/ / / ...

x :
x + -1x-1 + -2x-2+ +1x + 0
, -1, -2, , 1, 0 C .
, -1, -2, , 1, 0 0 ( x0).
kxk, k Z k 0,
x . , x
.
x C[x] C[x],
x, P(x), Q(x), R(x), p(x), (x), (x),
(x), (x), (x), (x) .
C[x] ,
:
R[x], .
Q[x], .
Z[x], .

P(x) Q(x) , , x . , k
k , k , :
P(x) = Q(x) k = k, k = 0, 1, 2, ,

/ / / ...

0(x). ,
P(x) :
= -1 = = 1 = 0 = 0
P(x) = 0(x) = -1 = = 1 = 0 = 0

x,
.

.
,
P(x)=0, 0 0, .

C[x], x , , x,
x, . C[x].
P(x) Q(x)
C[x], P(x)+Q(x), xk, k=0, 1, 2, , , x k
.
P(x) C[x],
P(x), f(x).
Q(x) C[x]
P(x) C[x], P(x)Q(x), P(x)+[Q(x)].

P(x) C[x], P(x),

P(x).
P(x) Q(x)
C[x], P(x).Q(x), 2

/ / / ...

xk, k=0, 1, 2, , 2, k. , x2 02 + 11 + 20.

0(x) 1 .
P(x) Q(x)
. , ,

.
, ,
,

.
P(x) P(x)
P(x).Q(x)
P(x) Q(x).
:
P(x) = Q(x) P(x) Q(x) = 0(x).
P(x) Q(x) : P(x).Q(x) = 0(x),
.

.
R(x) 0(x) P(x).R(x) = Q(x).R(x) P(x) = Q(x).


P(x) = x + -1x-1 + -2x-2+ +1x + 0
x ( ).
P() , .
+ -1-1 + -2-2+ +1 + 0
x =
P(x) x = .

/ / / ...

C
P(x) C[x], x =
, . P() = 0.
P(x) P() = 0
P(x) C[x] P(x). 1, .

/ / / ...

(x) (x) C[x],
(x) (x), (x)/(x), (x) 0(x)
(x) C[x], :
(x) = (x)(x)
(x)/(x) (x) 0(x) (x) C[x] : (x) = (x)(x)
(x) (x)
(x) (x) (x)
(x) (x) (x) (x)
(x). , (x) , (x) (x) (x) : (x).
,
.
:
.
.
.
(x) (x), (x)=0(x)
(x) (x).
.
(x)/(x) (x)/(x) (x)/(x).
(x) 0(x) (x)/(x) (x)(x)/(x)(x).
(x)/(x) (x)/(x)(x) (x) C[x].
(x)/1(x) (x)/ 2(x) (x)/1(x) 2(x).
1(x)/1(x) 2(x)/2(x) 1(x)2(x)/1(x)2(x).
(x) 1(x), 2(x), , (x),
(x) c 11(x)+c22(x)++c(x),
c1, c2, , c C.
(x)/1(x) 2(x) (x)/1(x) (x)/2(x).
(x)/1(x) (x)/2(x) (x)/1(x)1(x) 2(x)2(x), 1(x),
2(x) C[x].
(x) 1(x), 2(x), ,
(x), (x) 1(x)2(x)(x).
(x)/(x) (x)/[(x)] .
(x)/(x) (x)/(x) (x) = c.(x), c 0.
5

/ / / ...

(x) 0, (x)
(x) 0(x), c(x), 0. (x) f(x) (x).
:
(x) C[x], >0, ,
, . C[x]
x +
, 0, R[x] x + , 0
(<0).
(x) C[x] P(x), Q(x), ,
P(x), Q(x).
(x) C[x]
P(x), Q(x),
:
o P(x) Q(x).
o (x) P(x)
Q(x).
o 1.
, ,
.
P(x), Q(x)
, (x) 1.

(x) (x) C[x] (x) 0(x), (x) (x) C[x], :
(x) = (x).(x) + (x)
(x)=0(x) (x) < (x)
(x) : (x). (x) (x) (x) (x) (x), (x), (x)
(x) , ,
(x) : (x).

/ / / ...

:
(x) = 0(x), .

.
(x)/(x) (x), .
.
:
P(x) C[x]
x , C, P(), .
x = .
P(x) = (x ).(x) + P()
P(x) C[x]
x + , , C 0, P(
x =
P(x) = (x + ).(x) + P(

), .

P(x) C[x] x , C,
, P(x).
x /P(x) P() = 0 P(x) = (x ).(x)
1(x) 2(x) P 1(x):(x)
P2(x):(x) , (x) 0(x), :
(x)/P1(x) P2(x) 1(x) = 2(x)
, , .
(x).
P(x), , ,
(x ), P()=0, P 1()=0, P2()=0, , P-1()=0, P1(x), P2(x), , P-1(x) :
P(x):(x ), P 1(x) : (x ), , P -2(x) : (x ).

/ / / ...

1
P(x) x P() P(x) x+
P(

).

2 ( )
:
(x1)(x2)(x3) (x)
1, 2, 3, ...,
.
:
(x) = (x).(x) + (x)
x = 1, 2, 3, ...,
:
(1) = (1)
(2) = (2)
(3) = (3)

() = ()
3 ( )
:
(x)
>1.

:
(x) = (x) .(x) + (x)
1
.

/ / / ...

:
P(x)
(x)2 P().x + P() .P().
P(x) , P() = P() = 0.
4 ( )
:
(x).(x)
, >1 .

(x) (x) :
(x) = (x) .(x) + (x)
(x) (x
) :
(x) = (x). 1(x) + ()
:
(x) = (x) .(x).1(x) + (x) .() + (x)
x = ().
5 ( )
(x) 0(x)
(x)/P(x)Q(x), P(x):(x) Q(x):(x)
.
6 ()
:
(x)
x+1x1++0, .
:
(x).p(x)+(x)1.p1(x)++(x)1.p1(x)+p0(x)
x = y y. y = x
.

/ / / ...

P(x) C[x]
(x 1), (x 2), , (x ), 1, 2, ,
, P(x) :
(x 1)(x 2)(x )
.
P(x) = x + -1x-1 + -2x-2+ +1x
+ 0, 1,
1, 2, , , :
P(x) = (x 1)(x 2)(x )
C k,
k 1, P(x),
Q(x), : P(x) = (x ) kQ(x) Q() 0.
P(x) C[x], 1,
, , C .
P(x) = x + -1x-1 + -2x-2+ +1x
+ 0, 1, 1, 2, , , 1, 2, , , :
P(x) = (x 1) (x 2) (x )
: 1+2++ = .
P(x)
.
1

P(x), ,
+1 x, P(x) .
P(x) Q(x),
, +1
x, P(x) = Q(x).
P(x), , +1 x,
P(x) .

10

/ / / ...

Vieta
P(x) = x + -1x-1 + -2x-2+ +1x
+ 0, 0, 1, 2, , ,
:
P(x) = x + -1x-1 + -2x-2+ +1x + 0 = (x 1)(x 2)(x )
,

Vieta :
1

= + 2

= 3

S1 =

1+2++ -1+

S2 =

12+13++1+23++2 ++-1

S3 =

123+124++12++-2-1

S =

123-1

= (1)

P(x) Q(x) R[x], P(x)
Q(x), P(x)Q(x) P(x):Q(x) .
P(x) ,
2, +i, , R 0,
i.
P(x) ,
2k, k , +i, ,
R 0, k,
i k.
P(x)
,
.
.

11

/ / / ...

.

P(x) Q(x) Q[x], P(x)
Q(x), P(x)Q(x) P(x):Q(x) .
P(x) , 2,
+ , , Q RQ, .
, .
P(x) , 2,
+ , , , Q RQ, .
, 0,
.

P(x) Q(x) Z[x], P(x)
Q(x) P(x)Q(x) Z[x]. , Q(x)
1 1, P(x):Q(x) .
P(x) 0,
0 , / 0.
, , , 0.
, . 0
.
, , : 0 , .

12

/ / / ...

P(x)

, , Z,

0, 0 ,
/0 /.
, .
.

13

, /0 /,

/ / / ...

1. , , P(x) = x4 +
3x3+x2x+ Q(x) = 3x 3+(2)x2+(+10)x (.
=0, =1, =10, =0).
2. P(x) = (5)x 4 +
(+6)x3 + (2+3+)x + (+5)
1
3

(. =5, =6, = , =5).

3. P(x) = (24)x3 + (2
5+6)x + (2) (. =2).
4. , , ++=27
f(x) =

( 3) x 2 + ( 6) x + ( 2)
x R.
x 2 + 3x + 4

f(x) ; (.
=5, =12, =10, f(x)=2).
5. P(x) R[x]
: P(x+1) P(x) = x 2+x+1 (.
P(x) =

1 3 2
x + x).
3
3

6. P(x) x23x+2, P(x) x1 11 x2 15 (.

4x+7).
7. P(x) = x3+x2+x+4
x25x+6 (x) = 5x+8, (. =
1
19
, = ).
3
3

8. ,
x3+x23x+4 x 23x+2 (.
4
3

=1, = ).
9. P(x) (x22) (.

P( ) P( )
P ( ) + P( )
x+
).
2
2

10. ,
5
3

: 3x3+5x22x+6 (. , 2,

37
).
9

11. ,
2+ 2 13i (. P(x) =
(x42x3+4x236x+20), Z).
12. P(x) = (2+1)x 2+x+(2) Q(x) = 3x 28x+
(+2)
x, , , (. =1, =8, =5).
13. P(x)
P(0) P(1) ,
P(x) (.
14

/ / / ...

P() , . 0,
).
14. , x3+ x+; (. =0 = =).
15. x5+6x2
(. x = 1, 1, 2,
2).
16. x1 2x3+4x25 (. =1 =5).
17. x3+4x22x+3
x2 (. 23).
18. x3+4x22x+3
3x+1 (.

110
).
27

19. P(x) x22x3

P(x) x+1 4
P(x) x3 164 (.
40x44).
20. P(x) (x)3 (.
+

1
P().x2 + (P().P()).x + P() P().
2

1
P().2).
2

21. P(x) (x1)2(x3)

P(x) (x1) 2 x+1 P(x) x3 8
(. x2x+2).
22. x6+4x5
2x3+x2+3 x32 (. 9x2+3).

15