1961 Freedom Rides: Journey to Racial Equality

Junior Division Group Website

Brooke Musburger & Bella Senturia

Primary Sources
Print:
Due, Patricia Stephens, and Tananarive Due. Freedom in the Family: A Mother-Daughter Memoir of the Fight for Civil Rights. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. This book is about the struggle during the civil rights movement, told in alternating chapters by a daughter and a mother who participated. It was used to learn what it took to be a civil rights activist. Durr, Virginia Foster. Freedom Writer: Virginia Foster Durr, Letters from the Civil Rights Years. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. This book is a collection of letters compiled from the years that Virginia Durr spent fighting for racial equality. It was used to learn about the experience that the civil rights activists endured. Durr, Virginia Foster. Outside the Magic Circle: The Autobiography of Virginia Foster Durr. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. This book is a white woman's perspective on the evolution of the south and her changing opinions and eventual support of equal rights for African-Americans. It was used to gain background information on the various perspectives involved in the civil rights movement. Executive Order No. 4. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. This is an executive order by Governor John Patterson, calling all of the listed officers to be available on a stand-by basis. It was used as an external link on our Kennedy and the Cold War. Executive Order No. 5. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. This is another executive order by Governor John Patterson, calling all of the listed officers to be available on a stand-by basis. It was used to confirm Executive Order No. 4, and it shows us that the governor was getting desperate and calling out more and more people. FBI, Anonymous. "Freebus--Freedom Riders Misc." Memo to Mr. Rosen. 28 May 1961. TS. Civil Rights Digital Library. This is one of 22 internal memos, originally from the FBI, by didacted authorship. It was found on the online civil rights digital library. The memos show FBI surveillance of civil rights actions on or about the time of the Freedom Rides and was used further inform our understanding of the federal government's reaction to the Freedom Riders.

Forman, James. The Making of Black Revolutionaries. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. This book is a personal account that gives readers a look inside the civil rights movement. It was used to support information found in other sources. Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O.: for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1989; Bartleby.com, 2001. www.bartleby.com/124/. The Inaugural Address of President John F. Kennedy was used for confirmation of his position on civil rights. We used a link to this address on our Kennedy and the Cold War page. Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. This book is a personal account of being a key leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 60s. It was used to confirm information from other sources and to gain a sense of what it took to be a leader of the civil rights movement. Lewis, John, and Michael D'Orso. Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement. N.p.: Simon & Schuster, 1998. Print. John Lewis writes a detailed autobiography of what it was like to be a Freedom Rider in the Civil Rights Movement. It was used to help us develop a greater understanding about the sufferings of the Freedom Riders. The Montgomery Improvement Association. "Integrated Bus Suggestions." 19 Dec. 1956. Rules for Riding Desegregated Buses. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print. The author of this letter, The Montgomery Improvement Society Association, was a society whose mission was to aid in the process of desegregation. The letter was written to instruct and inform the African American community about what to expect and how to act when riding interstate buses throughout the South. It was used to gain a better understanding on the ways that the Freedom Riders were prepared before they embarked on their journey. Noble, Phil. Beyond the Burning Bus: The Civil Rights Revolution in a Southern Town. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. This book explains what could happen when blacks and whites work together to desegregate a town before the federal government forces them to. It was used to understand how a segregated southern town could avoid violence by embracing the change rather than resisting it. Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture). N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. This book is an autobiography about the life and struggles of Stokely Carmichael, and his fight for social justice. It was used to confirm

information gathered from other sources and to learn about other important figures in the civil rights movement. Rustin, Bayard. Down the Line: The Collected Writings of Bayard Rustin. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. This book is an inside account of orchestrating the civil rights movement. It was used to understand the leadership responsibilities and the strategy of successfully upholding racial equality. Seay, Solomon S., Jr. Jim Crow and Me: Stories from My Life as a Civil Rights Lawyer. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. This book was written by one of the seven black lawyers in the entire state of Alabama during the 1950s. It is about the southern way of life that people lived in before the civil rights movement. It was used to learn about a different time period and helped to provide a background on life before desegregation. Peck, James. Freedom Ride. N.p.: n.p., 1962. Print. James Peck describes his participation throughout the Civil Rights Movement. It was used for us to gain more information about what being a Freedom Rider entailed. Unknown. Letter to John. 1961. TS. This letter was written from a father to his son, a Freedom Rider. The author expresses disappointment in his son's decision and pleads with him to return home. The letter was used to gain a greater understanding of the opinions and view-points of the Freedom Riders' parents. N.d. Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement. Web. 12 May 2012. <http://www.crmvet.org/nars/green1.htm>. This is a diary entry from a Freedom Rider describing his experiences. It was used to help us understand what happened during the Freedom Rides and gain background information on the journey the Freedom Riders embarked upon. Wilkins, Roy, and Tom Mathews. Standing Fast: The Autobiography of Roy Wilkins. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. This book is a first-person account from a great leader and contributor of the civil rights movement. It was used to confirm events and information about people learned about from other sources. Zellner, Bob. The Wrong Side of Murder Creek: A White Southerner in the Freedom Movement. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. This is a book about a white southerner who participated in the civil rights movement. It supported information learned from other sources as well as gave us new perspectives from participants in the civil rights movement.

Non-print:
Anastasion, Danielle, and Mike Sinclair, prod. KKK: Inside American Terror. YouTube. Web. 12 May 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CTG58jIlNA>. This video shows the Ku Klux Klan's involvement in violence against civil rights demonstrators at the time of the Freedom Rides. It was used on our Ku Klux Klan page. It was originally from the National Geographic Documentary, KKK: Inside American Terror, but the only clip accessible that we could find was on YouTube. Arsenault, Raymond. "Bio." Raymond Arsenault. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2012. <http://raymondarsenault.wordpress.com/about/>. This page was found on Raymond Arsenault's personal site and is a biography he wrote about himself. It was used to help create our biography about him on our interviews page. Arsenault, Raymond. Interview by Stephanie Mitchell. Oprah's Tribute to Freedom Riders. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May. 2012. <http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Author-Raymond-Arsenault-Explains-theFreedom-Rides>. The Oprah Winfrey show, an esteemed daytime talk-show, held a special on the Freedom Riders and created a website to accompany it. This page held an interview with Raymond Arsenault, respected southern historian and professor of southern history, where he describes his personal journey researching the Freedom Rides and information on the Riders own journey. It was used to develop background on the rides and our Reform page, to develop questions for Raymond Arsenault for our personal interview, and we used a quote on our Interview page. Arsenault, Raymond, Dr. Personal interview. 9 May 2012. We contacted Raymond Arsenault through email and he generously allowed us a phone interview. We recorded the conversation and have used quotes and audio clips from the conversation on the Kennedy and the Cold War page. The Australian Freedom Rides. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2012. <http://www.freedomride.net/clash.html>. This is an article about the Australian Freedom Rides inspired by the 1961 Freedom Riders. This was used to understand the lasting effects of the Freedom Rides. Barnett, Ross. Refusal to integrate schools. 13 Sept. 1962. American Experience. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/sources/ ps_schools.html>. During the 1960's, Ross Barnett, governor of Mississippi and known white supremacist, made clear his opinion of racial desegregation.

Through his numerous speeches like the one cited here, Barnett showcases his refusal to integrate schools. It is a heavily biased speech, and was used to gain background on the mindset of the Solid South. N.d. Breach of Peace- Portraits of the 1961 Freedom Riders. Web. 12 May 2012. <http://breachofpeace.com/blog/?p=423>. This is a diary entry from Joan Mulholland, a Freedom Rider sent in the Jackson City jail and describing her time there. Used on our Solid South page as an external link. "Challenging Positions." Princeton Weekly Bulletin. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2012. <http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pwb/99/0503/gager.htm>. This site had a biography on John Gager. We used a piece of it to help develop our biography about him on our interview page. N.d. ClarionLedger.com. Web. 12 May 2012. <http://blogs.clarionledger.com/ jmitchell/2011/05/26/forgotten-diary-of-a-freedom-rider-tells-amazing-story/>. This is the forgotten diary of a Freedom Rider. It was used to understand the experience that the Freedom Riders went through. Dolan, John. Interview. 1961 Freedom Riders' 40th Reunion. Freedom Riders, n.d. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. <http://www.freedomridersfoundation.org/id21.html>. John Dolan portrays a detailed account of his Freedom Rider experience, why he chose to be a Freedom Rider, and what affected him most about the Rides. It was used to gain background information on the Freedom Riders. "Fools, Just Fools" Interview with Gov. Patterson. YouTube. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXBqzBz1CNo>. This video contains an interview with Alabama governor, John Patterson, and was used on our Solid South page. We were unable to find the original version of this video, the only one accessible is the YouTube version. Freedom Riders. Prod. Media Rich Learning. Media Rich Learning, 2010. Discovery Education. Web. 13 February 2012. This video contained footage of CORE Freedom Riders on their buses and segregated transit facilities. It was used on our Thesis and Introduction page. Gager, John. Interview. Princeton Alumni Weekly 11 May 2011: n. pag. Princeton Alumni Weekly. Web. 13 May 2012. <http://paw.princeton.edu/issues/2011/05/11/a-momentwith/index.xml?__xsl=/cms-print.xsl>. The Princeton Alumni created a magazine

to keep students informed about University events. They interviewed a former professor and Freedom Rider, John Gager, and a short biography was provided. We used a piece of this biography to help form our biography about him that is on our interview page. Gager, John. Personal interview. 11 May 2012. We contacted Mr. Gager through email and we scheduled a time to interview him over the phone. We used his interview to hear about his personal experience as a Freedom Rider. Hampton, Henry, prod. Eyes on the Prize: Ain't Scared of Your Jails. YouTube. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 May 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-UE6n6JnM4>. This video contains a overview of how the Freedom Rides impacted the civil rights movement. It was used on our Reform page. It was originally from the Eyes on the Prize documentary, but the only clip accessible that we could find was on YouTube. - - -, perf. Eyes on the Prize: Ain't Scared of Your Jails. YouTube. Web. 12 May 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQbqzaRAql8>. This video was a short clip of Jim Zwerg expressing his determination to continue the Freedom Rides and end segregation. It was used on our Thesis & Introduction page. It was originally from the Eyes on the Prize documentary, but the only clip accessible that we could find was on YouTube. - - -, prod. Eyes on the Prize: Ain't Scared of Your Jails. YouTube. Web. 12 May 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXBqzBz1CNo>. This video clip showed John Patterson justifying his stand against protecting the Freedom Riders. It was used on our Solid South page. It was originally from the Eyes on the Prize documentary, but the only clip accessible that we could find was on YouTube. Inspirational Quotes on Freedom. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2012. <http://www.greatestinspirational-quotes.com/inspirational-quotes-on-freedom.html>. This is a site containing various quotes from famous figures on freedom. We used this website to find a quote for Diane Nash on our Interviews page. King, Martin Luther, Jr. Letter. Letter From Birmingham Jail. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. Web. 12 May 2012. <http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/resources/article/ annotated_letter_from_birmingham/#1>. This is a letter sent from Martin Luther King Jr. while in Birmingham, Alabama jail. This letter was used to understand the conditions that the Freedom Riders were subjected to while in jail.

Legal Information Institute. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2012. <http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0328_0373_ZO.htm l>. This is Cornell University Law School's Legal Information Institute. We used this page to find the court proceedings of the Morgan vs. Virginia case of 1946. They were used on our Morgan vs. Virginia case page so that the viewer could see the official ruling of the Supreme Court. Lewis, John, et al., narr. "50th Anniversary of the 1961 Freedom Riders." National Youth Summit. Learning Times, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. http://smithsonianconference.org/ freedomrides/speakers/>. John Lewis, Diane Nash, James Lawson and Jim Zwerg share their experiences as Freedom Riders with students of the National Youth Summit Association and posts all of the information online. It was used to collect background information on Diane Nash and John Lewis for our Movement Leaders page. Lewis, John. Personal interview. 11 May 2012. We contacted John Lewis scheduler and worked with him to set up a phone interview with John Lewis. We have used recordings of the interview on our Interactive Map, Interviews, Revolution, and Thesis and Introduction pages of our site, and a quote on the Reaction page. McNichols, Steve. "The Last Freedom Ride." 1961 Freedom Riders' 40th Anniversary. Freedom Riders Foundation, n.d. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. <www.freedomridersfoundation.org/id22.html>. Mr. McNichols wrote about just one scenario in which he was arrested for no reason. It helped us to understand why Freedom Riders were getting arrested and the unfairness and bias police officers had. Nash, Diane. E-mail interview. 11 Jan. 2012. We had the honor of briefly talking to Diane Nash, and she generously allowed us to email her some interview questions. We used one of her answers as a quote on our Reform page. Rabkin, Sasha. Personal interview. 9 May 2012. Sasha Rabkin, a current activist teaching the philosophy of the Freedom Riders to students along the west coast, generously allowed us to interview him. We recorded the interview and used a quote on our Interviews page. Walker, Theresa. Interview by Michel Martin. NPR. N.p., 2011. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. <www.npr.org/2011/11/09/142174280/mother-recalls-her-perilous-freedomride>. Michel Martin interviews Theresa Walker, a mother of four who

participated in the Freedom Rides with her husband. This interview helped us to understand what the Freedom Riders went through. Zwerg, Jim. Account of time spent in Birmingham jail. Beloit College. Fall 2002. Ann Bausum. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. Jim Zwerg, a 21 year old college student, was one of the two white students chosen to take part in the Nashville Movement Freedom Ride, as well as many of the other various sit-ins. Zwerg's speech informs us of his struggles spending time in the Birmingham Jail, arrested for refusing to relinquish his seat to Bull Connor, the governor of Alabama and notorious white supremacist. It was used to gain information on the ways that Freedom Riders were treated when they were taken to the prisons.

Secondary Sources
Print:
Arsenault, Raymond. Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print. Raymond Arsenault, a John Hope Franklin Professor of Southern History at the University of St. Petersburg, South Florida, created a companion edition novel to the American Experience film, Freedom Riders. He can provide specific facts to each individual ride. This source was used on multiple website pages because of its relativity to the entire Freedom Rides. Bausum, Ann. Freedom Riders: John Lewis and Jim Zwerg on the Front Lines of the Civil Rights Movement. N.p.: National Geographic Society, 2006. Print. Jim Zwerg and John Lewis were both on the forefront of the Freedom Rides. Ann Bausum's book captures both black and white perspectives of the civil rights era. The book was used to help us understand the camaraderie among fellow Freedom Riders. Etheridge, Eric. Breach of Peace: Portraits of the 1961 Mississippi Freedom Riders. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. Eric Etheridge, magazine editor, website producer, and photographer, put together this book of biographies and interviews. Information on the Freedom Rides was portrayed in a unique, interesting way, and we used the information to develop a greater understanding of the hardships that the Freedom Riders went through. Haskins, James. The Freedom Rides: Journey for Justice. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. This book is an examination of the 1961 Freedom Rides and the sacrifices required for a Freedom Rider. It was used to learn background information on the Freedom Rides. Kent, Deborah. The Freedom Riders (Cornerstones of Freedom). Chicago: Childrens Press, 1993. Print. Deborah Kent wrote a short but highly-informative book including photographs and background information, a great source if you want a brief "before, during, and after" of the Freedom Rides. It was a great reference for creating our Solid South page.

Non-print
"About the Ku Klux Klan." Ku Klux Klan-- Extremism in America. Anti-Defamation League, 2011. Web. 9 Dec. 2011. <http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kkk/ default.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America &xpicked=4&item= kkk>. This article informs the reader of specific facts such as time of founding, founders, dates, estimated size, goals, criminal activity, headquarters, affiliations, and financial support of the Ku Klux Klan. It was used to help create the Ku Klux Klan page on our website. Barnett, Ross. Refusal to integrate schools. 13 Sept. 1962. American Experience. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/sources/ ps_schools.html>. During the 1960's, Ross Barnett, governor of Mississippi and known white supremacist, made clear his opinion of racial desegregation. Through his numerous speeches like the one cited here, Barnett showcases his refusal to integrate schools. It is a heavily biased speech, and was used to gain background about the mindset of the Solid South. "Congress of Racial Equality." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality>. This article described CORE's involvement in the Freedom Rides and the orchestrating of the pivotal moments in history that destroyed segregation in the Jim Crow South. It was used to help develop our CORE and The ICC page. Cornell University Library. Cornell University Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2012. <http://olinuris.library.cornell.edu/exhibitions/olinat50/ let-oppressed-go-free>. The Cornell University Library has online catalogs and databases that this article is stored in. The article contains great information on the Legacy of the Freedom Rides and we used it to develop our Reform page. "Democracy in Action: A Study Guide To Accompany The Film 'Freedom Riders.'" Rev. of Freedom Riders. Freedom Riders. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/teachers-guide>. American Experience created this Study Guide to accompany their film, "Freedom Riders." It provides a close look at the Freedom Riders' journey and helped us to understand some of the motives and things that drove the Freedom Riders to carry out their movement. Freedom Riders. Museum of History & Industry. 2700 24th Avenue East Seattle, WA 98112-2099. September 25, 2011. This Freedom Riders exhibit was created by

WGBH/PBS.org/American Experience. It partners along with the movie Freedom Riders and the book by Raymond Arsenault. It was an incredible introduction to our research on the Freedom Riders and helped us to understand the Riders motives and purposes to embark upon their treacherous journey. "An EZ Guide to Sounding Smart When Talking About the Freedom Rides." Rev. of Breach of Peace. Breach of Peace. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. <http://breachofpeace.com/blog/?p=389>. Eric Etheridge, author of esteemed book, Breach of Peace, has created a guide to the overall Freedom Rides Movement. It was used to gain information on the Freedom Riders when we were first learning about their movement. It was also used to develop our thesis. Gross, Terry. "Get on the Bus: The Freedom Riders of 1961." NPR. NPR, 2011. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. <http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5149667>. Terry Gross of NPR News created this article to remember and recognize the Freedom Riders of 1961 and how they improved life for African Americans throughout the Deep South. It was used as background information before we had started working on our site. Holmes, Marian Smith. "The Freedom Riders, Then and Now." Smithsonian.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2012. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/historyarchaeology/The-Freedom-Riders.html>. The reputable company, Smithsonian Magazine, included this article on the Freedom Riders on their site, Smithsonian.com. It provided good information on how the Freedom Riders changed racial segregation in the south. The article was used to develop our Reform page. "John Lewis Biography: Champion of Civil Rights." Academy of Achievement. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2012. <http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/ lew0bio-1>. This site is one that recognizes leaders, visionaries, and pioneers in history. This page had a biography of John Lewis that was used to help develop our biography about him on our Interview page. A quote on our Interview page was also found here. Lisker, David. "A Brief History." 1961 Freedom Riders' 40th Reunion. Freedom Riders Foundation, 2001. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. <http://www.freedomridersfoundation.org/id16.html>. David Lisker gives a brief yet detailed account of the main points and the timeline of the Freedom Rides. This article was used for us to gain some background information on the Freedom Riders.

Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2012. <http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/ enc_nash_diane_1938/>. This site had a page on Diane Nash that we used to help develop her biography on our Interview page. "Meet Our Staff." Martin Luther King Jr. Freedom Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2012. <http://www.mlkfreedomcenter.org/meet-our-staff>. This is a page on the Martin Luther King Jr. Freedom Center's website. It has short biographies on the staff employed there and one of the faculty members is Sasha Rabkin, one of our interviewees. We used the biography to help develop our own biography about Sasha on our interview page. "Nativism and Bigotry Ku Klux Klan." Nativism and Bigotry Ku Klux Klan. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 2011. < http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/kkk.htm>. This website had a number of photos and drawn pictures of the KKK in action. They were used on our Ku Klux Klan page. The Oprah Winfrey Show, prod. "Issues Facing America: The 60's." Oprah's Tribute to Freedom Riders. WGBH, 4 May 2011. Web. 21 Dec. 2011. <http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Explore-the-Civil-Rights-Issues>. The Oprah Winfrey Show, an esteemed daytime talk-show, created a website to go along with one of their specials on the Freedom Riders. This particular page is a great source that provides a clear, accurate representation of the time. It was used to develop the Legal Precedents tab on our site. Tampa Bay Times 20 Oct. 2012: n. pag. Tampa Bay Times. Web. 13 May 2012. <http://www.festivalofreading.com/authorbios.html>. This source is a newspaper article from "Tampa Bay Times" containing a short bibliography on Raymond Arsenault. It was used to help us create Raymond Arsenault's bibliography on our interview page. "T. Eugene 'Bull' Connor." Alabama Department of Archives and History. ADAH, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. <http://www.alabamamoments.state.al.us/sec62.html>. William A. Nunnelley of Samford University gives a brief but detailed account of "Bull" Connor's actions in his lifetime. This was used on our Solid South page. WGBH, prod. "The Cold War." Freedom Riders. WGBH, n.d. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/issues/the-coldwar>. WGBH, a reputable radio station, created a companion website, "Freedom

Riders," for PBS to go along with their American Experience documentary. This particular page, The Cold War, provided clear, concise information on the war that consumed the Kennedy administration's attention. It was used to develop part of the Kennedy and the Cold War page of our site. - - -. "Diane Nash." Freedom Riders. WGBH, n.d. Web. 31 Dec. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/people/dianenash>. WGBH, a reputable radio station, created this website for PBS. The page contained information on Diane Nash and her role in the Freedom Rides. It was used to develop Diane Nash's section on our Movement Leaders page. - - -, prod. "Irene Morgan." Freedom Riders. WGBH American Experience, 2010. Web. 19 Dec. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/ freedomriders/people/irene-morgan>. WGBH, a reputable radio station, created this website for PBS to go along with the American Experience film "Freedom Riders." This page provided information on Irene Morgan and her impact on the Freedom Rides. It was used to help develop our Morgan vs. Virginia page. - - -, prod. "James Farmer." Freedom Riders. WGBH, n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/people/jamesfarmer>. WGBH, a reputable radio station, created this website for PBS to go along with the American Experience film "Freedom Riders." This page provides information on James Farmer and his role in the Freedom Rides. It was used to develop his section on our Movement Leaders page. - - -, prod. "Martin Luther King Jr." Freedom Riders. WGBH, n.d. Web. 31 Dec. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/people/ martin-luther-king-jr>. WGBH, a reputable radio station, created the site "Freedom Rides" for PBS. This page provided us with information about Martin Luther King and how he contributed to the success of the Freedom Rides. It was used to develop Martin Luther King's section on our Movement Leaders page. - - -, prod. "The Media." Freedom Riders. WGBH, n.d. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/issues/the-media>. WGBH, a reputable radio station, created this website for PBS to go along with the American Experience film "Freedom Riders." This page provided information on how the media influenced the outcome of the Rides. It was used to develop The Media page.

Images
Alabama Ku Klux Klan sign. N.d. Denver Post. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. This photo shows the Alabama Klan division's sign. It was used on our Ku Klux Klan page, as well as on our Opponents page, with permission from the Denver Post. Attorney General Robert Kennedy. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Feb. 2012. This photo is of Robert Kennedy with his feet up on a desk. It was used on our Kennedy Administration and the Cold War page with permission from Denver Post. Blacks trapped inside church. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Dec. 2011. A group of Freedom Riders and supporters sleeping, trapped inside the First Baptist Church while an angry mob roams outside. The image was used on our Image Gallery page. This was used with permission from Denver Post. "Blank US Map with borders." Map. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:Blank_US_Map_with_borders.svg>. This map is a basic, straightforward image of the continental United States. It shows clearly defined borders between states and was used as the background for the Freedom Rides map on our Interactive Map page. This was used with permission from Wikipedia. Bull Connor. N.d. Denver Post. Web. 10 Jan. 2012. This image shows Bull Connor giving a speech. It was used on our Solid South page. This was used with permission from Denver Post. Burning Greyhound Bus. N.d. Denver Post. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. This photo demonstrates the awful violence that occurred during the monumental Freedom Rides. It was used on our Home page, The Media page, Image Gallery page, and Revolution page, as well as on our Interactive Map for Anniston, Alabama. This photo was used with permission from Denver Post. Colored Waiting Room sign. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Dec. 2011. A "Colored Waiting Room" hanging sign. Used in our Image Gallery page and our Jim Crow Laws page, as well as our Legal Precedents page and our Interactive Map for Rock Hill, South Carolina. This was used with permission from PBS.org/WGBH/AmericanExperience.

Colored Waiting Room sign and Bus. N.d. Freedom Riders. PBS American Experience, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/ freedomriders/issues/jim-crow-laws>. This photo shows a black man next to the "Colored Waiting Room" sign. It demonstrates the various segregation issues of the deep south. We used it on our Home page. This was used with permission from PBS.org/WGBH/AmericanExperience. CORE Freedom Riders embarking on their journey in Washington D.C.. Web. 14 Feb. 2012. This image depicts CORE Freedom Riders on a bus holding up antisegregation signs. It was used on our Interactive Map for Washington D.C., and our Thesis & Introduction pages, with permission from Arizona Public Media. The CORE logo. N.d. Congress of Racial Equality: Mississippi. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. <http://www.campaignsitebuilder.com/templates/displayfiles/ tmpl20.asp?Trial=false&SiteID=590&PageID=7409>. The CORE logo is a great description of CORE's purpose and reason for founding. It was used as a link to the CORE and The ICC page from the Proponents page, as well as on our CORE and The ICC page. This was used with permission from Campaign Site Builder. Diane Nash. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2012. A current image of Diane Nash. Used on our Interviews page with permission from Makers.com. Diane Nash. N.d. Civil Rights Movement Veterans. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2012. This is an image of Diane Nash from 1960, from Diane Nash' personal collection. Used on our Interviews page with permission by Civil Rights Movement Veterans. Flipped car. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. A photo of a car that was flipped over by an angry mob. It was used on our Image Gallery page to demonstrate how ferocious the white mobs got. This was used with permission from Denver Post. Freedom Rider being arrested. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. A black Freedom Rider being arrested by white policemen. This photo was used on our Image Gallery page of our website. This was used with permission from Denver Post. Freedom Rider exiting bus terminal. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2012. A Freedom Rider exiting the bus terminal, and being escorted by officials. Used on our Interactive Map page for Montgomery, Alabama, with permission from theGrio.

Freedom Rider looking out the window. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. A black Freedom Rider looking out of the window of a bus. It was used on our Interactive Map for Charlotte, North Carolina. This was used with permission from Denver Post. Freedom Riders and Military Men with Guns. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. A bus of Freedom Riders with military men on board. It was used on our Home page and on our Interactive Map for Ardmore, Alabama. This was used with permission from Denver Post. Freedom Riders being arrested. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. The Freedom Riders being arrested in Jackson, Mississippi. Used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post. Freedom Riders being beaten by mob. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. The Riders being surrounded and attacked by a white mob. It was used on our Image Gallery page and on our Interactive Map for Birmingham, Alabama, along with our Reaction page with permission from Denver Post. Freedom Riders conversing. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. A group of Freedom Riders, shortly after being released out of a hospital, debating on whether the Freedom Rides should be continued. This photo was used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post. Freedom Riders entering bus. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. The Freedom Riders entering a bus amid various stares. This picture was used on our Image Gallery page. This was used with permission from Denver Post. Freedom Riders interviewed at ticket counter. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. The Freedom Riders being interviewed at a ticket counter in Montgomery, Alabama. Used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post. Freedom Riders meeting together outside. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. The Freedom Riders talking in a group, possibly looking at a map. This was used on our Image Gallery page. This was used with permission from Denver Post. Freedom Riders on bus. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Dec. 2011. Both black and white Riders on a Greyhound bus, used on our Image Gallery page. This was used with permission from Denver Post

Freedom Riders talked to by police. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. A group of Freedom Riders sitting on a wooden bench being lectured by two policemen. This was used on our Image Gallery page. This was used with permission from Denver Post. The ICC logo. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. An image of ICCs symbol. Used on our CORE and The ICC page with permission from Wikipedia. Irene Morgan. N.d. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. <en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Irene_Morgan>. This is a great portrait of Irene Morgan, the woman who created the segregation case, Irene Morgan vs. Commonwealth of Virginia. It was used on our Morgan vs. Virginia case page and our Legal Precedents page. This was used with permission from Wikipedia. Jail Cells. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. An empty row of jail cells. This photo was used on our Image Gallery page. This was used with permission from Denver Post. James Farmer's Mug Shot. N.d. WGBH Freedom Riders. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/people/jamesfarmer>. This is an image that shows James Farmer's mug shot. It was used on our Movement Leaders page and our Proponents page with permission from PBS.org/WGBH/AmericanExperience. James Peck at press conference. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. James Peck at a CORE press conference in New York with evidence of the severe beatings he received in Montgomery, Alabama. Used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post. James Peck holding protest sign. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. An image of James Peck protesting with a sign saying, "I, James Peck am a victim of an attempt at lynching by hoodlums". This photo was used on our Image Gallery page, with permission from Denver Post. Jim Zwerg after a severe beating by a relentless white mob. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. An image of Jim Peck after he was severely beaten by a white mob. This was used on our Image Gallery page and The Media page with permission from Denver Post.

Jim Zwerg after beating. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. Jim Zwerg lying in a hospital bed after Montgomery, Alabama mob beating. Used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post. John Gager. N.d. Princeton Alumni Weekly. Web. 12 May 2012. A current image of John Gager. Used on our Interviews page with permission from Princeton Alumni Weekly. John Gager Mug Shot. N.d. Princeton Alumni Weekly. Web. 12 May 2012. This is a mug shot of John Gager. Used on our Interviews page with permission from Princeton Alumni Weekly. John Patterson. N.d. Denver Post. Web. 10 Jan. 2012. This image depicts John Patterson at a desk. It was used on our Kennedy Administration and The Cold War page. Used with permission of Denver Post. A political cartoon of Kennedy, the Cold War, and Southern segregation. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2012. A political cartoon of President Kennedy with his finger on a missile button, a black man being crucified, and a Ku Klux Klan member in the background. Used on our Kennedy and The Cold War page with permission from Filibuster Cartoons. KKK political cartoon. N.d. Nativism and Bigotry Ku Klux Klan. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2011. <http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/kkk.htm>. This picture depicts a political cartoon with the caption "Defending the 18th Amendment". It was used on our Ku Klux Klan page with permission from Latin American Studies. Ku Klux Klan outside church in two lines. N.d. Nativsm and Bigotry Ku Klux Klan. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. This photo depicts the KKK leaving a church in two lines and in their uniforms. It was used on our Ku Klux Klan page. This image was used with permission from Latin American Studies. Martin Luther King waiting in church. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Dec. 2011. Martin Luther King Jr. waiting inside First Baptist Church while angry mob roams outside. This photo was used on our Image Gallery page. This was used with permission from PBS.org/WGBH/AmericanExperience. Military men with Freedom Riders. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. The Freedom Riders being escorted on or off of a Greyhound bus. Used on our Image Gallery page with permission from LIFE Magazine.

MLK's Face. N.d. Freedom Riders. Web. 31 Dec. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/ americanexperience/freedomriders/people/martin-luther-king-jr>. This image shows the face of Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. The picture was used on our Movement Leaders page, as well as our Proponents page. This was used with permission from PBS.org/WGBH/AmericanExperience. Mob surrounding Greyhound bus. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Dec. 2011. A white mob surrounding a Greyhound bus that the Freedom Riders were on. It was used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post. Nashville Student Movement Freedom Riders. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2012. A group of biracial Freedom Riders walking together down a sidewalk. This image was used on our Thesis and Introduction page, as well as our Reaction page with permission from PBS.org/WGBH/AmericanExperience. Nashville Student Movement Riders in restaurant. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. An image of the Nashville Student Riders at a restaurant before beginning their leg of the Rides. Used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post. Nashville Student Movement Riders Gathering. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. The Nashville Student Movement Riders gathered at a convention. Used on our Reform page with permission from Denver Post. National Guard outside of church. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. The Alabama National Guard outside of the First Baptist Church helping the Riders with getting out of the church unharmed. This photo was used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post. New Orleans black and white photo 1961. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. New Orleans in 1961, a black and white photo. This was used on our Interactive Map for New Orleans, Louisiana, with permission from Citizen Monitor.com. Police officers arresting Freedom Riders. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. A group of policemen arresting the Freedom Riders as they arrive in Birmingham on the orders of Bull Connor. Used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post. President Kennedy and John Patterson. N.d. Freedom Riders. PBS and American Experience, n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/

americanexperience/freedomriders/issues/the-solid-south>. This picture shows how close the president and Patterson were relating to the Solid South, and was used on our Solid South page and Opponents page with permission from PBS.org/WGBH/AmericanExperience. President Kennedy campaigning in Georgia. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2012. J.F.K. making a speech with a flag in Georgia. This photo was used on our Kennedy and The Cold War page and our Reaction page. Used with permission from PBS.org/WGBH/American Experience. The press photographing Freedom Riders. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Feb. 2012. This photo is of a white man and a black man arguing about something, with a few men holding cameras and taking pictures of them in the background. It was used on our The Media page and our Reaction page with permission from Denver Post. Raymond Arsenault. N.d. PBS.org. Web. 10 Jan. 2012. This is an image of Raymond Arsenault. Used on our Interviews page with permission from PBS.org/WGBH/AmericanExperience. Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth talking with Riders. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. Reverend Shuttlesworth pointing at and talking to Freedom Riders. Used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post. Rider bus leaving Montgomery station. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. A bus carrying Freedom Riders leaves the Montgomery bus terminal with National Guardsmen standing along the road. This photo was used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post. Riders leaving church. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. The Freedom Riders and supporters exiting the First Baptist Church after being trapped inside for 12 hours. This was used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post. Riders planning. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Dec. 2011. Freedom Riders discussing something in a house or building. This was used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post. Riders preparing to board a bus. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. A group of Freedom Riders preparing to board a bus in Birmingham, AL. This was used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post.

Riders sleeping on bench. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. Three Freedom Riders trying to get some sleep and leaning on each other. This photo was used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post. Supreme Court Votes 6-1 in Morgan vs. Commonwealth of Virginia case. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Dec. 2012. A newspaper headline of the Morgan vs. Virginia case of 1946. Used on our Morgan vs. Virginia case page with permission from Censorship in America. Traveling Riders. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. The traveling Freedom Riders of various races. Used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post. National troops on guard. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. National Guard troops on the sides of the roads as the Freedom Riders continue their journey. Used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post. U.S. Army man standing guard. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. A U.S. Army man standing guard outside of a Whites Only interstate waiting room. This picture was used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post. U.S. Marshalls on patrol at First Baptist Church. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. U.S. Marshals outside of First Baptist Church, ill prepared to control an angry mob. Used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post. We Cater to White Trade Only sign. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Nov. 2011. An image of a "We Cater to White Trade Only" sign in the window of a restaurant. This was used on our Jim Crow Laws page with permission from Oregon History Project.org. WGBH. Diane Nash face shot. N.d. Freedom Riders. Web. 31 Dec. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/people/dianenash>. This is an image showing the face of Freedom Rider Diane Nash. It was used as the image to represent her on our Movement Leaders page and our Proponents page, as well as on our Interactive Map for Nashville, Tennessee. The picture was used with permission from PBS.org/WGBH/AmericanExperience. White men walking out of Colored waiting room. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. Three white men exiting a Colored waiting room after desegregation attempt in Mississippi. Used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post.

Waiting Room For White Only sign. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Dec. 2011. A white man at a Greyhound bus station putting up a "White Waiting Room" sign, used on our Image Gallery page. This photo was used with permission from Denver Post. White Waiting Room sign being taken down by bus terminal employee. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. An image of a bus terminal employee removing a White Waiting Room sign. Used on our Reform page with permission from Denver Post. Woman Rider being interviewed. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. A woman Freedom Rider smiling at the camera after being released from jail. Used on our Image Gallery page with permission from Denver Post.