH net wor ks, and
i t can be used i n a var iet y of appl i cat i ons. POS places t he I P l ayer ( l ay er 3) on t op of t he
SONET/ SDH l ay er ( lay er 2) i n t he OSI model . POS can off er I P ser vi ce and is used pr i mar il y i n
I nt er net backbones, dat a aggr egat i on, and met r o appl icat i ons. I t i s designed for point - t o- poi nt
l i nks and i s t y pi cal ly used over SONET/ SDH over DWDM net works.
POS uses Point - t o- Poi nt Pr ot ocol ( PPP) encapsulat ion i n hi gh- l evel dat a l ink cont r ol ( HDLC) - l i ke
fr ami ng t o encapsul at e dat a at l ay er 2. PPP consist s of t wo pr ot ocol s: l i nk cont r ol prot ocol
( whi ch est abl i shes t he connect ion and t est s t he dat a l ink) and net wor k cont r ol prot ocol ( whi ch
i dent i f ies l ay er 3/ I P prot ocol ) . PPP i n HDLC l i ke- f rami ng i s shown i n Fi gur e 7- 19.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gu r e 7- 19 . PPP i n HDLC- Li ke Fr ami ng
The basic dat a r at e for POS speci f i ed i s STS- 3c for SONET and STM- 1 f or SDH. Out of 155 Mbps
bandwi dt h, t he useabl e bandwi dt h i s about 149.76 Mbps. The POS f r ames ar e mapped i nt o
STS/ STM- N fr ames and occupy t he pay load envelope.
The pr ocess of mappi ng I P i nt o SONET/ SDH usi ng PPP i s shown in Fi gur e 7- 20.
Fi gu r e 7- 20 . Mappi ng of I P i n t o SONET/ SDH
I n addi t i on t o hi gh bandwidt h, POS of fers rel i abl e and secure dat a t ransmi ssion. The dat a i s
scr ambl ed usi ng an ATM- l ike scrambler , sel f - synchroni zed pay l oad scr ambl er, whi ch i s def i ned
by RFC 2615. When POS i s connect ed t o t he SONET/ SDH net wor k, t he t imi ng i s der i ved fr om t he
SONET/ SDH net wor k. When POS i s connect ed t hr ough dar k fi ber or DWDM, t i mi ng i s der i ved
fr om t he i nt er nal cl ock. ( Li nks ar e i ndependent l y t i med by 20- ppm i nt er nal cl ock bui l t i nt o t he
POS i nt erf ace. )
POS i mplement at i on document s ar e avai l abl e fr om t he I ETF web si t e. For advanced readi ng,
pl ease ref er t o t he fol l owi ng document s:
RFC 1619/ RFC 2615, "PPP over SONET/ SDH"
RFC 1661, "Poi nt - t o- Poi nt Prot ocol "
RFC 1662, "PPP i n HDLC- Li ke Fr aming"
RFC 1548, "The Poi nt - t o- Poi nt Pr ot ocol "
POS i nt erf aces ar e i mpl ement ed on r out er s and Lay er 3 swi t ches wi t h i nt er faces speeds rangi ng
fr om OC- 3/ STM- 1 t o OC- 192/ STM- 64. I mpl ement i ng POS over OC192/ STM- 64 i s chall enging
because by t e processi ng at 10 G speeds i s a compl ex pr ocess. I ETF pr oposed a 32- bi t wor d-
or i ent ed appr oach t o al levi at e t hi s probl em. ( Pl ease check wi t h www.i et f .or g f or mor e det ai l s. )
POS i s t y pi cal l y used i n net wor k backbone i nfr ast r uct ur es, dat a aggr egat i on, and net wor k
appli cat i ons. This i s accompl i shed wi t h t he POS i nt er f ace ( rout er ) connect ed t o a SONET/ SDH
add- dr op mul t i pl exer ( ADM) and t hen t r anspor t ed acr oss t he net work. POS over dar k fi ber and
DWDM sy st ems i s al so becomi ng popul ar. An exampl e of t r anspor t of POS over WDM and over
SONET i s shown i n Fi gur e 7- 21.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gu r e 7- 21 . POS over DWDM

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Dynamic Packet Transport (DPT) / Resilient Packet Ring
(RPR)
Dy nami c Packet Tr anspor t ( DPT) def ines a new t echnology for a packet - opt i mi zed t r anspor t
syst em. DPT i s based on t he Spat i al Reuse Pr ot ocol ( SRP) , a MAC- l ay er pr ot ocol for r i ng- based
packet net wor ki ng. SRP i s open and fr eel y avai l abl e as I ETF I nfor mat i onal RFC 2892. DPT/ RPR
combi nes t he bandwi dt h- eff ici ent ri ch ser vice capabi li t i es of I P and prot ect i on of SONET ri ngs,
t her eby pr esent ing a cost - ef fect i ve sol ut ion t o t r anspor t packet .
DPT/ RPR i s a dual- count er r ot at i ng r ing. ( These r i ngs are ref er r ed t o as i nner r i ng and out er
r i ng) . Bot h of t hese r i ngs can be used t o pass dat a and cont r ol t raf fi c. I f dat a i s sent i n a
cl ockwi se di rect i on, a cont r ol packet i s sent in a count er - cl ockwi se dir ect ion. ( Ther e i s no
corr esponding cont rol fr ame for ever y dat a fr ame. Cont r ol f r ames ar e sent whenever necessar y
for cont r ol i nf ormat i on and have no r el at i onship wi t h dat a packet s) .
As ment i oned pr evi ousl y , DPT uses Spat i al Reuse Pr ot ocol ( SRP) . SRP deri ves i t s name f rom t he
spat i al r euse pr oper t y and i s possi bl e because of t he dest i nat i on st r i ppi ng capabi li t y . The cont r ol
packet s are used f or sendi ng keepal i ve messages, pr ot ect i on swit ching, t opol ogy di scover y , and
bandwi dt h cont r ol . SRP suppor t s mult icast , qual i t y of ser vice ( QOS) , and i nt el l i gent l ayer 3
pr ot ect i on. Fai rness i s enf or ced by SRP f air ness al gor i t hm ( SRP- fa) and i s used t o cont r ol access
t o t he SRP r i ng. Ref er t o Fi gur e 7- 22.
Fi gu r e 7- 22 . SRP Ri n g Sh ow i ng Spat i al Reu se. Wh i l e A i s t al k i ng t o B, A
i s al so t al k i n g t o C, an d D i s t al k i n g t o C.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
SRP i s a medi a- i ndependent medi a access cont rol ( MAC) l ayer prot ocol . The i ni t i al
i mpl ement at ion ut il i zes SONET/ SDH f rami ng so t hat i nt er wor ki ng wi t h cur r ent SONET/ SDH
i nf rast r uct ur e i s possi bl e. A t ypi cal SRP f r ame is shown i n Fi gur e 7- 23. Each SRP i nt er face has a
unique 48- bi t I EEE MAC address ( Et her net - l i ke MAC addr ess) . A mul t i cast bi t i s al so defi ned t o
support mul t i cast ing. I n mul t i cast i ng mode SRP, t he source st r i ps t he mul t i cast packet ( not
dest i nat i on st ri ppi ng) .
Fi gu r e 7- 23 . SRP Pack et i n SONET/ SDH Fr ame
Bot h out er and i nner r ings use t he same I P addressi ng schemes t o enabl e f ast r eopt i mi zat i on of
t he ri ng ( pat h) sel ect i on and t o avoid r out er f l aps when r ing wr aps occur . ( Ri ng wraps happen i n
l ay er s 1/ 2. )
SRP uses int ell i gent pr ot ect i on swi t chi ng ( I PS) , whi ch i s anal ogous t o SONET/ SDH
pr ot ect i on/ swit ching schemes. However , no pr ot ect i on bandwi dt h i s al l ocat ed her e, t her eby
maki ng SRP mor e eff ici ent . I PS can r ecover fr om nodal f ai lur e, f i ber f ail ure, and si gnal
degr adat ion. The SRP nodes can swi t ch i n 50 ms or l ess, si mi l ar t o SONET/ SDH swi t chi ng.
As ment i oned pr evi ousl y , t he i nit ial i mpl ement at i on of SRP is based on a concat enat ed

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
SONET/ SDH f rame. The SRP/ DPT defi nes a bi t i nt er f ace t o t he phy si cal lay er ( SONET/ SDH) , and
t he bi t st r eams are mapped i nt o t he SONET/ SDH pay l oad ( see Fi gur e 7- 24) .
Fi gu r e 7- 24 . Fi gu r e 7- 24
The t ransmi ssi on r at es cur rent ly defi ned are OC- 12/ STM- 4, OC- 48/ STM- 16, and OC192/ STM- 64
for t he SRP/ DPT i nt er f aces. Most of t he i mpl ement at ion cur r ent l y i s based on OC- 12/ STM- 4 or
OC- 48/ STM- 16, but OC- 192/ STM- 64 i s gai ni ng popul ar i t y. The OC- 192/ STM- 64 i nt er face i s
depl oy ed on t he GSR 12400 ser i es rout ers.
SRP Generic Frame Header
Two t y pes of packet s ar e avail able: dat a and cont r ol packet s. A gener i c packet header i s 16 bi t s
l ong and i s shown i n Fi gur e 7- 25.
Fi gu r e 7- 25 . SRP Fr ame Gen er i c Header
Ti me To Li ve ( TTL) Thi s uses 8 bi t s. Li ke I P TTL, each node decr ement s t he TTL f i el d by
one when f orwar di ng t he packet . When t he TTL val ue r eaches 0, t he packet is st ri pped of f
t he ri ng. Theor et i cal l y , 8 bi t s of TTL al l ows for 255 hops, and t he t heor et i cal maxi mum
number of nodes i n a r i ng i s 255. I n pr act i ce, t he maxi mum number of nodes i s 5060 i n a
r i ng. ( Not e t hat t hi s i s pur e l ayer 2 TTL and has no r el at i onshi p wit h I P TTL. )
Ri ng i d ent i f i er ( RI ) Thi s i s 1 bi t l ong and desi gnat es t he or i gi nal sour ce r i ng. I t i s used
t o make f orwar di ng deci si ons and accept ance of packet s, especial l y i n a r i ng wr ap
si t uat i on. RI has a val ue of 0 for t he out er ri ng and 1 f or t he i nner r ing.
Mod e Thi s uses t he next 3 bi t s and i s used t o i dent i f y t he packet t ype. The mode val ues
ar e gi ven i n Tabl e 7- 4.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Tab l e 7 -4 . Mode Val u es
Val ue Descr i pt i on
000010 Reser ved
011 ATM dat a cel l
100 Cont rol message ( pass t o host )
101 Cont rol message ( l ocal l y buf fer ed f or host )
110 Usage packet
111 Dat a packet
PRI Thi s i s t he pr ior i t y bit t hat uses t he next 3 bi t s. Val ues can be fr om 07; hi gher
val ues repr esent higher pr i or it y.
Par i t y b i t ( P) Thi s i s 1 bi t l ong and is t he odd pari t y over t he pr evi ous 15 MAC header
bi t s.
Generic Data and Control Packet
A gener i c SRP dat a pack i s shown i n Fi gur e 7- 26. The dat a pack cont ai ns t he header , t he
dest i nat i on MAC addr ess, t he sour ce MAC addr ess, t he pr ot ocol t y pe, and t he pay l oad. The
pr ot ocol t y pe fi eld i s 16 bit s l ong and i ndi cat es what t y pe of dat a i s i n t he pay l oad ( I Pv4, ARP, or
SRP pr ot ocol) .
Fi gu r e 7- 26 . Gener i c Dat a Pack f or SRP I mp l emen t at i on

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Cont rol packet i s simi l ar t o dat a packet wit h ext r a fi el ds ( see Fi gur e 7- 26b) li ke cont r ol versi on,
cont r ol t y pe checksum, and cont r ol TTL. The cont r ol ver si on fi el d indi cat es t he versi on number
t hat i s associ at ed wit h t he cont r ol t y pe. The cont r ol t y pe f i el d defi nes t he cont r ol message t ype:
0x01 - Topol ogy discover y , 0x02 - I PS message, and 0x03 - 0xFF - Reserved. Cont r ol TTL fi el d is
decrement ed each t i me a node r el ay s a cont r ol packet . I f t he node r eceives a cont rol packet wit h
TTL < = 1, i t i s accept ed but i s not r el ayed ( for war ded) .
Topology Discovery and Ring Selection
Each node sends t opol ogy di scovery packet s on t he out er r i ng; ever y node on t he r i ng appends
i t s MAC address and sends i t t o t he next node on t he ri ng. ( I f t her e i s a wr ap on t he r i ng, t he
wr apped node indi cat es a wr ap when appendi ng i t s MAC) . The cont rol packet s have t o be
r ecei ved on t he same r i ng t hat i s sent out befor e t he node accept s t hi s as a val i d packet . Once
t he node r ecei ves t wo consecut i ve and ident i cal t opol ogy packet s, t he node bui l ds a t opol ogy
map. Ther efor e, t he t opol ogy map i ncl udes i nf or mat ion such as MAC address and wr ap- st at us of
each node.
Ri ng select i on is done by ARP ( addr ess r esol ut i on pr ot ocol ) t echni ques ( ARPi ng) . ARP request s
ar e sent out al t er nat i ng on bot h r i ngs. The nodes t hat r espond ut i l i ze t he t opol ogy map and
answer t o t he r equest ed node by usi ng t he shor t est hop count as a met r i c f or r ing sel ect i on.
Packet Processing and Ring (Packet) Flow
At each SRP node, t he i ncomi ng packet s ar e eit her accept ed or pr ocessed or t r ansmi t t ed t o t he
next node wi t hout l ay er 3 processi ng. The MAC ( logi c) l ayer consi st s of a t r ansi t buf fer , a
r ecei ver queue ( Rx) , and a t r ansmi t t er queue ( Tx) . Thi s l ay er is responsi bl e f or i mpl ement i ng
fai r ness and schedul i ng t r aff i c. The cont r ol packet s ar e poi nt - t o- poi nt ( dr opped at ever y node)
and pr ocessed. The cont r ol packet i nf ormat i on i s ext ract ed and for war ded t o t he upper l ay ers for
pr ocessi ng. The dat a packet s ar e checked against a cont ent - addressabl e memor y ( CAM) t able t o
see whet her t hey ar e dest i ned f or t hat node. I f t hey ar e, t hey ar e st ri pped f r om t he r i ng and
for war ded t o t he host for processi ng. I f t he dat a i s not dest i ned t o t hat node, t he TTL f i el d i s
checked. I f t he fi el d i s great er t han uni t y , t he TTL f i el d i s t hen decr ement ed and put i n t he high
or l ow pr ior i t y t r ansi t buf fer dependi ng on t he PRI fi eld.
The l ocal l y gener at ed t r af fi c goes i nt o a hi gh or l ow t r ansmi t queue, dependi ng on t he PRI val ue.
The scheduler sel ect s t he packet fr om t he t r ansmi t / t r ansi t queue; t he pr i ori t y f r om t op t o bot t om
i s t he t r ansit hi gh pri or i t y packet s, t he t r ansmi t hi gh pr i ori t y packet s, t he t ransi t l ow pr i or i t y
packet s, and fi nal l y t he t r ansmi t l ow pr i or i t y packet s. Thi s whol e pr ocess i s managed by SRP
fai r ness al gor i t hm ( SRP- fa) . Fi gur e 7- 27 i l l ust r at es SRP node packet pr ocessi ng.
Fi gu r e 7- 27 . SRP Node Pack et Pr ocessi n g

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Under nor mal condi t i ons, packet s on t he out er r i ng r emai n on t he out er ri ng unt i l a dest inat i on
node r emoves t hem. I f a wr ap occur s, t he packet s on t he out er r i ng show up on t he i nner r i ng.
SRP Bandwidth Fairness (SRP-fa)
SRP ri ngs i mpl ement t he fai r ness algor it hm t o regul at e bandwi dt h. Because t he r ing bandwi dt h
i s a shared r esour ce, i t i s possi bl e t hat a si ngl e node or user i n t he r i ng can t ake over t he whol e
bandwi dt h. The SRP fai r ness al gor i t hm i s t he underl i ni ng mechani sm t hat ensur es fai r ness. The
fol l owi ng hi gh- l evel f air ness i s def ined i n t he SRP r i ng:
Gl obal f ai r ness Each node get i t s fai r shar e of bandwi dt h; ot her nodes cannot cr eat e a
st ar vat i on condi t i on i n t he net wor k.
Local opt i mi zat i on By use of t he spat ial reuse proper t y of SRP, any node can use more
t han t he fai r shar e of bandwi dt h when no ot her nodes are cont est i ng f or bandwi dt h.
Scal abi l i t y Thi s i s t he abi li t y t o deploy lar ge ri ngs ( 3264 nodes) i n a di sper se
geogr aphi cal locat i on.
Every node monit or s t he number of packet s t hat ar e sour ced and f or warded. When a node
exper i ences congest i on, i t sends t he t r ansmi t usage count er t o t he upst r eam neighbor vi a t he
opposi t e r i ng. When t he upst r eam nei ghbor r eceives t he usage i nf or mat i on, i t t hr ot t l es t he
t r ansmi t r at e t o t he adver t i sed usage rat e. The SRP fai r ness appl i es onl y t o l ow- pr ior i t y packet s.
Hi gh- pr ior i t y packet s do not obey fai r ness r ul es and can be r at e l i mi t ed by ot her rat e- l i mi t i ng
t echni ques li ke commi t t ed access r at e ( CAR) . Mor e i nf ormat i on on how SPR- fa works can be
found at t he Ci sco web si t e at
ht t p: / / www. ci sco.com/ war p/ publ i c/ cc/ pd/ rt / 12000/ dpt l c/ i ndex.sht ml .
SRP Architectures

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
As expl ai ned, SRP/ DPT can be t r anspor t ed acr oss dar k f i ber, over SONET/ SDH, and over DWDM.
Mult i ple SRP r i ngs over DWDM are shown i n Fi gur e 7- 28. DPT can also be depl oy ed i n a st ar
conf igur at i on. Her e, t he phy si cal t opology i s st ar , but l ogi cal ly , i t ' s a ri ng.
Fi gu r e 7- 28 . DPT/ SRP ov er OC 48 DWDM Ri n g
( Usi ng DPT/ SRP concent r at or s, such as Ci sco 15194, can accompl ish t hi s. )

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
IP over DWDM
SONET/ SDH net wor ks ar e bui l t for voi ce t r aff ic and cannot handle t he bur st y nat ur e of t he dat a
t r aff i c. Cur r ent l y, SONET is used t o t r anspor t I P such t hat I P i s car r i ed over SONET and fi nal l y
over DWDM. I f we need QoS, anot her l ay er of ATM or MPLS i s added bet ween t he I P and SONET
l ayer s, as shown i n Fi gur e 7- 29. Ty pi cal l y, we need di f fer ent management funct ions for each
t echnol ogy ; t heref ore, we need four di f ferent management and pr ovi si oni ng soft war e packages
t o suppor t t hi s over l ay net wor k ( I Pover ATMoverSONETover DWDM) .
Fi gu r e 7- 29 . Cur r ent Layou t Pr ot ocol St ack an d Fut ur e Vi si on
An al t er nat ive i s t o i mpl ement I P over DWDM, por t i ng funct i on- l i ke QoS and t raf fi c engineer i ng
fr om ATM/ MPLS, SONET- l i ke rel i abi l i t y, and pr ot ect i on ( 50 ms) . This pr ocess eli mi nat es t he
over head of SONET and ATM, t her eby r educes t he t ot al cost of t r anspor t i ng dat a. The mai n i ssue
of i mpl ement i ng such a prot ocol is t he l ack of fr ami ng and det ect i ng at t he I P packet l ay er . I P
packet s on a pure opt i cal l ayer seem t o be j ust pure bi t s wi t hout any way t o det ect t he st art and
end of fr ames, l eavi ng ot her i ssues, such as cor rect i ng t r anspor t er r ors, f l ow cont r ol , et c. Opt ical
fr ami ng t echnol ogy i s in i t s i nf ancy , and i t s i mpl ement at i on seems t o be a di st ant r eal i t y . I n t hat
scenar i o, t her e ar e not many way s t o i mpl ement di r ect I P over t he WDM l ay er , al t hough such
i mpl ement at ion woul d benefi t t he ent ir e communi cat i on i ndust r y t r emendousl y. Ther e i s a need
for l ayer 2 fr ami ng for I P packet s t o t r anspor t t hem on t he WDM l ayer .
One possi ble way of implement i ng I P over WDM i s by usi ng MPLS l abel s. Mult i- pr ot ocol l abel
swit ching is a good paradigm t o implement fast or ul t r afast prot ocol s. Or i gi nal l y i nt ended t o
r el ax pr ocessi ng t i mes at rout er s, l abel s can be used t o i ndi cat e st ar t and end of coagul at ed I P
packet s, and such l abel - di st r i but ed packet s can be made t o move acr oss t he WDM l ay er . The I P
over WDM par adi gm al so paves t he way f or new appr oaches t o pr ot ect i on and rest or at i on. I n
addit ion, opt i cal wavelengt h rout i ng can be consider ed t o be a t r anspor t media for such r aw
packet s on t he WDM l ay er . Opt i cal i mpl ement at i ons of OSPF and BGP ar e bei ng consider ed i n
I ETF draf t s [ kompel la RFC] . The visi on of an Opt i cal I nt er net i s now qui t e r eal i st i c wi t h such
i nnovat i ons in t echnol ogy. All - opt i cal label swappi ng and l abel dist r i but ion have al so been
exper i ment al l y demonst rat ed [ Post deadl ine paper i n OFC 2002] , pavi ng t he way f or easi er

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
i mpl ement at ion of I P over WDM. Cont rol pl ane al gor i t hms ar e bei ng opt i mi zed t o cont rol chunks
of packet s or burst s f r om i ngr ess t o egr ess nodes over an opt i cal l i nk. Uni fi ed cont rol pl ane and
Opt i cal cont rol pl ane ( UCP and OCP) ar e bei ng consi dered as par t of t he OI F ef for t s i n fi ndi ng
possi bl e solut i ons t o opt i cal net wor k cont r ol and management i ssues.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Summary
I n t hi s chapt er , we consi der ed var ious pr ot ocol s over t he WDM l ay er for possi bl e
i mpl ement at ions. We l ooked at SONET, Et hernet , I P, and RPR as some of t he pr ot ocol s t hat fi t
on t he WDM l ay er. SONET seems t o be t he most common way t o send dat a, but i t comes at a
hi gh pri ce. Et her net , i n cont r ast , i s a si mpl e i mpl ement at i on, and i t i s r api dl y gr owi ng i n
popul ar it y. Et her net i s wi del y consi dered t o be t he repl acement of SONET i n t he near f ut ure. RPR
i s an effi ci ent pr ot ocol for r i ng net wor ks. Fi nal l y , I P dir ect l y over WDM seems t o be t he most
pr omi si ng, but i t i s quit e di ff i cul t t o widel y i mpl ement at t hi s t ime.
Regar dl ess of whi ch prot ocol is st acked on t he WDM l ayer , t he funct ional it y al way s r emains t o
t r y t o achi eve t he best t hr oughput at t he lowest possi bl e cost . I t i s di ff icul t t o compar e t he
di f fer ent t echni ques of t r anspor t i ng dat a over t he WDM l ayer ; each t echni que has i t s advant age
and di sadvant ages. Keep in mi nd t hat except for 10 GE, al l t he ot her pr ot ocol s have been
devel oped pr i or t o t he ar r i val of WDM. Thi s clear l y means t hat none of t he prot ocol s ar e qui t e
opt i mi zed f or t r anspor t over WDM. What i s needed i s a good dat a l i nk or hi gher pr ot ocol t hat
can successf ul l y map dat a t o t he opt i cal l ayer , keepi ng i n mi nd t he f i ner poi nt s of t he opt i cal
l ay er as wel l as t he t r uanci es pl ay ed by t he opt i cal l ayer . I n t er ms of cost s, SONET is t he most
expensi ve and Et hernet i s t he least .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
References
1
Chow, Mi ng- Chwan. Under st andi ng SONET/ SDH St an dar ds an d Ap pl icat ion s, Fi r st Edit i on.
Andar Publ i sher , 1996.
2
ht t p: / / gr ouper. i eee. or g/ gr oups/ 802/ 3/ ae/ cr i t er ia. pdf.
3
ht t p: / / www. 10gea. or g/ Tech- whi t epaper s.ht m.
4
Kr amer , Gl en, and Gerr y Pesavent o. "Et her net Passi ve Opt i cal Net wor k ( EPON) : Bui l di ng a
Next - Gener at i on Opt ical Access. " I EEE Communi cat ion s Magazi ne. Vol . 40, No 2. Febr uar y 2002.
5
I n t ern et wor k in g Tech nol ogies Hand book , Second Edi t i on. Ci sco Pr ess Fundament al s ser i es,
1998.
6
www.ci sco. com.
7
Si l ler , Jr . , A. Cur t i s, and Mansoor Shafi . A Sou rcebook of Sy nchr onou s Net work in g SONET/ SDH.
I EEE Pr ess, 1996.
8
Rau, L. , et al. OFC Post Deadl i ne paper Anahei m CA, 2002.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Chapter 8. Future WDM Networks and
Technologies
As net wor ks gr aduall y mi gr at e f r om l egacy SONET t o WDM and f r om cir cui t - t o packet - swi t ched
net wor ks, t he showcased t echnol ogi es t hat underl i ne t hese net works i s changi ng. Newer
t echnol ogi es ar e far mor e ef fi cient i n t r anspor t i ng bi t s acr oss dar k fi ber wi t h mi ni mum er ror and
maxi mum fl exi bil i t y.
I n t hi s chapt er , we wi l l di scuss some of t he new t echnol ogi es, especial l y f rom t he net - wor ki ng
per spect i ve, t hat faci l i t at e seaml ess communicat i on across t he fi ber . So far , we have onl y deal t
wi t h opt i cal ci rcui t or l i ght pat h- swi t ched net wor ks and have not f ocused on opt i cal packet -
swit ched net wor ks. I n t his chapt er, we shal l t o some ext ent deal wit h opt i cal packet - l i ke
net wor ks as wel l as t echnol ogi es t hat furt her t he communi cat i on cont ent of l i ght bit s acr oss a
fi ber . Unt i l t oday , t he rol e of t he opt i cal l ay er has been pur el y t o t r ansport bi t s acr oss t he f i ber.
Gr aduall y , t hi s r ole mi ght change t o a mor e pr oact i ve rol e of packet swi t chi ng or wavel engt h
r out i ng ( whi ch i s al ready being implement ed) . I n t hi s r egar d, i t i s i mpor t ant t o under st and t hat
packet swit ching, however pr omi si ng, i s st i l l viewed as a t echnol ogy in i t s i nfancy . At li ne r at es
of 10 Gbps, a 1500 byt e Et her net f r ame t akes onl y 1. 2 mi cr oseconds t o pass t hr ough. Ther ef ore,
swit ching t i mes f or i ndi vi dual fr ames need t o be l ess, especial l y consi der ing t he f act t hat t her e i s
no opt i cal equi val ent of opt i cal random access memory , which i s essent i al i n t he maki ng of
buff er s.
Buf fer i ng packet s ent i r el y i n t he opt i cal domai n can be accompli shed t o some ext ent by usi ng
fi ber delay li nes ( FDLs) . Fiber delay li ne i s a concept whereby l ong l engt hs of f i bers ar e used t o
keep t he packet i n a t ransi t pat h and hence " t i me" is bought , whi ch i s pr opor t i onal t o t he l engt h
of t he delay li ne. The pr act i cal di ff i cul t y of such del ay l i nes i s t he l engt h of t he delay li ne i t sel f.
To st or i ng an Et her net fr ame for 1 ms t akes 200 km of f i ber! I t 's al so necessary t o consi der t he
l oss and ot her opt i cal impair ment s i nsi de such a buf fer . The FDL concept i s not a viabl e sol ut i on
even t hough i t i s at t r act i ve.
To i mpl ement packet swi t chi ng, some ki nd of RAM i s al ways desi r ed f or i mpl ement at ion. Anot her
ser i ous aspect t hat has pr event ed packet swi t chi ng fr om t aki ng pl ace i s t he speed of opt i cal
swit ches. Opt i cal swi t chi ng t echnologybe i t mi cr o- el ect ro mechani cal sy st ems ( MEMS) ,
acoust o- opt i c t unable fi l t er s ( AOTFs) t echnol ogi es, or any of t he convent ional means as
descr i bed i n Chapt er 2, "Net wor ki ng wi t h DWDM - 1," i s cur rent l y sl ow, and i t i s cumbersome t o
i mpl ement fast swi t chi ng of var ious packet st r eams. Al t hough t hi s mi ght not be consi der ed a
ser i ous pr obl em, t he absence of opt i cal RAM i s al so an i ssue of act i ve r esear ch. Ther e have been
some demonst rat ions i n OFC 2002 of ul t r a- f ast swi t ches based on Mach Zehneder
I nt er fer omet er - based l i t hi um ni obat e modul at or s and capi l l ary swi t ches, but bot h appear far
fr om act ual depl oy ment . Anot her new ar ea of act i ve r esear ch is t unabl e l aser s. I n NFOEC 2002,
mi cr osecond t unabl e VCSELs have been demonst r at ed.
The t el ecommuni cat i on i ndust ry woul d benef i t f r om t he depl oyment of opt i cal packet swit ching
t echnol ogy f or var ious r easons. Fi r st , t he t ransport at i on cost per bi t would be reduced
subst ant ial l y , and most i mpor t ant ly , t he opt o- el ect roni c mismat ch causi ng a bot t l eneck woul d
cease t o exi st . I n t he absence of t r ue t echnol ogy t o suppor t opt i cal packet swit ching, some
t r ade- off t echnologi es ar e al so bei ng i nvest i gat ed. One such par adi gm i s bu rst swi t chi ng. The
or i gi n or exact def i ni t i on of bur st swi t chi ng i s quit e vague because i t is a t r ansf ormed t echnol ogy
fr om yest er y ear' s burst - swi t ched net wor ks. A bur st i s consi dered an aggr egat ed st ream of
packet s, and t hi s bur st i s set t o cut t hrough a net wor k el ement en r out e t o a dest inat i on.
Because it i s an aggr egat i on of many packet s, t he swi t chi ng r equi r ement s f or bur st swi t chi ng ar e
consi derabl y rel axed as compar ed t o t he swi t chi ng r equi r ement s ( t i me) of pur e packet - swi t ched

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
net wor ks.
Di f ferent al gor i t hms have been pr oposed in l i t erat ur e t o i mpl ement bur st - swi t chi ng heur i st i cs.
Opt i cal bur st swi t chi ng ( OBS) is now bei ng mut ed as a possi ble depl oyabl e t echnol ogy ,
especi al l y wi t h t he advances i n t he si gnal i ng of t he bur st sMPLS and i t s opt ical count erpart G-
MPLS t echnol ogi es.
Anot her int erest i ng t echnol ogy t hat i s wor t h ment i oni ng i s phot oni c sl ot r out ing ( PSR) . Fr om t he
pi oneer of Li ght pat h Communi cat i on, PSR seems t o be an easy way t o i mpl ement packet - based
net wor ks at t he opt i cal l ay er . The i dea i s t o have wavel engt h- i ndependent swi t chi ng of slot s
r at her t han wavelengt h- sel ect i ve swi t chi ng. Sl ot r out i ng combi ned wi t h bur st swi t chi ng mi ght be
y et anot her pr omisi ng approach t o implement i ng hi gh- speed net wor ks.
A ser ious i ssue i n opt i cal net works i s cont ent ion r esol ut i on. Cont ent i on bet ween t wo
packet s/ bur st s/ l i ght pat hs occurs due t o t he r equir ement of t wo or more packet s f or t he same
net wor k r esour cenamel y , t he same out put port i n a r out er . Cont ent i on can l ead t o bl ocki ng or
even dr opping of packet s. Sever al met hods t o avoi d cont ent i on at t he opt i cal l ayer have been
pr oposed. One of t he most fundament al met hods i s cal led cont ent i on resolu t ion usi ng d el ay
( CORD) l ines. Cont ent i on r esol ut i on usi ng del ay l i nes i s a proj ect t hat t he Uni versi t y of Bost on
i ni t i at ed in associ at i on wi t h St anfor d Uni ver sit y and GTE Laborat or i es i n 1996.
The i dea i s t o al l ow one of t he cont endi ng packet s t o r eci r cul at e i n an opt i cal buff er whi le t he
r esour ce i t request ed becomes f ree. Defl ect i on r out ing i s also an al t er nat i ve mechani sm t o wor k
ar ound cont ent i on r esol ut ion. A r ecent at t r act i ve met hod t o cont ent i on r esol ut i on i s usi ng
l oopl ess defl ect i on. Thi s scheme depl oys a di st r i but ed r out i ng appr oach wher eby t he net wor k
avoi ds cycl es of t he def l ect ed packet by i nt el l i gent l y def lect i ng i t .
Mult i prot ocol label swi t chi ng and i t s opt i cal vari ant , t he gener al i zed mult iprot ocol label
swit ching, i s gai ni ng moment um i n t oday 's st andar d commi t t ee meet i ngs. I t appear s t o set t he
t r end for f ut ure edge and cor e r out ers t o have st r ong opt ical i nt er f aces and depl oy mor e
funct i onal i t y at t he opt i cal lay er t han j ust pur e t r anspor t . These ki nds of hi gher l ay er pr ot ocols
al so ensur e bet t er management of opt i cal net wor ks. Opt i cal l abel swappi ng i s one such scheme
bei ng demonst r at ed by t he Uni ver si t y of Cal i for nia at Sant a Bar bar a.
The st at e of opt i cal packet swi t chi ng al so depends on t r aff i c shapi ng mechani sms t oday . I nt er net
t r aff i c can be descr i bed as bei ng bu rst y . Burst i ness, or sel f- sim i lar it y , i s one at t r i but e of t raf fi c
di st r i but i on t hat we need t o seri ousl y consi der bef ore usi ng packet swi t chi ng as a possi ble
mechani sm for opt i cal rout i ng. Legacy model s have assumed Poi sson- li ke di st r i but ion of t r aff i c
st r eams i n t he net work; however , t hi s i s val i d onl y for arr i val pat t er ns of voi ce st reams. Dat a
st r eams, i n cont r ast , ar e mor e bur st y i n nat ur e. Ther ef or e, Paret o, or sel f- si mi lar t r aff ic,
di st r i but i ons are used t o char act er i ze dat a st reams. Thi s r esul t was f i rst spot t ed by Bell Labs in
t he ear l y 90s.
Advances i n 40 Gbps dat a communicat i on ar e comi ng al ong i n opt i cal net wor ks. OC- 768 or 40
Gbps dat a on a si ngl e wavel engt h might soon be a r eali t y , al t hough t his mi ght t ake a y ear or
t wo t o act ual l y happen. At hi gh r at es such as 40 G, t he opt i cal i mpai r ment s ar e enor mous.
Di sper si on and PMD l i mi t a t y pi cal sy st em t o j ust a few ki l omet er s; t her efor e, we have t o use
di sper si on- pr eser vi ng f iber . Nonl inear i t i es at 40 G ar e a pot ent pr obl em, and i t i s di ffi cul t t o
wor k ar ound t he ef fect s of four- wave mi xing ( FWM) and cr oss- phase modul at i on ( XPM) .
Ot her areas wi t h a great deal of r esear ch act i vi t y incl ude pol ar i zat i on mode di sper si on ( PMD) ,
PMD compensat ors, as wel l as t unable laser s. Low- cost di sper si on compensat ors based on fi ber
Br agg gr at i ng ( FBG) or phot oni c cry st al s ar e appear i ng i n t he mar ket . Hi gh- speed t unabl e
l aser s, wi t h phased ar r ay ed l aser t echnol ogy , ar e al so bei ng seen as a possi bl e candi dat e i n
al l evi at i ng some ser i ous r out i ng bot t l enecks i n t he net wor k.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Burst Switching
The par adi gm of bur st swit ching is not new t o t he r out i ng and f or war ding phenomenon i n t he
I nt er net . Bur st swi t chi ng' s appl i cat i on t o opt i cal net wor ks was pr oposed eff ect i vely by Chunmi ng
Qi ao fr om t he Univer si t y of SUNY Buff alo.
The i dea behi nd burst swi t chi ng i s t o aggregat e l arge chunks of dat a at t he edge of t he net wor k
i nt o bur st s and t hen send t hese bur st s t hrough t he al l - opt ical cor e at hi gh speeds. The bur st
goes t hrough t he cor e net wor k at t he high speed, al l - opt i cal l y wi t hout opt o- el ect roni c conver si on
and r egenerat i on at t he i nt er medi at e core rout er s. This means t hat t he bur st goes t hrough t he
net wor k cut t i ng t hrough t he i nt er medi at e cor e nodes, wi t h t he cor e nodes qui t e obl i vi ous t o t he
dat a i n t he bur st s as i t goes t hr ough t he nodes. The pr ot ocol t hat act ual l y enabl es bur st
swit ching does so by assumi ng a cont rol channel t hat car r ies cont rol infor mat i on for ever y
burst .
1
Obvi ousl y , t he cont rol i nfor mat i on pr ecedes t he bur st so t hat t he i nt er medi at e node' s swit ches
ar e confi gur ed t o pass t he bur st t hr ough. The mai n i dea behi nd bur st swit ching is t o keep t he
dat a i n an opt i cal domai n t hr oughout t he physi cal l ay er and avoi d expensi ve opt o- el ect ronic
conver si on and regener at i on.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Burst-Switched Network Algorithms
The f ol l owing ar e some i mpor t ant bur st - swi t ched net wor k al gor i t hms: Just Enough Ti me ( JET) ,
Tel l and Go ( TAG) , and Reser ve f or a Fi xed Dur at i on ( RFD) .
The mai n i dea behind bur st swi t chi ng i s t o ensur e seamless t r anspor t of dat a packet s t hrough an
opt i cal cor e i n t he most eff i cient manner possi bl e. As a t echni que, bur st swit ching can be
consi dered anal ogous t o packet swi t chi ng except for t he fact t hat t he swi t chi ng occur s onl y i n t he
i ngr ess and egr ess nodes whi l e t her e i s no swi t chi ng at t he int er medi at e nodes. Bur st swi t chi ng
can also be vi ewed as a shor t l ight pat h- est abl ished net wor k, where bur st s can be consi dered as
l i ght pat hs f or a short durat ion. The mai n pr obl em i n packet swi t chi ng at t he opt i cal l ayer i s t he
i nabi l i t y t o pr ocess i nf or mat ionnamel y, t he packet header i n t he opt i cal domai n. Ther e i s no
feasi bl e sol ut i on t o t hi s pr obl em at t hi s t i me. Opt i cal gat es, SOAs, and so on have al l been
pr oposed as al t er nat ives, but none i s wor t h ser ious ment i on due t o feasi bi l i t y consider at i ons.
I n bur st swi t chi ng, we can vi ew t he sy st em compr i si ng t wo di f fer ent t y pes of channels: a high
bi t - r at e dat a channel and a low bi t - r at e cont r ol channel . Bur st s ar e aggregat ed at t he edges of a
net wor k, and a bur st t hat i s dest i ned for a par t i cul ar dest i nat i on node is t ransmi t t ed as
expl ained i n t he f ol l owi ng paragr aph.
Upon aggr egat i on of dat a and burst for mat i on, a cont r ol packet i s creat ed at t he i ngr ess node.
Thi s cont rol packet is t r ansmi t t ed t o t he egr ess node al ong t he best - chosen r out e. The cont r ol
packet cont ai ns infor mat i on t hat pert ai ns t o t he burst heur i st i cs. The cont rol packet i s, as
ment i oned befor e, br oadcast on a di ff er ent channel ( wavelengt h) as compar ed t o t he desi r ed
wavel engt h on whi ch t he bur st t r avel s. The cont rol packet r eserves r esour ces for t he l agging in
t i me burst . These r esour ces coul d be t he bandwi dt h ( or wavel engt h) along t he pat h, t he
conf igur at i on of swi t ches at int ermedi at e nodes, or t he r esolut i on of cont ent i on at t he
i nt er mediat e nodes. Aft er t he r esources ar e r eserved, t he burst i s sent t hr ough t he net wor k. The
burst , being a l ar ge packet , dar t s t hrough t he net wor k, cut t i ng t hr ough t he i nt ermedi at e nodes,
whi ch do not buff er or pr ocess t hi s burst . The burst is t hen ful l y demul t i pl exed at t he egr ess
node by det ect i ng and conver t i ng i t back i nt o an el ect r i cal domai n. Thr ee import ant at t ri but es
t hat deser ve some at t ent i on are as fol l ows:
No processi ng occur s at t he i nt er medi at e nodes; t he burst j ust cut s t hrough t he nodes.
The cont rol packet reserves t he r esour ces f or t he bur st ahead i n t i me. Thi s kind of del ay ed
r eser vat i on f aci l i t at es mul t i pl exi ng of sever al burst s.
Ther e i s a del ay bet ween t he t r ansmi ssi on of t he cont rol packet and t he t r ansmi ssi on of t he
burst . The eff ici ency of t he sy st em depends on t hi s del ay; a l ower bound can be for mul at ed
t o expr ess t hi s del ay .
I n cont ext of opt i cal burst swi t chi ng, some al gor it hms wer e proposed t o faci li t at e bur st - swit ched
net wor ks in t he opt i cal domai n. One of t he f ir st pr ot ocol s t hat di scussed bur st swit ching was t he
Tel l and Go pr ot ocol or si mpl y TAG. A bur st header t hat cont ai ned t he bur st heur i st ics, such as
burst si ze, bur st r at e, and dest i nat i on, was t ransmi t t ed on t he cont r ol channel . Aft er a br i ef
del ay , t he mai n bur st was t r ansmi t t ed on t he dat a channel. Not e t hat no acknowl edgement t ook
pl ace af t er t he cont r ol packet 's success i n r eser ving t he r esources al ong t he pat h. Thi s oft en l ed
t o bur st s bei ng dr opped at i nt er medi at e nodes due t o cont ent ion. The TAG prot ocol was si mpl e
and easy t o i mpl ement .
Chunmi ng Qi ao and ot her s pr oposed t he now famous JET prot ocol for opt i cal bur st swi t ched
net wor ks. JET or Just Enough Ti me pr ot ocol was an opt i mi zed ver sion of t he or igi nal TAG
pr ot ocol . JET has t wo i nt er est i ng f eat ures: of fset t ime and del ay ed r eser vat i on. Offset t ime i s t he

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
t i me di f ference bet ween sending t he cont r ol packet and act uall y sending t he burst . I n ot her
wor ds, i t i s t he mean t i me r equi r ed f or t he cont r ol packet t o be sent en r out e t o t he dest i nat ion
and f or t he r esour ces t o be al l ocat ed cor r ect l y . Al t hough, i t shoul d be not ed t hat t hi s i s st at i c
because t her e i s no acknowl edgment t hat pr ocl aims successf ul r eser vat ion of r esources.
Del ayed r eser vat i on, on t he ot her hand, si gni fi es t he t i me fr om wher e r esour ces ( namely ,
bandwi dt h and swit ch conf igur at i on) are set t o t he t i me t hat t hey ar e de- al l ocat ed. Del ayed
r eser vat i on i ni t i at es r esour ce al l ocat ion by opt i mi zi ng t he t i me t he bur st is sent t o t he t i me t he
burst passes t hr ough wi t h hi ghest ef fi ciency ( see Fi gur e 8- 1) . Del ay ed r eser vat i on i s an eff i ci ent
met hod t hat el i mi nat es t he need f or opt i cal moni t or i ng of t he channel t o see when t he bur st
passes t hr ough. Del ay ed r eser vat i on al so i ncr eases t he li keli hood of good st at i st i cal mul t i pl exi ng
of burst s, given t he f act t hat t he net work knows about t he bur st heur i st i cs wel l i n advance.
Fi gu r e 8- 1. The Wor k i n g of t he JET Al g or i t h m
1
Pr i or t o i mpl ement at i on of JET and delay ed reser vat i on, t he scheme proposed was i n- band
t er mi nat ion ( I BT) , wher eby an i n- band si gnal i ndi cat ed t he end of a bur st and t heref ore de-
al l ocat ed r esour ces. Thi s i s not an ef fi ci ent met hod because t he t echnol ogy t o deci mat e t he
det ai l s of a bur st at t he opt i cal l ayer i s st i l l i n it s i nfancy . By sending a packet ( cont r ol ) ahead i n
t i me wi t h t he bur st size infor mat i on, t he i nt er mediat e nodes know exact l y when t o r econf i gur e
t hei r swi t ches and r eal l ocat e t he bandwi dt h af t er t he bur st i s t hr ough.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Working of the JET Algorithm
Consi der t he Just Enough Ti me algor it hm, whi ch i s depi ct ed i n Fi gur e 8- 1. We consi der a t hr ee-
hop pat h f r om sour ce t o dest i nat i on. Upon t he ar r ival of a bur st at t he sour ce node ( node 1) , a
cont r ol packet i s sent t o t he dest inat i on node ( node 4) en rout e t o nodes 2 and 3. I f t he
pr opagat i on del ay f or ever y hop i s, say , d, and t he pr ocessi ng t i me at each node ( for t he cont r ol
packet ) i s p, t hen t he cont r ol packet r eaches t he dest i nat ion node aft er t ime i nt er val h( p+ d) ,
wher e h is t he number of hops fr om sour ce t o dest i nat ion ( i n t hi s case, 3) . We ar e assumi ng
equal pr opagat i on del ay f or ever y hop and equal t i me for processi ng at each node.
I f we send t he burst aft er i nt er val T f ol lowi ng t he t r ansmissi on of t he cont r ol packet , we can see
fr om Fi gur e 8- 1 t hat t he bur st seaml essl y pr opagat es t hr ough t he net wor k wi t hout buff er i ng or
pr ocessi ng at t he i nt er mediat e nodes. I t i s obvi ous t hat t he of fset t ime i s equal t o t he product of
t he number of hops and processi ng t i me at any gi ven node, whi ch can be mat hemat i cal l y
r epr esent ed by Equat i on 8- 1.
Equ at i on 8- 1
We can gr eat l y i ncrease t he ef fi ci ency of t he OBS net work by ut i l i zi ng t he concept of del ayed
r eser vat i on. Unl ike t he nor m i n TAG algori t hm, t he bandwi dt h i n JET i s r eser ved fr om t he t i me
t he bur st act ual l y ar r i ves and not f r om t he t ime t he cont r ol packet ar r i ves. As we can see, t hi s
i ncr eases t he ef fi ci ency as a r esult of i ncr easi ng t he pr obabi l i t y of st at i st i cal mul t i pl exi ng of
burst s al ong t he r out e. For a si mpl e analy si s, t hi s benef it can be quant i t at i vel y summar i zed as
t he rat i o of t i me needed f or bandwi dt h al locat i on i n a TAG net wor k and t he t ime needed for
bandwi dt h al l ocat i on i n a JET net wor k. Var ious r esearch gr oups ar e cur rent ly invest i gat i ng bur st
swit ching as a possi bi l i t y for i mplement at i on i n t oday 's opt i cal net works. The not i on t hat bur st
swit ching mi ght be needed onl y i n cor e net wor ks is al so fast being r epl aced by t he need of bur st
swit ching in met r opol i t an net wor ks because of t he sever e nat ur e of burst y dat a- cent ri c t raf fi c.
QoS i ssues as wel l as bur st defl ect i on pol ici es ar e bei ng i nvest i gat ed. An al gori t hm for defl ect ion
r out i ng i s al so proposed, but i t s eff i ci ency i s quest i onable. We can safel y assume t hat OBS
net wor ks woul d hel p mi gr at e t oday' s SONET- based opt i cal net wor ks t o I P over WDM t ypes of
net wor ks. OBS par adi gm can be consi dered as openi ng t he door s of phot oni c packet - swi t chi ng
t echnol ogy f or t he fut ur e.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
MPLS and Burst Switching
The mult iprot ocol label swi t chi ng appr oach was cer emoni ousl y t out ed by sever al resear ch gr oups
for handl ing of bur st y dat a t r aff ic at eff i ci ent r out er s. The approach was si mpl e i n t he sense t hat
dat a packet s wer e coagul at ed i nt o l arger packet s and l abel s wer e gi ven t o such packet s, whi ch
were t o be rout ed t o a common dest i nat ion. These l abel s oft en carr i ed i nfor mat i on about t he
r out er i nput and out put port s, in addi t i on t o del ay ( QoS) r equi r ement s, and so on. Thi s di d
faci l i t at e cor e r out ers t o r out e t hese cl ust er s of packet s by j ust l ooki ng at t he l abel s r at her t han
l ooking at t he header of each packet and decodi ng t he addr ess fi el d. The same pri nci ple can be
ext ended t o opt i cal net wor ks, t oo. Label s can be added t o opt ical bur st s, and t hese l abel s coul d
carr y i nfor mat i on such as wavel engt h number , r out e i nf or mat ion, WDM por t i nfor mat i on, and so
on. Thi s kind of I P over WDM usi ng opt i cal l abel swit ching i s oft en cal l ed l abel opt i cal burst
swit ching or LOBS and i s under ser i ous st udy .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Photonic Slot Routing
A new t echni que, which t ends t o bri dge t he gap bet ween packet swi t chi ng and l i ght pat h ci rcuit
swit ching, i s ph ot oni c slot rou t in g ( PSR)
2
. Opt i cal packet swi t chi ng i s di ff icul t t o i mpl ement i n
t oday ' s net wor ks because cur r ent t echnol ogy i s not mat ur e enough. A t y pi cal WDM net wor k
el ement demul t i pl exes t he ent ir e composi t e si gnal int o i ndi vi dual wavel engt hs. These
wavel engt hs car ry packet s i n t he opt i cal domai n. Swi t chi ng of packet s i n t he opt i cal domai n
woul d mean ei t her swit ching bet ween di ff erent por t s of a space swi t ch or adding or dr opping
packet s at t he net wor k element i nt er f ace. I n bot h cases, t he need of t he hour i s opt i cal si gnal
pr ocessi ng of t he packet header t o det er mine what i s t o be done wit h t he i ncumbent packet .
Al so, i f a packet needs t o be swi t ched, t he concer ned swi t ch woul d be r equi r ed t o be confi gur ed
i n t he conf i gur at i on- st at e as desi r ed. This woul d t ake some f ini t e amount of t i me.
I n el ect ri cal net wor ks t hi s del ay i ng i s pr ovided by el ect r ical buf fers or RAMs wher eas i n opt i cal
net wor ks, no such t echnol ogy i s avai l abl e. I n addi t i on, i t i s i mpossi bl e t o buff er up packet s i n t he
opt i cal domai n. Mor eover , i f we consider t he vol ume of packet s t hat woul d arr i ve on a 10 Gbps
l i ne, and not e t hat t her e ar e sever al t ens of wavel engt hs or l i nes, t he number of t i mes a
nonbl ocki ng space swi t ch woul d have t o change it s st at e i n a second woul d be qui t e high.
Ther ef or e, it woul d be a r equi r ement t hat t he non- bl ocking swi t ch has a fast swi t chi ng t i me,
pr efer abl y i n t he picosecond or lower nanosecond r ange. Today' s t echnol ogy does not showcase
such hi gh swi t chi ng speeds. Even acoust o- opt i c and ot her t echnol ogi es do not al l ow speeds
above t he micr osecond r ange.
To ci r cumvent some of t he pr oblem, phot oni c sl ot r out ing ( PSR) was int r oduced i n " Scal abl e
WDM Net work Archi t ect ur e Based on Phot oni c Sl ot Rout i ng and Swi t ched Del ay Lines. "
2
PSR i s a
novel concept wher eby t he ent i re opt i cal oper at i ng band ( i t might be t he C band, for i nst ance) i s
di vi ded i nt o t i me di vi sion sl ot s, and each sl ot has t he ent ir e compl ement of wavel engt hs.
Consi der t he phot oni c sl ot shown i n Fi gur e 8- 2. I t consi st s of st r eams of packet s at di ff erent
wavel engt hs, wi t h i ndi vi dual subsl ot s at each wavelengt h. The slot s ar e of a f ixed lengt h and can
accommodat e packet s.
Fi gu r e 8- 2. I mpl ement at i on of Phot oni c Sl ot Rou t i ng ( PSR)
2

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Ty pi call y , we woul d envi si on fi xed- l engt h packet s, but wi t h bi t st uf fi ng, var iabl e- l engt h packet s
can be used as wel l . A node, whi ch get s an empt y sl ot , put s i t s packet s on t he subsl ot s at
di f fer ent wavel engt hs and sends t he phot oni c sl ot t hr ough t he net work. An i nt er medi at e node
can use some of t he r emai ni ng vacant subsl ot s. The key here is t hat t he phot oni c sl ot t er mi nat es
at some given node. Ther efor e, PSR can be t er med dest in at ion - based slot assembl y . The main
advant age i n PSR i s t he compl et e el i mi nat i on of wavel engt h sel ect i ve swi t ches. Slot s can be
swit ched al l - opt i cal l y by a wavel engt h- independent space swi t ch. Fur t hermor e, t hi s space swi t ch
does not need t o be fast ; it s speed depends on t he l engt h of t he phot oni c slot . For seaml ess
phot oni c sl ot r out i ng, we al so need a cont r ol channel t hat i nf or ms ot her nodes about t he st at us
of t he sl ot ( whi ch subsl ot s are empt y ) and t he dest i nat ion of t he sl ot . I n one embodi ment , a
node t hat r ecei ves a sl ot i s t hen el i gi ble t o send a sl ot . The onl y i ssue in such a net wor k i s t hat
fai r ness degr ades: For a bur st t raf fi c mat r i x, some nodes mi ght hog al l t he slot s, l eavi ng ot her
nodes empt y handed. Some key f eat ur es of PSR ar e as f ol lows:
Su bsl ot mer g i ng Sl ot s t hat arr i ve at t he same t i me on a number of input por t s can be
swit ched t o t he same out put por t , t hus over l appi ng each ot her t o for m a singl e sl ot . Thi s
can happen onl y when t he subslot s ar e compat i bl e. I n ot her wor ds, no t wo subsl ot s on t he
same wavel engt h can be fi l l ed wi t h packet s. ( Onl y one subsl ot can have a packet , and t he
ot her subsl ot has t o be empt y . ) Thi s al lows packet s f r om di ff erent i nput port s t o be
for war ded t oget her t o a common dest i nat i on.
Sl ot Copy i n g A slot t hat ar r ives on a part icul ar i nput por t can be dupli cat ed and
for war ded t o var i ous out put por t s. Thi s procedur e can be used t o f or m mul t i cast t r ees. This
pr ocedur e al so al l ows packet s t o be t r ansmi t t ed t oget her even i f t hey ar e not dest i ned for
t he same dest i nat i on.
I n t he pr esence of non- uni for m t r af fi c, slot merging and sl ot copy ing impr oves ut i l i zat i on and
t hr oughput . Due t o it s si mpl e ar chi t ect ur e, t he PSR node can be bui l t on pr oven t echnol ogi es.
Mor eover , t he PSR ar chi t ect ur e can be i mpl ement ed usi ng pr oven mat ur e opt ical t echnology. I t s
funct i onal si mpl i cit y li es i n t he f act t hat t her e i s no wavel engt h sel ect i ve devicenot even an
AWG i n t he net wor k l i ne. The net wor k i s scal abl e i n t he sense t hat new wavel engt hs can be
added wi t hout dist urbing t he basi c opt i cal li ne. I n a convent i onal net wor k t o add new
wavel engt hs, t he ent ir e AWG ( mul t i pl ex sect i on) woul d have t o be r epl aced. Thi s does not need
t o be done i n PSR, f aci l i t at i ng i n- servi ce upgrade capabi l i t i es.
When a phot oni c sl ot t r avel s t hr ough a net wor k over a l engt h, t he indi vidual subsl ot s at var ious
wavel engt hs undergo dif fer ent amount s of di sper si on. Thi s i s pri mar i ly because pul ses at each
wavel engt h have di ff er ent gr oup vel oci t i es, whi ch causes di ff er ent amount s of disper si on f or
each subsl ot . Therefor e, t her e can be dil at i on ( di sper si on) of t he ori ginal pho- t oni c sl ot . To
pr event di l at i on, we can st uf f t he subsl ot s wi t h ext ra bi t s. This t akes car e of t he di sper si on i ssue
i n PSR. I n ref er ence 2, PSR was i mpl ement ed ( si mul at ed) as i nt erconnect ed r ings. The
i nt er connect ion point s had el ect r oni c ar chi t ect ur es cal l ed br i dges t o al i gn and feed sl ot s
2
. This
pr oved t o be a scal abl e and resi li ent ar chit ect ur e f or pr act i cal i mpl ement at i on.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Contention Resolution Using Delay Lines
I n an al l - opt ical packet net wor ks, t he f undament al pr oblems ar e cont ent i on of r esour ces,
si gnal i ng, and synchroni zat i on of al l - opt ical packet s ( t i me sl ot s) . Cont ent i on occur s when
mul t i pl e opt i cal packet s t hat ar r i ve on dif fer ent f i ber s or wavel engt hs t r y t o access one or mor e
of t he opt i cal net wor k r esour ces li ke t r ansponders, swi t ches, or any par t i cular wavel engt h or
t hat mat t er por t s. I t is imper at i ve t hat t he sol ut i on f or t hi s probl em, i n or der t o be al l - opt i cal ,
needs t o be i n t he opt i cal domai n. ( No opt i cal - t o- el ect r oni c- t o- opt i cal conversi on shoul d be
al l owed.)
One possi ble way t o sur mount t his issue i n a packet i zed opt i cal net work is t o use t he concept
3
of
swit ched opt ical del ay l i nes ( SDLs) . A swi t ched opt i cal del ay l i ne unit consi st s of an opt i cal fabri c
based on a combinat i on of opt i cal swi t ches ( swi t chi ng mat r ix) and fi ber del ay l i nes.
3
The packet s
t hat ar e cont ent i ng f or t he same r esource ar e r edi st ri but ed using t he SDL over t i me and space.
Reschedul i ng packet s can al so be implement ed t o gi ve over al l f ai rness.
The next maj or i ssue i n al l- opt i cal packet - swi t ched net wor ks i s si gnal i ng. An opt i cal r out er
shoul d be abl e t o r et r i eve header i nf or mat ion f r om mul t i pl e opt i cal packet s ( WDMmul t i pl exed)
si mul t aneousl y
3
. Subcarr i er mul t i pl exi ng of packet header s has been proposed t o deal wit h t hi s
i ssue, but several implement at i on i ssues need t o be worked out befor e ful l- scal e depl oy ment s
ar e r eal i zed. Sy nchr oni zat i on of bot h packet t i me sl ot and cl ock i s a cr i t i cal aspect of al l- opt i cal
packet net wor ks. To explor e t he pr act i cal feasibi li t y and ef fect i veness of t he cont ent i on
r esol ut i on usi ng del ay l i nes, t he Uni ver si t y of Massachuset t s, St anf ord Uni ver si t y, and GTE
Laborat ori es f ormed a consor t i um
3
t o car ry out r esear ch in t his area.
Optical Contention Resolution: Principles
The pr inci ple of opt i cal cont ent i on r esol ut i on i s based on t he use of swit ched opt ical del ay l i nes
( SDLs) , whi ch shi f t cont ent ing packet s i n space and t i me, t hereby resol vi ng cont ent ion at opt i cal
r esour ces. Thi s r esour ce i ncl udes r ecei ver por t s, fi ber s, t empor ary st or age for opt i cal packet s,
and channel s ( WDM) . The basi c pr i nci pl e behind SDL is as shown i n Fi gur e 8- 3.
Fi gu r e 8- 3. Bl ock Di agr am of Tw o-St age SDL Ar chi t ect u r e
3
Consi der packet s ar r ivi ng at a node on mul t i pl e channel s. These packet s ar e st at i st i cal l y
di st r i but ed and can be dest i ned f or t his node or swi t ched t o ot her nodes. The cont ent i on occur s
when arr i vi ng packet s compet e f or t he same r esource. Cont ent i on t ypes var y wi t h t opol ogi es and
net wor k t y pe. For exampl e, i n a mul t i hop t opol ogy , packet s must deal wi t h r ecei ver cont ent ion
whi l e passt hr ough packet s al so need t o cont end f or out - bound l i nks on t he int er medi at e nodes.
I n a st ar t opology, t he mai n cont ent i on is at t he r ecei ver end. The SDL appr oach, whi ch is used

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
t o reduce t hi s cont ent i on, consist s of opt i cal 2 x 2 swi t ches ( r econf i gur able) and del ay l ines for
opt i cal l y st ori ng t he cont ent i ng packet s. The 2 x 2 swit ch i s r econfi gurable on a packet - by - packet
basi s. The swi t chi ng oper at i ons ar e cont r ol l ed by local nodes, whereas si gnali ng i s achi eved
t hr ough in- band or out - of - band met hods, dependi ng on t he i mpl ement at i on. Fi gur e 8- 3 shows a
t wo- st age SDL st r uct ure.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
40 Gbps Systems
Curr ent l y , t he most t al ked about cut t i ng- edge t echnology under devel opment i s 40 Gbps. Even
t hough t he cost savi ngs of 40 Gbps sy st ems i s not cl ear , i t i s ant i ci pat ed t hat as t he bandwi dt h
demand i ncr eases, t hi s wi l l become a vi abl e al t ernat i ve. Many t echni cal chal l enges need t o be
sur mount ed befor e 40 Gbps becomes feasi bl e and economical . The sy st ems t hat are curr ent l y
bei ng devel oped ar e based on SONET/ SDH ( OC- 768/ STM- 256) at bi t r at es ar ound 39. 8 Gbps.
Sever al i mpai r ment s aff ect 40 Gbps or equi val ent bi t r at e t r ansmi ssi on. One possi bl e way t o
al l evi at e t his pr obl em i s by usi ng f or war d err or cor r ect i on ( FEC) gi ven by t he G. 709 st andar d.
The 40 Gbps sy st ems wi t h For ward er ror cor r ect i ons ( FEC) help t he signal t o t r avel longer
di st ances; t her efor e, t hey ar e used i n l ong- haul t r anspor t . FEC adds ext r a bi t s t o t he si gnal , and
t he bi t r at e i s i ncr eased t o 43 Gbps. The const r ai nt s t hat ar e i mposed by t he i nser t i on l oss and
pol ar i zat i on- dependent l oss ( PDL) ar e much hi gher ( speci f icat i on) t han t hose f or 10 Gbps
syst ems. Chr omat i c di sper si on and pol ar i zat i on mode di sper si on ( PMD) need t o be compensat ed
at and above 10 Gbps speeds. PMD compensat i ons ar e expensi ve and chal l engi ng i n 40 Gbps
t r ansmi ssi on sy st ems. ( I mpai r ment changes due t o PMD over a shor t di st ance ar e
unpr edi ct abl e. ) The mai n issues i n 40 Gbps t r ansmissi on i s opt i cal i mpai rment s. The exponent i al
r i se of t hese i mpai r ment s bey ond 10 Gbps speeds cr eat es massi ve pr oblems f or 40Gbps
i mpl ement at ion. The most persi st ent probl em being di sper si on of t he opt i cal si gnal. Bot h
chr omat i c ( GVD) and pol ar i zat i on mode di spersi on ar e sever e at such speeds. XPM and FWM t oo
ar e quit e l imi t i ng f act or s f or such speeds.
For di sper si on, we have t o pl ace mul t ipl e compensat i ng si t es, i n t he most opt imi zed way ( cor r ect
pl acement ) . Anot her met hod t o al levi at e some of t he i ssues faced by 40 Gbps communi cat i on, i s
by choosi ng t he r ight fi ber . A f i ber whose zer o di sper si on wavel engt h i s shi f t ed i n t he operat i ng
band, cr eat es l ess chr omat ic di sper si on of t he opt ical si gnal . For pol ar izat ion mode di sper si on,
we have t o pl ace t he compensat or s i n t he r i ght posi t i on. St ri ct power budget i ng t akes car e t o
some degr ee of nonl i near eff ect s. )
Return to Zero in 40 G Systems
NRZ modul at i on and RZ modul at i ons ar e expl ai ned i n Chapt er 2, "Net wor ki ng wi t h DWDM - 1."
To under st and NRZ and ot her modul at i on for mat s, we need t o st udy t he fr equency r esponse of
si gnal s t hat can be wel l r epr esent ed by Four i er anal ysi s.
A si ne wave i n t i me i s a si ngl e l i ne on t he f requency axi s. The f r equency r epresent at i on of a
si gnal is t he Four i er t r ansfor m of t he t i me domai n r epr esent at ion. A spect r um i s def i ned by t he
SI N ( X) / X funct i on. A rect angul ar pulse i n t he t ime domain t r ansf orms t o a si ne ( X) / X i n t he
fr equency domain. The f r equency null s occur at 1/ pul se- wi dt h f r equency ( ) and are shown i n
Fi gur e 8- 4.
Fi gu r e 8- 4. Wav e Repr esent at i on i n Ti me and Fr equ ency Domai n

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
For t he same dat a r at e Ret urn t o Zer o ( RZ) has hal f t he pul se wi dt h of t hat of NRZ ( see Fi gur e 8-
5) .
Fi gu r e 8- 5. NRZ and RZ
The RZ si gnal i s hal f t he pul se wi dt h of NRZ, whi ch means i t t akes t wi ce t he bandwi dt h and t wi ce
t he swi t chi ng t i me t han t hat r equi r ed for NRZ. Thi s has a si gni f icant eff ect on component
desi gns, whi ch l eads t o l onger devel opment cy cl es and expensi ve pr oduct . Then why woul d we
use RZ for mat ? When desi gni ng t he overal l sy st em, a syst em ar chi t ect must deal wit h ot her
si gni f icant chal l enges t hat can be a bar ri er f or depl oy ment . Even t hough i t is cost l y and mor e
di f fi cul t t o bui ld RZ- based component s, t hey do hel p t o over come ot her chal lenges, such as
chr omat i c di spersi on ( CD) and pol ar i zat i on mode di sper si on ( PMD) .
For a 40 Gbps si gnal , t he bi t per i od i s onl y 25 pi coseconds i n dur at i on ( NRZ) . CD- and PMD-

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
based desi gn ar e chal l engi ng at 10 Gbps and even har der at 40 Gbps. Wi t h t he RZ for mat ,
di sper si on i s l ess l i kely t o cause an RZ pul se t o int er f er e wi t h subsequent pulses. I n addi t i on,
cl ock r ecover y i s simpli f i ed due t o t he st r ong spect r al cont ent at t he gi ven l ine r at e. Soli t on i s a
t y pe of RZ si gnal t hat t akes advant age of f iber nonl i near i t y t o count eract t he eff ect s of
di sper si on. I t can be consi der ed a shape- pr eser vi ng pul se, whose shape i s r et ained despi t e going
t hr ough a f iber l ine.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Resource Reservation Protocol and Traffic Engineering
in the Optical Layer
As we know, I P t raf fi c i s essent i all y best ef for t ; packet s ( I P) do not al way s ar r i ve i n a sy st emat i c
way , and t he packet s ar e not guar ant eed t o pr ovi de Qual i t y of Ser vi ce ( QoS) r equi r ement s. As
dat a- cent r i c net wor ks gr ew i n si ze, i t was real i zed t hat f ut ure r evenue woul d not onl y come fr om
voi ce- based and vi deo- based ci r cui t s but also fr om dat a packet s. To account for t he huge sur ge
i n I nt ernet t r aff i c, dat a net wor ks needed t o provi de QoS i ssues. To pr ovi de QoS i n dat a net wor ks
i t was essent i al t o pr ovi de some servi ce par amet er s i n t he net wor k.
The most import ant t hr eshol d t hat di ct at es net wor k per for mance and r evenue is a net wor k's
QoS. QoS can be of var ious for ms f rom del ay- based QoS wher e t he end- t o- end del ay of a packet
i s kept bel ow a par t i cul ar t hreshol d, t o sy nchr oni zed QoS wher e t he packet s ar r ive i n t he same
or der i n whi ch t hey wer e sent . The for mer is t he most common QoS scheme. Sy nchr oni zed QoS
i s par t i cul ar l y usef ul in Voi ce over I P ( VOI P) , i n whi ch hear i ng a wor d out of or der makes i t
nonsensi cal. I magine i f t he speaker at one end say s "Hel l o t her e" and t he speaker at t he ot her
end hear s "Ther e hel lo. " QoS pl ays an i mpor t ant r ol e i n t he net wor k.
Br oadcast ing or mul t i cast i ng i s al so becomi ng an import ant f unct i on i n t oday 's I nt er net , wi t h
vi deo br oadcast i ng assumi ng hi gh pr opor t i ons. We need t o consi der t wo main i ssues when
pr ovi di ng seaml ess qual i t y t o opt i cal net wor ks. Fi r st , t he QoS of t he t r aver si ng packet s must be
mai nt ai ned. Second, some al gori t hm t hat shapes t he t r aff i c needs t o be i ncul cat ed. The second
poi nt i s qui t e i mpor t ant . I nt er net t r aff ic is bur st y , meaning t hat it comes i n burst s or spur t s. Thi s
means t hat t he net work requir es uneven bandwi dt h at di f fer ent t i mes. As a r esul t , ut il i zat i on
suf fers. I f a par t i cul ar sour ce wer e an I P sour ce ( i s bur st y ) , i t woul d emi t l ar ge bur st s of dat a
fol l owed by i nt er val s i n whi ch t her e i s no dat a. To ensur e QoS, we mi ght accord bandwi dt h t o
t he source cor r espondi ng t o t he maximum i nput i nt o t he net work. Al t hough no bl ocki ng or
packet l oss woul d resul t fr om such a scheme, f or a l ong t ime t he l i ne woul d not have dat a or
woul d oper at e at a l ess t han nor mal dat a r at e, whi ch t r ansl at es t o under ut i l i zat i on.
I n cont rast , if we keep t he l i ne r at e at some l esser ( mean) val ue of t he maxi mum i nput r at e, i t
woul d cause excessi ve buf fer i ng at t he i nput t o t he net wor k. Thi s woul d mean lar ge buf fer s and
l ar ge del ay s, and QoS would suf fer . Ther ef or e, we need a scheme t hat i nt el l i gent l y al l ocat es
r esour ces ( wavel engt hs, as i n t he opt ical domain) f or di f fer ent t i mes corr espondi ng t o net wor k
heur i st i cs. This i s cal l ed t r aff ic en gineer ing i n t he opt i cal l ay er . Tr af fi c engi neer ing has a st r ong
i mpact on opt ical net wor ks; i t di ct at es net work l i ne rat es and ot her opt i cal paramet ers. One
al gor i t hm t hat impl ement s t r aff i c engi neer ing is t he r esource r eser vat i on prot ocol , or RSVP.
RSVP i s a backwar d r eser vat i on prot ocol in t he sense t hat t he pat h set up i s fr om t he dest i nat i on
t o t he sour ce node, al t hough t he r equest i s made i n t he f or ward di r ect ion, t hat i s f rom source t o
dest i nat i on. A sour ce node t hat needs t o r eser ve some bandwi dt h t o dedi cat e a fl ow t o a
dest i nat i on node, and accor d some QoS does so by usi ng RSVP. The node sends an RSVP
r eser vat i on packet t o t he dest i nat i on node ( RSVP request packet ) , fol l owing whi ch t he
dest i nat i on node and t he i nt er medi at e nodes ( along t he desi red r out e) compl y wi t h an RSVP
acknowledgement packet , acknowl edgi ng t he possi bl e r eservat i on pat h
4
.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Optical Cross-Connect Technology
As net wor ks gr ow i n size and capacit y , i t becomes i ncr easi ngl y di ff i cul t t o keep conver t i ng dat a
back and f or t h f r om t he el ect ri cal t o t he opt i cal domai n. Ther efor e, al l - opt i cal net wor ks ( AON)
have been envi si oned as t he f ut ure of t oday 's I nt er net . To faci l i t at e an AON, i ndivi dual nodal
ar chi t ect ures need t o deploy all - opt i cal swi t ches or al l - opt ical cr oss- connect s. Cross- connect s ar e
cumber some swi t ches t hat can swi t ch si gnals bet ween di ff erent por t s.
Nonblocki ng cr oss- connect ar chi t ect ures suf fer f r om i ssues such as hi gh l oss and sl ow speeds,
and t hey ar e l i mi t ed by wavel engt h conver si on requir ement s. As ment i oned pr evi ousl y,
wavel engt h conversi on ent i r el y i n t he opt i cal domai n is a f ancy t echnol ogy t hat mi ght t ake
decades t o impl ement . Ther efor e, we have t o work ar ound some way s t o i mplement such
ar chi t ect ures.
One possi ble workar ound i s usi ng nonbl ocki ng t hr ee- di mensi onal mi cro- el ect r o- mechani cal
syst em ( MEMS) t echnol ogy . MEMS ar e a f undament al i nvent i on t hat cat er s t o al l- opt i cal
swit ching and rout i ng. MEMS swi t ches can easi l y be depl oyed i n pr oduci ng cross- connect
ar chi t ect ure; t hi s conf igur at i on is gai ni ng popul ar it y. I n one embodi ment , cr oss- connect
ar chi t ect ure was devel oped using a f ul l demul t i pl ex sect i on for each of t he wavelengt hs ar r i vi ng
fr om each fi ber , and t he cross- connect was a MEMS- based cross- connect . Recent l y, cr oss-
connect s up t o 1048 input por t s and 1048 out put por t s wer e demonst r at ed. As t he need f or
mesh opt i cal net wor ki ng gr ows, cr oss- connect r equi r ement wi ll al so i ncrease. The i dea of a
l i ght pat h cut t i ng r i ght t hr ough t he node wi t hout ser i ous O- E- O i ssues i s cer t ainl y fasci nat i ng t o
t he desi gner
5
.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
HORNET: (Hybrid Opto-Electronic Ring Network)
Hy br i d Opt o- El ect r oni c Ri ng Net work ( HORNET)
6
i s a j oi nt eff or t bet ween t he opt i cal
communi cat ion r esear ch l aborat or y at St anf or d Uni versi t y and Spri nt Advance Technol ogy
Laborat ori es. HORNET addresses t he i neff i ci enci es of SONET/ SDH net works by t r anspor t i ng I P
packet s di r ect l y over WDM net wor ks. HORNET nodes ar e call ed access poi nt s
6
and can dr op a
fi xed WDM channel . The access poi nt s use fast t unabl e t ransmi t t er s t o t ransmi t packet s on any
wavel engt h. The access poi nt s al so i mpl ement a novel MAC pr ot ocol t hat governs t he net work
cont r ol s and wavel engt h t uni ng. The HORNET archi t ect ur e i s shown i n Fi gur e 8- 6.
Fi gu r e 8- 6. HORNET Ar chi t ect u r e
6
The net wor k i s desi gned t o scal e t o 100 access point s and r i ng cir cumf er ence of ar ound 100 km
wi t h a bi t r at e of 2. 5 Gbps. A subcar r i er mult ipl exi ng t echni que i s used t o carr y cont r ol
i nf ormat i on, whi ch i ncl udes access poi nt addr essi ng and wavelengt hs. Mult ihoppi ng i s suppor t ed
wi t h t hi s ar chi t ect ure, which al so hel ps t he net wor k scal e ef fi cient ly . Access point s can use any
wavel engt h, and wavel engt h bandwi dt h i s shared st at i st i cal l y among var i ous access poi nt s.
HORNET uses a car r i er sense mul t i pl e access wi t h col li si on avoi dance ( CSMA/ CD) prot ocol t o
govern t he access of t he wavel engt h and avoid col l isi on. Each net wor k wavelengt h i s associ at ed
wi t h a subcar r i er ; when an access poi nt t r ansmi t s, a cor r espondi ng subcar ri er i s mul t i plexed. By
moni t or i ng t he subcar r i er, t he access point s det er mi ne t he occupancy of all wavel engt hs.
The access poi nt s act as an int erf ace wit h an I P r out er or ATM swi t ch and consi st of t hr ee
subsect ions: sl ot manager , smar t drop, and smart add
6
( see Fi gur e 8- 7) . The slot manager t aps
( wi t h a 10/ 90 coupl er ) a por t i on of t he si gnal for " car r i er sensi ng" and t o det er mi ne which
wavel engt h i s present . The sl ot manager al so per f orms t he demodul at i on ( FSK) of t he
subcar r ier . Addr ess r ecovery and dr op infor mat i on are t hen ext r act ed fr om t he subcar r ier .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gu r e 8- 7. Sch emat i c of a HORNET Access Poi n t
6
The smar t drop modul e consi st s of a bur st mode r eceiver t hat r ecovers t he packet bi t clock. The
modul e t hen uses t he address i nf ormat i on t hat t he sl ot manager pr ovi des t o swi t ch packet s. The
smart add ser vi ces ar e r esponsi bl e for t ransmi t and r et r ansmi t queue( s) . The t ransmi ssi on
wavel engt h i s det er mi ned by t he wavel engt h avai l abi l i t y i nf or mat ion f rom t he sl ot manager
( col li si on avoi dance) and al so depends upon t he dest i nat i on access poi nt . The smart add t hen
t unes t he f ast t unabl e t r ansmi t t er t o t he det er mi ned t ar get wavel engt h and modul at es t he
packet on t o t he opt i cal car r ier
6
. Ref er t o Fi gur e 8- 7.
The CSMA CA MAC pr ot ocol i s desi gned t o handle var i abl e I P packet si zes, and t he bur st mode
r ecei ver i s capabl e of recover i ng packet clock wi t hi n a few nanoseconds. The access poi nt s do
not mai nt ai n sy nchr oni zat i on; t hey use an embedded cl ock t ranspor t t echni que i n whi ch t he
t r ansmi t t er fr equency mul t i pl exes i t s bi t cl ock wi t h t he base band dat a and modul at es t he opt i cal
carr i er wi t h negl i gi bl e di sper si on
6
. The fast t unable t r ansmi t t er needs t o achi eve nanosecond
t uni ng. HORNET access poi nt s use a commer ci all y avai l abl e gr at i ng coupler sampl ed r efl ect or
( GCSR) t unabl e l aser. Novel di gi t al ly cont r oll ed dr i ver s cont r ol t he t uning aspect .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Burst-Mode Receivers
Convent i onal r ecei ver s ar e not sui t abl e f or bur st - mode oper at i ons in al l - opt i cal mul t i access
net wor ks because t hey cannot i nst ant aneousl y handl e t he phase and power var i at i ons i n t he
ar r ivi ng packet s. Due t o fi ber at t enuat i on and di spersi on caused by var i at i on of t ransmi t t er
wavel engt hs, power and phase var i at i ons bet ween t wo burst y opt i cal dat a packet s can be up t o
20 dB and 360
0
out of phase
7
. Burst - mode recei vers are desi gned t o adapt t o t he ampl i t ude and
phase var i at i ons on a packet - by - packet basi s ( ul t ra fast changes) .
Two f undament al i ssues t hat degr ade t he perf or mance of BER i n a bur st - mode r ecei ver are
r andom Gaussi an noise and t he l i mit at ion i n t he fi ni t e char gi ng/ di schar gi ng t i me of t he det ect i on
ci rcui t r y i n t he r ecei vers. Random Gaussi an noi se, whi ch is alway s pr esent at t he r ecei ver ,
aff ect s t he accur at e det er mi nat i on of t he decisi on t hr eshol d and int r oduces a sensi t i vi t y penalt y.
To det ect ul t r a f ast vari able si ze packet s t he recei ver needs t o have a f ast det ect i on ci r cui t .
We can use burst - mode recei vers in a var i et y of appli cat i ons such as al l - opt i cal mul t i access
net wor ks, passi ve opt i cal net wor ks ( PONs) , and i n a wi de range of net wor k t opol ogies. The
r equi r ement s f or t hese appl i cat i ons are a l ar ge dynami c r ange, fast response t i me, and r obust
ar chi t ect ure t o i mpr ove net work rel i abi l i t y.
Burst-Mode Receiver Operations
I n a convent i onal r ecei ver , AC coupli ng i s used. The coupled cir cui t r y can pr ovi de hi gh r ecei ver
sensi t i vi t y , but t he chargi ng and di schar gi ng t i mes t hat are associat ed wi t h t he capaci t or and t he
r ecei ver 's AC- coupl ed si gnal pat h do not al l ow t he aver age ampl i t ude t o var y r api dl y wi t h t i me.
Bur st - mode r ecei ver s use DC- coupl i ng ci r cuit s. The DC ci rcui t s adapt wel l t o t he var y i ng
ampl i t ude of received si gnal s i n a shor t t i me i nt er val. The cl ock and phase r ecover y of t hi s t y pe
of r ecei ver needs t o be perf or med wi t hi n a f ract i on of packet t r ansmi ssi on t ime f or pr oper
oper at i ons of r ecei ver ci r cui t s. Now i f we consi der a Et hernet packet of 1500 by t es l ong, at 1
Gbps speed, t he t i me it needs f or passi ng t hr ough i s i n t he pi cosecond range and hence t he
r equi r ement s of such r ecei ver s ar e ver y st r i ngent .
Bur st - swit ched r ecei ver s ar e one of t wo t y pes: feed back and feed for ward. Det ai l ed discussion
of t hese i s bey ond t he scope of t hi s book. For mor e i nfor mat i on on how bur st - swi t ch recei vers
oper at e, pl ease refer t o r ef erence 7.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Vision of an Optical Internet
The f ut ure of t he I nt er net can be vi sual i zed as a net wor k of net wor ks t hat i s bui l t on var ious
cores, edges, and i ndi vi dual net wor ks composed of opt i cal and wi r el ess t echnol ogi es. The
skel et on of t he I nt er net t he backbonewoul d in al l possi bi l i t y be composed of a hi gh
bandwi dt h mul t i wavel engt h opt ical cor e. An al l- opt i cal I nt ernet core woul d f aci li t at e fast and
eff ici ent swi t chi ng of l i ght pat hs and dy nami c addi ng and dr oppi ng of l i ght pat hs t o ensur e
seaml ess communicat i on bet ween end users.
The opt i cal I nt ernet shoul d have eff i ci ent pr ot ocol s for dat a t ransf er. Gi gabi t and 10 Gi gabi t
Et her net ( GE) ar e t wo i mpor t ant pr ot ocol s t hat we can consi der for dir ect I P over WDM
net wor ks. I n addit ion, a fut ur e ver sion of t he opt i cal I nt er net woul d i n al l possi bi l it y have a
st r ong cont r ol and management scheme. General i zed Mul t i - pr ot ocol Label Swi t chi ng woul d be an
eff ici ent pr ot ocol for cont r oll i ng and si gnal i ng t he r out i ng and ot her feat ur es i n a fut ur e al l -
opt i cal net wor k. GMPLS t o a great ext ent woul d mean an over l ayi ng cont r ol pl ane t hat f aci l i t at es
communi cat ion bet ween net wor k el ement s. Set t i ng up and t ear i ng down l i ght pat hs dynamical l y
woul d be i t s pr imar y f unct i on. Thi s can be ext ended t o packet swi t chi ng, wher eby opt i cal packet s
can be swit ched and r out ed by some ki nd of out - of - band si gnal i ng. Al t hough bur st swi t chi ng i s a
pr omi si ng paradi gm, no ar chit ect ur es cur r ent l y suppor t s t he same.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Self-Similarity in Internet Traffic and Its Effect on Optical
Networks
Convent i onal net wor k modeler s assumed t hat dat a t r aff i c was Poi sson or exponent i al in nat ur e.
Thi s meant t hat t he i nt er - ar r i val t i mes of packet s wer e exponent i al l y di st r i but ed wi t h some
par amet er cal l ed . This assumpt ion was qui t e val id f or voi ce t raf fi c and coul d be int ui t i vel y
underst ood. On t he ot her hand, as net wor ks mi gr at ed f rom voi ce t o dat a, i t was observed t hat
dat a t r aff i c was not necessari l y Poi sson. Dat a t r aff i c coul d best be descr ibed as bur st y t r aff ic wit h
l ong i nt er val s of ON and OFF per i ods f or a gi ven dat a sour ce.
I n 1992, Bel l core sci ent i st s observed t hat t hi s t r aff i c was Self - Si mil ar , or long- r ange var i ant .
Thi s meant t hat t he t raf fi c st r eams cor r el at ed wi t h t hemsel ves over some peri od of t i me. A dat a
sampl e t y pi call y consi st ed of many smal l f i les, a few l ar ge f il es, and even fewer ext r emel y l ar ge
fi l es. Thi s ki nd of di st r ibut i on can be t ermed bu rst y t raf fi c di st ri bu t ion .
Self - Sim i lar it y , i n cont r ast , i s a nat ur al phenomenon t hat occur s i n many soci al syst ems. Sel f -
Si mil ar i t y can be char act er i zed by t he l ong- r ange dependence of some abst r act port i on of a
net wor k st at i st ics wi t h t he same abst r act por t i on of t he net wor k st at i st i cs magnif i ed over a
per i od of t i me. I n ot her wor ds, i f we wer e t o consider t he ar r i val pr ocess of packet s over a smal l
i nt er val of t i me ( t
1
t
2
) and fur t her consi der t he ar r ival process of packet s f r om t he same sour ce
over a l ar ger i nt er val of t i me ( t
3
t
4
, ) , we woul d obser ve some sor t of ar r ival sy mmet r y bet ween
t he t wo pr ocesses as l ong as one of t he i nt er val s i s a dil at ed ver si on of t he ot her i nt er val and t he
di st r i but i on i s Sel f- Si mi lar . Thi s sor t of symmet ry can be t er med as Sel f - Simi l ar it y and i s a great
cause of wor ry i n model i ng t oday 's I nt er net t r aff ic. ( Ref er t o Fi gur e 8- 8) . Fol l owing are some of
t he pr opert ies exhi bi t ed by Sel f- Si mi lar i t y :
8, 9, 10
Scal e i nvari ant burst i ness, or Sel f- Si mi lar i t y , i s a ubi qui t ous phenomenon i n I P net wor ks.
Self - Si mil ar i t y has been shown at mult ipl exi ng poi nt s i n a net wor k. Sel f - si mi l ari t y is a
r obust phenomenon t hat i s qui t e obl i vi ous of t he net wor k t opol ogy or t he cont r ol act i ons
t hat t he pr ot ocol st ack car r i es out .
Fi gu r e 8- 8. Sel f - Si mi l ar Pr ocess an d Lon g- Rang e Depen dence. Not e
t h at t he v ast maj or i t y of samp l es ar e smal l , b ut a f ew exi st t hat ar e
l ar ge.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Consi der a di scr et e t i me st ochast i c pr ocess of t i me X( t ) , where X( t ) r epr esent s t he net wor k
t r aff i c at t ime t fr om ini t ial i zat i on. Fur t hermor e, X( t ) woul d be t er med st at i onar y i f it were t i me
i nvar iant . Measur ement s at dif fer ent val ues of t woul d not cause changes i n X( t ) . X( t ) woul d be
cal led st ri ct l y st at i onar y i f { X( t
1
) , X( t
2
) , , X( t
n
) } , and { X
(
t
1
+ k
)
, X
(
t
2
+ k
)
, X
(
t
n
+ k
)
}
possessed t he same di st ri but i on.
Denot i ng t hi s kshi ft ed pr ocess X
k
, we can conclude t hat X and X
k
ar e f i ni t e di mensi onal
di st r i but i ons, such t hat X =
d
X
k
. Al t hough t hi s ki nd of st at i onar i t y ( st at i onar y phenomenon) i s
good, i t i s st i l l t oo st ri ngent for model i ng net wor k t r aff ic. We can now consi der a weaker
st at i onar i t y [ W] cal l ed second or der st at i onar i t y, whi ch r equi r es t hat t he aut ocovar i ance f unct i on
( r elat i on of a funct ion wi t h i t sel f over some t i me per i od) sat i sf ies a t r anslat ional i nvar i ance. I n
ot her wor ds, we ar e t r y i ng t o i mbi be a t i me- i nvari ant pr ocess t hat gi ves us var i ous aggr egat ed
ver si ons of t he basi c net wor k pr ocess. Each ver sion i s a magni f ied ver si on of t he basi c pr ocess.
Thi s ki nd of scal i ng i n vari ance can be f or mul at ed as t he aggregat e pr ocess X
(m)
of t he basi c
pr ocess X at aggr egat i on level m. Thi s i s shown i n Equat i on 8- 2.
Equ at i on 8- 2
We can now say t hat X( t ) i s par t i t i oned i nt o nonoverl appi ng fi l es each of dur at ion m. ( ' i ' i s used
t o number t hese f i les. ) Using t hi s basi c scheme of second order st at ionar it y , we can now defi ne
Self Si mi l ari t y .
Second- or der Sel f- Si mi lar i t y i s a pr ocess X( t ) i s exact l y second- or der Self - Si mil ar wi t h Hur st
par amet er H, i f H > 0.5, m < 1. See Equat i on 8- 3.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Equ at i on 8- 3
X( t ) i s asy mpt ot ical l y second- or der sel f- si mi l ar i f ( ref er t o Equat i on 8- 4) :
Equ at i on 8- 4
Second- or der sel f - simi l ar i t y ensur es t hat t he pr ocess is pr eserved under var i ous condi t ions of
t i me aggregat i on. Hur st paramet er can be consider ed as t he gover ni ng f act or t hat det ermi nes
t he degr ee of bur st i ness accor ded t o a par t i cular t r aff ic fl ow. H = 0. 5 means nonbur st y or
Poi sson f low as H 1 ( H t ends t o 1) t he l evel of bur st i ness increases.
To under st and t he par t icular for m of
( k)
fr om Equat i on 8- 2:
I f we consider t he cumul at i ve pr ocess,
( t )
t hus by def i ni t i on of Sel f Si mi lar i t y , we get Equat i on 8- 5;
Equ at i on 8- 5
wher e Y( at ) is Sel f - Simi l ar wi t h Hur st par amet er , H > 0.5.
Ther ef or e, ( t ) i s t he t ime- scal ed ver sion of Y( at ) nor mal ized by a
-H
. I n ot her wor ds, ( t ) and
Y( at ) l ook t he same, i n ot her words, fol l ow l i kewi se di st r i but i ons.
Long-Range Dependence
Consi der a second- order Sel f - Si mi l ar process wit h t he aut ocovar iance funct ion
( k)
Let Equat i on 8- 6 denot e t he aut o- cor rel at i on funct i on.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Equ at i on 8- 6
For
we get Equat i on 8- 7.
Equ at i on 8- 7
Fur t her mor e, i f = 2 2H, t hen we get Equat i on 8- 8.
Equ at i on 8- 8
I n ot her wor ds, t he aut o- corr el at i on funct i on decay s ver y sl owl y . This ki nd of decay i s t er med
l ong- r ange depend en ce. I f
i s f ini t e, t he process is cal l ed shor t - r ange d ep en dent depend en ce.
8, 9, 10
Heavy-Tailed Distribution
We can defi ne heav y- t ail ed di st r ibu t ion i n t he fol l owi ng way: A r andom vari able X has a heavy-
t ai l ed dist r i but ion ( gi ven by Equat i on 8- 9) if
Equ at i on 8- 9
0 < < 2 i s cal l ed t ai l i ndex and c some posi t i ve const ant . Heavy - t r ai l ed di st r i but i ons ar e

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
char act er i zed by i nf ini t e vari ance f or 0 < < 2. The sign ~ denot es asy mpt ot i call y equal t o. For
net wor k model ing, a common di st r i but i on for heavy - t ai l ed sequences i s t he Paret o di st ri but i on,
whose di st r i but i on f unct i on i s gi ven by Equat i on 8- 10.
Equ at i on 8- 1 0
I n Equat i on 8- 10, ( alpha) is t he shape par amet er and b i s t he l ocat ion paramet er. The mean
i s gi ven by Equat i on 8- 11.
Equ at i on 8- 1 1
The mai n char act er i st i cs of t he Par et o di st r i but i on ar e t hat a r andom var iabl e obeyi ng t he heavy
t ai l ed dist r i but ion exhi bi t s ext r eme var iabi li t y . Thi s di st ri but i on gi ves r i se t o sequences wi t h
many of t he values smal l , some val ues l ar ge, and a few val ues very l ar ge. This i s i n conf or mi t y
wi t h t oday 's ar r i val pr ocess of I nt er net t raf fi c or dat a t raf fi c.
The pur pose of i nt r oduci ng Sel f- Si mi l ari t y in t hi s chapt er i s t o acquai nt t he r eader wi t h t he
pr ocess of dat a t r af fi c f low. The next phase i s t o map such bur st y f low on t o opt ical net works.
Thi s mi ght not be an easy t ask consi deri ng t he fact t hat i t i s dif fi cul t t o est i mat e t he bur st iness of
a source. That i s so say i t i s ver y di ff i cul t t o calcul at e or pr edi ct t he behavior of a sour ce
t r ansmi t t i ng dat a by st ochast i c means. Thi s means t hat t he bandwidt h of a channel i s qui t e
vari able, i n addi t ion t o t he f act t hat any compromi se i n bandwi dt h r equir ement woul d cr eat e
hi gher end- t o- end l at ency for I P packet s over t he WDM l ayer . Thi s i s in addi t i on t o t he buf fer
l engt hs and queue si zes at t he i nt er f ace of I P rout ers, which gr oom t hi s t r aff ic int o hi gher l ay er s.
A mor e det ai l ed st udy of I P over WDM fr om a Self - Si mil ar t raf fi c poi nt of vi ew i s necessar y for
buil ding scal abl e, eff ici ent , and resi li ent opt i cal net wor ks for t he f ut ur e.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Transparent Optical Networks
As net wor ks gr ow and t he amount of dat a t hat i s pumped i nt o t he net works r eaches new hi ghs,
i t wi l l become mor e di ff i cul t t o pr ovisi on, manage, and support such vol umes of t r aff i c. A
l i ght pat h can be envi si oned t o move across mul t i pl e net wor ks and mul t i pl e t opol ogi es fr om one
cl ient t o anot her . As t he l i ght pat h t raver ses t hrough t he net wor k, i t mi ght be subj ect t o sever al
O- E- O conver si ons at var i ous net wor k el ement s.
O- E- O conver si on i s an i mpor t ant aspect of opt i cal communi cat ion f or t wo r easons. Fir st , an
opt i cal si gnal cannot go on endl essl y; t her e i s a l i mi t af t er whi ch t hi s signal cannot be accept ed
( det ect ed cor rect l y) . Ther ef or e, we have t o do a reshape, r et i me, and reampl i fy ( 3R) t hi s si gnal
at some f i ni t e di st ance f rom t he sour ce. Secondl y, 3R regener at i on i s essent i al f or t r aff i c
gr oomi ng. Traf fi c groomi ng can be def i ned as t he aggr egat i on of sever al l ow speed t raf fi c
st r eams i nt o a si ngl e hi gh speed t r af fi c f low. I magi ne t hat a node has 32 i nput i nt er faces each
carr y i ng OC- 3 t r af fi c. I f no scope exi st s for t r af fi c groomi ng at t he node, t hi s node woul d r equi r e
40 wavel engt hs t o cat er t o t his t raf fi c. On t he ot her hand, we can have a wavel engt h gr oomi ng
3- R devi ce ( di gi t al cr oss connect ) whi ch can mul t i plex t he 32 OC- 3s i nt o j ust 2 OC 48s on 2
separat e wavel engt hs t her eby conser vi ng t he ot her 30 wavel engt hs as fr ee.
By i nt el l i gent l y keepi ng t r af fi c groomi ng f unct i onal i t y i n t he 3R r egener at or s, we can mul t i pl ex
t he t raf fi c st r eams i nt o a few hi gh bi t rat e st r eams. ( For exampl e, 16 OC- 3s can be made t o an
OC- 48. ) Thi s i s t he advant age of 3- R regener at or s ( O- E- O t ype) i n t he net wor k.
However , t her e i s a ser ious fl i p side t o having O- E- O r egener at or s: t hey are expensi ve. An
est imat e f or a ri ng net wor k suggest s t hat 75% of t he net wor k cost s were for t r ansponder s ( O- E-
O devi ces) al one. Such devices, al t hough handy for good t hr oughput , are ext r emel y expensi ve
and ar e di f fi cul t t o obt ain i n bul k. Mor eover , t hei r exact pl acement t o obt ai n an opt i mum
conf igur at i on can be t he obj ect of a non- pol y nomi al t i me sol ut i ons. The cost of 3R t r ansponder s
i s sever el y high because t he r et imi ng of hi gh bi t r at e 10 Gbps and beyond si gnals requi res
pr eci si on el ect roni cs, which ar e ver y expensive. I n addi t i on t o t hat , t he t r ansponder s may have
some wavel engt h t unabl e l aser s, whi ch need t o have char act er i st ics of narr ow li ne widt h and
good t unabl e per for mance.
Overal l , t he cost of t r ansponder s i s t he hi ghest cost amongst al l t he net wor k component s.
Reduci ng such cost s is imper at i ve for a good opt ical net wor k. One way i s t o keep t he
t r ansponders out of t he net wor k. Keepi ng t r ansponder s j ust at cl i ent si t es and not i n t he net wor k
( al l owing all - opt i cal t r anspar ent f l ow of dat a) i s defi nit el y a good solut i on.
The i ssue t hen i s phy si cs r el at ed: I n t he absence of 3R r egenerat or s, can t he si gnal r each t he
dest i nat i on? That depends on t he t r ansmi ssi on di st ance. Not al l l i ght pat hs are long, and not al l
need r egener at i on wi t hin t he t r ansmissi on di st ance. Nodal ar chi t ect ures have t o be desi gned
keepi ng i n mi nd full fl exi bil i t y of t he t r aff i c mat ri x. Reconf i gur abl e OADMs ar e one such
al t ernat i ve. By keepi ng a smal l amount of t r ansponder s at each node, we can st i l l achi eve almost
t he same per f ormance as t hat by a l ar ge number of t r ansponder cards. The sy st em has t o
per for m wel l under di f ferent condi t i ons of t r aff ic. Tr anspar ent net wor ks ar e a good sol ut i on as
l ong as t he opt i cal r ul es ar e adher ed t o. By keepi ng a mi nimum number of t ransponder s i nsi de
t he net work, t he cost of t he net work decr eases subst ant i al ly .
Tr anspar ent net wor ks f or l ong haul ar e al ready under a mat ur e st at e of depl oy ment . Curr ent l y , a
hi gh bandwi dt h opt ical pi pe can be made avai l abl e f rom New York t o Los Angl es. Tr anspar ent
net wor ks are being act i vely consi der ed f or met ropol it an ar eas as wel l. I n summar y, t r anspar ent
net wor ks are an at t ract i ve means for opt i cal communi cat ion. Al t hough t hey ar e not full y mat ure,
t hi s i s one sur e ar ea of i nt ense commer ci al and r esearch act i vi t y i n t he next few y ear s.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Summary
I n t hi s chapt er , we l ooked at some of t he f ut ur e t r ends t hat wil l aff ect WDM net worki ng.
Al t hough i t i s al most i mpossibl e t o cover each ar ea of research, we hi ghl i ght ed some of t he
ar eas t hat aff ect WDM net worki ng. I n t hi s r egard, t echnol ogi es t hat can set t he f ut ur e of opt i cal
communi cat ion, such as bur st swi t chi ng and sl ot r out ing, wer e ment i oned. We al so ment i oned
some research pr oj ect s t hat l ook at feasibl e met hods t o t r ansl at e cir cui t - swi t ched net wor ks of
t oday t o packet - swi t ched net wor ks of t omor r ow. HORNET i n t hi s r egar d can be vi ewed as a
t echnol ogy demonst r at or . Opt i cal burst mode r ecei ver t echnol ogy i s anot her emer gi ng t echnol ogy
for t omorr ow' s WDM packet swi t ched appli cat i on.
The i mpact on net work pr ot ocol s f or t r af fi c engi neer ing ( such as RSVP f or pr ovidi ng QoS t o
t r aff i c) and i t s i mpact t o opt ical net wor ks i s bot h i nt er est ing and i nt r i gui ng. The r evel at i on t hat
I nt er net t r af fi c i s not adher i ng t o Poi sson di st r ibut i on but i s Sel f- Si mi lar makes t r aff i c
engi neer ing over WDM t hat much more import ant now. The mi gr at i on fr om l i ght pat h net wor ki ng
t o packet swi t chi ng wi l l not be an easy migr at ion. Mi gr at or y t echnol ogies wi l l become more
common. Phot oni c sl ot r out i ng i s one such candi dat e t hat r emoves t he const r ai nt of wavel engt h
sel ect i ve swi t ches. The f i nal vi si on i s t o have a mul t i wavel engt h opt i cal net wor k t hat can provi de
packet swit ching, good r econfi gur at i on, and massive capaci t y on an ent i rel y t r anspar ent cor e.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
References
1
Yoo, M. , C. Qi ao, and S. Di xit . "Opt ical Bur st Swi t chi ng for Ser vi ce Di f fer ent i at i on i n t he Next -
Gener at i on Opt i cal I nt er net . " I EEE Communi cat ion s Magazi ne. Feb. 2001.
2
Chlamt ac, I . , et al . " Scal able WDM Net wor k Ar chi t ect ure Based on Phot oni c Sl ot Rout i ng and
Swi t ched Del ay Lines. " I EEE Proc of I NFOCOM. 1997.
3
Chlamt ac, I . , et al . " CORD: Cont ent i on Resol ut i on Usi ng Delay Li nes. " Jour nal on Select ed Ar eas
i n Commu nicat i on. Speci al I ssue on Opt i cal Net wor ks. June 1996.
4
Zhang, Lixi a, et al . I EEE Communi cat ion s Magazi ne. May 2002.
5
Ramaswami , R. , and K. Si var aj an. Op t ical Net work s: A Pract i cal Per spect iv e, Second Ed it i on .
Mor gan Kauf fman, 2001.
6
Kazovsky , L. , et al . Hor net Ar chi t ect ures OCRL Laborat ory Web Si t e. Uni ver sit y of St anf ord.
www.wdm. st anf or d. edu.
7
Su, Chao, Lian - Kuan Chen, and Kwok- Wai Cheung. " Theory of Burst - Mode Recei ver and I t s
Appli cat i ons i n Opt i cal Mul t i access Net works. " Journal of Li ght wave Technology. Vol . 15 I ssue 4.
Apr i l 1997.
8
Par k, K., and W. Wi l l i nger , ed. " Sel f Si mil ar Net wor k Tr aff i c and Perf or mance Evaluat i on. " Wi l ey
I nt er sci ence Ser i es. 2000.
9
Cr ovel l a, M., and A. Best avr os, "Self Si mi l ari t y in Wor l d Wi de Web Tr aff ic: Evidence and
Possi ble Causes. " I EEE/ ACM Tr ansact i ons on Net wor k in g . Vol . 5. 1997.
10
Lel and, W. E. , et al . " On t he Sel f- Si mi l ar Nat ur e of Et her net Tr aff ic ( Ext ended Ver si on) . "
I EEE/ ACM Tr ansact i ons on Net wor k in g , Vol ume 2. 1994.
11
Bl ack, U. MPLS and Lab el Swi t chi ng Net wor ks. Pr ent i ce Hal l, 2000.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Chapter 9. Tests and Measurements
A t ypical opt i cal fi ber net wor k i s composed of many passi ve and act i ve component s wor ki ng i n
conj unct i on t o f orm a compl et e communi cat ion sy st em. The perf or mance charact er i st i c of each
component ( subsy st em) af fect s t he t ot al per f ormance of t he ent i r e sy st em. To eff ect i vely desi gn
and i mpl ement a f i ber net wor k, sy st em engi neer s need t o know t he exact charact er ist i cs of t he
fi ber li nks. The at t enuat i on and di sper sion char act er i st i cs of a f iber change dur i ng t he i nst al l at i on
phase, and t hey al so l imi t t he maxi mum di st ance and bandwi dt h of t he fi ber . Measur i ng t hese
par amet er s and t est i ng f or confor mance i s cr ucial dur i ng t he manuf act ur ing, i nst al l at i on, and
mai nt enance phases. Cracks i n fi ber can degr ade t he over al l per for mance, wher eas br eaks i n t he
fi ber di st ort t he ent ir e communi cat i on channel ; t herefor e, i dent i f yi ng t hose fi ber breaks and
cracks i s an i nt egr al part of t he fi ber syst em's ongoi ng mai nt enance al ong wi t h measuri ng and
t est ing ot her par amet er s such as at t enuat i on, di sper sion, and so on.
Whi l e desi gni ng a fi ber , a fi ber cabl e vendor is int erest ed i n measuri ng proper t i es such as cor e
and cl addi ng diamet ers, r efr act i ve i ndex pr of il e, f i ber at t enuat i on, di sper si on, and cut - of f
wavel engt h, among ot her s. Most of t hese paramet er s do not change dur i ng t he handl i ng or
i nst al l at i on phase.
Sy st em engi neer s, i n cont r ast , are int erest ed i n di sper si on, at t enuat i on, l aunch power , r ecei ver
sensi t i vi t y , ampl i fi er gai n, and so on. ( Fi ber char act eri st i cs such as di spersi on and at t enuat i on
change sli ght l y duri ng t he i nst al l at i on phase. ) Ther ef ore, t he t est and measur ement
r equi r ement s f or sy st em engi neer s/ i nst al ler s ar e di f fer ent f rom vendor' s t est i ng needs.
Because an opt i cal net work is made up of passi ve component s ( spl i t t ers, connect or s, and
coupl er s) and act i ve ones ( t r ansmit t er , r ecei ver , and opt i cal ampl i fi ers) , a syst em desi gner
needs t o know t he char act er i st ics of each component i n t he net wor k. These passi ve and act i ve
component s shoul d oper at e in a gi ven opt i cal spect r um wi t hout degradat i on i n per for mance.
The vendor s usual ly conduct t he per for mance and conf or mance t est i ng bef ore launchi ng t hei r
pr oduct s. Dur i ng t he oper at i onal and mai nt enance phase, t he oper at or s/ inst all er s need t o
moni t or or t roubl eshoot problems: i f t her e i s any br eak in t he fi ber , i f t he t ransmi t t er i s
l aunching enough power i nt o t he f i ber, i f at t enuat i on i s wel l wit hi n t he speci f i cat i ons and st at us
of ampl i fi er s i n t he l i nk.
The per f ormance charact er ist i cs t hat t he vendors speci fy degr ade over t i me even t hough t he
net wor ks are desi gned wi t h t hese adverse af fect s i n mi nd. A sy st em desi gner/ i nst al l er needs t o
measure/ t est t he sy st em duri ng t he t r oubl eshoot i ng phase. Thi s chapt er cover s t he t est and
measurement r equi r ement s t hat hel p sy st em archit ect s and i nst al l ers/ oper at or s desi gn and
mai nt ai n WDM/ opt i cal net works.
A t ypical WDM net wor k i s shown i n Fi gur e 9- 1. A WDM net wor k i s composed of t r ansmi t t er s
( sour ce/ t r ansponder s) , connect ors ( t o connect di ff er ent subsy st ems) , spl i ces,
coupl er s/ mult ipl exers/ demul t i pl exer s, opt i cal f i bers, ampli f i er s ( EDFAs et c. ) , and r ecei ver s
( phot odi ode/ t r ansponders) . Fi gur e 9- 1 al so shows t he char act eri st i cs/ paramet ers t hat need t o
be t est ed for per f ormance or confor mance anal y si s.
Fi gu r e 9- 1. Fi gu r e 9- 1 WDM Net wor k Par amet er Th at Needs t o Be
Test ed

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
The whol e net work is di vi ded i nt o mul t i pl e subel ement s, and each net wor k subel ement has
char act er i st i cs t hat need t o indi vidual l y confor m t o suppor t an end- t o- end sy st em. Af t er t he
per for mance and conf ormance of i ndi vi dual net wor k subel ement s ar e complet e, t he fi nal st ep i s
t o perf or m a sy st em- l evel t est or net work- l evel t est . Thi s i s usual l y done by t est i ng t he bi t er ror
r at e ( BER; r ecei ver sensi t i vi t y at 10
-8
t o 10
-12
) , opt i cal si gnal - t o- noi se r at i o ( OSNR) , spect ral
anal y sis, and ey e- maski ng anal y si s.
Sever al st andards bodi es ar ound t he wor ld ar e i nvol ved wi t h opt i cal net wor k component t est i ng
r equi r ement s ( sy st ems t est i ng and measurement s st andar di zi ng) , out of which t he I nt er nat i onal
Tel ecommuni cat i on Uni on ( I TU) def ines most of t he sy st em st andar ds. For component t est i ng
and conf ormance, I TU- T, t he Tel ecommuni cat i on I ndust ry Al l i ance ( TI A) , al ong wi t h t he
El ect roni c I ndust r i es Associ at i on ( EI A) def i ne f iber - opt ic t est st andar ds. These st andards ar e al so
known as fi ber - opt i c t est pr ocedur es ( FOTPs) . Basi c measur ement s and st andar ds of f i ber
char act er i st i cs, such as di sper si on, at t enuat ion, cut - of f fr equency ; mode f i el d di amet er, and so
on have been char act er ized pr i mari l y by t he Nat i onal I nst i t ut e of St andar ds and Technol ogy
( NI ST) i n t he U. S. ( based at Boulder , Col orado) . Ot her count r i es have simi l ar or gani zat i ons
( such as t he Nat i onal Phy si cal Labor at or y ( NPL) i n Bri t ai n) t hat over see basi c st andar ds and
Depar t ment of Tel ecommunicat i on ( DoT) i n I ndi a.
I TU- T G. 692 can be used as a good benchmar k for eval uat i ng mul t i channel opt i cal t r ansmi t t ers
and r ecei ver s. No speci fi c i ndust r y st andar ds ar e cur r ent l y avai labl e t o measur e/ eval uat e
mul t i pl exer / demul t i pl exer and opt i cal ampl i fi er ( OSNR and noi se fi gur e, or NF) speci f i cat i ons.
( The st andar di zat i on pr ocess has j ust begun. ) Choosi ng t he r i ght passive component i s
i mpor t ant t o suppor t i ng a part icul ar appl i cat i on. Because each vendor r epor t s t he speci fi cat i ons
i t f eel s ar e t he best , i t i s i mpossi bl e t o compar e passi ve component s f r om di ff erent vendor s
unless i nhouse t est i ng i s done. Refer t o Tabl e 9- 1 f or mor e explanat i ons.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Tab l e 9 -1 . Requ i r ed Char act er i st i cs/ Par amet er s Def i ned by I TU-T
G. 69 2
Tr ansmi t t er
Mu x
( Ou t put ) Ampl i f i er Opt i cal Pat h
Demu x
( I np ut ) Recei ver
Spect r al
char act er i st i cs
Opt i cal
t r ansmi t - si de
cross- t al k
Mult i channel
gai n Var i at ion
At t enuat ion Mean
channel i nput
power
Recei ver
Sensi t ivi t y
Mean l aunched
power
Channel
out put power
Mult i channel
gai n t i l t
Di sper si on Mean t ot al
i nput power
Recei ver
over l oad
Ext i nct i on r at io Tot al
l aunched
power
Mult i channel
gai n- change
di f fer ence
Maxi mum
di scret e
r ef l ect ance
Channel
si gnal - t o-
noi se r at i o
( SNR)
Opt i cal pat h
penal t y
Ey e pat t er n
mask
Channel SNR Tot al r ecei ved
power
Mi ni mum
r et ur n l oss
Opt i cal si gnal
cross- t al k
OSNR
Cent r al
fr equency
Maxi mum
channel
power
di f fer ence
Tot al l aunched
power

Maxi mum
channel
power
di f fer ence
Mi ni mum
r ecei ver
wavel engt h
Channel spaci ng

OSNR and NF

Maxi mum
r ecei ver
wavel engt h
Cent r al
fr equency
devi at ion

Sp eci f i cat i ons t hat can be t est ed f or passi ve component s Thi s i ncl udes i nsert ion
l oss, pol ari zat i on dependent l oss ( PDL) , cent er fr equency , bandwi dt h, passband, r ippl e,
r et ur n l oss, cross- t al k and oper at i ng t emperat ur e. Wi t h mult ipl exer/ demult ipl exer t est i ng,
i n addi t i on t o t he pr eceding speci fi cat i ons, channel spacing, channel unif or mit y , OSNR,
spect ral power densi t y, and pass- band shape are import ant and need t o be
t est ed/ char act er i zed.
Sp eci f i cat i ons t hat ar e t o be t est ed f or ampl i f i er ev al uat i on s Thi s i ncl udes gai n,
pol ar i zat i on- dependent gai n, noi se f i gur e ( NF) , OSNR, ampl i fi ed spont aneous emi ssi on
( ASE) , gai n fl at ness, gai n t i l t , and i nput / out put power aut omat i c gain cont r ol ( AGC) ,
aut omat i c bal ancing cont rol ( ABC) and aut omat i c l oss cont r ol ( ALC) . The fol l owi ng sect i on
di scusses how t hese measur ement s ar e made and what equi pment i s used t o t est t hese
speci f i cat i ons.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Test and Measuring Devices
Basi c t est equi pment t o t est power , di sper si on, OSNR, and ot her spect r al cont ent i s necessary
for i nst al li ng and mai nt aini ng a WDM net wor k. The r ecommended basi c t est equi pment i ncl udes
opt i cal power met ers, at t enuat or s, opt i cal spect r um anal y zers ( OSAs) , and opt ical t ime domai n
r ef l ect omet ers ( OTDRs) . Thi s equi pment hel ps t he inst all at i on t eam t r oubl eshoot and compl et e
t he inst all at i on mor e qui ckly . Numer ous t est equi pment vendor s manufact ur e t hese t est
equi pment s. More sophi st icat ed equi pment is usual l y for laborat ory use, wher eas mor e r ugged,
small handheld uni t s ar e pr efer red for fi eld use. Among ot her t hi ngs, a t est engi neer / sy st em
i nst al l er mi ght need vari able at t enuat or s, power met er s, t unabl e l aser s, BER analy zer s, and
pol ar i zat i on anal yzer s i n hi s t ool belt for ongoi ng mai nt enance.
Power Meters
An opt i cal power met er i s a vi t al t ool for measur ing absolut e power i n an opt i cal fi ber
communi cat ion sy st em. Power measurement i s one of t he most basi c fi ber - opt i c measur ement s.
I t account s for l oss measur ement s al ong wi t h t he power var i at i ons of t he t r ansmi t t er ( sour ce) or
at t he r ecei ver end. Opt i cal power met er s t y pi cal ly use semi conduct or phot odet ect or s such as
Si l icon ( Si ) , Ger mani um ( Ge) , or I ndi um Gal l i um Ar seni de ( I nGaAs) dependi ng on t he
appli cat i on wavel engt h.
Si det ect or s ar e used i n t he 850 nm regi ons, wher eas Ge and I nGaAs det ect ors are t ypi cal l y used
i n t he 1310 and 1550 nm r egi ons due t o t he t ypi cal responsi vit y of t hese det ect or s i n t hese
r egi ons. I nGaAs det ect or s have t he same r esponsi vi t y as t hat of Ge det ect or s and bet t er noi se
char act er i st i cs ( less noi sy ) , but I nGaAs i s more expensi ve t han Germanium. Opt i cal power
met er s ar e cal i br at ed usi ng a ref er ence st andar d t hat i s admi ni st r at ed by NI ST. ( Cal i br at i on i s
done at 850, 1310, and 1550 nm regi ons. ) A handhel d opt i cal power met er fr om Agi l ent
t echnol ogi es i s shown i n fi gur e 9- 2.
Fi gu r e 9- 2. Op t i cal Pow er Met er ( Repr odu ced w i t h Per mi ssi on ,
Cou r t esy of Agi l ent Techn ol ogi es, I nc. )

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Attenuators (for Testing Applications)
Si gnal power l aunched fr om t ransmi t t er s i s usual l y hi gh and needs t o be at t enuat ed befor e
pl uggi ng i nt o anal y zer s t o pr event damage. At t enuat or s come i n sever al f orm fact or s, wit h si ze
vary i ng f rom smal l handhel d t o l ar ge deskt ops. Var i abl e at t enuat or s wi t h var i abl e r anges ( up t o
60 dB) ar e avail able and are ideal for most appl i cat i ons. The wavelengt h ( band) of t y pi cal
oper at i ons i s 1310 and 1550 nm.
I n some appl i cat i on t est i ng, we mi ght need t he power level t o be const ant at t he i nput of t he
devi ce under t est ( DUT) . For t hese t ypes of appl i cat i ons, vari abl e at t enuat or s wi t h feedback ar e
used ( see Fi gur e 9- 3) . Her e, regar dless of t he input power , t he out put power i s al way s const ant ;
t he out put power can be speci fi ed t hr ough soft war e cont r ol or knob set t i ngs. Vari able
at t enuat ors fi nd appl icat i ons in t he bi t er r or r at e t est er ( BERT) ; char act er i zat i on of recei vers,
t r ansmi t t er s, and l i ne car ds; DWDM channel equal i zat i on; power loss si mul at i on in si ngl e
channel fi ber - opt i c l i nks; t est i ng and cal ibrat ing t he l i near it y of power met er s; and opt i cal
ampl i fi er t est i ng ( char act er i zat i on of EDFAs and Raman ampl i fi ers) .
Fi gu r e 9- 3. Sch emat i c Di agr am of a Var i abl e Op t i cal At t enu at or w i t h
Con st an t Out p ut
A t ypical opt i cal at t enuat or fr om Agi l ent i s shown in Fi gur e 9- 4.
Fi gu r e 9- 4. A Handh el d Opt i cal At t enu at or , Agi l ent N39 77 A
( Repr oduced w i t h Per mi ssi on, Cour t esy of Ag i l en t Tech nol og i es, I nc. )

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Laser Sources
Laser sour ces ar e used as i nput devi ces t o t he WDM devi ce under t est s. Laser s and t hei r
oper at i ons ar e expl ai ned i n Chapt er 2, "Net wor ki ng wi t h DWDM - 1." The di st ri but ed f eedback
( DFB) laser sour ces ar e used i n appl i cat ions such as WDM mul t i pl exer / demul t i pl exer t est i ng,
ampl i fi er t est i ng, and sy st em t est i ng. Out put of a DFB l aser i s shown i n Fi gur e 9- 5. Not e t he
suppressed si de modes and t he singl e domi nant mode pr oduci ng a t hi n wavel engt h.
Fi gu r e 9- 5. Ou t pu t of a DFB Laser
Fabr y Perot ( FP) l asers ar e al so used i n t est i ng opt ical ampli f i er s, WDM sy st ems, and so on. The
out put of an FP laser i s shown i n Fi gur e 9- 6. Bot h t y pes of l aser s ar e expl ai ned i n Chapt er 2.
Fi gu r e 9- 6. Ou t pu t of FP Laser s

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Tunable Lasers
Tunabl e l aser s ar e pr efer r ed when i t i s necessar y t o change wavelengt hs dur i ng sy st em t est s. I t
i s cheaper t o use t unabl e l aser s t han DFB l aser s i n cer t ai n WDM appl i cat ion t est s, wher e t he t est
has t o be done on mul t i pl e wavel engt hs. Tunabl e l aser s f i nd appli cat i ons i n t he t est i ng of
ampl i fi er s, mul t ichannel opt ical sy st ems, and so on. Tunabl e l aser s t hat have t uni ng r anges f r om
15251600 nm ar e commer ci al avai l abl e. Gener al ly t hese laser s are bui l t on Dist r i but ed Br agg
Refl ect or ( DBR) t echnol ogy , t hough ot her newer t echnologi es are al so gai ni ng pr omi nence.
Broadband Light Source
Br oadband l i ght sour ce i s gener at ed using edge- emi t t i ng LED ( EELED) t echnol ogy . EELEDs emi t
mor e power sour ce and whi t e l i ght i nt o a si ngl e- mode f i ber ( SMF) . Thi s i s used t o charact er ize
l ong fi ber cables, used as a noise sour ce i n ampl if i er charact er i zat i on ( noi se gai n pr ofi l e) . I t can
al so be used wi t h ot her passi ve devi ces ( t est i ng) i n char act er i zat i on of t hose devi ces.
Optical Spectrum Analyzers
Opt i cal spect r um anal ysi s i s t he measur ement of opt i cal si gnal power as a funct ion of f requency
and t i me. I t i s i mpor t ant t o anal yze t he spect r al wi dt h, power, and pul se spr eadi ng ( di sper si on)
of an opt i cal l i ght sour ce i n opt i cal communicat i ons sy st ems t o det er mine t he qual i t y of t he
opt i cal si gnal. The opt ical spect r um anal yzer s can di splay t he si gnal char act er i st i cs al ong wi t h
noi se char act er i st i cs, which hel p in t he calcul at i on of OSNR. Opt i cal spect r um anal y si s i s
commonly used i n t est i ng l asers for spect r al wi dt h and power di st r i but ion, as wel l as t est i ng
t r ansmi ssi on charact er i st i cs of opt ical devi ces.
Sever al di f fer ent t y pes of spect r um anal y zers are avai l abl e, out of whi ch di ff ract i on gr at i ng-
based and int erf eromet er- based anal y zer s ar e t he most common. Each t est equi pment vendor
has it s own met hod t o archi t ect and anal yze t he opt ical si gnal . Di ff r act i on gr at i ng- based opt i cal
spect rum anal y zer s ar e used t o anal yze laser s and LEDs and have a t y pi cal resol ut i on r ange of
. 110 nm. The i nt er f er omet er - based anal y zer s ar e of t wo t ypes: Fabry Per ot ( FP)
i nt er fer omet er - and Michel son i nt er f er omet er - based anal y zer s. The FP- based anal y zer s have a
nar r ow f i xed resol ut i on and ar e used t o measur e l aser chi rp. Mi chel son i nt er fer omet er - based
opt i cal spect r um analy zer s di spl ay t he spect r um by cal culat ing t he Four i er t ransfor m of a

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
measured i nt erf erence. They ar e t y pi cal l y used f or di r ect coherence l engt h measur ement s.
Operation of a Spectrum Analyzer
The si gnal i s f ir st passed t hr ough a t unabl e fi l t er ( gr at i ng based or i nt er fer omet er based) , whi ch
r esol ves t he si gnal i nt o i ndi vi dual spect r al component s ( see Fi gur e 9- 7) .
Fi gu r e 9- 7. Bl ock Di agr am of a Ty pi cal Spect r u m An al y zer ( Repr odu ced
w i t h Per mi ssi on, Cour t esy of Ag i l en t Tech nol og i es, I n c. )
The f i l t er ed si gnal f al ls on a phot o det ect or, whi ch t hen convert s t he opt i cal si gnal i nt o an
el ect r i cal si gnal . The si gnal i s t hen fed i nt o an Anal og t o Di gi t al ( A/ D) conver t er. Fi nal l y , t he
si gnal is pr ocessed by a di gi t al si gnal processor and di spl ayed on t he scope. A si mpl i fi ed bl ock
di agr am of a di f fr act i on based spect r um anal y zer is shown i n Fi gur e 9- 7. A real spect r um
anal y zer i s more compl ex wi t h ci r cui t s, anal y zi ng and cont r ol l ing funct ions.
Most of t he opt ical anal yzer s use a monochr omat or as an opt i cal t unabl e f il t er . A
monochr omat or i s made up of di f fr act ion grat i ngs, whi ch separ at e t he i nput si gnal i nt o it s
component wavel engt hs. As expl ai ned i n Chapt er 2, dif fr act i on gr at i ng i s a dif fr act or of l i ght wi t h
gr at i ngs and i s shown i n Fi gur e 9- 8. The spacing bet ween t he grat i ngs i s nar r ow and i s
approxi mat ely equal t o t he wavelengt h we want t o t est . When t he input si gnal ( opt i cal l i ght )
fal l s on t his gr at i ng, t he l i ght i s r efl ect ed i n all di r ect i ons.
Fi gu r e 9- 8. Di f f r act i on Gr at i ng s

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
The di ff ract i on gr at i ng separat es t he i nput si gnal i nt o several out put beams. Except f or t he zer o-
or der beam, al l t he ot her beams ar e a separ at e wavelengt h. The zero- order beam ( n = 0) i s
si mi l ar t o t he r efl ect i on cour se, i f we repl ace t he gr at i ng wi t h a mi rr or . The fi r st - or der beam ( n =
1) i s for med as a r esult of t he const r uct i ve i nt er fer ence of refl ect i ons f rom each gr at i ng. For
const r uct i ve i nt er f er ence t o occur , t he pat h l engt h dif fer ence bet ween r ef l ect i ons fr om t he
adj acent gr at i ngs must be equal t o a mul t i pl e of wavel engt hs. There- f ore, f or t he fi r st - order
beam, t he pat h l engt h di f fer ence i s equal t o one wavel engt h; for t he second- or der beam, t he
pat h l engt h dif fer ence i s equal t o t wo wavel engt hs, and so on. Each or der beam i s an i ndi vi dual
wavel engt h t hat spect r um analy zer s use t o anal yze t he opt i cal input si gnal s.
The oper at i on of a di ff ract i on gr at i ng- based opt ical spect r um analy zer i s shown i n Fi gur e 9- 9. As
t he di ff ract i on gr at i ng r ot at es, t he anal yzer sweeps a r ange of wavel engt hs. The wavel engt h t hat
fal l s on t he phot odi ode depends on t he posi t i on of t he gr at i ngs. ( Onl y one wavelengt h passes
t hr ough t he aper t ur e at any gi ven t i me. ) Thi s t echni que al lows wi de wavel engt h cover age.
Concave mi r ror s ar e used t o f ocus t he di ff r act ed signal ont o a det ect or .
Fi gu r e 9- 9. Di f f r act i on Gr at i ng -Based Opt i cal Spect r u m ( Repr odu ced
w i t h Per mi ssi on, Cour t esy of Ag i l en t Tech nol og i es, I n c. )

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Even t hough t he basi c pr i nci pl es ar e t he same, each vendor uses uni que t echni ques t o increase
t he dy nami c r ange and sensi t i vi t y of t he spect rum anal y zers. For exampl e, Agi lent uses a uni que
wavel engt h sel ect i on scheme cal l ed doubl e pass monochr omat or t o i ncr ease t he dy nami c r ange
and sensit ivi t y . A t ypical spect r um analy zer f rom Agi l ent ( model 8614xB) i s shown in Fi gur e 9-
10.
Fi gu r e 9- 10 . Agi l en t 86 14 xB Fami l y of Opt i cal Spect r u m Anal y zer s
( Repr oduced w i t h Per mi ssi on, Cour t esy of Ag i l en t Tech nol og i es, I nc. )
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
The Opt i cal Ti me Domai n Ref l ect omet er ( OTDR) i s used t o l ocat e f aul t s i n t he opt i cal fi ber l i nks.
Wi t h an OTDR, we can al so det er mi ne t he fi ber l oss ( at t enuat i on) , f i ber l engt h, connect or l oss,
spl i ce loss, r efl ect ance, and chromat i c disper si on of t he fi ber under t est . Al l measur ement s
except chromat i c di sper si on r equir e j ust one wavel engt h, chr omat i c di spersi on needs mul t i pl e

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
wavel engt hs. To det er mi ne l oss and est i mat ed lengt h, an OTDR uses t he t echni que of
backscat t er i ng.
How OTDR Works
An event i s a t er m t hat i dent i fi es any abnor mal i t i es i n t he fi ber , i ncl udi ng cr acks, connect or s,
spl i ces, bends, and so on. An event i s anyt hi ng t hat causes loss or refl ect i on i n t he fi ber medi um
ot her t han t he f i ber i t sel f. A hi gh- power pul se is launched int o a fi ber cabl e. As l i ght t r avels,
some of t he l i ght i s absor bed and some is scat t er ed i n al l di r ect i ons. The l i ght t hat i s scat t er ed
i nt o t he di rect i on of an OTDR ( back scat t er i ng) i s used f or measurement pur poses. Di st ance i s
cal culat ed usi ng t he for mul a shown i n Equat i on 9- 1.
Equ at i on 9- 1
I n t he equat ion, T
M
i s t he t i me t aken f or t he round t r i p ( f r om t he OTDR and back) ,
0
i s t he
vel oci t y of l i ght i n a vacuum, and i s t he r efr act ive i ndex of t he cor e. At t enuat i on i s cal culat ed
by measur i ng t he i nt ensi t y of r efl ect ed l i ght .
A t ypical OTDR t r ace wi t h t he most common event s is shown i n Fi gur e 9- 11. The ver t i cal axis
r epr esent s power ( Yaxi s) , and t he hor i zont al axi s repr esent s di st ance ( X- axi s) . The OTDR
di spl ay s t he resul t s gr aphi cal l y and can di spl ay t he di st ance bet ween mul t i pl e event s.
Fi gu r e 9- 11 . OTDR Tr ace
From t he t r ace i n Fi gur e 9- 11, we can see a smal l level of at t enuat i on and st r ong r ef l ect i on at

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
t he begi nni ng and at t he end of a fi ber . A br eak in t he fi ber has a l ow ref lect ance; t her efor e, t he
t r ace dat a dr ops t o t he noi se level . Connect or s wi t hi n a l i nk cause at t enuat i on and ref lect ance; a
mechani cal spl ice has a si mi lar charact er i st i c as t hat of a connect or , but t he l oss and ref lect i vit y
ar e much less. I n a fusi on spl i ce, onl y l oss can be det ect ed. Somet i mes a spl i ce exhi bi t s a gai n,
and i n t hat case, i t is i mport ant t o t est t he fi ber f r om t he ot her side. Bends can also be i dent i f i ed
usi ng OTDR, as expl ai ned i n Chapt er 1, "I nt roduct i on t o Opt i cal Net wor king. " Macr o- bend has
hi gher at t enuat i on at hi gher wavelengt hs. Using t wo di f fer ent wavel engt hs, i t i s possi bl e t o
i solat e macr o bends. Cr acks pr oduce r efl ect ion and l oss. The l oss due t o a cr ack i s hi gh
compar ed t o t he l oss due t o connect or s, spl i ces, and bends.
OTDR f i nds appl i cat ion dur ing t he manufact ur i ng, i nst al lat ion, and mai nt enance phase. Dur i ng
i nst al l at i on, OTDR i s t ypical l y used t o per for m an end- t o- end qual i t y check, fi ber cont i nui t y
check, and li nk l oss measur ement . Dur i ng t he mai nt enance phase, OTDR i s used t o i sol at e/ l ocat e
fi ber faul t s, f aul t s due t o st ress l ocat ion, t est connect or s, mismat ches aft er r epai r , and
t r oubleshoot i ng. A t ypical OTDR fr om Agi l ent i s shown i n Fi gur e 9- 12.
Fi gu r e 9- 12 . OTDR ( Repr odu ced w i t h Per mi ssi on, Cou r t esy of Agi l en t
Techn ol ogi es, I nc. )
Polarization and Its Measurements
Pol ar izat ion and i t s impact on fi ber - opt i c t r ansmi ssi on syst em ar e expl ained i n Chapt er 2. Her e,
we expl ain how pol ar i zat i on i s cal cul at ed and what t est equi pment s ar e used t o analy ze
pol ar i zat i on. Af t er chr omat ic di sper si on is compensat ed, t he sy st em dat a r at e i n an opt i cal
syst em i s l i mi t ed by pol ar izat ion mode di sper si on ( PMD) . The pol ar i zat i on dependent loss af fect s
t he sy st em by sel ect i vel y degrading cer t ai n st at es of polar i zat i on ( SOPs) . Pol ar i zat i on dependent
l oss ( PDL) can be measured i n sever al dif fer ent way s, out of whi ch t he Jones met hod ( measur es
PDL f rom t he Jones mat r i x) and t he Mu ll er mat r i x met h od ( si mul at es a t est pat h wi t h four known
SOPs) ar e most wi del y used. A pol ar i met er i s used t o cal cul at e t he SOP of i nput l ight . ( The
out put of a pol ar i met er i s a nor mal ized St okes' par amet ers. )
Jones Vector
A sl owl y vary i ng fi el d in a vect or i zed f orm depi ct ed i s Equat i on 9- 2.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Equ at i on 9- 2
For gener al condi t i ons, E
z
( t ) i s negl i gi bl e, r esult ing i n Equat i on 9- 3.
Equ at i on 9- 3
Ther ef or e, t he el ect r i c f iel d vect or i s or t hogonal t o t he di rect i on of pr opagat i on, whi ch i n our
case is t he Z- axi s. ( Assume t he f iber t o be a cy l inder and pr opagat i on t o be in t he cent er Z-
axi s. )
The vect or { E
x
( t ) , E
y
( t ) } i s t hen known as t he Jones vect or . I t t el l s us t he i nst ant aneous st at e of
pol ar i zat i on ( SOP) . The Jones vect or i s shown i n Equat i on 9- 4.
Equ at i on 9- 4
I n t he equat ion, k i s t he power- spli t t ing r at i o bet ween E
x
and E
y
, and i s t he phase di ff er ence
bet ween E
x
and E
y
.
Stokes Vector
A f ur t her measur ement of pol ar izat ion i s f r om t he St okes vect or . The St okes vect or and t he
Jones vect or are rel at ed. The St okes vect or i s shown in Equat i on 9- 5.
Equ at i on 9- 5
Upon si mpl i f icat i on, we get Equat i on 9- 6.
Equ at i on 9- 6
We get i ndi vi dual val ues i n Equat i ons 9- 79- 10.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Equ at i on 9- 7
Equ at i on 9- 8
Equ at i on 9- 9
wher e, A
*
denot es t he compl ex conj ugat e of A.
Equ at i on 9- 1 0
Fol lowi ng i s an expl anat i on of t he subvect or s S
0
, S
1
, S
2
, and S
3
:
S
0
i s t he aver age opt i cal power .
S
1
i s t he power dif fer ence bet ween hor i zont al and ver t i cal component s.
S
2
gi ves t he angl e of pol ari zat i on.
S
3
denot es t he pref er ence for cl ockwise ( r i ght ) or count ercl ockwi se ( l eft ) pol ar izat ion.
From t he St okes vect or , we get Equat i on 9- 11.
Equ at i on 9- 1 1
wher e by ' P' i s t he degr ee of polar i zat i on. P = 1 denot es a f ul l y pol ar i zed si gnal , such t hat i t s
pol ar i zat i on st at e i s t i me invar i ant .
The r el at i onshi p t o t he Jones vect or is shown i n Equat i ons 9- 129- 14.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Equ at i on 9- 1 2
Equ at i on 9- 1 3
Equ at i on 9- 1 4
wher e
i s t he rat io of t he aver age E
x
and aver age E
y
and i s t he phase di ff er ence ( E
x
, E
y
) .
Polarization Ellipse and Poincare' Sphere
A st at e of pol ari zat i on ( SOP) for a si gnal can be geomet r i call y r epr esent ed by a pol ar i zat i on
el li pse, of el l ipt i ci t y and azimut h . The el l i pt i ci t y depi ct s t he r at i o of mi nor axi s t o maj or axi s.
I n ot her wor ds, i f i s smal l , t he el l i pse i s hi ghl y elongat ed; whi l e i f = 1, t he el l i pse i s a ci r cle.
I f i s posit ive, t he pol ar izat ion i s r i ght - SOP, and i f i s negat i ve, t he pol ar i zat i on is lef t - SOP.
The azimut h descr i bes t he polar i zat i on st at e or i ent at i on wi t h r espect t o t he x- axi s ( Fi gur e 9-
13) .
Fi gu r e 9- 13 . Pol ar i zat i on El l i p se

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
The el l i pse i s r el at ed t o t he Jones and St okes vect or s, as shown i n Equat i ons 9- 15 and 9- 16.
Equ at i on 9- 1 5
Equ at i on 9- 1 6
The el l i pse i s r el at ed t o t he St okes vect or , as shown i n Equat i ons 9- 179- 19.
Equ at i on 9- 1 7
Equ at i on 9- 1 8

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Equ at i on 9- 1 9
Poincare' Sphere
From t he t heor y of St okes vect or , we have Equat i on 9- 20.
Equ at i on 9- 2 0
Pol ar izat ion ( P) i s shown in Equat i on 9- 21.
Equ at i on 9- 2 1
P can be pl ot t ed as a poi nt i n 3D space t r aci ng out a sphere as t he boundari es of P wit h r adi us
S
0
. This sphere is cal l ed t he Poi ncare' Sph er e and is shown i n Fi gur e 9- 14. The equat or
r epr esent s l i near pol ar i zat i on, wher eas t he Nort h and Sout h Poles r epr esent r ight and l ef t
pol ar i zat i on. Poi nt s wi t hi n t he Nor t her n hemi spher e r epr esent ri ght - el l ipt i cal pol ar izat ion, and
poi nt s wi t hi n t he Sout hern hemi spher e r epresent l eft - el l i pt i cal pol ar i zat i on.
Fi gu r e 9- 14 . Poi n car e' Spher e

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
A pol ari zat i on cont r ol l er can cont r ol t he st at e of pol ar i zat i on of an opt i cal si gnal . A pol ari zat i on
cont r ol l er pr oduces al l st at es of pol ar i zat i on and covers t he ent i r e Poi ncar e spher e i n a pseudo-
r andom manner . To measur e l osses dependent on st at es of pol ar i zat i on, i t is essent i al t o have
pol ar i zat i on cont rol l er s, whi ch sy nt hesi ze t he si gnal for t he r equi r ed out put bef ore i t r eaches t he
r ecei ver . Fi gur e 9- 15 shows a concept ual set up t o measur e t he pol ar i zat i on dependent l oss of
t he devi ce under t est .
Fi gu r e 9- 15 . Pol ar i zat i on Cont r ol l er ( Repr odu ced w i t h Per mi ssi on,
Cou r t esy of Agi l ent Techn ol ogi es, I nc. )
PDL and PMD Measurement

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Pol ar izat ion dependent l oss can be def i ned as t he di f fer ence in t he maxi mum and mi nimum
vari at i on i n l oss ( t ransmi ssion/ i nser t i on) of an opt i cal devi ce over al l st at es of pol ar i zat i on ( SOP)
and i s expr essed i n dB.
A t ypical PDL for an opt i cal connect or i s less t han . 05 dB and vari es f rom component t o
component . The compl et e pol ar izat ion char act eri zat i on of opt i cal si gnal s and component s can be
accompli shed usi ng a polar i zat i on anal y zer .
Chromat i c disper si on can be measur ed usi ng opt ical di sper si on anal yzer s. Moder n anal yzer s can
si mul t aneousl y measur e chr omat i c di sper si on, pol ar izat ion mode di sper si on and pol ar izat ion
dependent l oss. The Agil ent 86038A Opt ical Di sper si on Analy zer ( ODA) ( shown i n Fi gur e 9- 16)
can si mul t aneousl y measure CD, PMD, gr oup del ay , i nsert ion l oss, and PDL wi t h a si ngl e
connect i on.
Fi gu r e 9- 16 . Agi l en t 86 03 8A Can Be Used t o Measur e CD, PMD, PDL,
Gr ou p Del ay , an d I n ser t i on Loss ( Repr odu ced w i t h Per mi ssi on ,
Cou r t esy of Agi l ent Techn ol ogi es, I nc. )

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Characterization of a WDM Multiplexer/Demultiplexer
and Optical Add/Drop Unit
The mai n t erms t hat descr i be t he perf or mance of opt i cal passi ve component s ar e di scussed here.
The measur ement s of t hese par amet er s ar e i mport ant t o eval uat e t ot al end- t o- end syst em or
net wor k per for mance:
Nomi n al w avel eng t h Thi s i s t he wavel engt h for whi ch t he sy st em i s designed t o
oper at e. DWDM sy st ems have mor e t han one nomi nal oper at i ng wavel engt h. Channel
spaci ng det ermi nes t he wavel engt h spaci ng of t he nomi nal wavel engt h( s) . ( The I TU
pr oposed st andar d is fol l owed. )
Peak w avel eng t h Thi s i s t he wavel engt h measur e at t he out put of an opt i cal devi ce wi t h
t he mi nimum l oss bet ween t he i nput and out put ( ref er t o Fi gur e 9- 17) .
Fi gu r e 9- 17 . ( a) Peak Wav el en gt h ( b) Pass Ban d
Mean cent er w av el engt h Thi s i s t he mean val ue of t he wavelengt h measur ed at t he
edges of t he band. ( Band edges ar e t he wavel engt hs bel ow 1 dB peak. ) I n i deal cases,
nomi nal wavel engt h and mean cent er wavel engt h shoul d be t he same.
Bandw i d t h ( BW) Thi s i s t he wi dt h of a fi l t er at a specif i ed l evel bel ow t he maxi mum
peak.
Passband Thi s i s t he r efer ence poi nt upon whi ch measur ement s ar e t aken. I t r efer s t o
t he useable operat ing bandwi dt h and is alway s i n r ef er ence t o I TU- def ined wavel engt hs. I f
a passband i s expr essed as P, t hen t he passband i s mean cent r al wavel engt h + P and mean
cent r al wavel engt h - P ( r efer t o Fi gur e 9- 17b) .
Passband sh ape Thi s i s t he shape of t he spect r al r esponse wi t hi n t he passband. Fl at
r esponse, Gaussi an r esponse, and Lor ent zi an response ar e t he t hr ee most commonly
known response t y pes.
I nser t i on Loss Thi s i s t he di ff er ence i n power at t he i nput and t he out put of t he devi ce
under t est . I t i s usuall y expr essed i n deci bels. ( Thi s i s per channel l oss on a DWDM
syst em. )

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Cr oss- t al k Thi s speci f ies how much power i s r eceived fr om t he adj acent channel s ( bot h
l eft and ri ght channel s) . I t i s t he worst - case di f fer ence bet ween t he mi ni mum i nband power
of t he channel under t est i nt o an adj acent channel passband and t he maxi mum i nser t i on
l oss wit hi n t he passband of t he channel under t est .
Ret ur n l oss Thi s r ef er s t o t he por t i on of t he or i gi nal i nput power t hat i s r ef l ect ed back. I t
i s t he rat io of t he i nci dent power and t he r ef l ect ed power and can al so depend on t he
wavel engt h.
PDL Thi s i s t he di ff er ence i n t he maximum and mi ni mum var iat ion i n l oss
( t r ansmi ssi on/ i nser t i on) of an opt i cal devi ce over all SOPs and i s expr essed i n deci bels. PDL
adds t o t he i nsert i on l oss and cross- t al k of t he devi ce.
Best - and w or st - case l oss I f we consi der al l t he pr evi ousl y def ined paramet ers, t here
wi l l be a combi nat i on of wavel engt h and st at e of pol ar i zat i on, wher e t he l oss of t he devi ce
under t est r eaches i t s maxi mum and mi ni mum. Thi s maxi ma and mi ni ma repr esent s t he
best and wor st case l osses.
Passive Component Testing
A passi ve component ser ves i n many dif fer ent f unct i ons ei t her as st andal one or as bui ldi ng bl ock
for complex st r uct ur es i n an opt i cal net work. WDM net wor ks r equi r e passi ve component s t o
coupl e and decoupl e channel s. The pr opert i es of i nt er est i n passi ve component t est i ng ar e
i nsert i on l oss, passt hr ough l oss, fl at ness, r ej ect i on, and wavel engt h dependence. Fol l owing is
t he equi pment t hat can be used f or passive WDM t est i ng:
Tunabl e l aser s
Br oadband l i ght sour ce/ ASE sour ce
Power met er or opt i cal mul t i met er
Opt i cal spect r um anal yzer
Pol ar izat ion cont r ol l er
Pol ar izat ion analyzer
Di f ferent combi nat i ons of equi pment can be used t o perf or m var i et i es of t est s dependi ng on t he
r equi r ement s. Fi gur e 9- 18 shows a t y pi cal sol ut i on for t est i ng a DWDM mul t i pl exer , whi ch
r equi r es mul t ipl e channel charact er izat ion. Tunabl e l aser s ar e capabl e of cont inuousl y t uni ng at
vari ous sweep speeds; power met er s ar e used t o r ecor d t he power l evel s. Pol ar i zat i on cont rol s
ar e used al ong wi t h pol ar i zat i on anal yzer s i f PDL measurement s ar e r equi r ed. A broadband
sour ce wit h l ow spont aneous emi ssi on can be used i nst ead of t unabl e l aser s i n t hi s t est case.
Fi gu r e 9- 18 . Test i n g WDM Mu x

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
EDFA Testing
To qual i fy an EDFA or any ot her opt i cal ampl i f ier , i t is import ant t o know how well i t per for ms as
a boost er ampl if i er ( hi gh power ) or as a pr eampl i fi er ( l ow noi se) . St andar d t est s i ncl ude t he
fol l owi ng measurement s:
Out put ver ses input power
NF ver ses i nput power
Si gnal gai n ver ses wavel engt h
Ampl i fi er t est s al so show when t he sat urat ion begins and whi ch wavel engt hs are best ampl i fi ed
usi ng a par t i cular EDFA. Apar t fr om t hi s, we need t o measur e gai n f lat ness, power t i l t , and
OSNR values in mul t i wavel engt h appl i cat ions. Di ff erent noi se fi gur e ( NF) measurement
t echni ques are i nt roduced, each havi ng i t s own advant age. The most common pr ocedures used
t oday are int er polat ed sour ce subt r act i on ( I SS) and t i me- domai n ext inct ion ( TDE) .
Interpolated Source Subtraction (ISS)
To accur at el y det ermi ne t he NF, we measure t he ASE l evel at each wavel engt h. I t i s i mpossi bl e
t o measur e t he ASE l evel di rect l y . I n i nt er pol at i on, we det ermi ne t he ASE of t he ampli f i er by
measuri ng t he t ot al spont aneous emi ssi on at a wavel engt h j ust above and j ust bel ow each si gnal
( ASE- and ASE+ , as in Fi gur e 9- 19) , and t hen i nt er pol at i ng t o det er mi ne t he l evel at each
wavel engt h. A t wo- poi nt l inear int erpol at ion was used pr evi ousl y f or measur ement pur poses. We
can use four- poi nt quadr at i c i nt er pol at i on or cur ve- f i t t i ng al gor i t hms f or gr eat er accur acy . The
I SS met hod i s used t o t est or char act eri ze t he ampl i fi er s i n di ff er ent WDM appl i cat i ons ( see
Fi gur e 9- 19) .
Fi gu r e 9- 19 . ASE I n t er pol at i on ( Repr odu ced w i t h Per mi ssi on , Cou r t esy
of Agi l en t Tech nol og i es, I n c. )

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Time Domain Extinction
The ASE power l evel of EDFAs does not change i mmedi at el y when t he i nput si gnal i s t urned of f.
The t ime domain ext inct ion met hod uses t hi s char act eri st i c t o measur e t he ASE of any
wavel engt h. Duri ng t he measurement s, t he i nput signal i s modul at ed on an ON/ OFF ( ext er nal or
di r ect modul at i on) scheme at a fr equency of 25 KHz or hi gher . The ASE change dur ing t he
modul at i on i s kept const ant , as shown i n Fi gur e 9- 20.
Fi gu r e 9- 20 . Ti mi ng Di ag r am ( Rep r od uced wi t h Per mi ssi on , Cou r t esy of
Ag i l en t Tech nol og i es, I n c. )
The OSA i s t hen gat ed t o pr oduce measurement in bot h si gnal- off and si gnal - on condi t i ons. The
si gnal - of f spect r um al l ows t he di r ect det ermi nat i on of ASE. Fi gur e 9- 21 shows t he si gnal - of f and
si gnal - on condi t i ons. Thi s i s an accur at e met hod f or measur i ng t he NF of EDFA ampli f i er s. Thi s
t echni que wi ll not wor k wi t h SOA and Raman ampl if i er s.
Fi gu r e 9- 21 . EDFA Sp ect r um ( Si g nal - On an d Si gn al - Of f Condi t i on s)

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
To t est an opt i cal ampl i fi er used i n a WDM sy st em, we need t he fol l owing t est equi pment :
A t unable laser ( shoul d have a wide t unabi l i t y) or mul t i pl e l aser sour ces
A br oadband l i ght sour ce and ASE sour ce
A pol ari zat i on cont r ol l er
An opt i cal spect rum anal y zer
An opt i cal at t enuat or
A t ypical t est set up i s shown i n Fi gur e 9- 22.
Fi gu r e 9- 22 . Test Set u p t o Test Opt i cal Ampl i f i er i n a WDM Appl i cat i on
( Repr oduced w i t h Per mi ssi on, Cour t esy of Ag i l en t Tech nol og i es, I nc. )

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
The l aser sour ces ar e used as i nput channel t o t he opt i cal ampl if i er under t est . The l aser sour ces
can be DFB l asers or t unabl e l aser s ( DBR) . The var i abl e at t enuat or s var y t he power f or di ff erent
i nput power sel ect i ons, and t he pol ar i zat i on cont r oll er s r andomi ze t he st at e of t he pol ari zat i on.
The OSA di spl ay s t he resul t in a gr aphi cal f or m.
Noise Gain Profile
A f ast er and al t er nat ive met hod t o charact er i ze t he gai n shape i s t o use noi se sour ce i n
combi nat i on wit h t he TDE t echni que, as shown in Fi gur e 9- 23. When t he signal f r om t he t unable
l aser r eaches sat ur at i on, t he EELED pr obes t he ampl i fi er wi t h a br oadband signal . Fi gur e 9- 23
shows Tr ace B and t he LED l ead si mul at i on of t he EDFA out put spect r um. When t he LED r emai ns
off , t he OSA measur es onl y t he ASE ( see Tr ace C) . NF can be cal cul at ed as t he di f fer ence
bet ween Tr ace B and Tr ace C di vided by Trace A, whi ch i s t he LED spect r um when t he l aser i s off
and t he LED i s on.
Fi gu r e 9- 23 . Noi se Gai n Measu r ed at Ampl i f i er Out put

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gu r e 9- 24 . Set up f or Noi se Gai n Pr of i l e Measu r ement s ( Repr oduced
w i t h Per mi ssi on, Cour t esy of Ag i l en t Tech nol og i es, I n c. )

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Optical Waveform Analysis
An ey e pat t ern t echni que i s used t o anal y ze si gnal s and ver if y t hat t he si gnal s have enough
quali t y t o suppor t t he communi cat i on sy st em. Thi s met hod has l ong been used i n digi t al copper
t r ansmi ssi on sy st ems t o evaluat e per for mance. The same t echni que i s used now i n opt i cal
syst ems t o anal yze t he eff ect s of wavefor m i n fi ber - opt i c t ransmi ssion sy st ems.
The ey e di agr am measur ement s are done i n a t ime domai n and displ ay ed on an osci l l oscope
( sampl i ng osci l l oscope) . The eye pat t ern i s const r uct ed by super i mposing t he var ious bi t
sequences on t op of each ot her. Consi der al l ei ght possi bl e combi nat i ons of 3- bi t sequences:
000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, and 111 ( see Fi gur e 9- 25) . I f we super i mpose al l t he
combi nat i ons and di spl ay t hem on an osci l l oscope, we get an eye di agr am or ey e pat t er n, as
shown i n Fi gur e 9- 25. An eye pat t er n gi ves us infor mat i on about t he si gnal di st or t i on, pul se ri se
t i me, and j i t t er , and al so hel ps us cal cul at e ext i nct i on r at i o, Q fact or , and l aser chi rp.
Fi gu r e 9- 25 . For mat i on of Eye Di agr am
An ey e diagr am shows a r el at i ve per f ormance of t he si gnal . The hor i zont al and ver t i cal openi ngs
of t he ey e pr ovi de val uabl e i nf or mat ion about t he abi l i t y of t he r eceiver t o det ect a 1 bi t and a 0
bi t cor r ect ly . Fi gur e 9- 26 shows t he char act eri st i cs of t he ey e di agr am. The ver t i cal eye openin g

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
( hei ght ) shows t he abi l i t y t o di st i ngui sh bet ween a 1 and 0 bit , and t he wi dt h or t he hori zont al
openi ng gives t he t i me peri od over whi ch t he si gnal can be sampl ed wi t hout any err or s.
Fi gu r e 9- 26 . Ey e Pat t er n of Opt i cal Si gnal as Vi ewed Usi ng Sampl i ng
Osci l l oscope
For a good t ransmi ssion sy st em, t he ey e opening shoul d be as wi de and open as possi bl e. The
eye di agr am al so di spl ay s i nf ormat i on such as maxi mum si gnal volt age, r ise and decay t i me of
pulse, and so on.
The ex t in ct i on r at io ( rat i o of a 1 si gnal level t o a 0 si gnal l evel ) and Q fact or ( rat i o of peak- t o-
peak si gnal st rengt h t o t ot al noi se i n el ect r i cal domai n) ar e al so calcul at ed fr om ey e di agr ams.
To det er mi ne whet her a t r ansmit t er is confor mi ng t o t he st andar ds and i s capabl e of er ror - f ree
t r ansmi ssi ons, t he ey e diagr am i s t est ed for cor r ect shape ( ey e mask t est ) and pr oper ext i nct i on
r at i o.
A basi c set up f or measur i ng an eye pat t ern i s shown i n Fi gur e 9- 27. Because dat a i s r andom i n
nat ur e, t he best appr oach i s t o gener at e a r andom sequence of dat a. A pseudo- random binar y
sequence ( PRBS) gener at or i s used t o gener at e dat a for t est pur poses. A PRBS can generat e
dat a pat t er ns of 2
N
x 1, wher e N can be any i nt eger . Ty pi cal val ues of N can be 7, 9, 13, and 31.
Aft er t he l i mit i s r eached, t he dat a sequence r epeat s.
Fi gu r e 9- 27 . Ty pi cal Set u p f or Vi ewi ng Eye Pat t er n

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
A t ypical set up f or measur i ng eye pat t er n i s shown i n Fi gur e 9- 27. I n t hi s set up, t he met hod of
t r i gger i ng an anal yzer has an i mpact on how t he dat a wi l l be display ed. The i deal approach i s t o
use t he clock si gnal t hat i s synchroni zed wi t h dat a. Dat a can be used as a t ri gger i f t hi s cl ock
si gnal is unavai l abl e. Dur i ng t he j i t t er measurement s, t r i gger i ng usi ng t he cl ock sour ce i s mor e
accur at e t han usi ng dat a. Ji t t er i s t he var i at i on in t he l ocat i on i n t he t i me of t he r isi ng and f al li ng
edge of t he si gnal . I n t he ey e di agram, t hi s i s shown as t he t hi ckness ( spr ead) of t he crossi ng
poi nt . ( I n t he phot oni c l ay er , j i t t er accumul at i on i s not a pr i mary ver if i cat ion paramet er as
compar ed t o t he SONET/ SDH and Gi gabi t [ Lay er 2] ver i fi cat i ons.)
To measur e opt i cal si gnal s and t o displ ay t he eye di agr am, an opt i cal- t o- el ect r ical conver si on i s
needed. Such a devi ce i s used t o emul at e t he ef fect of an opt i cal osci ll oscope. Because t he
anal y sis is done i n a wi de r ange of f r equencies, t he fr equency r esponse of t he i nst r ument used t o
anal y ze t hi s is import ant . A reasonabl e combi nat i on of f requency , bandwi dt h, and noi se
char act er i st i cs are essent i al for accur at e di splay of opt i cal signal s i n an osci l loscope.
Extinction Ratio
The ext i nct i on rat i o i s der ived fr om eye pat t er n measur ement . Ex t i nct ion r at i o i s t he r at i o of a 1
si gnal level ( power) t o a 0 signal l evel ( see Equat i on 9- 22) .
Equ at i on 9- 2 2
I n t he equat ion, v
1
i s t he mean of a 1 si gnal l evel , and v
2
i s t he mean of a 0 si gnal l evel .
Eye Mask Testing
I t i s di ff icul t t o measur e a numer i cal val ue t hat can descr i be t he openness of t he ey e di agram. A
pr ocess cal l ed eye- m ask t est i ng i s used i nst ead t o t est t he openness of t he ey e. An eye mask i s a
col lect i on of pol ygons t hat r epr esent s wher e t he eye wavefor m cannot exi st ( see Fi gur e 9- 28) .
An ey e mask consi st s of one pol y gon i n t he cent er of t he ey e, one pol ygon above, and one
pol y gon bel ow. The ey e di agr am i s not al l owed t o cr oss t he pol y gons or i nt er sect t hem. A
mi ni mum accept abl e openi ng i s def i ned by t he shape and si ze of t he pol ygon in t he middl e.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gu r e 9- 28 . Pol y gons i n Eye Maski ng
To ensure st andar d r esul t s, i n addi t i on t o def i ni ng t he shape of t he ey e mask, t he measur ement
syst em al so speci fi es t he f r equency r esponse of t he measurement channel . Thi s i s done by
defi ning a r eference r ecei ver t hat consi st s of a phot odet ect or f ol l owed by a l ow- pass fi l t er . The
out put of t he combi ned el ement i s f our t h- or der Bessel - Thomason fr equency r esponse, whi ch i s a
cl ose appr oximat i on of t he r esponse of a Gaussian f i lt er . ( Gaussi an r esponse yi el ds mi ni mum
di st or t i on of t he wavef or m. ) A communi cat i on anal yzer f rom Agi l ent i s show i n Fi gur e 9- 29. I t
can be used for ey e mask anal ysi s and ey e pat t er n t est i ng.
Fi gu r e 9- 29 . Di gi t al Commun i cat i on An al yzer ( Repr oduced w i t h
Per mi ssi on , Cou r t esy of Agi l ent Techn ol ogi es, I nc. )
BER Measurement
I n a di git al t r ansmissi on sy st em, t he most f undament al per for mance measur e i s t o anal y ze t he
pr obabi li t y of a bi t t hat i s not t r ansmi t t ed corr ect l y ( err or ) . The pr obabi l i t y i s measured usi ng
BER t est er or BERT. BER i s defi ned as t he number of bit s r eceived in er ror di vided by t he number
of bi t s t ransf err ed ( see Equat i on 9- 23) .
Equ at i on 9- 2 3
A BERT consi st s of a pat t er n gener at or and an er r or det ect or ci r cui t ( see Fi gur e 9- 30) . The

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
pat t er n gener at or gener at es random pat t erns by usi ng a PRBS generat or . I t i s i mpor t ant t o use
speci f i c known pat t erns so t hat t he pat t er n generat or can easi ly ver if y whet her t he device under
t est cor rect l y t r anspor t s t he dat a. The pat t er n gener at or al so pr ovi des cont r ol over t est si gnal
char act er i st i cs such as wavefor m ampl i t ude and shape.
Fi gu r e 9- 30 . BER Test Sy st em ( Repr oduced w i t h Per mi ssi on, Cour t esy
of Agi l en t Tech nol og i es, I n c. )
The er r or- det ect i on cir cui t ver i fi es t hat each bi t sent t hrough t he devi ce under t est has been
corr ect l y r eceived. The err or det ect or and t he signal pat t ern ar e sy nchr oni zed and compar ed bi t
for bi t . Whenever t her e i s a di scr epancy , an er r or i s count ed. Ther ef or e, BER is det er mi ned fr om
t he number of bit s found in er ror and t he t ot al number of bi t s ver i f ied.
BER r esult s i ndi cat e t he perf or mance of t he sy st em, but t hey do not provi de r easons f or t he
err or s or f or poor perf or mance. We can use sever al t echni ques for root cause anal y si s. For
exampl e, i f many er r ors are f ound, we can check whet her t he er ror s ar e al l because of 0 bi t or 1.
We can al so observe whet her t he err or s r epeat i n an int erval , such as a si ngle er r or af t er every
100 bi t s.
Today , opt i cal communicat i on speci f ies BER t o be 10
-12
or l ower . To be conf ident , i t is necessary
t o col l ect 1000 or mor e er r or s t o see i f t he bi t er ror rat io per for mance i s achi eved ( epoch
condi t i on) . At an er ror rat io of 10
-12
and a dat a r at e of 1 Gbps, i t wi l l t ake 11 and a hal f day s t o
col lect 1000 er ror s. Even if we i ncr ease t he dat a r at e and r educe t he number of er r ors col l ect ed,
i t wi l l t ake hour s t o compl et e t he measur ement s.
Ther e ar e ot her t echni ques t hat ar e used t o det ermi ne t he BER i n a r educed t ime. One t echni que
i s t o st r ess t he si gnal bei ng t est ed, and anot her t echni que i s t o adj ust t he t hreshol d of t he er ror
det ect or t o noni deal l evel s. One way t o st r ess a si gnal is t o at t enuat e pr i or t o r eachi ng t he
syst em. Here, t he BER i s ar t i fi ci all y i ncr eased by at t enuat i ng t he si gnal and dimi ni shi ng t he
abi l i t y t o di st i nguish a 1 bi t fr om a 0 bi t . We can pl ot a graph by measuri ng t he BER at var i ous
l evel s of at t enuat ion.
The BER incr eases ar t i f ici al l y i f t he er ror det ect or - sampl i ng t hr eshol d i s changed ( i ncreased or
decreased) f r om t he ideal val ue. We per for m t his t ype of BER anal y si s at t he t est r eceiver i nput .
Thi s i s t he val uat i on of t he si gnal qual i t y and i s cal l ed t he Q fact or measurement . The BER
measurement s ar e made above and below t he i deal sampl i ng t hreshol d. For each BER resul t , t he
Q val ue i s cal cul at ed and pl ot t ed ( BER vs. Q) . A t ypi cal BERT i s shown i n Fi gur e 9- 31 wi t h
cour t esy f r om Agi l ent t echnol ogi es, I nc.
Fi gu r e 9- 31 . Er r or Per f or mance An al yzer ( Repr oduced wi t h Per mi ssi on,
Cou r t esy of Agi l ent Techn ol ogi es, I nc. )

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Complete WDM End-to-End Testing
A compl et e poi nt - t o- poi nt DWDM sy st em t hat incl udes t he t ransport unit s,
mul t i pl exer / demul t i pl exer , EDFA, and cabl es i s shown i n Fi gur e 9- 32. The t est i ng of t hi s syst em
ensur es t hat t he whole sy st em works and conf or ms wit h mar gi n r equi rement s ( based on sy st em
desi gn par amet er s) bef ore i t can car r y l i ve t r af fi c. The depl oyment of t he sy st em is usual l y
st age- by - st age; i n ot her wor ds, t he WDM syst em i s never full y l oaded i ni t i al l y; r at her , channel s
ar e added accor ding t o t he requi rement .
Fi gu r e 9- 32 . WDM End -t o-En d Test i n g
WDM Link Acceptance Testing
Opt i cal spect r um anal yzer s ar e empl oyed t o analy ze each wavel engt h t hat i s used i n t he sy st em.
A power met er can also be used in t hi s case, dependi ng on t he l evel of analy si s. A bi t anal y zer i s
used t o anal y ze er ror s i n t he sy st em.
WDM Provisioning Test
The f ol l owing pr ocedure si mul at es t he pr ovi si oni ng exer cise t o ver i fy whet her t he sy st em is
behavi ng accor di ng t o t he speci fi cat i ons:
Add a channel .
Check t o ensur e t hat al l exi st i ng channel s i ndi cat ed zero err or s when t he channel was
added.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Measur e t he t il t , power l evel, and OSNR usi ng an OSA as each channel i s conf i gur ed.
Repeat t hi s pr ocess unt i l al l wavel engt hs are oper at i onal.
WDM Stress Test
The f ol l owing pr ocedure si mul at es t he WDM st ress t est t o ver i fy whet her t he syst em i s behavi ng
accor ding t o t he speci fi cat i ons:
St ar t t he BER t est .
Check t he power, t i lt , and OSNR usi ng t he OSA.
Check t he BER per for mance
Repeat unt i l t he syst em mar gi ns have been veri f ied ( BER vs. OSNR) .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Summary
I n t hi s chapt er , we out l ined t he need f or t est ing and t he met hods t o measur e di ff erent
par amet er s i n a gener i c opt i cal net work. The maj or i ssues such as at t enuat i on, power
measurement s, di sper si on, PMD measur ement s, and BER wer e ext ensi vely di scussed i n t hi s
chapt er .
Thi s chapt er al so showcased WDM end- t o- end t est i ng. We di scussed WDM component t est i ng for
bot h passi ve and act ive component s. We al so explai ned t est i ng met hodol ogi es, t he under ly i ng
t heor i es, and t he t echnol ogi es i nvol ved. Speci al at t ent i on was pai d t o disper sion measur ement
usi ng a Poi ncar e' spher e because di spersi on i s a big hur dl e i n depl oyment of hi gh bi t r at e ( 10
Gbps and bey ond) l ong- haul ( 1000 km and beyond) WDM t ransmi ssi on l i nks.
The basis of all consi der at i ons is t he st andard f rom I TU- G. 692, which defi nes t est i ng and
measuri ng benchmar k paramet ers. Much of t he equi pment used f or t est s and measurement s
comes f r om Agi l ent , who hel ped us pr epar e f or t he t est scenar i os. Most of t he i nst rument s ar e
gener i c, but for bet t er under st anding, we wor ked cl osel y wi t h Agi l ent t o pr ovi de mor e of t he
det ai l s. Emphasi s was gi ven t o opt i cal spect r um anal yzer s ( OSAs) and power met er s, whi ch ar e
essent i al f or measurement s i n WDM net wor ks.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
References
1
Pool e, C. D. , J. H. Wi nt er s, and J. A. Nagel . " Dy nami cal Equat i on for Pol ar i zat i on Di sper si on. "
Op t ics Let t er s. Vol . 16, No 6. Mar ch 1991.
2
Agi l ent Technologi es. "Measur i ng Ext i nct i on Rat i o of Opt i cal Tr ansmit t er s. " Appl icat i on not e
1550- 8.
3
Agi l ent Technologi es. "Li ght wave Test and Measur ement . " 2002 Cat al og.
4
Agi l ent Technologi es. "Opt i cal Spect rum Anal y zer. " Appl i cat i on not e 1550- 8.
5
www.agi lent .com/ comms/ l i ght wave.
6
Agi l ent Technologi es. "Fr equency Agi l e Ji t t er Measur ement s Syst em." Appli cat i on not e 1267.
7
Agi l ent Technologi es. "EDFA Test ing wi t h t he I nt erpol at i on Techni que." Pr oduct not e 71452- 1.
8
Agi l ent Technologi es. "8614xB Opt i cal Spect r um Anal yzer Fami ly . " Techni cal speci fi cat i ons.
9
Agi l ent Technologi es. "Measur i ng Ext i nct i on Rat i o of Opt i cal Tr ansmit t er s. " Appl icat i on not e
1550- 8.
10
Agi l ent Technologi es. "Opt i cal Spect rum Anal y sis. " Appl i cat ion not e 1550- 4.
11
Agi l ent Technologi es. "86100B Wide- Bandwi dt h Osci ll oscope." Techni cal speci f i cat i ons.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Chapter 10. Simulations of WDM Systems
Thi s chapt er di scusses t he basic aspect s of si mul at i on i n WDM net wor ks. I t i s i nt ended t o add
pr act i cal i mpet us t o t he t heor i es explai ned i n t he r est of t he t ext . Much of t hi s chapt er f ocuses on
r unni ng si mul at i on set ups and exer ci ses based on VPI soft war e. Many of t he desi gn cases i n
Chapt er 4, "WDM Net wor k Design - 1" and Chapt er 5, "WDM Net wor k Design - 2, " ar e gener i call y
si mul at ed i n t hi s chapt er . The aut hors woul d l i ke t o t hank El i zabet h P. Mor gan ( VPI phot oni cs) for
coordi nat i ng t hi s pr oj ect . Special t hanks t o Ar t hur Lowery ( for aut hor i ng t he body of t his
chapt er ) and Pet er Wi l dhagen ( for cr eat ing t he si mul at i on demos) , bot h fr om VPI phot oni cs.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Need for Simulation
When a net wor k desi gn i s sket ched- out f or t he fi r st t i me, many i ssues mi ght r equi r e f ur t her
opt i mi zat i on. One of t he most i mpor t ant t ool s for desi gni ng and opt i mi zi ng net wor ks i s
si mul at ion. Si mul at i on uses int er connect ed mat hemat i cal model s of component s t o predi ct t he
per for mance of a sy st em as a whole. By i ncor por at i ng a si mul at i on wi t hi n an opt i mi zat i on l oop,
t he sy st em' s per for mance can be opt i mi zed f or a par t i cul ar scenar i o. Thi s may mean r educing
CapEx, or desi gni ng t o meet fut ur e upgr ades wit hout maj or r econfi gur at ion of t he net wor k.
The si mul at i on of opt i cal f iber li nks has onl y become commonpl ace over t he past fi ve year s
1
.
Thi s i s part ly because resear cher s, who cal cul at ed conser vat i ve desi gn rul es t hat guar ant eed t he
oper at i on of a syst em i n a wel l - defi ned set of ci r cumst ances, i nit ial l y developed many
commer ci al sy st ems. I n addit ion, a si ngle manuf act urer suppl i ed t he whol e l i nkfr om
t r ansmi t t er , t hr ough f iber , t o r ecei ver t o guar ant ee per f ormance t hr ough t hor ough t est i ng. Of
cour se, si mul at i ons of per f ormance have been per for med t o desi gn speci al i zed l i nks, such as
submar i ne sy st ems, for far l onger. These sy st ems wer e cost l y t o pr ot ot y pe and operat ed as st at e
of t he art ; savi ng desi gn eff ort and l oweri ng r i sk by si mul at i ons was wel l wor t h t he eff or t .
Wi t h t he advent of WDM syst ems, manuf act ur er s began usi ng commer ci al si mul at i on t ool s t o
devel op new product s, t o exchange det ai l s of component s and sy st ems el ect r oni cal l y, and t o
make pr oposal s t o ser vi ce pr ovi ders. This boost i n t he commerci al t ool mar ket was i ni t i al l y
dr i ven by t he nonl inear i t y of opt i cal fi ber s
2
, whi ch, alt hough smal l , causes si gni fi cant cr oss- t alk
al ong a l ong- haul l i nk, wher e opt i cal ampl i fi er s keep t he power l evel s high.
However , as t he perf or mance of sy st ems incr eased and a need ar ose t o r educe cost s par t i cul ar l y
for access sy st ems, many new pr oblems coul d be i dent i f i ed and sol ved usi ng si mulat ion. For
exampl e, i ncr eased channel densit i es ( cl oser spaci ng of WDM channels) requi red opt i cal
demul t i pl exer s wi t h wel l - def ined ampl i t ude and phase charact er ist i cs, advanced modul at i on
t echni ques, and opt i cal channel - moni t or i ng schemes. Fi gur e 10- 1 i l l ust r at es some of t he
t echnol ogi es t hat can be opt imi zed by si mul at ion wi t h a sy st em.
Fi gu r e 10 -1 . Si mu l at i on Techn ol ogi es

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Thi s chapt er shows how pr act i cal WDM sy st ems can be desi gned usi ng comput er si mul at i on. I t
al so i nt r oduces t he design sof t war e fr om VPI phot oni cs pr ovided wi t h t hi s book. The ver si on
pr ovi ded i s a st andal one t ool t hat i s, i t does not i ncl ude t he proj ect and dat a management
feat ures of t he VPI 's Desi gn and Depl oy ment Cent er . The commerci al r el ease can be obt ained by
cont act i ng sal es@VPI phot oni cs. com.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Inside the CD-ROM in This Book
VPI phot oni cs has cr eat ed appl i cat i ons demos f or i t s WDM sy st ems si mul at or ,
VPI t r ansmi ssi onMaker WDM, t o go wi t h t his book. These cover met ro r ing and l ong- haul desi gn
i ssues. A br i ef descri pt i on of each demo i s pr ovided i n t he Case St udi es sect i on of t hi s chapt er.
However , t he best way t o under st and t hese appl i cat i ons i s t o r un t hem and expl or e t he r esul t s
and par amet er set t i ngs.
The demos can be r un by fi r st i nst al l i ng VPI t ransmi ssionMaker WDM. Fir st , compl et e t he suppl i ed
End User Li cense Agr eement and f ax t hi s t o t he U. S. headquar t er s of VPI phot onics. Af t er you
r ecei ve confi r mat ion f rom VPI , i nst al l t he sof t ware and e- mai l y our l icense appli cat i on fi l e t o
CI SCOwdmDemo@VPI phot oni cs. com. The VPI t eam wi l l send y ou a 30- day demo l i cense f il e.
Not e t hat t he soft war e r equi r es t he f oll owi ng: Wi ndows XP, Mi cr osof t NT 4. 0 wit h Ser vi ce Pack
6a, or Mi crosof t Wi ndows 2000 wi t h Ser vi ce Pack 2; at l east 300 MB of hard di sk space and 256
MB of RAM and an i nst al l ed and confi gured TCP/ I P Prot ocol . On comput er s wi t hout a net wor k
card, y ou must i nst al l Mi cr osof t Loop Back Adapt or or Di al up Net wor ki ng fi r st .
Aft er VPI t r ansmi ssi onMaker WDM has been i nst al l ed and st ar t ed, y ou can i mpor t t he speci fi c
demos descr i bed i n t he Case St udi es sect i on. These r esi de i n a CI SCO WDM Demos fol der on t he
CD- ROM. You need t o use Fi l e > I mpor t .. . t o sel ect one of t hese demos. Aft er t he demo' s
schemat i c appears, pr ess t he Gr een - man and t hen OK i n t he Submi t Simul at i on j ob wi ndow t o
r un t he demo.
VPI t r ansmi ssi onMaker al so i ncludes mor e t han 200 st andar d demos showi ng how t o si mul at e
and char act er i ze devi ces, ampl i fi er s, and syst ems. These ar e avai l abl e f rom t he Demos t ab pane
at t he t op l eft of t he GUI . You can open a demo by doubl e- cl icki ng on it . The GUI User ' s Manual
pr ovi des det ai l ed i nst r uct i ons on how t o cr eat e y our own simul at i ons i n i t s " Get t i ng St ar t ed"
chapt er .
NOTE
The encl osed soft war e, VPI t r ansmissi onMaker, shows j ust some of VPI phot oni cs'
capabi l i t i es i n desi gning for t he phy si cal l ayer . VPI provi des t ool s cover i ng al l aspect s
of opt i mi zat i on and economi c desi gn of net wor ks, and speci fi c t ool s for act i ve
component s and opt i cal ampl i fi ers.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Standalone Versus Collaborative Design Tools
St andal one phot oni c comput er - ai ded desi gn t ool s cannot suppor t t he management of desi gn
dat a among t he many complement ar y- ski l led engi neer s necessary t o desi gn a compl ex sy st em.
Ther ef or e, regar dl ess of t he best ef for t s of t he i ndivi dual who is using t he t ool , t he over al l desi gn
wi l l be subopt i mal . For t hi s r eason, a desi gn envi r onment needs t o be capabl e of t he f ol l owi ng
t asks:
Or ganizing pr oj ect t asks i nt o wor k packages
Assi gni ng t eams t o t he t asks and al lowi ng t eam members t o check out and check i n wor k
packages ( wi t h not i fi cat i on t o ot her t eam member s)
Li nki ng component designs t o syst ems designs f or aut omat i c updat i ng of a syst ems desi gn
( al ways st at e- of - t he- ar t , i f r equi r ed)
Pr ovi ding a wi de r ange of t empl at es for component char act er i zat i on, sy st ems desi gn, and
syst ems t est ing
Al l owing every st age of a desi gn t o be r evi sit ed and al l owi ng i mport ant deci si ons t o be
document ed al ong wit h t he desi gn st age
Capt ur i ng al l r esul t s, document at i on, and speci fi cat i ons t hat ar e associ at ed wit h a design
VPI provi des a set of sof t ware and l if ecy cle management t ool s t hat meet t he above
r equi r ement s. One t ool , VPI t r ansmi ssi onMaker i s pr ovi ded wi t h t hi s book t o il l ust r at e t he
concept s of earl i er chapt er s.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
VPItransmissionMaker Simulation Technology
VPI t r ansmi ssi onMaker i s desi gned f or al most al l phy si cal l ay er si mul at i on t asks. Thi s fl exi bil i t y i s
possi bl e because of t he graphi cal user i nt er face, shown in Fi gur e 10- 2. This sof t war e has
l i br ar ies of modules t hat y ou can pl ace on a schemat i c and l i nk t oget her t o f ul l y descri be an
opt i cal sy st em or net wor k. Each modul e has a set of par amet er s t o descr i be i t s phy si cal
char act er i st i cs, al t hough y ou can al so use behavi or al paramet ers. The hi erar chy i s suppor t ed by
havi ng subsy st em modul es t hat each have a schemat i c t o descr i be t hei r cont ent s.
Fi gu r e 10 -2 . Gr aph i cal I n t er f ace of VPI t r ansmi ssi on Mak er Show i n g a
Typ i cal Si mul at i on Schemat i c
Phot oni c simul at i on cover s many l evel s of scal e, fr om subwavelengt h act ive r egi ons and gr at i ngs
i n act i ve devi ces t o gl obal net works. Ever y l evel of scal e i s i mpor t ant because a wavel engt h-
scal e phase shi ft i n an opt i cal devi ce can have as much ef fect on a sy st em as a hundred
ki lomet ers of fi ber .
VPI t r ansmi ssi onMaker has been desi gned wi t h t he abi l it y t o cover many or ders of scal e by using
mul t i pl e si gnal r epresent at i ons
3
, shown i n Fi gur e 10- 3. These go fr om det ail ed ( r epresent i ng
t i me- sampl ed opt i cal fi el ds i n t wo pol ari zat i ons) t o i ndi vi dual sampl ed bands t hat onl y cover
ar eas of int erest ( mult i ple fr equency bands) t o st at i st ical si gnals for noi se ( noi se bi ns) and
si gnal s ( paramet eri zed signal s) . These signal r epr esent at i ons can be mapped ont o a desi gn
pr obl em spect r all y ( each par t of an opt ical spect r um i s r epr esent ed by t he most appropr iat e
si gnal repr esent at i on) and spat i all y ( each sect i on of a syst em i s r epr esent ed by t he most
appropri at e si gnal r epr esent at i on) . Det ai l s of how t o use si gnal repr esent at i ons can be f ound on
t he CD- ROM i n t he WDM User ' s Manual . However , al l demos' signal r epr esent at ions ar e al ready
set up.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gu r e 10 -3 . Spect r al Mapp i ng of Si gn al Rep r esen t at i on s
Typical Physical-Layer Design Processes Using VPItransmissionMaker
Curr ent - gener at i on opt i cal poi nt - t o- poi nt sy st ems ar e ext r emel y compl ex. A wi de r ange of
opt i ons i s avail able t o t he pr oduct desi gn t eam at al l l ay er s of t he net wor k hi er archy , and t he
i nt r oduct ion of new component t echnol ogies bri ngs l ar ge changes i n sy st ems desi gn phil osophy.
For exampl e, mul t i pl e band ( L, C, S) opt i cal ampl i fi er s can mul t i ply t he capaci t y of syst ems
4
.
Si mil ar l y , hi gh- ef fi ci ency modul at i on schemes and wel l - desi gned demul t i pl exer s can pack more
bi t ( s) int o each hert z of opt i cal bandwi dt h.
Many i nt err el at i ons exist among sy st em design var i abl es. The di f fi cul t y of managing t he compl ex
i nt er act ions among al l aspect s of t he desi gn has in t he past l ed t o over- engi neer i ng of many
opt i cal t r ansmi ssi on syst ems. Thi s, i n t ur n, has meant exceedi ng t he mi ni mum requi red
speci f i cat i ons i n al l subsyst ems t o pr ovi de suff ici ent mar gi n t o guar ant ee t he per for mance of t he
over al l sy st em over i t s l i fet i me. Such over - engi neeri ng necessar i l y i ncur s cost s, incl udi ng t he

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
i ni t i al i ncr eased cost of depl oy ment compar ed t o t he opt i mum syst em and t he l oss of revenue
t hat coul d be r eali zed i f t he sy st em wer e used t o i t s f ul l pot ent i al.
Fi gur e 10- 4 shows some of t he i nt er connect ed decisi ons t hat need t o be made when desi gni ng a
l i nk. Obvi ousl y , many compl ex mul t i val ued opt i mi zat i ons must be per f ormed. The fol l owi ng
sect i ons show some exampl es of design refi nement t hat can be perf or med usi ng
VPI t r ansmi ssi onMaker . The CD- ROM pr ovides mor e t han 200 exampl es, and t he possi bil i t i es ar e
i nf ini t e, gi ven t he permut at i ons of hundr eds of modul es and par amet er s t hat can be creat ed. You
can edit t he desi gn exampl es and cr eat e di f fer ent scenari os by vary i ng net wor k par amet er s.
Fi gu r e 10 -4 . Some I n t er act i on s ( Li n es) Bet w een Desi gn Var i abl es
( Ov al s) i n a Syst ems Desi gn I l l u st r at i n g t he Compl exi t y of a Syst ems
Desi gn

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Signal-to-Noise Simulation
The opt i mum i nf or mat i on- car r y ing perf or mance of a l ong- haul sat urat ed ampl i fi er l i nk i s
obt ai ned when t he si gnal- t o- noi se rat ios are equal i zed over al l t he channel s. Fi gur e 10- 5 shows
t he schemat i c of a 16- channel WDM syst em wi t h a chai n of six ampl if i er s, t hree sect i ons of
di sper si on- compensat i ng f i bers ( DCFs) , and t wo spans of si ngl e- mode f iber ( SMF) . The
ampl i fi er s have no gai n equal i zat i on, so t hey suff er fr om a l arge spect r al r i pple. The obj ect of
t hi s si mul at i on i s t o opt i mi ze t he i nput spect r um of t he chai n so t hat each WDM channel has t he
same opt i cal si gnal - t o- noise r at i o ( OSNR) at t he out put of t he chai n. Thi s gi ves t he maxi mum
i nf ormat i on capaci t y for t he l i nk, but i t i s di ff i cul t t o calcul at e because t he gai n spect rum of t he
ampl i fi er s depends on t heir input power s. Theref ore, a sel f- consi st ent sol ut ion must be f ound
i t erat ivel y.
Fi gu r e 10 -5 . Schemat i c of a Li nk Op t i mi zat i on f or OSNR Equ al i zat i on
For eff ici ency, par amet er i zed si gnal s ar e used t o r epr esent t he mean power i n a WDM channel
over a dat a sequence and noi se bi ns can be used t o r epresent t he noi se i n and ar ound each
channel . The conver ged out put spect r um aft er f ive i t er at i ons i s shown i n Fi gur e 10- 6. This
demonst r at es a const ant si gnal - t o- noise r at i o ( SNR) f or al l t he channel s. ( The par amet er i zed
si gnal s ar e equal r at i os above t he noi se bi ns. ) Not e t hat t he wi dt hs of t he noi se bins have been
aut omat i cal l y r educed ar ound t he ASE peak t o mai nt ai n ampl i t ude accuracy . Thi s f eat ur e i s
desi gned t o i ncr ease ef fi ci ency by opt i mi zi ng t he number of noi se bi ns t hat cover t he spect r um.
The conver gence pr ocess i s shown i n Fi gur e 10- 7.
Fi gu r e 10 -6 . Spect r u m Af t er Eq ual i zat i on Show i n g Si gnal s as Ar r ow s
and Noi se as Bi n s of Equal Power Spect r al Densi t y ( Not e Bi n Wi dt h
Redu ct i on Ar ou nd ASE Peak )

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gu r e 10 -7 . I t er at i on of I npu t Pow er s t o Ach i eve Equ al SNRs. At
I t er at i on 2, t he SNRs have cr ossed over b ecau se t he Spect r al g ai n of
an EDFA i s a f un ct i on of i np ut pow er .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Optical Cross-Talk
You can use phot onic si mul at i on t o assess t he per for mance of opt ical cr oss- connect s ( swi t ches)
wi t hi n syst ems. Of par t i cul ar i nt er est is opt i cal crosst al k, whi ch can severel y l i mit t he number of
opt i cal i nt er connect s i n a sy st em
5
. Many di f fer ent t echnol ogi es can be compar ed, i ncl udi ng
bl ocking, nonbl ocking, and wavelengt h conver t i ng ( usi ng cr oss- gai n, cross- phase, f our - wave
mi xi ng, and opt o- el ect r oni c t echnol ogi es) . VPI pr ovi des t empl at es for many for ms of opt i cal
swit ches, i ncl uding wavel engt h- conver t i ng swi t ches. However , t he hi er ar chi cal nat ure of t he user
i nt er face al l ows al most any f or m of swi t ch t o be defi ned and i nvest igat ed.
Fi gur e 10- 8 shows a si mul at i on t hat i l l ust r at es and quant i fi es t he ef fect s of opt i cal cr oss- t al k.
The sever i t y of t he cr osst al k depends on whet her t he i nt er fer i ng carr i er l ies wi t hin t he si gnal
bandwi dt h of t he desi r ed si gnal . I f i t does, t he cr oss- t al k pr oduces a st r ong beat si gnal t hat l i es
wi t hi n t he el ect r i cal bandwi dt h of t he recei ver. The i nt er fer ence is oft en cal l ed coherent because
i t s sever i t y depends on t he addi t ion of t he opt i cal f iel ds rat her t han t he opt i cal powers.
Fi gu r e 10 -8 . Si mu l at i on t o Assess Coh er ent and I ncoh er ent Cr oss-Tal k
Ef f ect s
The hi st ogr am of Fi gur e 10- 9 shows t he el ect r i cal signal l evel s at t he sampl e t i me of t he
r ecei ver . For a l ow BER, t he di st r i but i ons of t he 1s and 0s shoul d be well separ at ed. The
coherent cr oss- t al k causes a l ar ge spr ead i n t he 1- bit si gnal level s because t he f iel ds f or 1 bi t s
ar e hi gher t han t hose f or 0 bi t s. Ther mal noi se and i ncoher ent cr oss- t al k cause t he spr ead i n t he
1 bi t s.
Fi gu r e 10 -9 . Pr obabi l i t y Di st r i bu t i on of Pow er s i n t he 1 an d 0 Bi t s. The
ski r t s on t he 1 s di st r i but i on i n di cat e coher ent ( or homody ne) opt i cal
cr oss- t al k .

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Millisecond Power Transient Analysis
I n a syst em t hat has opt i cal ampl i fi er s, you must t ake car e t o mini mi ze i nt er act i ons bet ween
channel s due t o t he gai n of an ampl i fi er changi ng wi t h i nput power and t he i nput power
changi ng dur i ng channel swi t chi ng or f aul t condi t i ons
6
. Wi t h Er bium doped f iber ampl if i er s
( EDFAs) , t he t r ansi ent s wi l l be on a mi l l i second t i me scal e ( t he l i fet i me of t he excit ed Er bi um
i ons) . This scal e woul d be much shor t er i f we consi der ed chains of ampl i fi ers. Fur t her mor e,
cont r ol ci r cuit s ar ound t he ampl if i er s al so af fect t hei r dy namics as wel l as t he dy nami cs of chai ns
of ampl i fi er s. Aut omat i c gai n cont r ol ( AGC) and aut omat i c bal anci ng cont r ol ( ABC) ar e t wo
exampl es of ci rcuit s t hat i mprove t he per for mance of an ampl if i ed sy st em. Fi gur e 10- 10 shows
t he cr oss- t al k bet ween t wo channel s. The sat ur at i ng si gnal is modul at ed on a mil l i second
t i mescal e. ( Thi s coul d be car r yi ng an opt i cal packet . ) The sat ur at i ng si gnal r educes t he
ampl i fi er 's gain and modul at es t he second channel ( ampl i f ied signal ) . The second channel also
modul at es t he gai n of t he ampli f i er , produci ng smal l gain r educt i ons wi t hi n each bi t .
Fi gu r e 10 -1 0. Cr oss- Gai n Modu l at i on i n an Er bi um- Doped Fi ber
Amp l i f i er Causes Cr oss- Tal k Bet w een Ch an nel s on a Mi l l i secon d
Ti mescal e

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Polarization Mode Dispersion
Pol ar izat ion mode di sper si on ( PMD) aff ect s t he fol l owi ng syst ems ( a) ol der fi ber t hat has hi gh
PMD coef fi ci ent s r unni ng at 10 Gbps ( b) 40 Gbps sy st ems runni ng on l ow PMD f iber
7
. PMD i s a
r andom phenomenon. The sever i t y of PMD var i es wi t h t ime due t o t he pol ari zat i on st at es al ong
t he fi ber changi ng due t o t emper at ur e and st r ess. Cer t ai n ali gnment s of t he pol ari zat i on st at es
can cause sever e eye cl osur e over shor t i nt er vals. Fi gur e 10- 11 shows a hi st ogr am of BERs
obt ai ned by si mul at i ng a fi ber 250 t i mes. ( Each si mul at ion coul d r epresent a gi ven t i me of day . )
A t ypical ey e di agr am showi ng di st or t i on due t o PMD i s shown i n Fi gur e 10- 12. Si mul at i on can
be used t o assess t he eff ect s of fi ber PMD on syst em per for mance and t o i dent i fy sol ut ions. The
sol ut i ons mi ght i ncl ude usi ng novel modul at i on for mat s, such as RZ pul ses, mul t i l evel codi ng
r unni ng at a l ower sy mbol r at e, or PMD compensat or s.
Fi gu r e 10 -1 1. Di st r i bu t i on of BERs i n a 4 0 Gbps Fi b er Sy st em Sh ow i ng
t h e Rand om Nat u r e of PMD

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Fi gu r e 10 -1 2. Eye Di agr am Di st or t ed by PMD. The spr eadi ng an d t i mi ng
Ji t t er i s associ at ed w i t h f i r st -or der PMD, w her eas t h e Peak i n g i s
associ at ed w i t h hi gh er - or der PMD.
Maximizing Transmission Length
VPI t r ansmi ssi onMaker uses sampl ed opt i cal si gnal s ( sampl ed opt i cal fi el ds) f or nonl inear i t i es,
di sper si on ( f iber and fi l t er) , mixi ng of noi se and si gnal , and pol ar izat ion eff ect s. Ty pi cal
si mul at ion out put i ncl udes opt ical spect r a, eye di agr ams, and BER est i mat i on. Phot oni c
subsy st ems such as wavel engt h conver si on and opt i cal r egener at ion can be i ncl uded i n such
si mul at ions, and t hese can show many possi bl e i mpai r ment s.
As an exampl e, Fi gur e 10- 13 shows a t y pi cal r esult of a l i nk desi gn i n whi ch t he t ask i s t o
opt i mi ze t he ampl i fi er powers t o obt ain t he maxi mum number of spans befor e t he signal
degr ades t o unaccept abl e l evel s. The t ask is compl i cat ed because of t he nonli near i t i es i n t he

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
fi ber coupl ed t o t he di sper si on i n t he fi ber
6
. This means t hat t he nonl i neari t y i nduces a power -
dependent phase shi ft on t he pul se, f ol lowi ng t he pulse envelope, whi ch i s t r ansl at ed t o a change
i n pul se shape due t o t he ef fect of f iber di spersi on. I n ot her wor ds, a cer t ai n amount of
nonli near i t y i s useful i n shar peni ng pul ses. However, in l i nk desi gns t hat use l engt hs of opposi t e-
di sper si on fi ber ( t o gain an over al l disper sion cl ose t o 0) , t he power s i nt o t he fi ber l engt hs ar e
cri t i cal . Thi s pr esent s a complex opt i mi zat i on pr obl em.
Fi gu r e 10 -1 3. Max i mi zi ng t h e Nu mber of Sp an s i n a Lon g- Haul Syst em
by Opt i mi zi n g Op t i cal Power s i n t o Non l i n ear Fi b er s w i t h St an dar d
( SMF) an d Di sper si on- Compen sat i ng ( DCF) Ch ar act er i st i cs

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Photonic Component Design
Act i ve phot onic devi ces wil l perf or m many compl ex funct ions i n fut ur e phot oni c net wor ks, f r om
pr ovi di ng st abl e as wel l as t unabl e si ngl e- mode wavelengt h ref er ences, t o phot oni c swi t chi ng
and si gnal pr ocessing, t o r egener at i on and wavel engt h conversi on. VPI component Maker Act i ve
Phot oni cs pr ovi des advanced, wide- spect r um dynami c model s of act i ve devices, whi ch ar e
connect ed t o model sour ces and phot oni c ci r cui t s bidi rect i onal l y. I n t his way, mult isect i on and
ext er nal l y st abi l i zed l asers can be const r uct ed fr om el ement ar y modul es of act i ve r egi ons and
passi ve r esonat or s
9
. Bot h t he opt i cal and el ect r i cal i nt er faces are bi di r ect i onal , al l owi ng
sophi st i cat ed f unct i onal i t y t o be desi gned, such as laser ampl i fi er - det ect or s, i nj ect i on- locked
l aser s, al l - opt i cal r egenerat or s, cl ock recover y and opt ical l ogic ci r cui t s, and act i ve and passive
mode- l ocki ng of i nt egr at ed and ext er nal cavi t y devices.
The act i ve model s ar e based on an enhanced t r ansmi ssi on l i ne laser model , whi ch si mul at es t he
ful l l ongi t udi nal and spect r al dynami cs of advanced laser s and semi conduct or opt i cal ampl i fi er s.
The enhancement s all ow l asi ng t o be t uned over t he ent i re si mul at i on bandwi dt h wi t h a singl e
par amet er wi t hout l oss of accur acy or spect ral art if act s.
A t ypical desi gn pr oblem i s shown i n Fi gur e 10- 14. This is a f iber Bragg gr at i ng st abi l ized l aser
t hat i s desi gned t o produce t emperat ur e- st abl e wavel engt h due t o t he l ow t emperat ur e
coef fi ci ent of t he Br agg gr at i ng compar ed t o t he semi conduct or l aser . The spect r um shows a
si ngl e- mode out put , but wi t h cl ose- i n si de modes due t o t he l ong l asi ng cavi t y . The desi gn i s
sensi t i ve t o t he opt i cal phase bet ween t he gr at i ng and t he fr ont facet of t he l aser . A t ypi cal
desi gn quest i on i s how good t he ant i r efl ect i on coat i ng on t he l aser facet has t o be t o achieve a
hi gh si de- mode suppr essi on r at i o. I n Chapt er 2, "Net wor ki ng wi t h DWDM - 1," we di scussed t he
creat i on of singl e- mode l aser s and usi ng a fi l t er ( i n t hi s case, FBG) t o ensure t he pr esence of
onl y t he domi nant mode at a gi ven wavel engt h.
Fi gu r e 10 -1 4. VPI comp onent Mak er Model of a Br agg Gr at i ng St abi l i zed
Laser and I t s Pr edi ct ed Spect r um

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Case Studies
The f ol l owing f i ve demos have been especi al l y cr eat ed for t hi s book. They i l l ust r at e phy si cal -
l ay er desi gn i ssues peculi ar t o opt ical access ri ngs. These demos resi de i n a CI SCO WDM Demos
fol der on t he CD- ROM. You need t o use Fi l e > I mpor t . . . t o br i ng up t he schemat i c f or t he
demo.
Back-to-Back Receiver Sensitivity
A back- t o- back si mul at i on det ermi nes a r eceiver 's ult imat e sensi t i vi t y wi t h a gi ven t r ansmi t t er .
The sensi t i vi t y is t he r equi r ed opt i cal power at t he i nput t o t he recei ver t o achi eve a t ar get bi t
err or r at i o ( BER) , gi ven t hat t he li nk bet ween t he t ransmi t t er and r ecei ver does not di st or t t he
si gnal or add noi se t o it . Thi s demo ( see Fi gur e 10- 15) is used t o set t he basel i ne f or t he
per for mance of t he met r o cor e r i ng demos t hat fol l ow.
Fi gu r e 10 -1 5. Sch emat i c of t h e Si mu l at i on t o Det er mi ne Recei v er
Sen si t i v i t y
300 km OC-48 Metro Core Ring
Thi s i s a simulat ion of a met r o cor e r i ng r unning at OC 48 ( see Fi gur e 10- 16) . The t ot al l engt h of
t he ri ng i s 300 km, and an OADM is pl aced ever y 25 km. The OADMs' t r ansfer char act er i st i cs are

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
model ed by a Gaussi an fi l t er. An opt i cal ampl i fi er i s pl aced ever y 100 km t o compensat e f or
l osses f rom t he f i ber and t he OADMs. A si ngl e channel out of many WDM channel s i s si mul at ed
t o show t he int r achannel degradat i on mechani sms.
Fi gu r e 10 -1 6. Si mul at i on of a Met r o Ri n g Run ni ng at 2 .5 Gbps
300 km OC-192 Metro Core Ring
Thi s i s a simulat ion of a met r o cor e r i ng r unning at OC 192 ( see Fi gur e 10- 17) . Thi s ri ng i s an
upgr ade of t he OC 48 r ing t o keep t he lengt h at 300 km. The chr omat i c di spersi on i s
pr ecompensat ed for every t hr ee nodes ( t hat i s, bef ore every 75 km of SMF) . The disper sion
compensat i on modul e ( DCM) i s i mpl ement ed as a spool of f iber wi t h a negat i ve di spersi on
coef fi ci ent . The loss of t hi s fi ber i s 0. 6 dB/ km and because i t i s 13. 3 km l ong, i t s t ot al l oss is 8
dB. Therefor e, t he l oss of t hr ee sect i ons of SMF, t hree OADMs, and t he DCM i s 27.8 dB, whi ch i s
wi t hi n t he boundari es of commer cial l y avai l abl e EDFAs. I n ot her wor ds, an EDFA at ever y t hir d
node i s accept abl e. For t he upgr ade, t he OADMs have t o be repl aced wi t h ones t hat can pr ocess
OC- 192 si gnal s, whi ch means t hat t hei r passt hr ough bandwi dt h i s i ncr eased t o 80 GHzfour
t i mes t he passt hr ough bandwi dt h of t he 2. 5 Gbps si gnal in t he OC- 48 ri ng.
Fi gu r e 10 -1 7. Si mul at i on of a Met r o Ri n g Run ni ng at OC- 1 92 Rat e

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Long-Haul WDM System
Thi s i s a simulat ion of a WDM sy st em t o det er mi ne t he penal t y f rom four - wave mi xi ng ( FWM)
and cr oss- phase modul at i on ( XPM) by compar ing a si ngl e- channel sy st em t o a WDM syst em ( see
Fi gur e 10- 18) . The syst em uses a mean l aunch power of 1. 2 mW and t he ampl i fi er spacing
det er mi ned fr om t he si ngl e- channel si mul at i on, t hat i s 62. 5 km. The channel spaci ng is 100 GHz,
and t he bi t r at e of each channel i s 10 Gbps. Onl y fi ve channel s are si mul at ed: t he cent er channel
under i nvest i gat ion and t wo adj acent channel s on each si de i n t he spect r um. FWM and XPM
eff ect s f or channel s f ur t her t han t hr ee- channel spaci ng are negl i gi bl e, depending on t he fi ber
pl ant
10
.
Fi gu r e 10 -1 8. Si mul at i on of a Long -Hau l WDM Sy st em t o I nv est i gat e
FWM and XPM Ef f ect s

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Amplifier Spacing and Launch Power
Thi s i s a 10 Gbps si ngl e- channel si mul at i on t hat det ermi nes t he opt i mal l aunch power and t he
maxi mum ampl i fi er spacing i n a 200 km syst em ( see Fi gur e 10- 19) . A hi gh l aunch power i s
desi rable because it mi ni mizes t he noi se penal t y f r om t he opt i cal ampl i fi ers for a gi ven ampl i fi er
spaci ng, but i t does degrade t he sy st em due t o self - phase modul at i on ( SPM) . Ther efor e, you
must choose t he spaci ng of t he ampl i f ier s t o be shor t enough t o get an accept abl e noi se penal t y
and an accept abl e SPM penal t y.
Fi gu r e 10 -1 9. Si mul at i on of a Long -Hau l WDM Sy st em t o Det er mi ne
Opt i mum Lau nch Pow er and Ampl i f i er Spaci ng

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Summary
Thi s chapt er i nt r oduced t he wor l d of si mul at i on t hat i s bei ng employ ed t o develop new
t echnol ogi es and ensur e t hat t hey ar e ef fect ivel y used i n t el ecommuni cat i ons net wor ks. To
ensur e t hat t he lat est advances i n component s are used when desi gni ng net wor ks and t o speed
i nnovat i on by connect i ng t he component and sy st ems desi gn processes, VPI phot oni cs devel oped
t he VPI Desi gn and Depl oyment Cent er , whi ch connect s si mul at i on t ool s t o desi gn t eams and
ensur es t hat bot h ar e usi ng t he most curr ent dat a.
The encl osed CD- ROM cont ai ns a f ul l ver si on of VPI t r ansmi ssi onMaker , whi ch i ncl udes a weal t h
of si mulat ion exampl es. Toget her wi t h t he design exampl es i ll ust r at ed i n t hi s chapt er , t hese
demos show some of t he wide r ange of appl i cat ions t hat VPI t r ansmi ssionMaker can be put t o.
We hope y ou enj oy usi ng t his sof t war e.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
References
1
Lower y, A.J. " Phot onic Simulat ion Tool s. " Op t ical Fiber Tel ecom m uni cat ions I VB: Sy st ems and
I m p air m en t s. Ed. I van Kami now and Ti ngy e Li. San Diego, CA: Academi c Pr ess; 2002. 564610.
2
Feat ur e I ssue on "Fundament al Chal lenges in Ul t r ahi gh- Capaci t y Opt ical Fi ber Communi cat i ons
Sy st ems." I EEE J. Qu ant u m El ect r on. Vol . 34 ( 11) . Nov. 1998. 20532103.
3
Lower y, Art hur , et al . " Mul t i pl e Si gnal Repr esent at i on Si mul at i on of Phot onic Devi ces, Sy st ems,
and Net works. " I EEE J. Select ed Ar eas i n Quant u m El ect r oni cs. Vol . 6 ( 2) . Mar ch/ Apr i l 2000.
282296.
4
Sr i vast ava, At ul K. , and Yan Sun. " Advances in Erbium- Doped Fi ber Ampli f i er s." Ed. I van
Kami now and Ti ngye Li . Op t ical Fiber Tel ecom m uni cat ions I VA: Com ponent s . San Di ego:
Academi c Press; 2002. 174212.
5
Ramaswami , Raj i v, and Kumar N. Si var aj an. Op t ical Net work s: A Pract i cal Per spect iv e, Second
Edit ion. San Fr anci sco, CA: Mor gan Kaufmann Publ i sher s, Academi c Press, San Di ego; 2002.
299308.
6
Bononi, A. and L. A. Rush. " Doped- Fi ber Ampl i f ier Dynami cs: A Syst em Per spect i ve. " J.
Li ght wav e Tech nol ogy. Vol . 16 ( 5) . 1998. 945956.
7
Kogel ni k, Herwi g, Rober t M. Jopson, and Ly nn E. Nel son. " Pol ar i zat i on Mode Di sper si on." Ed.
I van Kami now and Tingy e Li . Op t ical Fiber Tel ecom m uni cat ions I VB: Sy st ems and I m pai r ment s.
San Di ego, CA: Academi c Pr ess; 2002. 725861.
8
Essi ambre, Ren- Jean, Gr egor y Ray bon, and Benny Mi kkel sen. "Pseudo- Li near Tr ansmi ssion of
Hi gh- Speed TDM Si gnal s: 40 Gbi t / s and 160 Gbi t / s. " Ed. I van Kami now and Ti ngye Li . Op t ical
Fib er Tel ecom m uni cat ions I VB: Syst em s and I m pai r m en t s. San Di ego, CA: Academi c Press;
2002. 232304.
9
Lower y, A. J. "Semi conduct or devi ce and l i ght wave syst em per for mance model i ng" i n Tech .
Digest of Opt i cal Fi ber Com m uni cat ions 199 7 ( OFC' 9 7) , paper ThG5, OSA Tech. Di gest Seri es,
vol . 6, 267- 268 ( OSA, Washingt on D. C. , 1997) .
10
Yu, T., et al . " A Mean- Fiel d Appr oach for Si mul at i ng Wavelengt h Di vi si on Mul t i pl exed syst ems. "
I EEE Phot on ics Tech nol ogy Let t er s. Vol . 12 ( 4) . Apri l ; 2000. 443445.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Bibliography
Much of t hi s book was gener at ed f r om t he exper ience of t he aut hors in t he opt i cal net wor king
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excel lent sour ce for f ur t her i nfor mat i on i f y ou are int er est ed i n devel opi ng y our under st andi ng of
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______. Tr ansact ion on Com m uni cat ions. May 1990.
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Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Tech nol ogy. Vol . 11 ( 5/ 6) . May / June 1993.
______. "CORD: Cont ent ion Resol ut i on Usi ng Del ay Li nes. " Jour nal on Select ed Ar eas i n
Commun icat ion . June 1996. Speci al I ssue on Opt i cal Net wor ks.
______. "Scal abl e WDM Net work Ar chi t ect ur e Based on Phot oni c Sl ot Rout i ng and Swi t ched
Del ay Li nes. " I EEE Proc of I NFOCOM. 1997.
Chlamt ac, I . , A. Ganz, and G. Kar mi . Li ght p at h Commu ni cat i ons: An Ap pr oach t o High
Band wi dt h Op t ical WANs. I EEE Tr ansact ion s on Commu ni cat i ons Vol . 40 ( 7) . Jul y 1992.
11711182.
Chow, Mi ng- Chwan. Under st andi ng SONET/ SDH St an dar ds an d Ap pl icat ion s. Hol mdel , NJ: Andan
Publi sher ; 1996.
Ci sco Sy st ems, I nc. Of fi ci al Web Sit e. www.ci sco. com.
Cr ovel l a, M. and A. Best avr os. I EEE/ ACM Tr ansact i ons on Net wor k in g . Vol . 5. 1997. 836846.
Essi ambre, Ren- Jean, Gr egor y Ray bon, and Benny Mi kkel sen. "Pseudo- Linear Transmi ssion of
Hi gh- Speed TDM Si gnal s: 40 Gbi t / s and 160 Gbi t / s. " Op t ical Fiber Tel ecom m uni cat ions I VB:
Sy st em s and I mpair m ent s. Ed. I . Kami now and Tingy e Li . San Di ego, CA: Academi c Pr ess; 2002.
232304.
Feat ur e I ssue on "Fundament al Chall enges i n Ul t rahi gh- Capacit y Opt i cal Fi ber Communicat i ons
Sy st ems." I EEE J. Qu ant u m El ect r on. Vol . 34 ( 11) . Nov. 1998. 20532103.
Fukuda, I . Op t ical Semi condu ct or Dev ices. New Yor k, NY: Wil ey ; 1990.
Gi bbons, A. Algor i t hm i c Gr aph Theor y. Cambri dge, Engl and: Cambr i dge Univer si t y Pr ess; 1985.
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Swi t ched Net wor k. " Fi r st I nt er nat i onal Conf er ence on Opt ical Communi cat ion and Net wor ks.
Si ngapor e, 2002.
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Gumast e, A. "TI ONETS: Tr iangul ar I nt er connect i on of Opt i cal Net wor ks. " I EEE Com m uni cat ion s
Let t er s. Vol . 5 ( 2) . 8385.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
I EEE 802. 3ae St andar d. ht t p: / / gr ouper. i eee. or g/ gr oups/ 802/ 3/ ae/ cr i t er ia. pdf.
I EEE Communi cat ion s Magazi ne. Speci al I ssue on Opt i cal Net wor ks. Apr i l 2002.
I EEE Jour nal of Ligh t wave Technol ogy . Apri l 1987.
I EEE Quan t um Ph ot oni cs Let t ers i ssue. Mar ch 1984.
I n t ern et wor k in g Tech nol ogies Hand book , Second Edi t i on. I ndi anapol is, I N: Ci sco Press; 1998.
I TU St andard Document GR 652.
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Jour nal of Ligh t wave Techn ology . Speci al I ssue on Opt i cal Technol ogy and Mul t i wavel engt h
Net works. June 1993.
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www.wdm. st anf or d. edu.
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Di ego, CA: Academic Press; 2002. 725861.
Kovacevi c, M. and A. Acampor a. "El ect r oni c Wavel engt h Tr ansl at i on i n Opt i cal Net works. "
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Net work i ng. Vol . 9 ( 2) . Apr i l 2001.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Lee, T. , ed. Cu rr ent Trend s i n Opt i cal Am pl if ier s and Thei r Appl i cat i ons . Wor l d Sci ent i f i c
Publi sher s, 1999.
Lel and, W. E. et al. "On t he Sel f - Si mi l ar Nat ure of Et her net Tr af fi c" ( Ext ended Ver sion) .
I EEE/ ACM Tr ansact i ons on Net wor k in g . Vol . 2. 1994. 115.
Li u, M. Pr in ci pl es and Appl icat i ons of Op t ical Comm un icat ion s . Kl uwer Publ i cat i ons, 1996.
Lower y, A.J. "Phot oni c Si mul at i on Tool s. " Op t ical Fiber Tel ecom m uni cat ions I VB: Sy st ems and
I m p air m en t s. Ed. I van Kami now and Ti ngy e Li. San Diego, CA: Academi c Pr ess, 2002. 564610.
Lower y, A.J. et al . "Mult ipl e Si gnal Repr esent at i on Si mul at i on of Phot oni c Devi ces, Sy st ems, and
Net works. " I EEE Jour nal on Select ed Ar eas in Qu ant u m El ect r oni cs. Vol . 6 ( 2) . Mar ch/ Apr i l 2000.
282296.
______. "Ti me- Domain Si mul at i on of Phot oni c Devi ces, Cir cui t s, and Sy st ems. " Laser s and
I nt egr at ed Devi ces Symposi um, Phot oni cs West '96. San Jose, CA: Jan. / Feb. 1996. 624635.
Lu, K. , G. Xi ao, and I . Chl amt ac. "Bl ocki ng Analy si s of Dy nami c Li ght pat h Est abli shment of
Wavel engt h Rout ed Net wor ks." Pr oceedings of t he I EEE I CC. 2002.
Mukher j ee, B. Op t ical Communi cat ion s Net wor k s. New Yor k, NY: McGraw- Hi l l ; 1997.
Mukher j ee, B. et . al . "Some Pr i ncipl es for Desi gni ng a Wi de- Ar ea WDM Opt i cal Net wor k. "
I EEE/ ACM Tr ansact i ons on Net wor k in g . Vol . 4 ( 5) . Oct . 1996.
Nar ul a, A. , P. Li n, and E. Modi ano. "Ef fi ci ent Rout i ng and Wavelengt h Assi gnment for
Reconfi gur abl e WDM Net works. " Jour nal on Select ed Ar eas i n Comm u nicat i on . Jan. 2002. 7588.
Par k, K. and W. Wil l i nger , ed. Self Si mi lar Net wor k Tr aff ic and Per f orm an ce Eval uat i on . Wi l ey
I nt er sci ence Ser i es. 2000.
Pr oceedi ngs of Symposi um on Polar i zat i on Mode Di sper si on. Veni ce, Mar ch 2002.
Raghavan, P. and E. Upf al. "Ef fi ci ent Rout i ng i n All Opt i cal Net wor ks. " Pr oceedings of 26t h ACM
Sy mposi um on Theory of Comput i ng. May 1994.
Ramamur t hy, B. Desi gn of Opt i cal WDM Net wor ks- LAN, MAN and WAN Arch it ect ur es . Kl uwer
Publi cat i ons, 2001.
Ramaswami , R. and G. Sasaki . "Mult iwavelengt h Opt i cal Net wor ks wi t h Limi t ed Wavel engt h
Conver si on." I EEE/ ACM Tr ansact i ons on Net wor k in g . Vol . 6 ( 6) . Dec. 1998. 744754.
Ramaswami , R. and K. Si var aj an. Op t ical Net work s: A Pract i cal Per spect iv e, Second Edi t i on.
Mor gan Kauf fman; 2001. Chapt er 34.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
______. "Rout i ng and Wavel engt h Assi gnment i n Al l - Opt i cal Net wor ks. " I EEE/ ACM Tr ansact i ons
on Net wor k in g. Vol . 3 ( 5) . 1995.
______. Op t ical Net work s: A Pract i cal Per spect iv e. San Francisco, CA: Mor gan Kauf fman; 1999.
______. "Rout i ng and Wavel engt h Assi gnment . " I EEE/ ACM Tr ansact i ons on Net wor k in g . Apri l
1995.
Robinson, F. N. H. Noise an d Fl uct uat i ons. Oxf ord, Engl and: Oxfor d Uni ver sit y Press; 1977.
Sahasr abuddhe, L., S. Ramamur t hy , and B. Mukher j ee. "Faul t Management i n I P- Over- WDM
Net works: WDM Pr ot ect i on Ver sus I P Rest or at i on. " Jour nal of Sel ect ed Areas i n Com mu ni cat i on .
Vol . 20 ( 1) . 2133.
Sal eh, B. and M. Teich. Fund ament als of Ph ot oni cs. Wi l ey, 1991.
Seni or , J. , C. Qi ao, and S. Dixi t . "Al l Opt i cal Net wor ki ng 1999: Archi t ect ur e, Cont rol and
Management I ssues. " Pr oceedings SPI E. 2000.
Shi mada, S. and H. I shi o. Op t ical Am pl if iers and Their Appl icat i ons. John Wil ey and Sons, 2000.
Si l ler , Cur t i s A. Jr . and Mansoor Shafi . A Sou rcebook of Sy nchr onou s Net work in g , SONET/ SDH.
I EEE Pr ess, 1996.
Sr i vast ava, At ul K. and Yan Sun, "Advances i n Er bi um- Doped Fi ber Ampl i fi ers. " Op t ical Fiber
Telecomm u nicat i ons I VA: Com p onent s. Ed. I . Kami now and Tingy e Li . San Di ego: Academi c
Pr ess, 2002. 174212.
St amot i os, V. I n t r oduct i on t o DWDM Techn ologi es. Wi l ey and Sons, 1998.
St eel eman, G.E. and C. M. Wol fe. Av alanch e Phot odi odes. Academi c Pr ess, 1977.
Su, Chao, Li an- Kuan Chen, and Kwok- Wai Cheung. "Theor y of Bur st - Mode Recei ver and I t s
Appli cat i ons i n Opt i cal Mul t i access Net works. " Jour nal of Ligh t wave Techn ology . Vol . 15 ( 4) . Apri l
1997. 590606.
Tam, A. and P. Li n. "Wavelengt h Requi r ement s for Vi r t ual Topol ogy Reconf i gur at i on i n WDM
Ri ng Net wor ks. " Pr oceedings of I nf ocom. 2001.
Taub, M. and S. Shi l l ing. Pr in ci pl es of Com mu ni cat i on Syst em s. New Yor k, NY: McGraw- Hi l l ;
1992.
War t i kar, J.N. App li ed Mat h em at i cs. S. Chand and Co., June 1976.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
www.10gea. or g/ Tech- whi t epaper s. ht m.
Yoo, M. , C. Qi ao, and S. Di xit . "Opt i cal Bur st Swi t chi ng for Ser vice Dif fer ent i at i on in t he Next -
Gener at i on Opt i cal I nt er net . " I EEE Communi cat ion s Magazi ne. Feb. 2001. 98104.
Yoo, S. J. "Wavelengt h Conversi on Technol ogi es for WDM Net wor k Appli cat i ons. " Jour nal of
Li ght wav e Tech nol ogies. Vol . 14 ( 6) . June 1996. 955966.
Yu, T. et al . "A Mean- Fi el d Appr oach for Si mul at i ng Wavelengt h Di vi si on Mul t i pl exed Sy st ems."
I EEE Phot on ics Tech nol ogy Let t er s. Vol . 12 ( 4) . Apri l 2000. 443445.
Zhang, Lixi a et al . I EEE Communi cat ion s Magazi ne. May 2002. 116127.
Zhang, Z. and A. Acampora. "A Heur i st i c Wavel engt h Assi gnment Al gor it hm f or Mul t i hop WDM
Net works wi t h Wavel engt h Rout i ng and Wavel engt h Reuse. " I EEE/ ACM Tr ansact i ons on
Net work i ng. Vol . 3 ( 3) . 1995. 281.
Zi r ngi bl , M. et al . I EEE Phot oni cs Technol ogy Let t er s. Aug. 1986.

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
System Requirements and
Recommendations
Har dwar e Requi r ement s
Soft war e Requi r ement s

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Hardware Requirements
VPI t r ansmi ssi onMaker / VPI component Maker requi res t he fol l owi ng mini mum har dwar e
conf igur at i on:
I nst al l ed TCP/ I P pr ot ocol: The Si mul at or wi l l not r un wi t hout t hi s prot ocol ! On st and- al one
comput er s ( e.g. , wi t hout a net wor k car d) , you must i nst al l Mi cr osoft

Loop Back Adapt er or

Di al up Net worki ng f ir st .
Personal comput er wi t h a Pent i um I I I 800 MHz or hi gher pr ocessor
512 megabyt es ( MB) of RAM
150 MB of f ree har d di sk space for sof t war e i nst al lat ion, 1 BG recommended f or fi l e st or age
XGA moni t or ( 1024x768 pi xel s mi ni mum displ ay r esolut i on)
Vi deo adapt er t hat support s Hi gh Col or ( 15- bi t / 65, 536 col ors)
CD- ROM dr i ve

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
Software Requirements
VPI t r ansmi ssi onMaker / VPI component Maker requi res t he fol l owi ng mini mum soft war e
conf igur at i on:
Mi cr osof t

Windows NT

4. 0 wi t h Servi ce Pack ( SP) 6a or Wi ndows

2000 wi t h SP2
TCP/ I P pr ot ocol i nst al l ed and conf igur ed
Mi cr osof t

I nt er net Expl or er 5. 5 or hi gher

Mi cr osof t

Off i ce 2000 ( Ser vi ce Rel ease 1) or hi gher

Addit ional Soft war e Pr ovi ded i n t he Package
The f ol l owing sof t ware is needed f or pr oper oper at i on and i s i ncl uded on t he CD:
Adobe

Acr obat

Reader 5. 05
VPI sy st ems I nc. Sept ember 2002

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
1 GE [ See GE]
1+ 1 pr otect i on 2nd 3r d
1[
] N pr ot ect i on
10 GE (10 Gi gabit Et hernet )
physi cal l ayer 2nd
XAUI
XGMI I
10 GE (Gi gabi t Et hernet )
2R (r eshape and r eampl i fy) regenerat i on
300 km OC- 192 met ro core ri ng
VPI t ransmi ssi onMakerWDM demo
300 km OC- 48 met ro core ri ng
VPI t ransmi ssi onMakerWDM demo
3R regenerat i on
3R t ransponders
cost of
40 Gbps dat a communicat ion
40 Gbps syst ems
FEC
RZ modul at i on 2nd

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
absol ute qual i t y of opt i cal si gnal s
absor pti on
accept ance angl e 2nd
access met hods
CSMA/ CD
HORNET i mpl ement at i on
access net work t opol ogi es
access ri ngs
desi gni ng 2nd
desi gni ng
node archit ect ur e 2nd
access net works
hubbed t opol ogy 2nd
prot ect i on al gori t hms 2nd
t hi n f il m f i l t er- based archi t ect ure
access poi nt s
HORNET
act i ve devices
FOTP
add/ drop archi t ect ure
SONET/ SDH
ADNs ( add/ drop nodes)
Ampere' s Law 2nd
ampl i fi cat i on
Bri l l oui n gai n
ampl i fi er bandwi dt h
ampl i fi er spaci ng and l aunch power
VPI t ransmi ssi onMakerWDM demo
ampl i fi ers [ See al so repeat er s]
cal culati ng maxi mum t ransmi ssi on di st ance
charact eri st ics, t est i ng
doped fi ber
EDFA 2nd 3r d 4t h
EDFAs
t est ing 2nd 3r d 4t h
eff ect on WDM network desi gn
f iber 2nd
mil l i second power t ransi ent anal ysi s 2nd
OSNR
Raman 2nd
DRAs 2nd
hybri d
i mproving OSRN 2nd
t est i ng
I SS met hod
angle of i nci dence
eff ect on pol ari zat i on
eff ect on refr act i on 2nd
AOTFs 2nd
APDs ( Aval anche phot odi odes) 2nd
archi tect ures
l ong- haul syst em desi gn
met ro core design 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h 6t h 7t h 8t h
BER 2nd

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
gai n- t i l t
power budget
TFF 2nd
wavelengt h conversi on
arrayed wavegui des
ASE ( ampli f i ed spont aneous emi ssi on) 2nd
assessi ng
power penal t y for excess di spersion
at t enuat i on 2nd
cal culati ng maxi mum t ransmi ssi on di st ance
est i mat i ng syst em l osses 2nd 3r d
f rom bendi ng l osses
necessi t y of f or si gnal propagat i on 2nd
at t enuat i on coef fi ci ent 2nd
at t enuat ors 2nd
aut ocovar iance f unct i on
aval anche breakdown
Avalanche ef f ect
Avalanche mul ti pl i cat i on
AWG devi ces 2nd

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
back- to- back r ecei ver sensi ti vi t y
VPI t ransmi ssi onMakerWDM demo
backward reservat ion pr ot ocol s
RSVP
bandgap energy
bandwi dth
ampl i fi er bandwi dt h
t echniques f or increasi ng 2nd 3r d
bandwi dth f ai rness
SRP-f a 2nd
beat l engt h
bendi ng l osses
BER 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h 6t h 7t h
error funct i on 2nd 3r d 4t h
Guassi an di st ri but ion 2nd 3r d
met ro core net works 2nd
rel at i onship t o Q- fact or
requi rement s f or opt i cal net work desi gn
BER (bi t err or rate)
BERTs 2nd
Bessel ' s Funct i on
bi refr ingence 2nd 3r d 4t h
bi t rate
di spersi on, ef fect on
bl ocki ng probabi l i t y
cal culati ng 2nd 3r d
mini mi zi ng
BPSK (bi nary phase shif t keyi ng) modul at i on
Brackett , Charl es 2nd
Bragg' s di f fract ion
Bragg' s condi t i on
Bragg' s wavel engt h
branches
breakt hroughs i n fi ber- opt ic net work layer t echnol ogy
bri dges
PSR
Bri l l oui n gai n
broadband l ight sources
brown-f i el d net work desi gn
bubbl e swi t ches
bur st swi t chi ng 2nd
at t ri but es
del ayed reservat ion
JET 2nd 3r d
LOBS
TAG 2nd
bur st -mode recei vers 2nd
bur st iness
bur st s
Sel f -Si mil ar it y 2nd
heavy-t ai l ed di st ri but ion 2nd
l ong- range dependence
second-order 2nd

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
C (conventi onal band)
C band
cal culati ng
bl ocki ng probabi l i t y of opt i cal net works 2nd 3r d
chir p-i nduced power penal t i es
group vel oci t y
magnet i c f i el d st rengt h 2nd
maxi mum t ransmi ssi on di st ance
OSNR 2nd 3r d
Q-f act or 2nd
capaci t y planni ng
cal culati ng maxi mum t hroughput
wavel engt h assi gnment
mat hemat i cal formul a 2nd 3r d
carr ier sense mult i pl e access wi t h col l i si on avoidance [ See CSMA CA ]
case st udi es
cavi t i es 2nd
Fabry Perot Cavi ty fi l t ers 2nd 3r d 4t h
CDM (code di vi si on mul t i pl exi ng)
channel s
add- drop capabi l i t ies
droppi ng
l i ght pat hs
subcarri er mul t i pl exing
t i l t- l i mi t ed syst ems
uneven spaci ng i n l ong-haul net wor ks
charact eri st ics of f i ber
t est and measurement requir ement s
chir p
exti nct ion r at io
prechir pi ng
chir ped pul ses
chromat i c di spersi on 2nd 3r d 4t h
eff ect on maxi mum t ransmi ssi on di st ance
ci rcul ar pol ar izat ion
ci rcul ators 2nd
cl addi ng
coher ent i nt erf er ence
col l ect or networks 2nd
col l i si on det ect i on
at opti cal l ayer
commerci al si mul at ion t ool s 2nd
compensat i on t echni ques f or disper si on
GVD compensat i on wit h FGBs 2nd
hi gh di spersi on f i bers 2nd
post compensat i on 2nd
precompensat i on
compensat i on t echni ques f or PMD 2nd
composi t e si gnal s
WDM signal s
composi t e WDM si gnal s
conduct i on st at e
const rai nt s
on l i ght pat h- l i nk mat ri x f ormul a 2nd

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
on t hroughput
contenti on resol ut ion
SDLs
pri nci ples of
contenti on resol ut ion schemes
defl ect i on rout i ng
contr ol packet
SRP
CORD (cont ent i on resol ut i on usi ng del ay)
core
bi refr ingence
modes
pulse propagat i on
cutof f condi ti on 2nd
coupl ers
di rect i onal
cri t i cal angl e
cross phase modul at i on
cross-connect s
CSMA CA (carr ier sense mult i pl e access wi t h col l i si on avoi dance)
CSMA/ CD
HORNET i mpl ement at i on
CSMA/ CD (carr ier sense mult i pl e access wi t h col l i si on detect i on)
cutof f condi ti on 2nd
cyl i ndri cal geomet ry
PMD 2nd

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
dat a packet
SRP
dat a rat es
of SONET/ SDH 2nd
dB ( deci bel ) 2nd
DBR (distr ibut ed Bragg refl ect or) l asers
t unabl e l asers
DC-bi ased l asers
DCUs (di spersi on compensati on uni t s)
opt i mal pl acement of 2nd 3r d 4t h
dedi cat ed protect i on
defl ect i on rout i ng
degree of connect i vit y 2nd
degree of conver si on
del ay
CORD
del ay l i nes
contenti on resol ut ion
pri nci ples of operat i on
del ayed reservat ion
demos ( VPI tr ansmi ssi onMakerWDM)
300 km OC- 192 met ro core ri ng
300 km OC- 48 met ro core ri ng
ampl i fi er spaci ng and l aunch power
back- to- back r ecei ver sensi ti vi t y
i mport i ng
l ong- haul WDM system
densi t y
eff ect on refr act i on
depl eti on regi on
desi gni ng
WDM li nks
opt i mal DCU pl acement 2nd 3r d 4t h
WDM net works
t opol ogy sel ect i on
t rees
desi gni ng opt i cal net works
at t enuat i on
necessi t y of f or si gnal propagat i on 2nd
consi der at ions
BER
chromat i c di spersi on
nonl i neari t y 2nd
power budget
desi gni ng WDM net works
access net work t opol ogi es
access ri ngs 2nd
node archit ect ur e 2nd
based on fi ber types
case st udi es 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h 6t h 7t h 8t h
degree of connect i vit y 2nd
f ul l y connect ed mesh
green- fi el d net wor ks
l aser modul ati on

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
l ogi cal topology 2nd 3r d
l ong-haul
FWM, eff ect on desi gn
PMD, eff ect on
l ong- haul archi t ecture
met ro core archi t ect ure 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h 6t h 7t h 8t h 9t h 10t h 11t h 12t h 13t h 14t h 15t h
nodes, ef fect on desi gn
OADMs
opt i cal ampl i f iers
opt i cal r ecei vers
OSC 2nd
physi cal l ayer 2nd
PPMN 2nd
prot ect i on
1+ 1 2nd
f rom fi ber fai l ure
f rom pat h fai l ure
f rom subsyst em f ai l ure
si mul at i on
si gnal- t o-noi se
si mul at i ons 2nd 3r d
st andalone phot oni c comput er-ai ded design t ool s
vi rt ual topologi es 2nd
dest i nat i on address fi el d ( Et hernet)
dest i nat i on- based slot assembl y
PSR 2nd
devel opment
of f i ber opt i c technol ogy
devices
ampl i fi ers
cal culati ng maxi mum t ransmi ssi on di st ance
mil l i second power t ransi ent anal ysi s 2nd
t est ing 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h
bur st -mode recei vers 2nd
cavi t i es
ci rcul ators 2nd
coupl ers
f il t ers
AOTFs 2nd
AWG devi ces 2nd
Fabry Perot Cavi ty fi l t ers 2nd 3r d 4t h
FBGs 2nd
MZI
t hi n f il m 2nd
FOTP ( fi ber-opti c t est procedures)
l asers 2nd 3r d
chir p
DBR 2nd
di st ri but ed feedback
Fabry Perot (FP) cavi t y l asers
l i ne wi dt h 2nd
modul at i on 2nd
spont aneous emi ssi on
VCSEL
opt i cal ampl i f iers
EDFA 2nd 3r d 4t h

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
heuri st ics 2nd
noi se 2nd
SOAs 2nd 3r d
passi ve
perf ormance measurement par amet ers 2nd
photodet ect ors
APDs 2nd
PI N 2nd
recei ver noi se 2nd
recei ver perfor mance
recei ver sensi t i vi ty 2nd 3r d
photoni c component desi gn
Raman ampl i f i er s 2nd
DRAs 2nd
hybri d
repeat er s 2nd
swi t ches
bubbl e
el ectr o-opt i cal
mechani cal 2nd 3r d
t hermo-opt i c
t est equi pment
at t enuat ors 2nd
broadband l ight sources
l aser sources
opt i cal spectr um anal yzers 2nd
OTDRs 2nd
power met ers
t est i ng equi pment
BERTs 2nd
t est s and measurement s
t ransponders 2nd 3r d
cost of
f ul l / l i mit ed wavel ent h conversi on
DFCs ( di spersi on compensat i on fi bers) 2nd
DGD (di f ferent i al gr oup del ay)
DGD (di f ferent i al gr oup- del ay)
di ff ract i on
di ff ract i on by grat ings
di rect modulat i on
di rect i onal coupl ers
di rect l y modul at ed l asers
di spersi on 2nd 3r d
assessi ng power penal t y
chromat i c
DCUs 2nd 3r d 4t h
eff ect on maxi mum t ransmi ssi on di st ance
eff ect on pulse spreadi ng
hi gh di spersi on f i bers 2nd 3r d 4t h
mat eri al di spersi on 2nd
opt i cal vel oci t y
paramet er s 2nd
PMD
compensat i on t echni ques 2nd 3r d 4t h
mit i gat i ng eff ect s of t hrough si mul at i on
post compensat i on 2nd

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
precompensat i on
wavegui de di spersion
di spersi on maps
opt i mi zi ng DCU pl acement 2nd 3r d 4t h
di spersi on-shif t ed f i ber
di spersi on-shif t ed f i ber s
di spl ayi ng
eye pat t er ns
di st ance l i mi t at i ons of fi ber opt i cs
at t enuat i on coef fi ci ent 2nd
di st ance l i mi t at i ons of opt i cal f i ber
cal culati ng maxi mum t ransmi ssi on di st ance
di st ri but ed ampl i f i cat ion 2nd 3r d
di st ri but ed Br agg ref l ect or l asers [ See DBR l asers ]
di st ri but ed feedback l asers
di st ri but i on
sel f- si mi l ari t y
di st ri but i ons
Sel f -Si mil ar it y 2nd
heavy-t ai l ed di st ri but ion 2nd
l ong- range dependence
second-order 2nd
DLE ( dynami c l i ght pat h est abl i shment )
doped fi ber ampl i f iers
EDFA 2nd
noi se 2nd
dopi ng 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h
downst ream tr ansmi ssi on
EPON
DPT
SRP
archi tect ures
DRAs ( Di st ri buted Raman ampl i f iers) 2nd 3r d
droppi ng channels
DSFs (di spersi on shi ft ed f i bers)
DTP
SRP
contr ol / dat a packet s
generi c frame header 2nd
I PS
ri ng sel ect ion 2nd
t opol ogy di scovery 2nd
t raf fi c fl ow
DTP ( Dynami c Packet Transport )
dual- hubbed archi t ectures
dynami c l i ght pat h est abl i shment
opt i mi zati on par amet er 2nd
Dynamic Packet Transport [ See DPT]

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
E (el ect ri c) fi el ds
eff ect on pol ari zat i on
E fi el d
Maxwel l 's equat i ons
rel at i onship t o H f i eld
EDFA ( Erbi um doped f i ber ampl i fi ers) 2nd
noi se 2nd
EDFA t est i ng
EDFAs
t est ing 2nd 3r d 4t h
I SS met hod
t i me domai n ext inct i on met hod 2nd
versus Raman ampl i f iers
EDFAs ( Erbi um doped f i ber ampl i fi ers )
edge-emit t i ng LEDs ( EELEDs)
EFM (Et hernet in t he Fi rst Mi l e) t ask f orce
el ectr ical repeat er s 2nd
el ectr o-opt i cal swi tches
el ectr omagneti c wave- propagati on t heor y
el ectr omagneti cs
Maxwel l 's equat i ons
el ectr ons
popul ati on i nversi on
el l ipt i ci t y of signal
encodi ng scheme
Gi gabi t Et her net
EPON
downst ream tr ansmi ssi on
upstr eam tr ansmi ssi on 2nd
equat i ons
l i ght pat h- l i nk mat ri x 2nd 3r d
Schr di nger' s nonl i near propagat ion
Er bi um doped fi ber ampl i f iers ( EDFAs)
error funct i on
of BER 2nd 3r d 4t h
est i mat i ng
node- i nduced syst em l oss 2nd 3r d
Et her net
10 GE
physi cal l ayer 2nd
XAUI
XGMI I
EFM t ask f orce
EPON
downst ream tr ansmi ssi on
upstr eam tr ansmi ssi on 2nd
evolut i on of
Fast Et hernet
f rames
GE 2nd 3r d
encodi ng scheme
GBI C appl i cat i ons 2nd
physi cal l ayer 2nd
prot ocol st ack

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
over WDM
Eurasi an opt i cal net work st andards
SDH
external modul at i on
external l y- modul at ed l asers
exti nct ion r at io 2nd 3r d
extr aordi nary rays 2nd
extr insi c bendi ng l oss
eye mask t esti ng
eye pat t er ns
exti nct ion r at io
waveform anal ysi s 2nd

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
Fabry Perot (FP) cavi t y l asers
Fabry Perot cavi ty- based SOAs
f air ness al gori t hm ( SRP- fa) 2nd
Faraday rot at or
Faraday' s Law of I nducti on
Fast Et hernet
f aul t t ol erance
l i ght pat h prot ect i on
of f i ber f ai lure
of pat h f ai lure
of subsyst em f ai l ure
PCA
prot ect i on
1+ 1 2nd
dedi cat ed
mesh pr ot ect i on 2nd
rest orat i on
FBGs 2nd
FCS ( frame check sequence) f i el d (Et hernet )
FDLs (f iber del ay l i nes)
FEC
i n 40 Gbps systems
FEC (f orward error correct i on)
f eedback
Fermi - Di rac di st ri buti on equati ons
FGBs
GVD compensat i on 2nd
FGBs (f i ber Bragg grat i ngs)
di spersi on compensat i on
f iber
at t enuat i on coef fi ci ent 2nd
bendi ng l osses
degradat i on i n perfor mance
di spersi on-shif t ed
eff ect on WDM network desi gn
i ncr easing capaci t y 2nd 3r d
mat eri al absorpt i on
Maxwel l 's equat i ons
modes
cutof f condi ti on 2nd
pulse propagat i on
broadeni ng of i nduced pul ses 2nd
SMF
t ypes of 2nd
f iber ampl if i ers 2nd
f iber at t enuat i on
necessi t y of f or si gnal propagat i on 2nd
f iber cut
f iber del ay l i nes (FDLs)
f iber l asers
f iber l oss
versus di spersi on
f iber opt i cs [ See al so opt i cal communi cat ions]
act i ve devices

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
bi refr ingence 2nd
DGD
di spersi on
DSFs
GVD 2nd
hi gh di spersi on f i bers 2nd
post compensat i on 2nd
precompensat i on
i ni t i al use of
l ongi t udi nal cross secti on of f i ber
NA 2nd
passi ve devi ces
TI R
f iber- opt i cs
net work layer t echnol ogy breakt hroughs
f iel ds
of Ethernet f rames
of SRP f rames 2nd
f il t ers
AOTFs
AOTFs net works
f il t ers: AOTFs
AWG devi ces
AWG devices WDM networ ks
f il t ers: AWG devi ces
Fabry Perot Cavi ty fi l t ers 2nd
FBGs
FBGs net works
f il t ers: FBGs
MZI
TFFs
reducing nodal l oss i n MANs
t hi n f il m 2nd
f ixed tr ansponders
f ormul at ing i nt eger l i near programs t o sol ve RWA problems
f orward pumpi ng
FOTP ( fi ber-opti c t est procedures)
Fouri er anal ysi s of t ime domai n represent at i on 2nd
FP-based analyzers
f rames
Et her net
SRP 2nd
f rami ng
I P over WDM
opt i cal t echnol ogi es
Fresnel 's eff ect
f ul l wavel engt h conversi on
f ul l y connect ed mesh
f ut ure of I nt ernet
f ut ure of opt i cal swi t ching t echnol ogi es
FWM (f our- wave mi xi ng) 2nd

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
gai n
dBs 2nd
enhanci ng
Raman gai n spect ra 2nd
gai n sat ur ati on
gai n- t i l t
met ro core net works
Gaussi an di st ri but ion
mean
vari ance 2nd 3r d
GBI C ( Gi gabi t I nt erface Convert er) t ypes 2nd
GE [ See al so 10 GE ]
GE (Gi gabi t Ethernet ) 2nd 3r d
encodi ng scheme
GBI C appl i cat i ons 2nd
physi cal l ayer 2nd
prot ocol st ack
geomet ri c opt i cs
l i mi t at i ons of 2nd
GMPLS (General i zed Mul t i -prot ocol Label Swi t chi ng)
graded i ndex of f i ber medi a 2nd
graph color i ng
sequenti al approach 2nd
sol vi ng wavel engt h assignment probl em 2nd 3r d
grat i ngs
AOTFs
FBGs 2nd 3r d
di spersi on compensat i on
FGBs
GVD compensat i on 2nd
green- fi el d net wor k
group del ay
group i ndex
mat eri al di spersi on 2nd
group vel oci t y 2nd
Guass' s Law of El ect i ci ty
GVD
compensat i on wi t h FGBs 2nd
GVD (Group velocit y di spersi on)
GVD (group vel oci t y di spersi on)

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
H (magnet i c) f i el ds
eff ect on pol ari zat i on
H fi el d
Maxwel l 's equat i ons
H fi el ds
rel at i onship t o E f i eld
hammi ng di stance
heavy-t ai l ed di st ri but ion 2nd
hi gh di spersi on f i bers 2nd 3r d 4t h
hi gher-order VCs
HORNET
CSMA/ CD
HORNET ( Hybri d Opto- El ect ronic Ri ng Net work) 2nd
hubbed t opol ogy 2nd 3r d
hybri d ampl if i ers
Hybri d Opto-El ect roni c Ri ng Net work [ See HORNET]

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
I EEE 802. 3
Fast Et hernet
f rame format
GE 2nd
I EEE 802. 3 standard
evolut i on of Et hernet
I EEE 802. 3ah (EFM)
I EEE 802. 3z (Gi gabi t Ethernet )
encodi ng scheme
GBI C appl i cat i ons 2nd
physi cal l ayer 2nd
prot ocol st ack
I EEE 802. ae (10 GE)
physi cal l ayer 2nd
XAUI
XGMI I
I M (i nt ensi t y modul at ed) modul at i on
i mport i ng
VPI t ransmi ssi onMakerWDM demos
i nci dent rays
pol ari zat i on
i ncr easing f i ber capaci t y 2nd 3r d
i ndex pr ofi l es of fi ber medi a 2nd
i nput sect i on of nodes
i nst al l i ng
VPI t ransmi ssi onMakerWDM
i nt eger l i near f ormul at i ons to sol ve RWA pr obl em
i nt erf eromet er-based anal yzers
I nternet
f ut ure of
i nt ri nsi c f i ber l oss
I P
over DWDM 2nd
I P (I nt er net Prot ocol)
POS
i nt erf aces
I P over WDM
f rami ng i ssues
I PS ( i nt el l igent prot ect i on swi t chi ng)
i rregul ar mul t i hop t opol ogi es
I SI (i nt ersymbol i nt erf er ence)
I SS ( int er pol at ed source subt ract i on)
I SS met hod of EDFA test i ng
I TU
opt i cal network component t esti ng
I TU G.654
I TU st andards
met ro core net work-rel at ed
I TU-gri d wavel engths

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
JET ( Just Enough Ti me) prot ocol 2nd 3r d
Jones met hod of measuri ng pol ari zat i on
Jones vect or
measuri ng pol ari zat i on

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
L (l ong) band
L band
LAN PHY ( 10 GE)
l aser
mechani cal l y t uned
l aser sources
l asers 2nd 3r d
chir p
DBR
t unabl e
di rect l y modul at ed
di st ri but ed feedback
external l y modul at ed
Fabry Perot (FP) cavi t y l asers
l i ne wi dt h 2nd
modul at i on 2nd 3r d
NRZ
RZ
spont aneous emi ssi on
VCSEL
l asi ng eff ect
l asi ng t hreshol d
l at ency
CORD
l ayer ed prot ocol s
SONET 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h 6t h
l engt h fi el d (Et her net )
l i ght
Ral ei gh scat t er ing
refl ect i on
refr act i on
cri t i cal angl e
Snel l 's l aw 2nd
refr act i ve index of t he medi a 2nd
spont aneous emi ssi on
st i mul at ed emi ssi on
l asi ng t hreshol d
l i ght propagat i on
l i ght quanta
l i ght pat h
bl ocki ng probabi l i t y
mini mi zi ng
l i ght pat h prot ect i on
1+ 1 pr otect i on 2nd
mesh pr ot ect i on 2nd
of f i ber f ai lure
of pat h f ai lure
of subsyst em f ai l ure
PCA
l i ght pat h swi t ches
l i ght pat h swi t chi ng
bubbl e
el ectr o-opt i cal
mechani cal

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
MEMS t echnol ogy
t hermo-opt i c
l i ght pat h- l i nk mat ri x 2nd 3r d
l i ght pat hs 2nd
bl ocki ng probabi l i t y
cal culati ng 2nd 3r d
dynami c est abl i shment
opt i mi zati on par amet er 2nd
l oad
prot ect i on
rest orat i on
short est pat h rout i ng
spat i al diversi t y
st at i c est abl i shment 2nd 3r d
vi rt ual topology of opt i cal net works
l i mi t at i ons
of di spersi on
as net work desi gn f act or
of OSNR
as net work desi gn f act or
l i mi t at i ons of appl yi ng geomet ri c opt i cal pri nci pl es t o pul se propagat i on 2nd
l i mi t ed wavel engt h conversi on
l i ne l ayer (SONET/ SDH)
l i ne r at e
of STM- 1
l i ne wi dt h of l asers 2nd
l i near add/ dr op ar chi t ect ure
SONET/ SDH
l i near pol ari zat i on
Li t hium Ni obat e wavegui de
LOBS ( label opt i cal burst swi t chi ng)
l ogi cal topology
desi gni ng 2nd 3r d
l ong- haul net work desi gn
FWM
eff ect on net work design
XPM, eff ect on desi gn
l ong- haul net works 2nd
desi gn consi der ati ons
nonl i neari t y 2nd
desi gni ng
nodal archi t ect ures 2nd
PMD, eff ect on desi gn
wavelengt h r out i ng
l ong- haul WDM system
VPI t ransmi ssi onMakerWDM demo
l oopl ess def l ecti on
l ower-or der VCs
Lowery, Art hur

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
macrobendi ng
magnet i sm
Ampere' s Law 2nd
Guass' s Law
MANs
BER 2nd 3r d 4t h
desi gni ng 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h 6t h 7t h 8t h 9t h 10t h 11t h 12t h 13t h 14t h 15t h 16t h
gai n- t i l t 2nd
nodal archi t ect ures 2nd
power budget 2nd
TFF 2nd 3r d 4t h
wavelengt h conversi on 2nd
mat eri al absorpt i on l oss
mat eri al di spersi on 2nd 3r d 4t h
maxi mi zi ng
t ransmi ssi on l engt hs t hr ough si mul at i on 2nd
maxi mum t ransmi ssi on di st ance
cal culati ng
chromat i c di spersi on, ef fect on
Maxwel l 's equat i ons
l i mi t at i ons of geomet ri c opt i cal pr i nci pl es 2nd
modes
Maxwel l 's equat i ons
mean
of Gaussian di st ri but i on
measuri ng
eye pat t er n
pol ari zat i on
Jones vect or
PMD
Poi ncare's sphere 2nd
SOP 2nd
St okes vect or 2nd
mechani cal swi t ches 2nd
MEMS t echnol ogy
mechani cal l y t uned l asers
MEMS
opt i cal cross- connect
MEMS t echnol ogy
mesh pr ot ect i on 2nd
met ro access net works
hubbed t opol ogy 2nd
prot ect i on al gori t hms 2nd
t hi n f il m f i l t er- based archi t ect ure
met ro core net works
BER
desi gni ng 2nd
col l ect or networks
desi gni ng 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h 6t h 7t h 8t h
gai n- t i l t
I TU st andards
power budget
ri ng t opol ogy 2nd 3r d
TFF 2nd

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
wavelengt h conversi on
met ro ri ngs
Gi gabi t Et her net over DWDM
Mi chel son i nt er feromet er- based anal yzer s
micro bubbl es
microbendi ng
mil l i second power t ransi ent anal ysi s 2nd
mini mi zi ng
opt i cal crosst al k
mini mum- weight spanni ng t ree
mit i gat i ng eff ect s of PMD
Mode fi el d ( SRP f rames)
modeli ng I nt er net t raf fi c
Sel f -Si mil ar it y 2nd
heavy-t ai l ed di st ri but ion 2nd
l ong- range dependence
second-order 2nd
modes
cutof f condi ti on 2nd
of pulse propagati on
SMF
t ypes of 2nd
modul at i on 2nd
cross phase
NRZ
of l asers
RZ
Sol i ton
SPM
modul at i on schemes
monochromators
Mor gan, Eli zabet h P.
MPLS
l abel opt i cal burst swi t chi ng
MSOH (mul t i pl exi ng sect i on over head)
Mul ler matr ix met hod
measuri ng pol ari zat i on
mul t i hop net works
mul t i hubbed net works [ See al so met ro core net works]
mul t i pl exi ng
SONET/ SDH
mul t i pl exi ng t echni ques i n opt i cal net works 2nd
mul t i pl icati ve f act or
mul t i poi nt PON t opol ogi es 2nd
mul t i st age ampl i fi cat i on
muxpondi ng
MZI
MZI (Mach Zehneder I nt er feromet er)

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
NA (numeri cal apert ure) 2nd
NEs
degree of connect i vit y
est i mat i ng l osses 2nd 3r d
i nput sect i on
nodal archi t ect ures
of l ong-haul net wor ks 2nd
of MANs 2nd
swi t chi ng sect i on
net fi ber nonl i neari t y
as desi gn consi derat i on 2nd
NMS (networ k management syst em)
nodal archi t ect ures
of l ong-haul net wor ks 2nd
of MANs 2nd
nodes
access net work ar chi t ect ure 2nd
nodes (WDM)
cavi t i es
ci rcul ators 2nd
coupl ers
f il t ers
AOTF
AOTFs
AWG devi ces 2nd
Fabry Perot Cavi ty fi l t ers 2nd 3r d 4t h
FBGs 2nd
MZI
t hi n f il m 2nd
l asers 2nd 3r d
chir p
DBR
DBR feedback
di st ri but ed feedback
l i ne wi dt h 2nd
spont aneous emi ssi on
VCSEL
photodet ect ors
APDs 2nd
PI N di ode 2nd
recei ver noi se 2nd
recei ver perfor mance
recei ver sensi t i vi ty 2nd 3r d
swi t ches
bubbl e
el ectr o-opt i cal
mechani cal 2nd 3r d
t hermo-opt i c
t ransponders 2nd 3r d
noi se
accuml at i on f rom mul t istage ampl if i cat i on
ASE
EDFA 2nd
OSNR

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
recei ver 2nd
nonbl ocki ng cross- connects
nondet ermi ni st i c pol ynomial t i me hard sol ut i ons t o RWA probl ems
nondi spersi on- shi f t ed f iber
nonl i neari t y
FWM 2nd
Sol i ton
nonl i neari t y of opt i cal fi ber
t hi rd- order suscept i bi l i ty
nor mal
cri t i cal angl e
nor mal i zed frequency V
NRZ (non-r et urn t o zero) modul at i on
NRZ modul at ion
i n 40 Gbps systems 2nd
NZDSFs (nonzero di spersi on- shi f t ed f ibers)

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
O-E-O swi t ches
O-O-O swi tches
OADM archi tect ure
OADMs
eff ect on WDM network desi gn
reconfi gur abl e
OBS (opt i cal burst swi t chi ng)
OC-768
40 Gbps dat a communicat ion
OEO ( opt o-el ecro- opt o) repeat ers 2nd
of fl i ne RWA
OH mol ecul e
OLT (opt i cal l ine t ermi nal )
onl i ne RWA
ONU (opti cal net work uni t )
ONUs
upsteam t ransmissi on
OOK (on/ of f keyi ng)
opt i cal ampl i f iers
doped fi ber
EDFA 2nd 3r d 4t h
heuri st ics 2nd
noi se 2nd
Raman ampl i f ers 2nd
DRAs 2nd
hybri d
SOAs 2nd
wavelengt h conversi on
opt i cal ampl i f iersdevi ces
opt i cal ampl i f iers
opt i cal communi cat ion
at t enuat i on
bi refr ingence 2nd
DGD
di ff ract i on
di spersi on
PMD
f iber
i ncr easing capaci t y 2nd 3r d
mat eri al di spersi on 2nd
mul t i hoppi ng
NA 2nd
nonl i neari t y of opt i cal fi ber
t hi rd- order suscept i bi l i ty
PMD
refl ect i on
refr act i on
nor mal
Snel l 's l aw 2nd
wavegui de di spersion
wi ndows of operat i on
opt i cal communi cat ions
di spersi on 2nd 3r d
l ongi t udi nal cross secti on of f i ber

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
refr act i ve index of t he medi a 2nd
uni t s of power measurements 2nd
unusabl e wavel engt hs
opt i cal communi ct ion
WDM nodes
cavi t i es
ci rcul ators 2nd
coupl ers
f il t ers 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h 6t h 7t h 8t h 9t h 10t h 11t h 12t h
l asers 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h 6t h 7t h 8t h 9t h 10t h 11t h
photodet ect ors 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h 6t h 7t h 8t h 9t h 10t h 11t h
swi t ches 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h 6t h
t ransponders 2nd 3r d
opt i cal cross- connect
MEMS
opt i cal f i ber
nonl i neari t y
f our- wave mi xi ng 2nd
t hi rd- order suscept i bi l i ty
opt i cal f rami ng
opt i cal l abel swappi ng
opt i cal networks
contenti on resol ut ion
desi gn consi der ati on
chromat i c di spersi on
desi gn considerati ons
BER
nonl i neari t y 2nd
power budget
l oad
research i n 2nd 3r d
SONET
drawbacks
l i near add/ dr op ar chi t ect ure
mul t i pl exi ng scheme
POS 2nd 3r d
ri ng archi t ect ure
VTs
swi t chi ng t echnol ogi es
bur st swi t chi ng 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h 6t h 7t h 8t h 9t h 10t h
t raf fi c engi neeri ng
vi rt ual topology
opt i cal ser ver channel [ See OSC]
opt i cal signal
absol ute qual i t y
opt i cal spectr um anal yzers 2nd
opt i cal spread [ See di spersi on]
opt i cal wavef orm analysi s 2nd
opt i mi zi ng WDM net works wi t h si mul at i ons
VPI t ransmi ssi onMaker sof t ware 2nd
ordi nary rays 2nd
OSC 2nd
OSC (opti cal servi ce channel )
OSNR
cal culati ng 2nd 3r d
i mproving wi t h Raman ampli f i cat i on 2nd

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
t i l t- l i mi t ed syst ems
OSNR ( opt i cal si gnal -t o- noi se r ati o)
OTDRs ( Opt i cal Ti me Domai n Refl ect omet ers) 2nd
out age probabi l i t y
out put sat urat i on power
OXCs ( opt ical cross-connect s)

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
p- n j unct i on
depl eti on regi on
f eedback
packet s
bur st s
paramet er s
of group vel oci t y 2nd
Paret o distr ibut i ons
pari t y bi t fi el d ( SRP f rames)
passi ve devi ces
perf ormance measurement par amet ers 2nd
t est i ngdevices
passi ve: t est i ng
pat h l ayer ( SONET/ SDH)
PCA ( prot ect i on channel access)
PDF ( probabi l i t y densi t y f uncti on)
PDL
measuri ng
perf ormance
FOTP
of passive devi ces
measurement paramet er s 2nd
t est ing
opt i cal network component t esti ng
perf ormi ng f ul l end-t o- end WDM t est s
perf ormi ng
f ul l WDM end-t o- end test
pert urbati on
pert urbati ons
FBG
phase shi f t
i n nonl inear si gnal s 2nd
wal kover eff ect -i nduced
phase shi f t s
chir ped pul ses
photodet ect ors
PI N 2nd 3r d 4t h
recei ver noi se 2nd
recei ver perfor mance
BER 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h 6t h 7t h 8t h 9t h 10t h 11t h 12t h 13t h 14t h
recei ver sensi t i vi ty
SNR 2nd
photoel ast i c ef fect
photon-phonon i nteracti on
photoni c component desi gn
photoni c l ayer (SONET/ SDH)
photoni c simul at i on
maxi mi zi ng t ransmi ssi on l engt hs 2nd
mini mi zi ng opt i cal crosst al k
mit i gat i ng eff ect s of PMD
si gnal- t o-noi se si mul at i on
photoni c slot rout i ng ( PSR)
photons
spont aneous emi ssi on

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
st i mul at ed emi ssi on
l asi ng t hreshol d
physi cal l ayer
10 GE 2nd
physi cal l ayer net work desi gn 2nd
PI N phot odet ect ors 2nd
PMD
measuri ng pol ari zat i on
mit i gat i on t echniques
PMD (pol ari zat i on mode di spersi on) 2nd
mit i gat i ng eff ect s t hr ough si mul at i on
PMD (pol ari zed mode di spersi on) 2nd
Poi ncare's sphere
measuri ng pol ari zat i on 2nd
poi nt - t o-poi nt l i nks
desi gn consi der ati ons
Q-f act or
poi nt - t o-poi nt WDM networ ks 2nd
wavelengt h assi gnent
pol ari zat i on 2nd 3r d 4t h
ci rcul ar
l i near
measuri ng
Jones vect or
PMD
St okes vect or 2nd
Poi ncare's sphere 2nd
SOP represent at i on 2nd
PON
OLT
ONU
t opol ogi es 2nd
PONs
EPON
downst ream tr ansmi ssi on
upstr eam tr ansmi ssi on 2nd
PONs (passi ve opt ical net works)
EPON
popul ati on i nversi on 2nd
POS (packet over SONET) 2nd
i nt erf aces
post compensat i on 2nd
power budget
power measurement s 2nd
power met ers
power penal t i es
chir p-i nduced
cal culati ng
Q-f act or i nduced
power requi rements
OSNR
recei ver sensi t i vi ty 2nd
PPMN ( pat h prot ect ed mesh networ ks) 2nd
preambl e
prechir pi ng
precompensat i on 2nd

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
PRI fi el d ( SRP f rames)
probabil i t i es
BER 2nd
error funct i on 2nd 3r d 4t h
Guassi an di st ri but ion 2nd 3r d
out age probabi l i t y
prot ect i on
1+ 1 2nd
dedi cat ed
mesh pr ot ect i on 2nd
PCA
shared
prot ect i on al gori t hms
i n met ro access net works 2nd
PSR
bri dges
sl ot copyi ng
subsl ot mer gi ng
PSR ( phot oni c sl ot rout i ng) 2nd 3r d
pul se progat i on
cutof f condi ti on 2nd
pul se propagat i on
broadeni ng of i nduced pul ses 2nd
f requency chi rp
modes
nonl i near phase shi ft 2nd
Schr di nger' s nonl i near propagat ion
pumps

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
Q-f act or
cal culati ng 2nd
eff ect on poi nt - t o-poi nt l i nk desi gn
rel at i onship t o BER
quant a
quant um ef fi ci ency
queuei ng
SRP t raf fi c

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
Ral ei gh scat t er ing 2nd
Raman ampl i f i er s 2nd
DRAs 2nd
hybri d
i mproving OSNR 2nd
versus EDFAs
Raman gai n
Raman gai n spect ra 2nd
Raman t hreshol d
rari t y of medi a
eff ect on refr act i on
rays of l i ght
extr aordi nary rays 2nd
ordi nary rays 2nd
recei ver noi se 2nd
recei ver perfor mance
BER 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h 6t h 7t h
error funct i on 2nd 3r d 4t h
Guassi an di st ri but ion 2nd 3r d
recei ver sensi t i vi ty 2nd 3r d
SNR 2nd
recei vers
bur st -mode 2nd
reconfi gur abl e OADMs
redundancy
l i ght pat h prot ect i on
of f i ber f ai lure
of pat h f ai lure
of subsyst em f ai l ure
prot ect i on
1+ 1 2nd
dedi cat ed
mesh pr ot ect i on 2nd
PCA
refl ect i on
nor mal
refl ect i ve st ack ( t hi n fi l m f i l ters)
refr act i on 2nd [ See al so pol ari zat i on]
cri t i cal angl e
group i ndex
mat eri al di spersi on 2nd
nor mal
Snel l 's l aw 2nd
refr act i ve index of t he medi a
bi refr ingence 2nd
densi t y, eff ect on
i ndex pr ofi l es 2nd
NA 2nd
rel at i onship of E and H f iel ds
repeat er s 2nd
requi rement s
f or VPI t ransmi ssionMakerWDM i nst al l ati on
researching new t echnol ogi es 2nd 3r d
40 Gbps syst ems

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
FEC
RZ modul at i on 2nd
bur st swi t chi ng
at t ri but es
del ayed reservat ion
JET 2nd 3r d
LOBS
TAG 2nd
bur st -mode recei vers 2nd
HORNET 2nd
opt i cal cross- connect
MEMS
PSR 2nd
SDL
SDLs
pri nci ples of operat i on
t ransparent opti cal net works 2nd
responsi vi t y
rest orat i on
rever se pumpi ng
ri ng archi t ect ure
SONET/ SDH
ri ng t opol ogy
i n met ro core networ ks 2nd 3r d
routi ng assi gnment
const rai nt s on maxi mi zi ng t hroughput 2nd
RPRs (resi l i ent packet ri ngs)
RSOH ( regenerat i on sect ion overhead)
RSVP 2nd
RWA
bl ocki ng probabi l i t y
cal culati ng 2nd 3r d
const rai nt s
corol l ari es
degree of conver si on
dynami c l i ght pat h est abl i shment 2nd 3r d
opt i mi zati on par amet er
NP- har d sol uti ons
of fl i ne
onl i ne RWA
RZ
Sol i ton
RZ ( ret urn t o zero) modul at ion
RZ modul at i on
i n 40 Gbps systems 2nd

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
S ( short ) band
s emi conduct ors
conduct i on st at e
sat ur at ion power 2nd
SBS (st i mul at ed Bri l l oui n scat t eri ng)
scat t eri ng
SRS
Schr di nger' s nonl i near propagat ion
SCM (subcarri er channel mul t i pl exi ng)
SDH
l i near add/ dr op ar chi t ect ure
mul t i pl exi ng scheme
prot ocol st ack l ayers 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h 6t h
ri ng archi t ect ure
SDLs ( swi t ched opt i cal del ay l i nes)
pri nci ples
second-order Sel f -Si mi l ari t y
sect i on l ayer (SONET/ SDH)
sel ecti ng
net work topology
sel f- si mi l ari t y
Sel f -Si mil ar it y
heavy-t ai l ed di st ri but ion 2nd
l ong- range dependence
propert i es of 2nd
second-order 2nd
Sel l meier' s equat i on 2nd
semi - l i ght pat hs
semi conductor l asers
semi conductor s
dopi ng
p- n j unct i on
depl eti on regi on
f eedback
SOAs 2nd
wavelengt h conversi on
sequenti al approach t o graph col ori ng 2nd
seri al i nt erf aces
10 GE physi cal l ayer
shared prot ect i on
Shot noi se
si gnal propagati on
2R regenerat i on
at t enuat i on 2nd
at t enuat i on coef fi ci ent 2nd
f iber at t enuat i on
Ral ei gh scat t er ing
repeat er s
si gnal- t o-noi se si mul at i on
si gnals
measuri ng
represent at i ons (VPI t ransmissi onMaker)
SOP 2nd
si mul at i on

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
commerci al t ool s 2nd
mit i gat i ng eff ect s of PMD
si gnal- t o-noi se
si mul at i ons
maxi mi zi ng t ransmi ssi on l engt hs 2nd
mini mi zi ng opt i cal crosst al k
VPI t ransmi ssi onMaker sof t ware
si gnal represent at i ons
si ne waves
si ngl e- hop net works
si zed-based net work cl assi fi cat i on 2nd 3r d
l ong- haul net works 2nd
nodal archi t ect ures 2nd
MANs
nodal archi t ect ures 2nd
met ro access net works
hubbed t opol ogy 2nd
prot ect i on al gori t hms 2nd
t hi n f il m f i l t er- based archi t ect ure
met ro core net works
col l ect or networks
I TU st andards
ri ng t opol ogy 2nd 3r d
SLE ( st ati c l i ght pat h est abl i shment
sl ot copyi ng
SMF
cutof f condi ti on 2nd
t ypes of 2nd
Snel l 's l aw
cri t i cal angl e
Snel l 's l aw 2nd
SNR
of opt i cal recei vers 2nd
OSNR
cal culati ng 2nd 3r d
i mproving wi t h Raman ampli f i cat i on 2nd
SNR (si gnal -t o-noi se rat i o)
SOAs 2nd
wavelengt h conversi on
SOAs (semi conduct or opti cal ampl if i ers)
SOF (st art of fr ame) fi el d
Et her net
Sol i ton
sol vi ng RWA probl ems wi t h i nt eger l i near formul ati ons
sol vi ng wavel engt h assignment probl em
wi t h graph col ori ng 2nd 3r d
SONET
drawbacks
l i near add/ dr op ar chi t ect ure 2nd
mul t i pl exi ng scheme
POS 2nd
i nt erf aces
prot ect i on
prot ocol st ack l ayers 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h 6t h
SDH
STM- 1

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
l i ne r at e
MSOH
RSOH
t ransmi ssi on capaci ty
STS-1
VTs
t ransport overhead
SONET/ SDH
40 Gbps syst ems
FEC
RZ modul at i on 2nd
dat a rat es 2nd
SOP (state of pol ari zat i on) 2nd
source addr ess f iel d (Ethernet )
spacer (t hin f i l m fi l t ers)
spaci ng of channels
spat i al diversi t y
speed of l i ght
refr act i ve index of t he medi a 2nd
SPM (Self Phase Modul at i on)
spont aneous emi ssi on
SRP
archi tect ures
contr ol packet
dat a packet
generi c frame header 2nd
ri ng sel ect ion 2nd
t opol ogy di scovery 2nd
t raf fi c fl ow
SRP ( Spat ial Reuse Prot ocol )
I PS
SRP-f a
bandwi dth f ai rness 2nd
SRP-f a ( SRP f ai rness al gori t hm )
packet processing
SRS (sti mul at ed Raman scatt eri ng)
st andalone phot oni c comput er-ai ded design t ool s
st at i c l i ghtpath est abl i shment 2nd 3r d
st i mul at ed emi ssi on
STM- 1 (Synchr onous Transport Module Level - 1)
l i ne r at e
MSOH
RSOH
t ransmi ssi on capaci ty
St okes vect or
measuri ng pol ari zat i on 2nd
St okes wave
st rengt h of magnet i c fi el d
Ampere' s Law 2nd
STS-1
VTs
STS-1 (Synchronous Transport Si gnal Level - 1)
submari ne net works
subsl ot mer gi ng
subsystem modul es
opt i cal ampl i f iers 2nd

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
EDFA 2nd 3r d 4t h
heuri st ics: heuri st i cs: of opti cal ampl if i ers 2nd
noi se: noi se: ampl i fi er noi se 2nd
Raman ampl i f i er s 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h 6t h
SOAs 2nd 3r d
suscepti bi l i t y of nonl i near eff ects
t hi rd- order
swi t ch fabri c ( WDM net works)
swi t ches
bubbl e 2nd
el ectr o-opt i cal 2nd
mechani cal 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h
MEMS t echnol ogy
t hermo-opt i c 2nd
swi t chi ng sect i on of nodes
swi t chi ng t echnol ogi es
bur st swi t chi ng
f ut ure of
syst em l oss
est i mat i ng 2nd 3r d

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
TAG (Tel l and Go prot ocol )
TDM (t i me- di vi si on mul t i pl exi ng)
Tel l and Go prot ocol
t est equi pment
at t enuat ors 2nd
broadband l ight sources
l aser sources
opt i cal spectr um anal yzers 2nd
OTDRs 2nd
power met ersr
t est ing
ampl i fi ers
I SS met hod
EDFAs
I SS met hod
t i me domai n ext inct i on met hod 2nd
FOTP
f ul l WDM end-t o- end test s
perf ormi ng
passi ve devi ces
perf ormance of opti cal net work component s
t est ing equi pment
TFFs
reducing nodal l oss i n MANs
Thermal noi se
t hermo-opt i c swi t ches
t hi n f il m f i l t er- based archi t ect ure
i n met ro access net works
t hi n f il m f i l t ers 2nd
t hi rd- order suscept i bi l i ty
t hroughput
maxi mum, cal culati ng
t i l t l i mi t ed syst ems
t i me domai n ext inct i on met hod of EDFA t est i ng 2nd
TI R (t ot al int er nal r ef l ecti on)
t ool s
commerci al si mul at ion t ool s 2nd
t est equi pment
at t enuat ors 2nd
broadband l ight sources
l aser sources
opt i cal spectr um anal yzers 2nd
OTDRs 2nd
power met ers
t est i ng devi ces
BERTs 2nd
t opol ogi es
access net works
access ri ngs 2nd
node archit ect ur e 2nd
hub 2nd
mul t i hop
PON 2nd
ri ng

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
i n met ro core networ ks 2nd 3r d
SRP
di scovery process 2nd
vi rt ual 2nd
t opol ogy
sel ecti ng
t raf fi c
bur st iness
bur st s [ See al so bur st swi t chi ng]
sel f- si mi l ari t y
t raf fi c engi neeri ng
t raf fi c groomi ng
t ransit i on l ayer ( t hi n fi l m f i l ters)
t ransmi ssi on capaci ty
of STM- 1
t ransmi ssi on di st ance- based net work cl assi f i cat i on 2nd 3r d
l ong- haul net works 2nd
desi gni ng
nodal archi t ect ures 2nd
MANs
nodal archi t ect ures 2nd
met ro access net works
hubbed t opol ogy 2nd
prot ect i on al gori t hms 2nd
t hi n f il m f i l t er- based archi t ect ure
met ro core net works
col l ect or networks
I TU st andards
ri ng t opol ogy 2nd 3r d
t ransparent opti cal net works 2nd
t ransponders 2nd 3r d 4t h
cost of
f ul l / l i mit ed wavel engt h conversi on
t ransport overhead (SONET)
t raveli ng wave SOAs
t rees
mini mum- weight spanni ng t rees
TTL f i el d (SRP frames)
t unabl e l asers 2nd
t unabl e t ransponders

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
uneven channel spaci ng
i n l ong- haul net works
uni t s of power measurement 2nd
upstr eam tr ansmi ssi on
EPON 2nd

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
V par amet er
eff ect on support ed f i ber modes
of cutoff condi t ion
vari abl e at t enuators
vari ance
of Gaussian di st ri but i on 2nd 3r d
VCSEL (vert i cal cavi t y surface- emi t t i ng l aser) l asers
velocit y of l ight waves
di spersi on 2nd
PMD
vendor- conduct ed f i ber t est s
vi rt ual topologi es 2nd
vi rt ual topology [ See al so l ogi cal topology]
vi rt ual topology of opt i cal net works
VPI t ransmi ssi onMaker
maxi mi zi ng t ransmi ssi on l engt hs 2nd
physi cal l ayer net work desi gn 2nd
si gnal represent at i ons
si mul at i on t echnol ogy
VPI t ransmi ssi onMakerWDM
i nst al l at i on requi rement s
VPI t ransmi ssi onMakerWDM demos
300 km OC- 192 met ro core ri ng
300 km OC- 48 met ro core ri ng
ampl i fi er spaci ng and l aunch power
back- to- back r ecei ver sensi ti vi t y
l ong- haul WDM system
VSR (very short reach) appl i cat i ons
VCSEL l asers
VTs ( vi rt ual t ri but ari es)

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
wal kover eff ect [ walkover]
WAN PHY (10 GE)
waveform anal ysi s 2nd
BERTs 2nd
wavegui de di spersion 2nd 3r d
wavelengt h
zero di spersi on 2nd
wavelengt h assi gnment
const rai nt s on maxi mi zi ng t hroughput 2nd
i nt eger l i near f ormul at i ons
l i ght pat h- l i nk mat ri x 2nd 3r d
sol vi ng wi th gr aph col ori ng approach 2nd 3r d
wavelengt h r euse
t opol ogi es, eff ect on 2nd
wavelengt h r euse i n met ro ri ngs
wavelengt h r out i ng
wavelengt hs
I TU-gri d
WDM
Brackett , Charl es
channel s
spaci ng
modul at i on schemes
NEs
si gnals
WDM ( wavelength di vi si on mul t i pl exi ng)
WDM network desi gn
access net work t opol ogi es
access ri ngs 2nd
node archit ect ur e 2nd
based on fi ber types
case st udi es 2nd 3r d 4t h 5t h 6t h 7t h 8t h
degree of connect i vit y 2nd
green- fi el d net wor ks
l aser modul ati on
l ogi cal topologi es 2nd 3r d
l ong-haul
XPM, eff ect on desi gn
nodes, ef fect on
OADMs
opt i cal ampl i f iers
opt i cal r ecei vers
OSC 2nd
physi cal l ayer 2nd
PPMN 2nd
prot ect i on
1+ 1 2nd
f rom fi ber fai l ure
f rom pat h fai l ure
f rom subsyst em f ai l re
si mul at i ons
si gnal- t o-noi se l ayer
VPI t ransmi ssi onMaker sof t ware 2nd
st andalone phot oni c comput er-ai ded design t ool s

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
t opol ogy sel ect i on
t rees
WDM networks
cavi t i es
channel add-dr op capabi li t i es
ci rcul ators 2nd
composi t e si gnal s
coupl ers
desi gn consi der ati ons
nonl i neari t i es
f il t ers
AOTFs
AWG devi ces
Fabry Perot Cavi ty fi l t ers 2nd 3r d 4t h
FBGs
MZI
t hi n f il m 2nd
l asers 2nd 3r d
chir p
DBR 2nd
di st ri but ed feedback
l i ne wi dt h 2nd
spont aneous emi ssi on
VCSEL
l ong-haul
FWM, eff ect on desi gn
modul at i on 2nd
photodet ect ors
APDs 2nd
PI N 2nd
recei ver noi se 2nd
recei ver perfor mance
recei ver sensi t i vi ty 2nd 3r d
poi nt - t o-poi nt 2nd
wavelengt h assi gnment
swi t ch fabri c
swi t ches
bubbl e
el ectr o-opt i cal
mechani cal 2nd 3r d
t hermo-opt i c
t ransponders 2nd 3r d
wi ndows of operat i on
WDM networks desi gn
l ong-haul
PMD, eff ect on
WDMs
di spersi on-based desi gn
OSNR-based desi gn
WDMs net works
NEs
est i mat i ng syst em l oss 2nd 3r d
WDN network desi gn
f ul l y connect ed mesh
Wi l dhagen, Pet er
wi ndows of operat i on

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
XAUI
10 GE
XAUI ( 10 Gi gabi t at t achment unit i nt erface)
XGMI I (10 Gi gabi t Media I ndependent I nt er face)
XPM
eff ect on l ong- haul desi gn

Table of Cont ent s
I ndex
DWDM Net w or k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons
By Ashwin Gumast e, Tony Ant ony

Publi sher: Ci sco Press

Pub Dat e: December 13, 2002
I SBN: 1- 58705-074-9
Pages: 368

A compr ehensi ve book on DWDM net wor k design and i mpl ement at i on solut i ons.
St udy vari ous opt i cal communi cat ion pri nci pl es as wel l as communi cat i on met hodol ogi es in
an opt i cal f iber
Design and eval uat e opt i cal component s i n a DWDM net work
Lear n about t he ef fect s of noi se i n si gnal pr opagat i on, especi al l y f rom OSNR and BER
per spect i ves
Design opt i cal ampl i fi er- based l i nks
Lear n how t o design opt i cal l i nks based on power budget
Design opt i cal l i nks based on OSNR
Design a r eal DWDM net wor k wi t h i mpair ment due t o OSNR, di spersi on, and gai n t i lt
Cl assif y and desi gn DWDM net wor ks based on si ze and per for mance
Under st and and desi gn nodal ar chi t ect ur es for di ffer ent cl assif i cat ion of DWDM net wor ks
Compr ehend di f fer ent pr ot ocol s f or t r anspor t of dat a over t he DWDM l ayer
Lear n how t o t est and measure di ff er ent par amet er s i n DWDM net wor ks and opt i cal
syst ems
The demand f or I nt er net bandwi dt h grows as new appli cat i ons, new t echnol ogi es, and increased
r el i ance on t he I nt ernet cont i nue t o r i se. Dense wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exing ( DWDM) i s one
t echnol ogy t hat all ows net wor ks t o gai n si gni fi cant amount s of bandwi dt h t o handl e t hi s gr owi ng
need. DWDM Net wor k Desi gns and Engi neer i ng Sol ut i ons shows y ou how t o t ake advant age of
t he new t echnol ogy t o sat i sf y y our net wor k's bandwi dt h needs. I t begi ns by pr ovi di ng an
underst andi ng of DWDM t echnol ogy and t hen goes on t o t each t he desi gn, implement at i on, and
mai nt enance of DWDM in a net work. You wi l l gai n an under st andi ng of how t o anal y ze designs
pr i or t o i nst al lat ion t o measur e t he i mpact t hat t he t echnol ogy wi l l have on y our bandwi dt h and
[ SYMBOL] [ A] [ B] [ C] [ D] [ E] [ F] [ G] [ H] [ I ] [ J] [ L] [ M] [ N] [ O] [ P] [ Q] [ R] [ S] [ T] [ U] [ V] [ W] [ X] [ Z]
zero di spersi on wavel engt h 2nd