Riveting and Welding: The Revolution of Women in the Workforce

Julia and Sophia Mora Senior Division Group Website

Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources Advertisement. The Capitol Times. 2 Nov. 1963, sec: Classifieds. A page from The Capitol Times classifieds section, dated November 2nd, 1963, advertises work as Help Wanted, Male and Help Wanted, Female. This document proves that women were treated differently than, and separately from, men. As the page proves, jobs were not simply seen as jobs at this time, but jobs for either women or for men. This directly relates to a source below, the Equality Act of 1963, as the Act was aimed at changing an employers sex-discriminatory viewing of jobs. A testament to how women were treated in the work force in the early 1960s, these classifieds argue the reaction to women in the work place. Attitudes toward Working Women in the 1950s. Created by Daniel J. B. Mitchell. YouTube. You Tube, 16 Jul. 2007. Web. 26 Oct. 2011. This clip from a radio show in the 1950s called What Makes You Tick, posted by a professor at UCLA for educational purposes, is targeted towards working class America, women and men alike, highlighting how even though women are in the workforce they shouldnt be. This is important to research on the reaction to women in the workforce in the 1950s, because it shows the desire of many men to get women back at home and to create in women the attitude that they were not made to work. Compared to the citation bellow about the displacement of women workers after the war, this clip has similar sentiments in that it follows the principals that women were to go back to their traditional jobs at home after the war ended. The BeaveMen Cook Outdoors, Women Stay Indoors. YouTube. You Tube, 11 Dec. 2009. Web. 1 Oct. 2011. A famous 1950s television show, Leave it to Beaver showcased a reaction to women in the workforce. The show pushes for women to stay in domestic roles, which pushes back on womens desire to stem out into the workforce. This clip specifically features how men picture women, being solely for cooking and cleaning. The media backlash against women in the workforce was full-fledged by the mid-nineteen fifties and broadcasted that women should be at home, remaining in their domestic realms. The clip can be paired to the I Love Lucy clip, annotated below, as they were both aired at the same time.

Beebe, Spencer. Line Up of Some of Women Welders Including The Women's Welding Champion of Ingalls [Shipbuilding Corp. Pascagoula, Mississippi], 1943. 1943. U.S. National Archives Local Identifier 86-WWT-85-35. JPEG file. This picture of women welders appears as the banner picture for our website, appearing on every page. It perfectly shows women at work in WWII, alongside each other, happy as can be. Women in war work commited themselves to bettering America as best they could, however they could. As the title says, these women were champion welders, not only in their own competitions, but because they created a better America with their work. Their welding represents the revolution aspect of this topic. Bennett, Jessica and Jesse Ellison. Women Will Rule the World. Newsweek International. 12 Jul. 2010: n. pag. eLibrary. Web. 1 Oct. 2011. The authors, reporters for Newsweek International magazine, use data to describe how women in the twenty first century are becoming the main breadwinners in many American households. This proves a reform in the workforce of America since the 1940s. Written for those wishing to more fully understand the condition of the American labor force at the time, this article sheds light on the ways that women in the workforce have changed since the late 1800s through the twentieth century. An earlier dated article listed below by Phil Davies written before the 2008 recession is similar in its respect for women in the workforce, finding that they are overcoming men, either from a recession (Bennet and Ellison) or simply just to work (Davies). The Best of I Love Lucy. You Tube. You Tube, 20 Jun. 2011. Web. 1 Oct. 2011. A video created to show the highlights of the 1950s sitcom I Love Lucy, this video, The Best of I Love Lucy, helps show the pop culture trends during the period where America was reacting to women in the workforce. The representation of women at work broadcasts them as incompetent in a working environment and that they are meant solely for one thing, the home. I Love Lucy was broadcast for several years, showing the relations between two pairs of husbands and wives and how they survived in the 1950s domestic and working spheres. The source works best with similar sources, like the Leave it to Beaver video source. Betty Friedan March. 1971. The Tigress Reader. Web. 7 Dec. 2011. Women were ready for a change, and even after the 1964 Civil Rights Act was signed into law they worked for greater equality, represented by this picture of the womens march. It appeared in the Tigress Reader as another representation of the Womens Rights Movement of the mid-1900s. The Tigress Reader is a popular forum for womens rights and now works to raise awareness for true gender equality. This march was aimed for greater equality for men and women, to eliminate the necessity for women and men to be separated in the classifieds, as shown by the 1963 advertisement in the Capitol Times. The world should no longer have this, or any other, separation, they believed.

Buckely, William F. Firing Line with William F. Buckley Jr. The Equal Rights Amendment. YouTube. YouTube, 17 Aug. 2010. Web. 14 May 2012. Phyllis Schlaflys Stop ERA campaign has been attributed as the key reason the Equal Rights Amendment was not ratified in the 1970s. This video helps prove the reasons Schlafly did not want the ERA ratified. Presented on television in an arena of political debate, Schlafly presents her claims to the United States public. The video argues how women strived for Constitutional reform to their workforce discrimination, but failed to pass the amendment due to Phyllis Schlafly. Call to Duty: Oral Histories with Women on Home Front Life During World War II. Regional Oral History Office University of California at Berkley. YouTube. Web. 7 Dec. 2011. In 2009, the University of California Berkley Regional Oral History Office collaborated with the City of Richmond and the National Park Service to interview residents of the Bay Area about their wartime experiences during World War II. Women from many different backgrounds told their stories; when and why they left school, when they went to work, what they did at work, and what they did when they were asked to leave after the war. This video tells the receiving end of the announcement made by the factory foreman in the video cited bellow, Displacement of Women Workers after World War II. The woman in the video is honest and reveals the truth of her life in a factory during World War II. Mary Newton, a defense worker, tells her story about wanting to keep her job once the war ended. Christiansen, Anita and Mary Highfill. Interview by Nadine Wilmot. Rosie the Riveter World War II American Homefront Oral History Project. Regional Oral History Office 2 Feb 2005: 3-4, 24-25, 39-40, 44-45. Web. The Regional Oral History Office at UC Berkley conducted a project collecting interviews of the home front effort during WWII, mainly for research purposes. The Regional Oral History Office has been conducting interviews since 1954. This specific interview was conducted much like a conversation, where two lifelong friends talked about their lives in the war years with an interviewer keeping the conversation on track. The most relevant information is of the two talking about their own war effort, one working at an oil refinery and the other doing hair. Similar to the interview cited above, this interview takes a real life Rosie the Riveter and records her story.

Civil Rights Act (1964). Our Documents. National History Day, The National Archives and Records Administration, and USA Freedom Corps, 2011. Web. 15 Oct. 2011. Written in 1964 by the United States Congress and signed into law on July 2nd by Lyndon B. Johnson, the Civil Rights Act was a long time coming. This document, written for the rights of all American people, prohibited discrimination in public places and made employment discrimination illegal, proving ever important in the lives of women in the workforce. Because of its reform in the spheres of discrimination, women were able to have equal opportunity in the workforce and be equal to men in the eyes of the law for the first time in American history. Compared to the Equal Pay Act of 1963, this act was the most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. Davies, Phil. "Wives at Work." Region. 01 Dec. 2003: 12. eLibrary. Web. 30 Oct. 2011. Written in a business publication from the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis by Phil Davies, one of the publications senior writers, this article aims at those interested in the Federal Reserves System, both their banking and economic aspects. Specifically, this article explains that women in the workforce have changed since the 1950s, highlighting the reform aspect of this bibliography by exploring the idea that now there are men staying at home, a change to the Cult of Domesticity. In contrast to the video cited below, Displacement of Women Workers after World War II, this article does not cast women aside, but embraces them as a crucial part of the workforce. Displacement of Women Workers after World War II. Created by Daniel J. B. Mitchell. You Tube. You Tube, 15 Sept, 2007. Web. 26 Oct. 2011. This clip, a speech from a factory foreman on the eve of the end of World War II to his female workforce, shows the revolution of women in the workforce as a direct effect of servicemen involved in the war and conveys the reasons for the later, stubborn reactions to the new labor force. The women receiving the announcement from their boss at the factory were hardworking and armed for another day of work, but were told they would soon be returning to their rightful place, the home and men would get their jobs. The ideas of replacing these hardworking women in this clip are similar to the ideas of the supervisors in Mary Newtons factory, which she details in her interview cited above as Call to Duty: Oral Histories with Women on Home Front Life During World War II. The Equal Pay Act of 1963. Pub. L. 88-38, 77 Stat. 56 (1963). Web. In acted in 1963, The Equal Pay Act is a continuation of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 was written to show employers that there was no basis for men to be paid higher than women, or vice versa. The law was necessary due to the labor revolution in the 1940s. This act relates to the newspaper clipping from the Capital Times. The clipping demonstrates how women were treated separately and unequally than men, something in which the Equal Pay Act was trying to prevent, at least in the realm of payment. This legislation proves the efforts of the reformers in the 1960s who were working to better civil and gender rights.

Evans, Redd and John Jacob Loeb. Rosie the Riveter. Perf. Four Vagabonds. Paramount Music Corporation, 1943. MP3. Played all around the country after the start of the war, this song inspired an idea in women that working would be of great value to the nation. In the midst of a world where even the government was working to get women into war jobs, this song worked on another level to get women in factories. Written by the Redd Evans and John Jacob Loeb and issued by Paramount Music Corporation of New York, this song preceded the later iconic posters of Norman Rockwell and J. Howard Miller, cited bellow. The song was especially made popular by the Four Vagabonds version. Executive Suite. Dir. Robert Wise. Warner Brothers, 1954. Film. This 1950s film shows women in an acceptable place in the workforce, secretaries, alongside and lesser than men. As shown in a screen shot taken from the film, the boardroom, for one of the first times in history, was coed. Similar to the picture of the 1950s secretary, Ruth Jones cited bellow from the Seattle Municipal Archives, the 1950s secretary was crucial to the corporate environment. Fairfield, Hannah and Graham Roberts. Why is Her Paycheck Smaller? Chart. nytimes.com. New York Times, 18 May 2010. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. A visual representation of the pay differential between male and female workers, this source proves how necessary reform still is in the work place for women. As published for the New York Times Business section, the chart is most likely aimed at well learned people who have an eye for business statistics. As the chart proves, women are being paid on average twenty percent less than men in the same position. Before the World War II labor revolution, many women werent working, let alone earning a wage less than men. Now women are more commonly in the workplace, proving that this chart is a source arguing the reform of women in the workforce. Similar to Wives at Work, this source uses data and numbers to prove its point, championing rights of women in the workforce. Find Your War Job. 1943. Office of War Information. Prints and Photographs Div., Lib. of Cong. JPEG file. The Office of War Administration was one of the many organizations working to attract women to the workforce. This poster pictures a woman at a machine saying, Ive found the job where I fit best, meaning that she found where she was needed for the war. Used in a photo gallery displaying the different propaganda to lure women to the workforce, this advert expresses the expressed need of America for female defense workers. Like countless others, the woman on this page is portrayed as busily, and happily, working away, doing her part for the war. This poster highlights the revolution aspect of the topic, showing how vast women in the workforce effected America in the 1940s.

Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. New York: W.W. Norton, 1963. Print. A book that changed history, The Feminine Mystique is credited as the catalyst for the Second Wave Feminist movements in the 1960s and 1970s. Betty Friedan was a college educated women, dedicated to the advancement of women in society. The book was originally directed for middle-class housewives during the 1960s and 1970s. Also, the source is especially helpful to argue a reform stemming from the 1940s womens working revolution. The source can be compared to Linda Napikoskis article, which targets The Feminine Mystique in a more scholarly way. Good Work, Sister: Americas Women Have Met the Test! 1944. Bressier Editorial Cartoons, Inc. Prints and Photographs Div., Lib. of Cong. JPEG file. The subtitle of this poster, Americas Women Have Met the Test! explains the attitude of America in this era, especially their great gratitude and appreciation for the Rosies of the time. Included in our women in war work photo gallery, this particular poster includes a woman beside the man whos job she was filling. Women often worked alongside men at these jobs, including interviewee, Mary Newton, who worked alongside her husband. This poster shows the true revolution of women in the workforce because not only is the woman sitting next to a man, she sits next to him as his equal. Grant, Vernon. Women: Theres Work to be Done and a War to be Won. 1944. U.S. Government and Printing Office. Prints and Photographs Div., Lib. of Cong. JPEG file. A call for women to enter the workforce, this poster illustrates jobs that women can take part in order to contribute to the war. Things like riveting, painting, and welding are all drawn out in this cartoon. This shows that not only were women called into the workforce, but they were surrounded by many images that would appear around every corner to enlist their services. Quirky drawings like this grabbed womens attention and interested them in visiting the U.S. Employment Service, like this poster commands. The War Manpower Commission worked vigorously to support the forces overseas with creating the best home front fighting force they could, marking the revolution of women in the workforce. HO. US-PEARL HARBOR-USS ARIZONA. Agence France Presse. 05 Dec. 2003. eLibrary. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. This picture of the bombed ship, the USS Arizona, illustrates the tragedy that brought direct American involvement to World War II. The Japanese attach on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 awaken many Americans to the realities of WWII and also resulted in the calling of thousands of American women to war defense jobs. This picture appears on our Women in the Workforce Timeline as the first entry, meaning that it essentially sparked the revolution. Pearl Harbor marked a change for American women and led to the propaganda efforts to persuade women into the workforce.

Howitt, John Newton. Im Proud...My Husband Wants Me to do My Part. 1944. U.S. Government Printing Office. Prints and Photographs Div., Lib. of Cong. JPEG file. The work to get women into the workforce was never complete, as more prints and posters were released in WWII America. This particular print shows a proud women, wearing workers overalls and a scarf over her hair (an outfit fit for a defense worker), next to her husband in front of an American flag. Patriotism was a large motivation for women to go into the workforce; the idea that if she works she can save the country was the topic of many posters. Created by the U.S. Government Printing Office along with so many others, this poster bolstered women and raised the call for revolution. If Hitler Came to Mobile. Mobile, AL: War Manpower Commission United States Employment Service, 1942. National Archives at Atlanta. Collections. National Archives at Atlanta. Web. 20 Oct. 2011. The Manpower Commission wrote and published this pamphlet in Mobile, Alabama to encourage women to work for the war effort. This World War II agency of the United States Government was in charge of balancing the labor needs in agriculture, industry, and the armed forces, directly involved in developing a women workforce to supply the war. This pamphlet asks women questions about where they are most needed, the home or in a war plant, and about their wish to help their country or not. It also advertises where women can sign up for war jobs in upcoming days. This pamphlet was used to encourage women to get war jobs. While, If Hitler Came to Mobile calls women to be forced to work for the war effort, the pamphlet, Womanpower, appeals to a womens motherly side and emotionally wills her to supply for the war, saying a woman is guarding against Hitler in the U.S. by producing supplies for the U.S. troops. This pamphlet proves the revolution of women in WWII, which they were to come to work and change America for the better. Lee, K. R., Women in War Work. Editorial Research Reports 1. (1942). CQ Press, 1942. Web. 5 Oct. 2011. Published in the Editorial Research Reports of present day Congressional Quarterly, Inc., or CQ, Women in War Work was written by a special reporter employed to inform readers, everyday Americans, on the important goes a-bouts of the times. This specific article informs of an impending lack of male workers and a call to female workers to serve their communities in a mans place. Unlike in Operating a Hand Drill, where a womans place in the war time economy was certain, this article proposed integration of women in the work force. The First Lady herself, Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt, believed that women would not be so willing to leave their home for factories and manufacturing plants. This source will be especially useful when the topic of revolution is explained regarding women in the work force, because it proves that some had doubts regarding women being able, and willing, to step out of the home and into the work force.

Leffler, Warren K. Womens Liberation March from Farrugut Square to Layfette Park. 26 Aug. 1970. Photograph. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. JPEG file. As a response to women in the work place, women became more aware of their unequal position in society. This photograph, taken by Warren K. Leffler, a civil rights photographer for the U.S. News & World Report based out of Washington D.C., shows women taking a stand for their rights, a reform caused by the labor revolution in the 1940s. The photograph was most likely taken to prove womens stance on their rights to people all over America. While some photos depict women in the workforce like the two bellow that show women building war materials, this photo shows women outside of the workforce, fighting for their rights inside the workforce decades later. Miller, Cindy. Personal Interview. 11 May 2012. A former Vice President at Shell Oil Company, Mrs. Cindy Miller talked to us about her experience as a women in a male dominated work environment. She talked to us about how, despite her companys efforts to make her feel comforter and equal to her male coworkers, there was no true equality because there was just so few women who shared the experience with her. Her testimony about her workforce experience will help us argue the present gap between female workers and male workers. Miller, J. Howard. We Can Do It! (Rosie the Riveter). 1942. All Posters. Web. 7 Dec. 2011. After the song from Paramount Music Corporation hit the radio, the posters came rushing in. Two of the most famous of the posters were from J. Howard Miller and Norman Rockwell, cited bellow. Miller was hired by the Westinghouse Companys War Production Coordinating Committee to create a series of posters for the war effort, from which this poster arose. This poster was not officially called Rosie the Riveter, even though it would later be known as such. The woman is drawn as strong and confident, working for the men overseas. The We Can Do It! slogan refers to womens ability to help end the war by working on the home-front. Opposite Rockwells Rosie the Riveter, this poster helped increase the already existing icon. National Council of Womens Organizations and Alice Paul Institute. The Equal Rights Amendment. NCWO and API, 18 Oct. 2011. Web. 26 Oct. 2011. The go to site for everything about the Equal Rights Amendment, this website is the work of two collaborative organizations with equal authority as advocates for womens rights. The Alice Paul Institute is dedicated to honoring individual women for their service for equal rights and the NCWO as an organization focusing on speaking for women. The entire website is aimed at people interested in the facts of the Equal Rights Amendment. Whereas the Equal Pay Act and the Civil Rights Act were actual, tangible laws, this amendment has not yet been ratified and exists merely as a proposition. The amendment is a perfect testament to reform, as it would be a step towards equal treatment for women and men in the workplace, not present in the 1940s labor revolution.

Operating a Hand Drill at Vultee-Nashville, Woman is Working on a Vengeance Dive Bomber, Tennessee. Library of Congress. 01 Feb. 1943. eLibrary. Web. 23 Oct. 2011. Featured in the Library of Congress photo archives, Operating a had drill at VulteeNashville is visual proof of a womans importance in the World War II home front labor force. This photo was most likely taken to show other women and men of the World War II era the importance of womens labor. Very similar to this photo is the Working on a "Vengeance" Dive Bomber photo annotated below, which also features women displaying their labor initiative in building Vengeance Dive Bombers. The photo will aid in providing firsthand information on the revolution of womens labor during World War II and the years to follow. Used in our opening slideshow, this picture helps introduce visitors to women in the workforce during World War II. Palmer, Alfred T. The More Women at Work the Sooner We Win! 1943. U.S. Government Printing Office. Prints and Photographs Div., Lib. of Cong. JPEG file. This propaganda poster was released by the U.S. Government Printing Office to attract women defense workers to build things like B-29 fighter planes or to test ammunition. Posters and flyers like this circulated America throughout the war years. This poster and others like it were instrumental in attracting women to war work, inspiring them with patriotic thoughts and aspirations. Used in a photo gallery on the propaganda page, this picture will help the audience understand the push for women workers that was unlike anything else in history. It was a truly revolutionary action by both public and private organizations, called the intense courtship of women, by Sheridan Harvey, cited bellow. Palmer Alfred. Women Welders on the Way to Their Job at the Todd Erie Basin Drydock. 1943. Library of Congress, Rosie Pictures. JPEG file. This picture appears on the introduction page of the website, where it starts the website with a primary source picture of women at work as welders. Welding was very important to the war effort as demand for production was high. Women were building airplanes and dive bombers and ammunition hour on end. This picture might have been of just an average day on the production line, but these women were revolutionizing women in the workforce.

Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp. No. 73. Supreme Court of the US. 25 Jan. 1971. Print. The Supreme Court made its decision on this case in 1971 in one of the first cases about discrimination. Mrs. Ida Phillips commenced an action in the United States District Court after the company Martin Marietta Corp. refused to hire her because she was a woman with preschool aged children and hired a man with preschool aged children, a direct violation of Section 703 of the Civil Rights Act. The court ruled in Phillipss favor. This document, the case preview, was written for the American public desiring to know more about the case. Similar to the secondary document about sex discrimination from the Equal Rights Advocates, this document is from after the Civil Rights Act and firmly supports the rights of women, and other minorities, in the workplace and is thus a source that documents the reform due to the Labor Revolution in the 1940s. Purcell, Joseph. 3 Girls Run Arsenal Cranes as War Share. Boston Daily Record 20 Oct. 1942, New England ed. National Archives. National Archives and Records Administration. Web. 15 Oct. 2011. This is a newspaper clipping from the popular Boston newspaper, the Boston Daily Record, written by one of their reporters, Joseph Purcell. Parcel writes in this article about three women who are behind the men behind the guns, meaning that they are truly working for the war. This will help in providing firsthand information on how Americans in the 1940s saw women in the workforce performing jobs typically done by men, and the true revolution it was. Just like the pictures bellow of the women working on dive bombers, these women were important in supplying desperately needed things for their men behind the guns. Rev. Ralph Abernathy Walking With Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., As They Lead Civil Rights Marchers Out of Camp to Resume Their March to Montgomery, Alabama. 1965. Library of Congress, Miscellaneous Items in High Demand. JPEG file. The 1960s Civil Rights movement was a catalyst to the later 1970s female reform movement. This picture helps illustrate the efforts made by African Americans in America to achieve more rights. Taking at a time of massive reform for the African American population, the picture helps prove how women felt during the 1960s. Women wanted to better their place in the workforce, and they were prompted to do so by the African American Civil Rights Movement.

Rockwell, Norman. Rosie the Riveter. 1943. Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, Bentonville, Ark. Crystal Bridges. Web 7 Dec. 2011. This poster was a product of the outcry for women to pursue the jobs of men after they had left for the war and reaffirmed the title of Rosie the Riveter to describe women defense workers. The poster is useful for the purpose of understanding the revolution of women in the workforce caused by the call to jobs. Rockwells poster appeared in the Saturday Evening Post and immediately caught the attention of the nation. Questions were posed and analysis was made. The poster had the Isaiah factor, meaning that it had a strong resemblance to the Michelangelos Sistine Chapel's painting of Isaiah. The body language of the two beings was so similar that it was apparent Rockwell was making a point. It was time for women to arise. Roosevelt, Franklin. Day of Infamy Speech. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. 1941. MP3 file. The Roosevelt Day of Infamy Speech marked the beginning of direct American influence in World War II. An audio recording of the speech appears on the Revolution: Early 1940s page, introducing why women needed to move into the workforce in the 1940s. Men were called to war, and America needed workers. Women were to fill the posts left by men and created by the war effort. Roosevelt announced the attack on Pearl Harbor and asked Congress to declare war on Japan, which they did that same day. Rosie the Riveter. Paramount Music Corporation, New York. 1942. OMCA Collections, Oakland Museum of CA. JPEG file. The song, Rosie the Riveter (cited above), coined the name that would be associated with women defense workers to this day. This is the cover art for the 1942 sheet music released by Paramount Music Corporation. It shows a red headed woman holding a riveting gun, working away for the safely of the country, just like a real Rosie would do. Musicians would take up this piece of paper, and adapt it to their own styles, like the Four Vagabonds did famously. The song shaped America at the time as it continues to do so. Secretary Ruth Jones. 1957. Seattle Municipal Archives, Seattle. Flickriver. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. Ruth Jones was one of the many secretaries of the 1950s. A secretary was a respectable job for a woman at this time, revealing the low status that many woman had to endure in their own climb for professional equality in the corporate world. Secretaries were a key part to the reaction to women workers, they could be in the office, but only doing a low level, remedial job. The secretary in this picture is similar to the boardroom situation of the women in the movie, Executive Suite, where women were allowed in the boardroom, but they did not hold the same executive positions as men. Secretaries are a major part of the history of women in the workforce.

Sexual Harassment Prevention Center. Stop Harassment. SHPC, 2010. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. The Sexual Harassment Prevention Center was unheard of in the mid-1900s, when women flooded the workforce. This organization is largely responsible for cases dealing with women, helping with their representation in the workforce. Without the work of the center, women in the workforce would not have the protections they have today. In the 1950s women were not nearly as respected, or accepted, in the workforce. This particular Stop Harassment article follows the empowerment ideas of the 1960s-1970s womens movement shown in photographs of varies marchers cited above, the Betty Friedan March. This march shows women working for their rights, similar to this article's own aims. Signing of Equal Pay Act of 1963 by President Kennedy. 1963. Pennsylvania State University, Special Collections. JPEG file.
Whereas President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act, President John Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act. The act was critical to the womans movement as well as gaining rights for African Americans. This picture shows Kennedy signing the act, in the presence of women. Women were there to see the signing of the act, and later see its effects on them. Refer to the annotation above for more information about the act. The picture will mark the signing of the act and the concessions it made to work for woman to be seen as equal to men. The act pertains to reform to women in the workforce, as it bettered their position.

Stoughton, Cecil. President Lyndon Johnson Signs the Civil Rights Act. 1964. Learn NC. Web. 6 Dec. 2011. The Civil Rights Act was a long time coming, and in this picture it is easily understood that the act was a critical piece of legislature that would merge all different groups together, as equals. Present in the signing room were many Civil Rights activists, such as Martin Luther King, Jr. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the act in the presence of many influential men, whose own works led to the event. This act followed the Equal Pay Act, cited bellow, and it, as shown in the picture, was more critical to the elimination of the many discriminations in the United States at the time. Stravato, Claudia. Personal Interview. 13 May 2012. Now a Professor at West Texas A&M and advocate for Planned Parenthood Amarillo, Claudia Stravato was a feminist activist during the 1970s, championing the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. Professor Stravato talked to us about her opinion on the ERA and her career promoting female rights. The interview helped us prove the reason why the ERA seemed necessary for female activists in the 1970s. Her interview gives the other side of Phyllis Schlaflys argument against the ERA, shown in the Firing Line with F. Buckley Jr. YouTube video.

Womanpower. Labor Mobilization and Utilization, 1942. National Archives at Atlanta. Collections. National Archives at Atlanta. Web. 20 Oct. 2011. This is another pamphlet aimed at women in the continental United States who have yet to get war jobs. It was written by the Labor Mobilization and Utilization Organization with polls from the Institute of Public Opinions concerning what percentage of men and women agree with the idea that women should go out from the home and get jobs to support the war effort. This study emphasizes the fact that many Americans during World War II were not convinced that women getting war jobs was a necessity, which further provides information of the revolution in the work force and the initial reaction when women took their first huge leaps into labor. When compared to the pamphlet entitled, Women Want to Get it Over it is clear that even though there were those women who did maintain war jobs, there were also those who were hesitant to get involved in the work force and be removed from the home. "Women's Rights: 3 More States OK Rights Amendment." Facts On File World News Digest: n. pag. World News Digest. Facts On File News Services, 9 Feb. 1974. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. A short commentary on the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment, this source helps to inform its reader, a person with an active interest in political dealings, of the progress of the Equal Rights Amendment. A reform caused by the womens labor revolution was taking place in the1970s, proven by this source as it comments on a reform amendment. The ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment was a critical issue of the day, as people like Phyllis Schlafly dedicated themselves to the issue. Women Want to Get it Over. Camden, NJ: Radio Corporation of America Victor Division, 1942-1943. National Archives at Atlanta. Collections. National Archives at Atlanta. Web. 20 Oct. 2011. The Radio Corporation of America (RCA) was first organized by General Electric in the years of World War I and was for the armed forces. Later, the company spread to include commercial radio. During World War II, the company employed many women, who were to help construct communications equipment for the allies. In this pamphlet, the RCA encourages many other companies to employ women, using texts and pictures to depict valuable traits in female workers. The title of the pamphlet, Women Want to Get it Over insinuates that women are working so that the war may end. This pamphlet compares to others written during the 1940s encouraging women to get to work, like that published in Mobile, Alabama, cited above. Another valuable source, this article will help provide proof of a World War II labor revolution.

Working on a "Vengeance" Dive Bomber, Vultee [Aircraft Inc.], Nashville, Tennessee. Library of Congress. 01 Feb. 1943. eLibrary. Web. 23 Oct. 2011. Very similar to the previously annotated photo Operating a Hand Drill at Vultee-Nashville, this photo was taken in Nashville, Tennessee and now is in the Library of Congress archives. Taken to show the public a womens involvement in World War II, the photo depicts two women working together to build the Vengeance Dive Bomber. Like the photo Operating a Hand Drill at Vultee-Nashville this source with help provide a visual representation of the labor Revolution during World War II.

Secondary Sources Andreas, Carol, Katherine Culkin, and Joan D. Mandle. "Women's Rights Movement." Dictionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. 3rd ed. Vol. 8. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. 512-519. Gale U.S. History In Context. Print. 20 Oct. 2011. An excerpt from the Dictionary of American History, this is a secondary source defining the womens movement in the 1960s and 1970s written by three women active themselves in different feminist plots. Including a bibliography, this source is especially useful to those doing research on womens rights movements. The source compares the womens movement of the late 1800s with the womens movement in the late 1900s by putting two synopses side by side. The womens movement was a direct response to the labor revolution in the 1940s, thus this source will support facts on reform. Collins, Gail. When Everything Changed: The Amazing Journey of American Women From 1960 to the Present. New York: Back Bay Books/Little, Brown and Company, 2009. Print. When Everything Changed was written by the first female editorial page editor for the New York Times, establishing the validity of the source. The book itself traces the female reform movement from the 1950s to the modern day. The source was especially helpful for arguing the reaction and the reform due to the World War II workforce revolution. Collins writes about how women were treated in the 1950s and how they chose to change the way people viewed them. Coontz, Stephanie. A Strange Stirring: The Feminine Mystique and American Women at the Dawn of the 1960s. New York: Basic Books, 2011. Print. Written by a professor of family studies at Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington, A Strange Stirring focuses on going into further depth the thoughts shown by Betty Friedan in The Feminine Mystique. She gives historical evidence of how women were treated during the period after World War II, helping us prove an argument for Reaction. But she also talks about the effect The Feminine Mystique had on American women.

Fox, Margalit. Betty Friedan, Who Ignited Cause in Feminine Mystique, Dies at 85. New York Times. New York Times Mag., 5 Feb. 2006. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. In this obituary article written by the veteran writer from the New York Times, Margalit Fox, the effects of Betty Friedans book, The Feminine Mystique, ring clear. She sparked second wave feminism, Fox says. This highlights the reform aspect of the bibliography topic in that women in the workforce were now being heard and realized in society. Women were called to analyze their lives and if they were truly happy, says Fox. This article is a supplement to the book itself, as it was written forty years after the book. Gatlin, Rochelle. American Women Since 1945. University Press of Mississippi, 1987. Print. This book gave key insights about the position of women not only during the revolution in the 1940s, but after. One important thing it pointed out is about propaganda in the 1940s and how it influenced women getting war jobs. Propaganda was influential, Gatlin wrote, and without it the presence of women in the workforce during World War II would be less crucial to womans rights. A great thing about the book is that it spans nearly the entire time period of our project, from the 1940s to the 1980s. Like another book by Gail Collins, this book tracks the progress of womans rights and the revolution, reaction, and reform of women in the workforce from the 1940s. Ginzberg, Lori. NHD Interview. Julia Mora. 9 May 2012. E-mail. Conducted through email, this interview with Dr. Lori Ginzberg, a professor of womans studies at Penn State University, gave key insights about women in the workforce and the effects of Rosie the Riveter over time. A key thing she wrote was that today woman in high level executive positions are very few, despite what the media might say. Most women remain in service work. These words are quoted in the reform page as they highlight the strides women still need to make in the workforce. Guilder, George. Women in the Work Force. The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group, Sep. 1986. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. George Guilder compiled an analysis of the progression of women in the workforce from the late nineteenth century through the late twentieth for the Atlantic magazine, which has been publishing leading writers commentary on abolition, education, and other major issues in contemporary political affairs since 1857. This article gives a progressive history of all the movements and steps forward in the realms of women in the workforce through the time it was written in 1986. Clearly, this history addresses laws and acts like the Civil Rights Act 1964 and the Equal Pay Act 1963, both cited above, remarking on the revolution that began back in the days of World War II war jobs and the reform that has since ensued.

Harvey, Sheridan. Rosie the Riveter: Real Women Workers in World War II. Library of Congress. YouTube. 2009. Web. 7 Dec. 2011. A womens studies specialist, Sheridan Harvey, partnered with the Library of Congress, analyzing the impact of the American figure Rosie the Riveter. Her analysis explains the different Rosies that emerged in the nation, the song, the different posters, and the real life Rosies, working in factories to make their own contribution to the war effort. This excellent video details the words of the expert. Harveys analysis sheds new light on the classic figure of Rosie the Riveter. This video transcript was crucial for understanding the womens revolution of the 1940s. Hemmerdinger, Elizabeth, Kirsten Kelly, and Anne de Mare. Telephone Interview. 11 May 2012. Elizabeth Hemmerdinger, Kirsten Kelly, and Anne de Mare make up Spargel Productions, a film company developed in New York City. Together they produced a series of primary interviews called The Real Rosie the Riveter Project. We contacted the production crew and set up an interview. The interview was used to argue the Revolution caused by World War II female workers. They talked about reasons women entered the workforce and how Rosie links to 1970s feminists. Know Your Rights: Sex Discrimination. Equal Rights Advocates. Equal Right Advocates, Inc, 2011. Web. 15 Oct. 2011. In this web page written for the awareness of sex discrimination to the modern, 2011 workforce, the Equal Rights Advocates analyze different federal and states laws protecting women in the workforce. Equal Rights Advocates is a nonprofit legal organization working for the expanding economic and educational access and opportunities for women. This source is crucial because of its addition to the idea of reform in the area of women in the workforce, how without those women who entered their war jobs in the 1940s things like sex discrimination laws would not exist. Napikoski, Linda. The Feminine Mystique Survey. About.com. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Written by a woman who has dedicated her life to feminist movements, The Feminine Mystique Survey helps prove the origins and beginnings of Betty Friedans bestselling book. Linda Napikoski talks about why Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique and how she went about getting her research for the book. The source will help us in our reform page to prove the impact of Friedans book and to help give the viewers of our cite more of a history of The Feminine Mystique.

The National Historical Landmarks Program. World War II and the American Homefront. Nps.gov. National Parks Service, 2007. Web. 11 May. 2012. The National Historical Landmarks Program has published many historical papers with the purpose of teaching the American public about significant impacts on American history. This specific paper, a book length online publication, specifically deals with how America reacted to its entrance into the World War II. The part of the source most valuable to us is the discussion about the mobilization of female workers for the war. This section helps us prove the revolution caused by World War II female workers by talking about hiring female workers. Norton, Mary Beth et al. A People and A Nation: Since 1865. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005. Print. A textbook written as a history of America from 1865, this gargantuan book has some great insight on the impact of Betty Friedans book The Feminine Mystique. The authors included The Feminine Mystique to introduce the 1970s feminist movement. The source helps us to argue the reform of women in the workforce by stating the effects of Friedans book. Unlike the article written by Fox, this source gives more general information about Friedans work, summarizing its effect on history. Porter, Amy. Personal Interview. 23 Mar. 2012. With a Ph.D in History from Southern Methodist University, Dr. Amy Porter now holds a position at Texas A&M University San Antonio. In this interview, Dr. Porter discusses the historical significance of Rosie the Riveters during World War II and the The Problem that has no Name originally developed by Betty Friedan. These two topics with help us prove a revolution during World War II and women in the workforce and a reform instigated by Friedan.