MC LC LI CM N............................................................................................................. LI CAM OAN....................................................................................................... MC LC.................................................................................................................. CC T VIT TT................................................................................................... M U.................................................................................................................... CHNG 1 GII THIU V ROUTER WRT54GL.............................................. 1.1.

Gii thiu chng............................................................................................ 1.2. Ni dung.......................................................................................................... 1.2.1. Mt vi chi tit ca WRT54GL................................................................ 1.2.2. S nguyn l ca tng khi trn board............................................... 1.2.3. Cc cng c lm vic vi ROUTER WRT54GL................................ 1.3. Kt lun chng.............................................................................................. CHNG 2 GII THIU V IC 89C51................................................................. 2.1. Gii thiu chng........................................................................................... 2.2. Ni dung......................................................................................................... 2.2.1. 2.2.2. .................................................................................................................. 2.2.3. Ci t v cu hnh OPENWRT trn router wireless............................... 2.3. Kt lun chng.............................................................................................. CHNG 3: GII THIU V FIRMWARE VA CI T ROUTER................... 3.1. Gii thiu chng........................................................................................... 3.2. Ni dung......................................................................................................... 3.2.1. 3.2.2. ..................................................................................................................
3.2.3. ................................................................................................................

3.3. Tng kt chng............................................................................................. CHNG 4: GIAO THC TCP/IP........................................................................... 4.1. Gii thiu chng...........................................................................................

4.2. Ni dung......................................................................................................... 4.2.1. Cu trc tng qut giao thc TCP/IP....................................................... 4.2.2. Nhim v ca tng lp............................................................................. 4.2.3. Tm hiu v wireless internet................................................................... 4.3. Kt lun chng............................................................................................. CHNG 5: THIT K, THI CNG V HNG PHT TRIN TI........... 5.1. Gii thiu chng........................................................................................ 5.2. Ni dung...................................................................................................... 5.2.1. Qu trnh truyn lnh v x l lnh ........................................................ 5.2.2. Thit k giao din gim st v iu khin robot..................................... 5.2.3. Cch build chng trnh chy h thng.............................................. 5.2.4. Khai bo a ch IP vi router truy cp server..................................... 5.2.5. Kt qu t c...................................................................................... 5.2.6. nh gi h thng.................................................................................... 5.2.7. Hng pht trin ti............................................................................ 5.3. Kt chng..................................................................................................... TI LIU THAM KHO..........................................................................................

CHNG 1 GII THIU V ROUTER WRT54GL.............................................. 1.1. Gii thiu chng Chng ny gii thiu c bn router WRT54GL v hot ng ca n bao gm cc ni dung v tnh nng ca , hnh dng v cc thnh phn trn board, s nguyn l ca tng khi v cc cng c lm vic vi router. 1.2. Ni dung 1.2.1. Mt vi chi tit ca WRT54GL

Specifications Model WRT54GL Standards IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.3u, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11b Ports Internet: One 10/100 RJ-45 Port Ethernet: Four 10/100 RJ-45 Switched Ports One Power Port

Buttons One Reset Button LEDs Power, DMZ, WLAN, Ethernet (1, 2, 3, 4), Internet Cabling Type CAT 5 RF Power (EIRP) in dBm 18 UPnP able/cert Able Security Features Stateful Packet Inspection (SPI) Firewall, Internet Policy Wireless Security Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2), WEP, Wireless MAC Filtering Environmental Dimensions 7.32" x 1.89" x 7.87" (186 x 48 x 200 mm) Weight 17.0 oz (482 g) Power 12VDC, 1A Certification FCC, ICES-003, CE, Wi-Fi (802.11b, 802.11g), WPA2, WMM Operating Temp. 32 to 104F (0 to 40C) Storage Temp. -4 to 158F (-20 to 70C) Operating Humidity 10 to 85% Noncondensing Storage Humidity 5 to 90% Noncondensing Package Contents Wireless-G Linux Broadband Router Setup Software and User Guide on CD-ROM Power Adapter Network Cable

Minimum Requirements Internet Explorer 6 or Firefox 2 or Higher for Browser-based configuration CD-ROM Drive

Windows XP, Vista, or Vista 64-bit Edition with Latest Updates Wired or Wireless Network Adapter.

S khi ca router

1.2.2. S nguyn l ca tng khi trn board

Pin 2 3.3V Pin 4 TX_0 Pin 6 RX_0 Pin 8 Not connected Pin 10 GND Pin 1 3.3V Pin 3 TX_1 Pin 5 RX_1 Pin 7 Not connected Pin 9 GND

Pin 2

GND

Pin 4 GND Pin 6 GND Pin 8 GND Pin 10 GND Pin 12

GND

Pin 1 nTRST* Pin 3 TDI Pin 5 TDO Pin 6 TMS Pin 9 TDK Pin 11 nSRST*

S khi

1.2.3. Cc cng c lm vic vi ROUTER WRT54GL 1.2.3.1. PuTTY (WinXP)

Chng trnh chy cho console ca h thng nhng h tr theo 2 kiu kt ni RS232 v qua ng ethernet. C th s dng putty lm terminal cho console chnh ca router. y, baudrate ca cng COM c set 115200. Nu my Linux ang chy ssh server v c ni trong mng LAN, ta c th s dng console ca my Linux thng qua putty bng cch s dng kiu kt ni SSH.

Test TTYS/0 (console)

Kt ni router voi my tnh thnh cng

Test TTS/1

Kt ni router vi vdk thnh cng

1.3. Kt lun chng

Chng 2 : GII THIU V IC AT89C51. 2.1. Gii thiu chng. Trong chng 2 ny s gii thiu v kho st nhng vn lin quan n chip vi iu khin AT89C51 v cc linh kin c s dng trong mch bao gm: Gii thiu h MCS-51. Kho st s chn AT89C51. Cu trc bn trong vi iu khin AT89C51 Hot ng Timer. Hot ng port ni tip Max 232, max 485, led 7 on. 2.2. Gii thiu cu trc phn cng h MCS-51 v vi iu khin AT89C51 MCS-51 l h IC vi iu khin do hng Intel sn xut. Cc sn phm MCS-51 thch hp cho nhng ng dng iu khin. Vic x l trn byte v cc ton s hc cu trc d liu nh c thc hin bng nhiu ch truy xut d liu nhanh trn RAM ni. Tp lnh cung cp mt bng tin dng ca nhng lnh s hc 8 bit gm c lnh nhn v lnh chia. N cung cp nhng h tr m rng trn chip dng cho nhng bin mt bit nh l kiu d 2.2.1. Gii thiu h MCS-51

liu ring bit cho php qun l v kim tra bit trc tip trong iu khin v nhng h thng logic i hi x l lun l. 2.2.2. Gii thiu vi iu khin AT89C51 2.2.2.1. Khi qut cc tnh nng. 89C51 l mt vi iu khin 8 Bit, ch to theo cng ngh CMOS cht lng cao, vi 4 KB EEPROM (Flash Programmable and erasable read only memory). Thit b ny c ch to bng cch s dng b nh khng bc hi mt cao ca ATMEL v tng thch vi chun cng nghip MCS 51 v tp lnh v cc chn ra. ATMEL AT89C51 l mt vi iu khin mnh (c cng sut ln) m n cung cp mt s linh ng cao v gii php v gi c i vi nhiu ng dng v iu khin. 2.2.2.2. Tm tt c im AT89C51. 4 KB b nh c th lp trnh li nhanh. Tn s hot ng t: 0Hz n 24 MHz. 2 b Timer/counter 16 Bit 128 Byte RAM ni 4 Port xut/ nhp I/O 8 bt Giao tip ni tip 64 KB vng nh m ngoi
SERIAL 64 KB vng nh d liu TIMER ngoi PORT 0 INT0\ X l Boolean (hot ng trn bit n) TIMER v 210 v tr nh c th nh 1 bit. INT1\

TIMER 2 2.2.3. S khi ca AT89C51.

T2EX

(8032\8052 )

INTERRUP T CONTROL CPU

OTHER REGISTER

128 byte RAM 8032\80 52

ROM 0K:8031\8 032 4K:8951 8K:8052

TIMER2 8032\80 52 TIMER1 TIMER0

T1 T0

OSCILLATO R

BUS CONTROL

I/O PORT

SERIAL PORT

EA\ RST

P0 P2 P1 P3 ALE PSEN\

TXD

RXD

Hnh 2.1. s khi ca AT89C51 2.3. Kho st chn ca AT89C51. 2.3.1. S chn AT89C51.
4 0 U 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 9 1 8 3 1 9 A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 L 1 A L 2 P G N D P / / / / / / / /

A A A A A A A A

D D D D D D D D

P P P P P P

P 0 P 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 . 0 2 . 1 . 2 / . 3 / . 4 / . 5 / . 6 / . 7 /

2 1 / A 2 2 8 / A 2 3 9 A 1204 A 1215 A 1226 A 1237 A 1248 A 1 5

V C C

1 0 P 3 . 0 / R X 1D 1 P 3 . 1 / T X 1D 2 P 3 . 2 / I N T1 03 P 3 . 3 / I N T1 14 P 3 . 4 / T 1 5 0 P 3 . 5 / T 1 6 1 P 3 . 6 / W R 1 7 P 3 . 7 / R D L E P 3 0 / P R O 2 G9 S E N

X T A X T A E R

A / V S T T 8 9 C

Hnh 2.2. s chn ca AT89C51 2.3.2. S lc chc nng cc chn ca AT89C51 AT89C51 c tt c 40 chn c chc nng nh cc ng xut nhp. Trong c 24 chn c tc dng kp (c ngha 1 chn c 2 chc nng), mi ng c th hot ng nh ng xut nhp hoc nh ng iu khin hoc l thnh phn ca cc bus d liu v bus a ch. Port 0: l port c 2 chc nng cc chn 32 39 ca 89C51. Trong cc thit k

2 0

5 1

c nh khng dng h nh m rng n c chc nng nh cc ng I/O. i vi cc thit k c ln c b nh m rng, n c kt hp gia bus a ch v bus d liu. Port 1: l port I/O trn cc chn 1 8. Cc chn c k hiu P1.0, P1.2,... c th dng cho giao tip vi cc thit b ngoi nu cn. Port 1 khng c chc nng khc, v vy chng ch c dng cho giao tip vi cc thit b bn ngoi. Port 2: l 1 port c tc dng kp trn cc chn 21 28 c dng nh cc ng xut nhp hoc l byte cao ca bus a ch i vi cc thit b dng b nh m rng. Port 3: Port 3 l port c tc dng kp trn cc chn 10-17. Cc chn ca port ny c nhiu chc nng, cc cng dng chuyn i c lin h vi cc c tnh c bit ca 89C51 nh bng sau: Bit P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P3.6 P3.7 Tn RXT TXD INT0\ INT1\ T0 T1 WR\ RD\ Chc nng chuyn i Ng vo d liu ni tip Ng xut d liu ni tip Ng vo ngt 0 Ng vo ngt 1 Ng vo ca TIMER/COUNTER 0 Ng vo ca TIMER/COUNTER 1 Tn hiu ghi d liu ln b nh ngoi Tn hiu c d liu b nh ngoi.

Ng tn hiu PSEN (Program store enable): PSEN l tn hiu ng ra chn 29 c tc dng cho php c b nh chng trnh m rng thng c ni n chn 0E\ (output enable) ca EPROM cho php c cc byte m lnh.

PSEN mc thp trong thi gian Microcontroller 89C51 ly lnh. Cc m lnh ca chng trnh c c t EPROM qua bus d liu v c cht vo thanh ghi lnh bn trong 89C51 gii m lnh. Khi 89C51 thi hnh chng trnh trong ROM ni PSEN s mc logic 1. Ng tn hiu iu khin ALE (Address Latch Enable): Khi 89C51 truy xut b nh bn ngoi, port 0 c chc nng l bus a ch v bus d liu do phi tch cc ng d liu v a ch. Tn hiu ra ALE chn th 30 dng lm tn hiu iu khin gii a hp cc ng a ch v d liu khi kt ni chng vi IC cht. Tn hiu ra chn ALE l mt xung trong khong thi gian port 0 ng vai tr l a ch thp nn cht a ch hon ton t ng. Ng tn hiu EA\ (External Acces): Tn hiu vo /EA chn 31 thng c mc ln ngun. Nu mc 1, 89C51 thi hnh chng trnh t ROM ni trong khong a ch thp 8 Kbyte. Nu mc 0, 89C51 s thi hnh chng trnh t b nh m rng. Chn /EA c ly lm chn cp ngun 21V khi lp trnh cho EPROM trong 89C51. Ng tn hiu RST (Reset): Ng vo RST chn 9 l ng vo Reser ca 89C51. Khi ng vo tn hiu ny a ln cao t nht l 2 chu k my, cc thanh ghi bn trong c np nhng gi tr thch hp khi ng h thng. Khi cp in mch t ng Reset. Cc ng vo b giao ng X1, X2: B dao ng c tch hp bn trong 89C51, khi s dng 89C51 ngi thit k ch cn kt ni thm thch anh v cc t nh hnh v trong s . Tn s thch anh thng s dng cho 89C51 l 12 Mhz.
-

Chn 40 (Vcc) c ni ln ngun 5V. Cu trc bn trong vi iu khin. T chc b nh.

2.4. 2.4.1

B nh trn chip Hnh 2.3. S b nh

External Momery

RAM

CC THANH GHI CHC NNG C BIT

Hnh 2.4. Bn b nh Data trn Chip

2.5.

Hot ng TIMER ca 89C51.

2.5.1. Gii thiu. - B nh thi ca Timer l mt chui cc Rlip Flop c chia lm 2, n nhn tn hiu vo l mt ngun xung clock, xung clock c a vo Flip Flop th nht l xung clock ca Flip Flop th hai m n cng chia tn s clock ny cho 2 v c tip tc. - V mi tng k tip chia cho 2, nn Timer n tng phi chia tn s clock ng vo cho 2n. Ng ra ca tng cui cng l clock ca Flip Flop trn Timer hoc c m n kim tra bi phn mm hoc sinh ra ngt. Gi tr nh phn trong cc FF ca b Timer c th c ngh nh m xung clock hoc cc s kin quan trng. - Cc Timer ca 89C51 c truy xut bi vic dng 6 thanh ghi chc nng c bit nh sau: SFR ca b nh thi TCON TMOD TL0 TL1 TH0 TH1 Mc ch a ch nh a ch bit

iu khin Chn ch Byte thp ca Timer0 Byte thp caTimer1 Byte cao ca Timer0 Byte cao caTimer1

88H 89H 8AH 8BH 8CH 8DH

C Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng

2.5.2. Thanh ghi mode timer TMOD (TIMER MODE REGISTER): Thanh ghi TMOD gm hai nhm 4 bit l: 4 bit thp t mode hot ng cho Timer 0 v 4 bit cao t mode hot ng cho Timer 1.8 bit ca thanh ghi TMOD c tm tt nh sau:

Bit 7 6

Name GATE C/T

B nh thi 1 1

M t Khi GATE = 1, Timer ch lm vic INTI=1 Bt cho m s kin hay nh thi C/T = 1 : m s kin C/T = 0 : nh thi

5 4 3 2 1 0

M1 M0 GATE C/T\ M1 M0

1 1 0 0 0 0

Bit chn mode ca Timer 1 Bit chn mode ca Timer 1 Bit cng ca Timer 0 Bit chn Counter/ Timer ca Timer 0 Bit chn mode ca Timer 0 Bit chn mode ca Timer 0

Vi hai bit M0 v M1 ca TMOD chn mode cho Timer 0 hoc Timer 1 M1 M0 Che o 0 1 2 3 Mo ta

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1

Mode Timer 13 bit (mode 8048) Mode Timer 16 bit Mode t ng np 8 bit Mode Timer tch ra: Timer 0: TL0 l Timer 8 bit c iu khin bi ccbit ca Timer 0. TH0 tng t nhng c iu khin bi

cc bit ca mode Timer 1. Timer 1: c ngng li. 2.5.3. Thanh ghi iu khin Timer TCON: (TIMER CONTROL REGISTER): Thanh ghi iu khin bao gm cc bit trng thi v cc bit iu khin bi Timer 0 v Timer 1. Thanh ghi TCON c bit nh v. Hot ng ca tng bit c tm tt nh sau: Bit TCON.7 K hiu TF1 a ch bit 8FH M t C trn Timer 1 c set bi phn cng s trn, c xa bi phn mm hoc bi phn cng khi cc vect x l n th tc phc v ngt ISR. Bit iu khin chy Timer 1 c set hoc xa bi phn mm chy hoc ngngchy Timer. TCON.5 TCON.4 TCON.3 TF0 TR0 IE1 8DH 8CH 8BH C trn Timer 0 (hot ng tng t TF1) Bit iu khin chy Timer 0 (ging TR1) C kiu ngt 1 ngoi. Khi cnh xung xut hin trn INT1 th IE1 c xa bi phn mm hoc phn cng khi CPU nh hng n th tc phc v ngt ngoi. TCON.2 IT1 8AH C kiu ngt 1 ngoi c set hoc xa bng phn mm bi cnh kch hot bi s ngt ngoi. TCON.1 TCON.0 IE0 IT0 89H 88H C cnh ngt 0 ngoi C kiu ngt 0 ngoi.

TCON.6

TR1

8EH

2.5.4. Cc mode v c trn (TIMER MODES AND OVERFLOW) :

89C51 c 2 Timer v Timer 0 v Timer 1. Ta dng k hiu TLx v Thx ch 2 thanh ghi byte thp v byte cao ca Timer 0 hoc Timer 1. Mode Timer 13 bit (MODE 0):

Mode 0 l mode Timer 13 bit, trong byte cao ca Timer (THx) c t thp v 5 bit trng s thp nht ca byte thp Timer (TLx) t cao hp thnh Timer 13 bit. 3 bit cao ca TLx khng dng. Mode Timer 16 bit (MODE 1):

Mode 1 l mode Timer 16 bit, tng t nh mode 0 ngoi tr Timer ny hot ng nh mt Timer y 16 bit, xung clock c dng vi s kt hp cc thanh ghi cao v thp (TLx, THx). Khi xung clock c nhn vo, b m Timer tng ln 0000H, 0001H, 0002H, ...., v mt s trn s xut hin khi c s chuyn trn b m Timer t FFFH sang 0000H v s set c trn Timer, sau Timer m tip. C trn l bit TFx trong thanh ghi TCON m n s c c hoc ghi bi phn mm. Bit c trng s ln nht (MSB) ca gi tr trong thanh ghi Timer l bit 7 ca THx v bit c trng s thp nht (LSB) v bit 0 ca TLx. Cc thanh ghi Time. Mode t ng np 8 bit (MODE 2):

Mode 2 l mode t ng np 8 bit, byte thp TLx ca Timer hot ng nh mt Timer 8 bit trong khi byte cao THx ca Timer gi gi tr Reload. Khi b m trn t FFH sang 00H, khng ch c trn c set m gi tr trong THx cng c np vo TLx: B m c tip tc t gi tr ny ln n s chuyn trng thi t FFH sang 00H k tip v c th tip tc. Mode ny th ph hp bi v cc s trn xut hin c th m mi lc ngh thanh ghi TMOD v THx c khi ng. Mode Timer tch ra (MODE 3):

- Mode 3 l mode Timer tch ra v l s khc bit cho mi Timer. - Timer 0 mode 3 c chia l 2 timer 8 bit. TL0 v TH0 hot ng nh nhng Timer ring l vi s trn s set cc bit TL0 v TF1 tng ng. - Timer 1 b dng li mode 3, nhng c th c khi ng bi vic ngt n vo mt trong cc mode khc. Ch c nhc im l c trn TF1 ca Timer 1 khng b nh hng bi cc s trn ca Timer 1 bi v TF1 c ni vi TH0. - Khi timer 0 ch 3, timer 1 vn c th s dng bi port ni tip nh to tc baud (v n khng cn c ni vi TF1). 2.5.5. Khi ng, dng v iu khin cc timer: Bit TRx trong thanh ghi TCON c iu khin bi phn mm bt u hoc kt thc cc Timer. bt u cc Timer ta set bit TRx v kt thc Timer ta Clear TRx. V d Timer 0 c bt u bi lnh SETB TR0 v c kt thc bi lnh CLR TR0 (bit Gate= 0). Bit TRx b xa sau s reset h thng, do cc Timer b cm

Thm phng php na iu khin cc Timer l dng bit GATE trong thanh ghi TMOD v ng vo INTx\. iu ny c dng o cc rng xung.
On Chip Osc.

12 MHz T1 (P3. 5)

1 2

TL1 TH1 (16 Bit)

TF1

C/T\ TR1 GATE

0 = Up 0 = Up 1 = Down 1 = Down

INT1\ (P3.3)

Hnh 2.5 : Timer Operating Mode 1. On-chip osc : mch dao ng bn trong chip 0 = Up: 0 = v tr trn 1 = Down 2.6. 2.6.1. Gii thiu: AT89C51 c mt port ni tip trong chip c th hot ng nhiu ch trn mt dy tn s rng. Chc nng ch yu l thc hin chuyn i song song sang ni tip vi d liu xut v chuyn i ni tip sang song song vi d liu nhp. Cc mch phn cng bn ngoi truy xut port ni tip thng qua cc chn TxD (P3.1) v RxD (P3.0). Port ni tip cho hot ng song cng (full duplex: thu v pht ng thi) v m thu (receiver buffering) cho php mt k t s c thu v c gi trong khi k t th hai c nhn. Nu CPU c k t th nht trc khi k t th hai c thu y th d liu s khng b mt. Hai thanh ghi chc nng c bit cho php phn mm truy xut n port ni tip l: SBUF v SCON. B m port ni tip (SBUF) i ch 99H nhn d liu thu hoc pht. : 1 = v tr di HOT NG PORT NI TIP:

Thanh ghi iu khin port ni tip (SCON) i ch 98H l thanh ghi c i ch bit cha cc bit trng thi v cc bit iu khin. Cc bit iu khin t ch hot ng cho port ni tip, cn cc bit trng thi ch ra s kt thc pht hoc thu k t . Cc bit trng thi c th c kim tra bng phn mm hoc c th lp trnh to ngt. 2.6.2. Cc thanh ghi v chc nng hot ng port ni tip. 2.6.2.1. Thanh ghi iu khin port ni tip. Ch hot ng ca port ni tip c t bng cch ghi vo thanh ghi ch port ni tip (SCON) a ch 98H .Sau y cc bng tm tt thanh ghi SCON v cc ch ca port ni tip:

Bit

K hiu

a ch

M t

SCON.7 SM0 SCON.6 SM1 SCON.5 SM2

9FH 9EH 9DH

Bit 0 chn ch port ni tip Bit 1 chn ch port ni tip Bit 2 chn ch port ni tip . Cho php truyn thng x l trong cc ch 2 v 3, bit RI s khng b tc ng nu bit th 9 thu c l 0 Cho php thu. Phi c set ln 1 thu cc k t Bit 8 pht, bit th 9 c pht trong ch 2 v 3, c set v xa bng phn mm. Bit 8 thu, bit th 9 thu c C ngt pht. c set ln 1 khi kt thc pht k t, c xa bng phn mm

SCON.4 REN

9CH

SCON.3 TB8

9BH

SCON.2 RB8 SCON.1 TI SCON.0 RI

9AH 99H 98H

C ngt thu. c set ln 1 khi kt thc thu k t, c xa bng phn mm

Tm tt thanh ghi ch port ni tip SM0 0 0 SM1 0 1 Ch 0 1 M t Thanh ghi dch8-bit UART 8 bit Tc baud C nh (tn s dao ng /12 ) Thay i ( thit lp bi Timer)

UART 9 bit

C nh (tn s dao ng /12 hoc /64) Thay i ( thit lp bi Timer)

UART 9 bit

2.6.2.2. Ch 1 (UART 8 bit vi tc baud thay i c):

 ch 1, port ni tip ca 89C51 lm vic nh mt b thu pht khng ng b (universal asynchronous receiver transmitter) UART 8 bit vi tc baud thay i c. Mt UART l mt b thu pht d liu ni tip vi mi k t d liu i trc l bit start mc thp v theo sau bit stop mc cao. i khi xen thm bit kim tra chn l gia bit d liu cui cng v bit stop. Hot ng ch yu ca UART l chuyn i d liu pht t song song thnh ni tip v chuyn i d liu thu t ni tip thnh song song. ch 1, 10 bit c pht trn TXD hoc thu trn RXD. Nhng bit l: 1 bit start (lun lun l 0), 8 bit d liu (LSB u tin) v 1 bit stop (lun lun l 1). Vi hot ng thu, bit stop c a vo RB8 trong SCON. Trong 8951 ch baud c t bng tc trn ca Timer 1. To xung nhp v ng b ha cc thanh ghi dch ca port ni tip trong cc ch 1,2 v 3 c thit lp bng b m16 ng ra l xung clock tc baud. Ng vo ca b m ny c chn qua phn mm

16 x tc baud

12

Xung clock tc baud Thanh ghi dch port ni tip Vic pht c khi ng bng cch ghi vo SBUF nhng vic pht khng thc s bt u cho n ln trn k ca b m 16, b m cung cp tc baud cho port ni tip. D liu c dch bit c xut ra trn ng TxD s bt u bng bit start, tip theo l 8 bit d liu ri n bit stop. Thi gian ca mi mt bit l gi tr nghch o ca tc baud, tc baud c c bng cch lp trnh cho b nh thi. C ngt pht TI c set bng 1 ngay khi bit stop xut hin trn ng TxD Vic nhn c khi ng bi mt chuyn trng thi t 1 xung 0 trn ng RxD (bt u bit start). B m 16 ngay lp tc c xo gn cc s m cho dng bit n chn

RxD (bit k tip n khi b m trn ln na v ..v.v..). Dng bit n c ly mu gia 16 s m. B thu bao gm vic pht hin bit start sai bng cch yu cu 8 s m trng thi 0 sau khi c s chuyn trng thi t 1 xung 0 ln u tin. Nu iu ny khng xy ra, b thu c gi s rng c nhn c nhiu thay v l nhn mt bit hp l. B thu s c thit lp li quay v trng thi ngh v ch s chuyn trng thi t 1 xung 0 k. Gi s bit start hp l c pht hin, vic nhn k t s tip tc. Bit start c b qua v 8 bit d liu c nhn tun t vo thanh ghi dch bit ca port ni tip. Khi c 8 bit c nhn, cc iu sau s xy ra: Bit th 9 (bit stop) c a n bit RB8 trong thanh ghi SCON 8 bit d liu c np vo SBUF C ngt thu RI c set Tuy nhin cc iu trn ch xy ra nu cc iu kin sau tn ti: RI =0 SM2=1 v bit stop nhn c l bit 1, hoc SM2=0

2.6.3. Khi ng v truy xut cc thanh ghi cng ni tip: Cho Php Thu - Bit cho php b thu (REN=Receiver Enable) Trong SCON phi c t ln 1bng phn mm cho php thu cc k t thng thng thc hin vic ny u chng trnh khi khi ng cng ni tip, timer Cc c ngt: - Hai c ngt thu v pht (RI v TI) trong SCON ng mt vai tr quan trng trong truyn thng ni tip dng 8951/8051. C hai bit c t ln 1 bng phn cng, nhng phi c xo bng phn mm.

2.6.4. Tc baud port ni tip

 32
Dao ng trn chip

SMOD= 0

SMOD=1 16 Cc ngun xung clock cho port ni tip ch 1 v 3 Cc ngun to xung nhp cho port ni tip

Xung tc baud

- Mc nhin sau khi reset h thng, tc baud ch 2 l tn s b dao ng chia cho 64, tc baud cng b nh hng bi 1 bit trong thanh ghi iu khin ngun cung cp (PCON) bit 7 ca PCON l bit SMOD. t bit SMOD ln 1 lm gp i tc baud trong cc ch 1, 2 v 3. Trong ch 2, tc baud c th b gp i t gi tr mc nhin ca 1/64 tn s dao ng (SMOD=0) n 1/32 tn s dao ng (SMOD=1) - Cc tc baud trong cc ch 1 v 3 c xc nh bng tc trn ca timer 1. V timer hot ng tn s tng i cao, trn timer c chia thm cho 32 (hoc 16 nu SMOD =1 ) trc khi cung cp tc xung nhp cho port ni tip. S dng b nh thi 1 lm xung clock tc baud: - K thut thng dng to xung clock tc baud l khi ng thanh ghi TMOD ch t np li 8 bit v t gi tr np li thch hp vo thanh ghi TH1 c tc trn ng, t to ra tc baud. - Ngoi ra, cc tc baud rt chm c th nhn c bng cch s dng ch 16 bit, ch nh thi 2 vi TMOD=0001xxxxB. Tuy nhin cc gi tr TH1/TL1 phi c khi ng li sau mi ln trn. Mt la chn khc l cung cp xung clock bn ngoi cho b nh thi 1 bng cch s dng ng vo T1(P3.5). D l la chn no, tc baud cng bng tc trn ca b nh thi 1 chia cho 32 (hoc ch cho 16 nu SMOD=1). Do vy, cng thc dng xc nh tc baud cc ch 1 v 3 l: Tc baud= tc trn b nh thi 1 chia cho 32 - Cc tc baud chnh xc c th nhn c bng cch s dng thach anh 11.0592 MHz cho mch dao ng chip. 2.7. T chc ngt.

C 5 ngun ngt MCS51: 2 ngt ngoi, ngt t timer v 1 ngt port ni tip. Tt c cc ngt theo mc nhin u b cm sau khi reset h thng v c cho php tng ci bng phn mm. Khi c 2 hoc nhiu ngt ng thi, hoc mt ngt xy ra trong khi 1 ngt khc ang c phc v, th c 2 cch gii quyt: s tun t hi vng v s u tin. Vic hi vng tun t th c nh, cn u tin ngt th c th lp trnh. Cho php v cm cc ngt: Thng qua thanh ghi IE (interrupt enable) a ch A8H Bit K hiu a ch bit AFH AEH ADH ACH ABH AAH A9H A8H m t (1: cho php, 0: cm ) Cho php/cm ton b Khng c nh ngha Ngt timer 2 (8052) Ngt port ni tip Ngt timer 1 Ngt ngoi 1 Ngt timer 0 Ngt ngoi 0

2.8.

IE.7 EA IE.6 IE.5 ET2 IE.4 ES IE.3 ET1 IE.2 EXT0 IE.1 ET0 IE.0 EX0 Tm hiu cc linh kin khc.

2.8.1. MAX 232, MAX485 2.6.1.1. MAX232. MAX 232 l 1 mch tch hp chuyn i tn hiu t port ni tip chun RS 232 sang tn hiu thch hp s dng trong cc mch s logic chun tng thch TTL RS232 Line Type & Logic Level Data Transmission (Rx/Tx) Logic 0 Data Transmission (Rx/Tx) Logic 1 Control Signals (RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR) Logic 0 Control Signals (RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR) Logic 1 RS232 Voltage +3 V to+15 V -3 V to -15 V -3 V to -15 V +3 V to+15 V TTL Voltage to/from MAX232 0V 5V 5V 0V

Hnh 2.6: S chn v mch c trng ca max232 Cc ng dng ca max232: My tnh xch tay Modem cng sut thp H thng c qui- nng lng RS 232 Mng a im RS 232

Cc thng s k thut ca max232: Ngun cung cp: +5V. c trng: tc chuyn i cao hn, nh nh. Gi tr thng thng ca t l: 1F. Data rate : 200kbps.

2.8.2. IC Gii m 74LS47.

2.8.2.1.

Gii thiu

Mch gii l mch c chc nng ngc li vi mch m ho. Mc ch s dng ph bin nht ca mch gii m l lm sng t cc n hin th kt qu dng ch s. Do c nhiu loi n hin th v c nhiu loi m s khc nhau nn c nhiu mch gii m khc nhau, v d: gii m 4 ng sang 10 ng, gii m BCD sang thp phnIC74LS47 l loi IC gii m BCD sang led 7 on. Mch gii m BCD sang led 7 on l mch gii m phc tp v mch phi cho nhiu ng ra ln cao hoc xung thp( tu vo loi n led l anod chung hay catod chung) lm cc n cn thit sng nn cc s hoc k t. IC 74LS47 l loi IC tc ng mc thp c ng ra cc thu h v kh nng nhn dng cao thc trc tip cc n led 7 on loi anod chung.

Hnh 2.7: Thng s k thut kch thc ca 74LS4 IC gii m 74ls47 l mt trong nhng IC gii m thng dng cho nn vic tm hiu IC ny l rt cn thit . Sau y l mt s thng s lm vic ca IC 74ls47 in p cung cp cc i : in p ng vo max : Nhit khi lm vic tt : 7v 7v 0 0 C => 70 0 C

Khong nhit dao ng cho php : -65 0 C => 150 0 2.8.2.2. Hnh dng v s chn.

Hinh 2.8 : Hnh dng v s chn ca IC 74LS47. Chn 1, 2, 6, 7: Chn d liu BCD vo. Chn 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15: Cc chn ra tc ng mc thp. Chn 8: Chn ni mass. Chn 16: Chn ni ngun. Chn 4: Gm ng vo xo BI c khng hay ni ln cao cho hot ng gii m bnh thng. Khi ni BI mc thp, cc ng ra u tt bt chp trng thi ca cc ng vo. Chn 5: Ng vo xo dn sng RBI c khng hay ni ln cao khi khng c dng xo s 0( s 0 trc s c ngha hay s 0 tha bn tri du chm thp phn). Chn 3: Ng vo th n LT cao cc ng ra u tt v ng ra xo dn sng RBO thp. Khi ng vo BI/RBO khng hay ni ln cao v ng vo LT gi mc thp cc ng ra u sng. 2.8.2.3. S logic v bng trng thi.

Hnh 2.9:: S logic ca IC 74LS47. S cu trc ca IC74LS47, n gip cho nhng ai mun tm hiu su v IC gii m 74LS47 hot ng v gii m BCD sang led 7 on nh th no. S hot ng ca mch c th hin bng s tht, trong i vi cc ng ra H l tt v L l sng, ngha l nu 74LS47 thc n led 7 on th cc on a, b, c, d, e, f, g ca n s sng hay tt tu vo ng ra tng ng ca 74LS47 l L hay H.

Hnh 2.10 : Bng trng thi ca IC74LS47. 2.8.3. Opto, Led 7 on. 2.8.3.1. Opto. Opto l loi linh kin tch hp c cu to gm mt led v mt photo diode hay mt photo transitor.c s dng cch ly gia cc khi chnh lch nhau v in hay cng sut nh khi cng sut nh (dng nh,in p 5V) vi khi in p ln dng ln v p ln. Nguyn l hot ng ca opto:

c c

R 1 3 3 0

3 I S

Hnh 2.11: s nguyn l ca opto Khi c dng nh i qua hai u ca Led trong opto lm cho Led pht sng.Khi Led pht sng lm thng hai cc ca photo transitor hay photo diode 2.8.3.2. Led 7 on. Led 7 on c th xem nh 7 con led n ghp li , c 1 u ni chung cn 1 u h a ra ngoi phn cc cho led. y l lai n dng hin th cc s t 0 n 9, n gm 7 an a, b, c, d, e, f, g, bn di mi an l mt led (n nh) hoc mt nhm led mc song song (n ln).Qui c cc an cho bi: Ch mt t hp cc an chy sng s to c mt con s thp phn t 0 - 9.

Hnh 2.12 : Led 7 on c hai loi l loi anot chung v catot chung.

LED anot chung

LED catot chung

i vi led 7 on ta phi tnh ton sao cho mi on ca led 7 on c dng in t 10....20mA. Vi in p 5V th in tr cn dng l 270; cng sut l 1,4 Watt

Hnh 2.13: Bng gi tr Led 7 on 2.9. Kt Lun chng. Chng ny gii thiu cu trc vi iu khin 8051, nguyn l hot ng cng nh cch lm vic vi chip vi iu khin 8051, y l nhng kin thc cn bn c th lp trnh tt trn chip vi iu khin 8051. Vi iu khin h 8051 l mt phn khng th thiu trong cc sn phm t ng ha. V vy, nm bt v hiu r nguyn l h vi iu khin 8051 l tin to ra nhng sn phm ng dng c tnh thc t cao, c bit vi nhng chc nng h tr hu ch nh PWM, Capture, ISP th AT89C51 c la chn thit k mch iu khin cho robot trong n ny.

CHNG 3 GII THIU V FIRMWARE V CI T ROUTER 3.1. Gii thiu chng Firmware l mt thut ng thnh thong c dng biu th nhng phn mm c nh, thng l kh nh, iu khin ni quan nhiu thit b in t. Nhng in hnh trnh c bn ca thit b cng nh thc hin nhng chc nng cao cp hn. Mt cch t nhin, khng c ranh gii g r rt hoc c nh ngha chnh gia firmware vsoftware. Tuy nhin, firmware ch yu lin quan ti nhng quy trnh ht sc c bn v thp cp trong mt thit b, khng c chng th thit b hon ton khng th hot ng. Firmware cng l mt thut ng tng i, khi m phn ln nhng thit b nhng firmware cha firmware nhiu hn mt cp ni hm. Cc phn h nh cu kin mn hnh tinh th lng, chp nhy, b iu khin giao tip vn vn, iu c nhng on m chng trnh ring (thng l c nh) v/hoc vi m, c coi nh 'b phn ca phn cng' nu xt cp firmware cp cao hn. Firmware n gin ch yu thng tr b nh ch c, hoc OTP/B nh ch c kh d lp trnh, khi m nhng firmware phc tp hn thng lu tr b nh nhy c th cp nht. Nhng l do thng thng cp nht firmware bao gm sa li hoc thm chc nng vo thit b. Lm nh vy thng s lin quan ti vic ti mt nh s c nh sn xut cung cp vo thit b, theo mt quy trnh nht nh; thnh thong vic ny c hiu l do ngi dng cui thc hin.tri rng t nhng sn phm cho ngi dng cui nh b iu khin t xa hoc my tnh b ti, thng qua nhng thit b v b phn my tnh nh cng, bn phm, mn hnh LCD bng bn dn mng hoc th nh, thm ch n c nhng dng c khoa hc v ngi my cng nghip. Cng c mt trong nhng thit b tiu dng phc tp hn, nh in thoi di ng, my quay s, my ha m, vn vn ..., p ng nhng quy

3.2 Ci t v cu hnh OPENWRT trn router wireless

Cu hnh router

Upgrade firmware

La chon firmware ph hp

Ci t thnh cng 2.4. Kt lun chng

CHNG 4 : Nguyn l hot ng ca giao thc TCP/IP v Internet Mng my tnh ngy nay tr thnh mt thnh phn quan trng trong ngnh truyn thng. Trn th gii, ban u ch c vi mng my tnh c a vo s dng cc vin nghin cu v phc v cho quc phng. Cng vi thi gian, khoa hc pht trin, gi my gim, mng my tnh c mt khp ni, t trng hc, nh my n cc hc vin. c bit s bng n ca mng thng tin ton cu Internet a kh nng s dng mng n tng ngi dn. Hng ngy bn do chi trn Internet, lt trn cc trang Web, c bao gi bn t hi lm th no m con ngi c c kh nng truy cp thng tin mnh m v tin li n nh vy? Tr li y cu hi ny qu l khng n gin v l thnh qu ca hng ngn con ngi, lao ng trong hng chc nm, khng th trnh by gi gn ch trong vi trang vit. Bi bo ny khng i vo chi tit m ch xin c cung cp mt s kin thc c bn nht v Internet v nguyn l hot ng ca n. M hnh tng qut ca mng Internet Nh trong hnh 1, kt cu vt l ca mng Internet gm c mng chnh cha cc server cung cp dch v cho mng, mng nhnh bao gm cc trm lm vic s dng dch v do Internet cung cp. "m my Internet" hm cha v vn mng chnh, mng nhnh v bao ph ton th gii. mt h thng phc tp nh vy hot ng trn tru v hiu qu th iu kin tin quyt l mi my tnh trong mng, d khc nhau v kin trc, u phi giao tip vi mng theo cng mt quy lut. l giao thc TCP/IP.

Qu trnh truyn d liu qua mng Internet Nu tng lp trnh, bn hn bit rng mt chng trnh hon chnh c to nn t nhiu module vi cc chc nng v nhim v khc nhau nhng li lin kt cht ch vi nhau. Qu trnh truyn d liu cng nh vy. c th truyn qua mng Internet, d liu phi c x l qua nhiu tng. Mt mng intranet theo chun OSI thng c by tng nhng Internet ch c bn tng x l d liu l: * Tng application * Tng transport cn gi l tng TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

* Tng network cn gi l tng IP (Internet Protocol) * Tng Datalink/Physical Gi s bn ang my A v mun gi mt thng ip ti my B. Bn dng mt trnh son tho vn bn son th, sau nhn nt Send. Tnh t thi im d liu c x l ln lt nh trong hnh 2.

u tin, d liu c x l bi tng application. Tng ny c nhim v t chc d liu theo khun dng v trt t nht nh tng application my B c th hiu c. iu ny ging nh khi bn vit mt chng trnh th cc cu lnh phi tun theo th t v c php nht nh th chng trnh mi chy c. Tng application gi d liu xung tng di theo dng byte ni byte. Cng vi d liu, tng application cng gi xung cc thng tin iu khin khc gip xc nh a ch n, i ca d liu. Khi xung ti tng TCP, dng d liu s c ng thnh cc gi c kch thc khng nht thit bng nhau nhng phi nh hn 64 KB. Cu trc ca gi d liu TCP gm mt phn header cha thng tin iu khin v sau l d liu. Sau khi ng gi xong tng TCP, d liu c chuyn xung cho tng IP. Gi d liu xung ti tng IP s tip tc b ng gi li thnh cc gi d liu IP nh hn sao cho c kch thc ph hp vi mng chuyn mch gi m n dng truyn d liu. Trong khi ng gi, IP cng chn thm phn header ca n vo gi d liu ri chuyn xung cho tng Datalink/Physical. Khi cc gi d liu IP ti tng Datalink s c gn thm mt header khc v chuyn ti tng physical i vo mng. Gi d liu lc ny gi l frame. Kch thc ca mt frame hon ton ph thuc vo mng m my A kt ni. Trong khi chu du trn mng Internet, frame c cc router ch dn c th ti ng ch cn ti. Router thc ra l mt module ch c hai tng l Network v Datalink/Physical. Cc frame ti router s c tng Datalink/Physical lc b header m tng ny thm vo v chuyn ln tng Network (IP). Tng IP da vo cc thng tin iu khin trong header m n thm vo quyt nh ng i tip theo cho gi IP. Sau gi IP ny li c chuyn xung tng Datalink/Physical i vo mng. Qu trnh c th tip tc cho n khi d liu ti ch l my B. Khi ti my B cc gi d liu c x l theo quy trnh ngc li vi my A. Theo chiu mi tn, u tin d liu qua tng datalink/physical. Ti y frame b b i phn

header v chuyn ln tng IP. Ti tng IP, d liu c bung gi IP, sau ln tng TCP v cui cng ln tng application hin th ra mn hnh. H thng a ch v c ch truyn d liu trong mng Internet mt gi d liu c th i t ngun ti ch, mng Internet dng mt h thng nh a ch tt c cc my tnh ni vo mng nh hnh 3.

Nhng tn v a ch ny c gi cho my tnh nhn d liu. phn tch h thng tn/a ch, hy bt u t thp ln cao: a. a ch vt l, cn gi l a ch MAC S d c tn gi nh vy l v a ch ny gn lin vi phn cng v i din cho mt thit b. Thng thng a ch vt l c t ngay trn bng mch my tnh hay trn thit b kt ni trc tip vi my (modem, card mng...) a ch vt l c s dng nh sau:

Thit b nhn d liu kim tra a ch vt l ch ca gi d liu tng vt l. Nu a ch ch ny ph hp a ch vt l ca thit b th gi d liu s c chuyn ln tng trn, nu khng n s b b qua. b. SAP: Dng i din cho giao thc bn trn tng MAC, y l IP. c. a ch mng (network address) Mt thc th trong mng c xc nh ch qua a ch mng m khng cn a ch vt l. D liu c truyn qua mng ch da vo a ch mng. Khi no d liu ti mng LAN th a ch vt l mi cn thit a d liu ti ch. V d: My gi c a ch 128.1.6.7 ->a ch mng l 128.1 My nhn c a ch 132.5.8.12 ->a ch mng l 132.5 Mng Internet c trch nhim da vo 2 a ch mng trn a d liu ti mng 132.5. Khi ti mng 132.5 th da vo a ch 8.12 s tm ra a ch vt l thc truyn d liu ti ch. Nh vy c mt thc mc l: c a ch vt l ri, ti sao li cn thm a ch mng? Vic tn ti 2 loi a ch l do cc nguyn nhn: * 2 h thng a ch c pht trin mt cch c lp bi cc t chc khc nhau. * a ch mng ch c 32 bit s tit kim ng truyn hn so vi a ch vt l 48 bit. * Khi mch my hng th a ch vt l cng mt. * Trn quan im ngi thit k mng th s rt hiu qu khi tng IP khng lin quan g vi cc tng di. Nh trn ni, t a ch mng c th tm c a ch vt l. Cng vic tm kim ny c thc hin bi giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol). Nguyn tc lm vic ca ARP l duy tr mt bng ghi tng ng a ch IP - a ch vt l. Khi nhn c a ch IP, ARP s dng bng ny tm ra a ch vt l. Nu khng thy, n s gi mt gi d liu, gi l ARP request, cha a ch IP vo mng LAN. Nu my no nhn ARP request v nhn ra a ch IP ca mnh th s gi li mt gi d liu cha a ch vt l ca n. Vy t a ch vt l, mt my tnh trong mng c th bit a ch IP ca mnh hay khng? Cu tr li l c. Giao thc gi l RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) thc hin cng vic ny. Gi s trong mng c mt my cn bit a ch IP ca mnh, n

gi mt gi d liu cho tt c cc my trong mng LAN. Mi my trong mng u c th nhn gi d liu ny, nhng ch c RARP server mi tr li thng bo cha a ch mng ca my . Trn thc t, khi mun nhp vo mt a ch Internet no , bn hay nh vo dng ch nh "WWW.hotmail.com" m t thy nhng dng a ch s kh khc. Vy c iu g mu thun? Chng sao c, Internet dng mt h thng gi l DNS (Domain Name System) t tn cho mt host v cung cp mt s giao thc chuyn i t a ch ch ra a ch s v ngc li. Cch t chc tn ca DNS tun theo dng hnh cy nh hnh 4.

Mt my tnh trong mng s ng vi mt nt ca cy. Nh cy trn, my l FPT s c a ch hon chnh l fpt.com.vn. Mi nt trn cy biu din mt min (domain) trong h thng DNS; mi min li c mt hay nhiu min con. Ti mi min ny u phi c my ch DNS tng ng qun l h thng tn trong min . hiu r hn hot ng ca DNS, ly mt v d sau: Mt my trm c tn l test.fpt.com.vn mun bit a ch IP ca my www.microsoft. com, qu trnh hi ca n nh sau: Khi my test.fpt.com.vn gi yu cu hi v my www. microsoft.com ti DNS ca min fpt.com.vn, DNS xc nh l tn khng nm trong min m n qun l v gi ngc ln cho min mc cao hn l com.vn. Ti y, DNS cng khng tm c thng tin tho mn nn phi hi ngc ln DNS ca min vn. Qu trnh c th tip din n khi cu hi c gi ti DNS ca min microsoft.com v ti y cu hi c gii p. hot ng hiu qu nh trn, mi my ch DNS lu tr mt c s d liu gm cc bn ghi cha thng tin: + Tn ca DNS cp cao hn

+ a ch IP + a ch dng ch tng ng Ch s ca bn ghi c ly t a ch IP tng ng, nh t a ch IP c th d dng tm ra a ch ch. d. Protocol ID ch ra giao thc ca tng giao vn. Trn Internet trng ny l TCP hoc UDP. e. Port l mt s c trng cho mt chng trnh chy trn Internet. V d, chng trnh ly th in t qua giao thc IMAP c port=143, truyn file c port =21, v.v... f. Username l tn ngi ng k s dng chng trnh. phn II c ni ti router, IP s dng cc thng tin iu khin trong header ca gi d liu IP quyt nh ng i tip theo ca gi ny. C rt nhiu thng tin iu khin nhng y ch xin phn tch cc thng tin quan trng. - u tin l a ch ch. Nu a ch ch trng vi a ch ca router th gi d liu c truyn trc tip cho host B. Nu khng trng th d liu s c truyn n router tip theo trn ng i. Vn l router no c chn. C 2 kh nng la chn router, tc l 2 kh nng dn ng: + Th nht l tun theo mt cch nghim ngt source routing. D liu s c truyn cho router tip theo trong source routing. Nhng d liu ch c truyn i khi router c chn c trong bng cc router c th n c ca router hin ti, bng khng s sinh ra li. + Th hai l "qun i" source routing v tm ng mi ti ch. Router tip theo c chn da trn s tm ng ny. Thng thng s tm ng da trn thut ton Dijstra tm kim theo chiu rng. Trn thc t, cch ny ang c s dng rng ri v c th tr thnh chun trong tng lai. - Cc gi d liu IP thng c kch thc ph thuc vo mng con. Cc mng con khc nhau th kch thc gi IP ca chng cng khc nhau. Vy gi s mng A truyn c gi d liu c kch thc ln nht l 1024 byte, mng B truyn c gi d liu c kch thc ln nht l 256 byte th gi d liu t mng A c kch thc 1024 byte qua mng B nh th no? gii quyt vn ny, IP cung cp kh nng phn v gom mnh gi d liu. y chnh l lc IP s dng trng flags v offset trong gi d liu IP. Trng flags thc cht l cc c thng bo gi d liu ny c b phn mnh hay khng, trng offset cha gi tr tng i ca gi con trong gi to ban u. Khi phn mnh cc c c bt ln, ng thi

trng offset c thit lp gi tr. Da vo cc d liu trn, IP c th d dng gom mnh gi d liu, hi phc khi d liu to ban u. Kim sot li Qua cc phn trn ta thy qu trnh d liu i trn mng kh r rng nhng trn mt mng rng ln nh Internet th c g m bo d liu s ti ch mt cch an ton? iu g xy ra nu trn ng i cc gi d liu b mt, tc nghn, lc ng...? y ch n thun l cc s c, nhng tht ng tic l n li rt hay xy ra trn thc t, do mt yu cu t ra l phi c c ch thng bo v sa li trn mng. Khi c li, tng IP n thun hu b d liu v thng bo li. Thng bo li c thc hin qua mt giao thc gi l ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol). ICMP c th coi l bn ng hnh vi IP v c mt s c im sau: - Dng IP truyn thng bo qua mng - Khng c chc nng sa li m ch n thun l my thng bo li. Chc nng sa li l ca tng trn (tng TCP) - Thng bo li v gi d liu IP nhng li khng th thng bo li v gi d liu ca chnh mnh - Nu gi d liu IP b phn mnh th khi xy ra li, ICMP ch thng bo li ca mnh u tin Ni rng vic sa li l ca TCP nhng tht ra TCP chng sa li g c, khi c li xy ra n ch lm mi mt vic l truyn li. Hy xem n lm vic nh th no. TCP truyn d liu theo c ch "flow window". Tt c cc byte truyn u c nh s th t v TCP qun l vic truyn d liu da vo s th t . Gi s c 13 byte d liu gi cho my B (hnh 5) .

Byte 0 gi i v c xc nhn l ti ni. S xc nhn ny c thc hin bng cch khi nhn c d liu gi n, my B s gi mt thng bo v cho my gi. Thng bo c cha s th t ca byte c chp nhn cha trong trng ACK.

Byte 1, 2 c gi nhng cha c xc nhn, cc byte 3, 4, 5 trong khung s c truyn i, cc byte t 6 tr i khng th c truyn. Gi tr window limit c tnh bng cng thc sau: Window limit=SND UNA + SND WND SND UNA = s byte gi i nhng cha c xc nhn SND WND= s byte trong , gi tr ny c ly t trng window trong gi d liu TCP dng xc nhn cc byte ti ni. Gi tr ny chnh l s d liu m my B c th chp nhn. My B by gi li gi mt thng bo tha nhn c ACK=3, Window=6. Lc ny d liu c dng nh hnh 6.

Cc byte 0, 1, 2 c xc nhn, ca s m rng ra, window limit nhn gi tr 3+6 =9. Nh vy s byte c th truyn i c iu khin bi my B, iu ny gip gim i s tc nghn giao thng trn mng v lm cho my B c th ch ng x l d liu n mt cch tri chy. Khi c li xy ra trn ng truyn v phi truyn li d liu th TCP khng ch i thng bo xc nhn t pha my B m n lm theo cch sau: khi truyn mt gi d liu, TCP bm gi v nu thi gian ht m khng thy thng bo xc nhn th n tin hnh truyn li. Nh vy thi gian bm gi ht sc quan trng. Ban u thi gian ny c thit lp xung quanh khong thi gian k t khi TCP A gi d liu i n khi nhn c thng bo xc nhn. Nhng v sau do cch tnh ny khng hp l nn ngi ta a ra nhiu cch thit lp khc nhau. Mt trong cc cch tnh c dng ph bin hin nay l thut ton ca Phil Karn. Ni dung cn bn ca thut ton l mi khi ht thi gian th khong thi gian bm ng h tng ln gp mt s ln cho trc. NVT=A x VT NVT: gi tr thi gian mi bm ng h

A : hng s, thng ly bng 2 VT: gi tr thi gian c C ch kt ni gia hai my trong mng Internet Chng cui cng trong hot ng ca mng Internet l c ch kt ni gia hai my. ton b cc hot ng truyn tin gia hai my trong mng c th din ra th phi hnh thnh knh lin lc hay mt kt ni gia chng. Qu trnh din ra nh sau (hnh 7):

1: ULP B gi s l mt chng trnh mail server M. Do l server nn lc no n cng ch i s kt ni. 2: ULP A l chng trnh nhn th in t ca bn. kt ni, bn gi yu cu kt ni xung cho tng TCP. 3: TCP chun b mt gi d liu TCP vi c SYN=1 yu cu c s ng b ho, SEQ c th ly bt k gi tr no, y l =100 v gi cho TCP B. 4: Sau khi nhn gi d liu c SYN=1, TCP B gi tr li mt thng bo c SYN=1, ACK=101, SEQ c th ly bt k gi tr no, y l =177. 5: TCP A nhn c gi d liu t TCP B s gi tip mt gi d liu c ACK=178. 6: TCP A chuyn chp nhn kt ni ln chng trnh A. 7: Sau khi nhn nt gi d liu c ACK=178, TCP B chuyn chp nhn kt ni ln chng trnh B.

S kt ni gia 2 module TCP cc bc 3, 4, 5 gi l c ch bt tay 3 bc (three way handshake). Qu trnh ng mt kt ni cng thc hin tng t. Li kt Vi mc ch gii thiu, hy vng bi vit trnh by mt cch kh h thng nhng nt cn bn nht ca mng Internet, tuy nhin khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca c gi.