Cu 5.

1 Phn tch chc nng cc tng trong m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI Tng vt l: lin quan n qu trnh truyeenf dn tn hiu qua mt knh truyn thng. Vn chnh ca vic thit k l m bo khi mt bn gi bit 1 th bn kia cng phi nhn c bit 1 ch khng phi l bit 0. Cc c tnh k thut in hnh ca tng vt l gm: tc bit, gi tr in p (hoc l cng dng in) c s dng biu din bit 0 v bit 1. S chn cm v loi b ni (connector) s dng. Tng vt l trong cc h thng c thit k gim thiu li khi hot ng. Trong trng hp c li th cc tng trn s b nh hng. Tng lin kt d liu: C nhim v to lp cc khung, gi chng ti knh truyn thng vt l thng qua tng vt l; nhn khung, kim tra li v chuyn khung khng c li ln tng mng. Tng lin kt d liu pha nhn gi tn hiu xc nhn cho tng lin kt d liu pha truyn. Pha truyn c th truyn li khung nu trong mt khong thi gian nht nh pha nhn khng gi tn hiu xc nhn. ISO nh r tng lin kt d liu cho cc mng LAN v chua cc c t thnh 2 tng con: - Tng con iu khin truy nhp phng tin (MAC Media Access Control) - Tng con iu khin lin kt logic (LLC Logical Link Control) Tng con MAC lin quan n cc chc nng ph thuc phn cng mng. Tng LLC quan tm n kha cnh ton vn d liu nh: truyn li d liu, xc nhn vic nhn d liu. Vai tr & chc nng tng mng (Network Layer): Thc hin cc chc nng chn ng (Routing i cho cc gi tin t ngun ti ch c th trong cng mt mng hoc khc mng nhau. ng c th c c nh, cng c th c nh ngha khi bt u hi thoi v c th ng i l ng (Dynamic) c th thay i vi tng gi tin tuz theo trng thi ti tc thi ca mng. Trong mng kiu qung b (Broadcast) routing rt n gin. Mt chc nng quan trng khc ca tng mng l chc nng iu khin tc nghn (Congestion Control). Nu c qu nhiu gi tin cng lu chuyn trn cng mt ng th c th xy ra tnh trng tc nghn. Thc hin chc nng giao tip gia cc mng khi cc gi tin i t mng ny sang mng khc ti ch. Vai tr & chc nng tng vn chuyn (Transport Layer): Tng vn chuyn thc hin vic chia cc gi tin ln thnh cc gi tin nh hn trc khi gi i v nh s cc gi tin v m bo chng chuyn theo ng th t. L tng cui cng chu trch nhim v mc an ton trong truyn d liu nn giao thc tng vn chuyn ph thuc nhiu vo bn cht ca tng mng. Tng vn chuyn c th thc hin vic ghp knh (multiplex) mt vi lin kt vo cng mt lin kt ni gim gi thnh. Vai tr & chc nng tng phin (Session Layer): Tng phin cho php ngi s dng trn cc my khc nhau thit lp, duy tr, hu b v ng b phin truyn thng gia h vi nhau. Ni cch khc tng phin thit lp "cc giao dch" gia cc thc th u cui. Dch v phin cung cp mt lin kt gia 2 u cui s dng dch v phin sao cho trao i d liu mt cch ng b v khi kt thc th gii phng lin kt. S dng th bi (Token) thc hin truyn d liu, ng b ha v hy b lin kt trong cc phng thc truyn ng thi hay lun phin. Thit lp cc im ng b ha trong hi thoi. Khi xy ra s c c th khi phc hi thoi bt u t mt im ng b ha tha thun.

Vai tr & chc nng tng trnh by (Presentation Layer): Tng trnh by gii quyt cc vn lin quan n c php v ng ngha ca thng tin c truyn. Biu din thng tin ngi s dng ph hp vi thng tin lm vic ca mng v ngc li. Thng thng biu din thng tin cc ng dng ngun v ng dng ch c th khc nhau bi cc ng dng c chy trn cc h thng c th khc nhau. Tng trnh by phi chu trch nhim chuyn i d liu gi i trn mng t mt loi biu din ny sang mt loi khc. t c iu n cung cp mt dng biu din truyn thng chung cho php chuyn i t dng biu din cc b sang biu din chung v ngc li.

Cu 5.2: Trnh by nhng vn c bn ca k thut lu lng trong cc h thng chuyn mch a phn cc h thng m chng ta gp thng ngy rt nhy cm vi lu lng truyn trong n. S nhy cm y phn nh loi dch v m ta s dng. Mc tiu ca k thut lu lng l thit k cc h thng nh vy c th p ng c nhu cu lu lng trong mng. Gii quyt cc vn lu lng gii quyt cc vn lu lng c th la chn gii php n gin l cung cp thm ti nguyn cho mi ngi. Tuy nhin, cung cp yu cu v ti nguyn l vic khng d dng g. Chng ta u bit phi mt rt nhiu thi gian v tin bc gii quyt nhng vn lu lng tc cao. Hn na, cn m bo cn bng gia cht lng dch v tt v chi ph cung cp dch v . Tm li, k thut lu lng l vn thc t cn tnh ton cung cp ch va thit b sao cho h tr cht lng dch v tt m vn ti thiu ho chi ph vn d thu li li nhun. o ti lu lng thc hin chc nng k thut lu lng, chng ta cn c s liu v ti lu lng. C mt cch o ti l tnh cc s kin xy ra trong mt khong thi gian, v d trong mt gi. Cc s kin quan tm c th l s lng cuc gi c thc hin trn mt chuyn mch, s ln tm kim mt trung k ri trong nhm trung k ni ti mt chuyn mch khc, hay s cuc gi tht bi do khng tm c trung k v v th phi nhn thng bo bn.Trong trng hp khng tm c trung k ri th s kin c gi l qu ti (overflow). Mt cch thc o quan trng hc l s dng (usage), l lng thi gian m mt trung k hay thit b bn trong mt gi. Vic o lng s dng c thc hin da trn nn ly mu.y l gi thit hp l vi thit b nh trung k v cc mng chuyn mch v nhng thit b ny thng bn trong khong vi pht khi c cuc gi. Trong mi trng hp, s dng c m t nh l s tram giy gi trong mt gi CCS. S dng cc s liu o c, c th tnh ton c lng thi gian chim gi trung bnh hay l thi gian trung bnh mt thit b bn cho mi s kin hay cuc gi. Thu thp d liu lu lng Vic thu thp d liu lu lng c tin hnh trong khong thi gian gi bn thng xuyn gi c ti trung bnh cao nht. Nu thit b kh nng cung cp mc cht lng dch v yu cu trong gi ny th c nghal dch v cn c th tt hn trong nhng gi khc.

Sau khi xc nh c gi bn, d liu s c thu thp trong mt chu kz thi gian no c c thng tin ti v. D bo lu lng Khi d liu v lu lng c thu thp trong mt chu kz no ca vi nm, ngi ta c th tnh ton cc gi tr thi k theo mt hng d on trc. Da vo s thay i mt cch n nh, th bin i tuyn tnh ca gi tr CCS/ng dy v cc k thut quy tuyn tnh s dng d bo gi tr ca n trong tng lai. Vi cc s liu ny, ngi ta c th d bo chnh xc lng ti trn thit b trm chuyn mch cho vi nm trong tng lai, c th xc nh c k hoch kinh t nht cho mt cng ty. Cp dch v (Grade of Service) V cc h thng nhy cm vi lu lng khng c thit k p ng lng ti ti a, cn phi c mt o mc dch v sao cho c th nh gi kh nng p ng ca h thng. Yu cu thit k y l phi cung cp thit b p ng c vi mc ti c th mt cp dch v mc tiu no . Cp dch v mc tiu thng thng l nghn trong gi bn nh hn hoc bng 1% s lng yu cu gi n. Mt mc cp dch v in hnh cho vic nhn digit quay s c th l xc sut 0.01% khc hng phi ch hn 3s (tr m mi quay s).

Cu 5.4: Gii thiu chc nng v nguyn l{ hot ng chung ca cc thit b phn cng mng B lp: lm mt thit b ch hot ng ti tng vt l trong m hnh OSI. Cc tn hiu mang thng tin trong mt mng c th i qua mt khong cch gii hn trc khi b suy hao. B lp c lp t trn mt lin kt nhn tn hiu, ti to mu bit ban u v chuyn tn hiu tr li lin kt. B lp cho php m rng chiu di vt l ca mt mng, cng h tng s lng my tnh ni vo mng. hai phn c ni ti b lp thc t ch l mt mng. Nu nh trm A gi d liu ti trm B, th mi trm khc s nhn khung, hioongs nh trng hp mt mng khng c b lp. B lp khng c s thng mnh gi khng cho khung i sang on mng pha bn phi khi khung c gi ti mt trng trn on mng bn tri. Cu ni: hot ng c tng vt l v tng lin kt d liu ca m hnh OSI. Cu ni chia cc mng ln thnh cc on nh hn. Tuy nhin, cu ni c th gi lu lng ring bit cho mi on mng. Cu noosid thng minh ch chuyn tip khung ti phn n , chng c s dng iu khin tc nghn v c lp cc lin kt li. Cu ni khng thay i cu trc hoc ni dung ca mt gi, v do , ch c th s dng gia cc phn on s dng cng mt giao thc.Cu ni hot ng tng vt l v tng lin kt d liu. Do vy, n c th truy nhp ti a ch vt l ca mi trm kt ni ti n, Khi mt khung di ti cu ni, cu ni khng ch ti to tn hiu m cn kieermt ra a ch ch v ch chuyn tip khung ti phn on chuawas a ch , Khi cu ni nhn mt khung, n c a ch cha trong khung v so snh a ch ny vi bng a ch ca n. Khi thy khp a ch, n bit c trm ch thuc phn on no v chuyn gi ti phn on . B nh tuyn: C kh nng truy nhp ti a ch tng mng v cha phn mm cho php chng xc nh trong cc ng i sn c ti ch, ng i no l ti u nht. B nh tuyn hot ng tng vt l, tng lin kt d liu v tng mng ca m hnh OSI.

B nh tuyn chuyn tip cc gi d liu gia cc mng c kt ni vi nhau. N thc hin nh tuyn gi d liu t ngun ti ch. chuyn tip gi ti ng phn on, cauaf ni s dng thng tiin trong bng a ch. nh tuyn gi d liu ti ch, b nh tuyn s dng thng tin trong bng nh tuyn. Cng ni: l mt thit b chuyn i giao thc v hot ng c by tng trong m hnh tham chiu OSI. B nh tuyn ch c th s dng kt ni cc mng s dng cng mt giao thc. Cng ni c th nhn mt gi t mt giao thc trc khi chuyn tip gi. c th chuyn i c giao thc, cng ni pht hiu c giao thc m cc mng ni trc tip vi n s dng. C trng hp, cng ni ch cn thay i mt s thng tin trong phn tiu v phn ui. Nhng cng c nhng trng hp, cng ni phi iu chnh kch thc, tc cng nh nh dng d liu.

Cu 5.5: V hnh v gii thiu chc nng cc tng trong m hnh giao thc TCP/IP. Tng ng dng (Process/Application Layer): ng vi cc tng Session, Presentation v Aplication trong m hnh OSI. Tng mg dng h tr cc ng dng cho cc giao thc tng Host to Host. Cung cp giao din cho ngi s dng m hnh TCP/IP. Cc giao thc ng dng gm TELNET(truy nhp t xa), FTP (truyn File), SMTP (th in t),....... Tng vn chuyn Host to Host: ng vi tng vn chuyn (Transport Layer) trong m hnh OSI, tng Host to Host thc hin nhng kt ni gia hai my ch trn mng bng 2 giao thc: giao thc iu khin trao i d liu TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) v giao thc d liu ngi s dng UDP (User Datagram Protocol).Giao thc TCP l giao thc kt ni hng lin kt (Connection - Oriented) chu trch nhim m bo tnh chnh xc v tin cy cao trong vic trao i d liu gia cc thnh phn ca mng, tnh ng thi v kt ni song cng (Full Duplex). Khi nim tin cy cao ngha l TCP kim sot li bng cch truyn li cc gi tin b li. Giao thc TCP cng h tr nhng kt ni ng thi. Nhiu kt ni TCP c th c thit lp ti mt my ch v d liu c th c truyn i mt cch ng thi v c lp vi nhau trn cc kt ni khc nhau. TCP cung cp kt ni song cng (Full Duplex), d liu c th c trao i trn mt kt ni n theo 2 chiu. Giao thc UDP c s dng cho nhng ng dng khng i hi tin cy cao. Tng mng (Internet Layer):ng vi tng mng (Network Layer) trong m hnh OSI, tng mng cung cp mt a ch logic cho giao din vt l mng. Giao thc thc hin ca tng mng trong m hnh DOD l giao thc IP kt ni khng lin kt (Connectionless), l ht nhn hot ng ca Internet. Cng vi cc giao thc nh tuyn RIP, OSPF, BGP, tng tng mng IP cho php kt ni mt cch mm do v linh hot cc loi mng "vt l{" khc nhau nh: Ethernet, Token Ring, X.25... Ngoi ra tng ny cn h tr cc nh x gia a ch vt l (MAC) do tng Network Access Layer cung cp vi a ch logic bng cc giao thc phn gii a ch ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) v phn gii a ch o RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol). Cc vn c lin quan n chun on li v cc tnh hung bt thng lin quan n IP c giao thc ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) thng k v bo co. Tng trn s dng cc dch v do tng Lin mng cung cp.

Tng tng truy nhp mng (Network Access Layer): Tng ng vi tng Vt l v Lin kt

d liu trong m hnh OSI, tng truy nhp mng cung cp cc phng tin kt ni vt l cp, b chuyn i (Transceiver), Card mng, giao thc kt ni, giao thc truy nhp ng truyn nh CSMA/CD, Tolen Ring, Token Bus..). Cung cp cc dch v cho tng Internet phn on d liu thnh cc khung.

Cu 5.6: Trnh by cc lp a ch IP: c php, c im, khng gian a ch cho php v ng dng a ch IP c chia lm 5 lp, k hiu l A, B, C, D, E. Chiu di phn a ch mng v phn a ch trm ca cc lp l khc nhau. Cc bit u tin ca byte u tin ca a ch IP c dng nh danh lp a ch (0-lp A; 10-lp B; 110-lp C; 1110 lp D v 1111 lp E) Lp A: byte u tin dng nh ngha a ch mng. Bit u tin lun lun bng 0. 7 bit cn li ch nh cc mng khc nhau. Ngha l s mng c a ch IP lp A rt hn ch. V l thuyt c 2^7=128 mng lp A. Tuy nhin trn thc t ch c 126 mng v 2 mng c dnh ring cho mc ch c th. Trong mt mng lp A, 24 bit c s dng nh danh a ch trm. Ngha l v l thuyt c th c ti a 2^24=16.777.216 trm. Tuy nhin cng c 2 a ch c bit c s dng lm cc a ch c bit. Cc a ch lp A c thit k cho cc t chc c s ln my tnh cc lopwns, kt ni vo mng. Tuy nhin, khng mt t chc no c s lng my tnh ln nh vy do rt nhiu a ch b lng ph. Lp B:Trong a ch lp B, 2 byte u c dng nh ngha a ch mng v 2 byte sau nh ngha a ch trm. Tuy nhin, 2 bit u tin trong phn a ch mng lun lun l 10, nn ch c 14bit ch nh cc mng khc nhau. Ngha l c nhiu mng lp B hn so vi lp A. S mng lp B l 2^14=16.384 Trong mt mng lp B, 16 bit c s dng nh danh trm, ngha l v mt l thuyt mi mng c th c ti 2^16=65536 trm. Tuy nhin cng c hai a ch c bit nn thc t mt mng lp B ch c ti a 65.534 trm Cc a ch lp B c thit k cho cc cng ty c va, nhng cng ty c s lng my tnh tng i ln. Tuy nhin cng ging nhng mng lp A, nhiu a ch IP b lng ph v rt t cng ty c s lng my tnh ln nh vy. Lp C: Trong a ch lp C, 3 byte u c dng cho phn a ch mng v 1 byte cui c dng cho phn a ch trm. Tuy nhin 3 bit u tin trong phn a ch mng lun l 110, nn ch cn 21 bit nh ngha a ch mng. S mng lp C ln hn s mng lp A, B v bng 2^21=2097152 mng. Mt mng lp C v l thuyt c th c ti a 2^8=256 trm. Tuy nhin thc t ch c th c ti a 254 trm do c hai a ch c s dng cho cc mc ch c bit. a ch lp C c thit k cho cc cng ty nh, nhng cng ty ch c t trm ni vo.

Lp D: a ch lp D c nh ngha cho truyn a hng (multicasting). Trong lp ny, khng c phn a ch mng v a ch trm. 4 bit u lun lun bng 1110 nh ngha a ch lp D, 28 bit cn li ch nh a ch a hng (multiscast) Lp E: Lp E c d phng s dng cho cc mc ch c bit. Khng c phn a ch mng v a ch trm. 4 bit u tin bng 1111 nh ngha lp E.

Cu 5.7: Khi nim phn mng con v cch phn chia mng con. Phn mng con ngha l chia mng thnh cc mng nh hn, trong mi mng con c mt a ch ring. Cch phn chia mng con: Nh ta bit, cc lp A, B, C dnh cho 8, 16, 24 bit cho phn NetID. phn mng con, ta m rng NetID, ngha l thm SubnetID. Phn SubnetID c to ra bng cch mn mt s bit trong phn HostID. Khi phn mng con, ta khng c php s dng cc mng con c phn SubnetID gm ton bit 0 hoc ton bit 1. Nu ta mn 1 bit th c th chia mng thnh hai mng con, nhng u khng th s dng. Nu ta mn tt c cc bit trong phn HostID th khng cn phn HostID na. Nu ta mn ton b, ch tr 1 bit cho phn HostID th s trm c th s dng trong mi mng con bng 0 v ta khng c dng cc a ch c phn HostID gm ton bit 1 hoc ton bit 0. Do , s bit ta c th mn khi phn mng con phi ln hn hoc bng 2 v nh hn hoc bng n-2, vi n l s bit trong phn HostID. Nu ta mn m bit th s lng mng con thu c l 2^m, v s lng mng con c th s dng l 2^m-2. + Cc bc xc nh mng con: Bc 1: Xc nh s bit cn mn v xc nh mt n mng con Vic xc nh s bit cn mn da trn s lng mng con yu cu. Mt n mng con c xc nh da trn s bit mn. Bc 2: Xc nh cc mng con

Cu 5.8: Trnh by cc bc hot ng ca b nh tuyn chy giao thwusc OSPF: thit lp mi quan h gn k, bu DR v BDR, khm ph tuyn, chn tuyn ti u, duy tr bng nh tuyn. Bc 1: Thit lp mi quan h gn k tr thnh gn k vi b nh tuyn khc, router s gi gi tin Hello qung co b nh tuyn ID ca mnh. Router s pht a hng gi tin Hello ti tt c cc giao din, khi cc b nh tuyn lin k s thm router va pht gi tin vo trng Neighbor ID v chuyn sang ch Init. Mt lc sau, router va pht gi tin Hello s nhn c gi Hello ca cc hng xm v nhn thy ID ca n. Trng Neighbor ID khai bo trng thi hai chiu gia cc router, chnh v vy mi quan h gn k c thit lp. Nu l mng im-im, b nh tuyn tr thnh gn k vi duy nht b nh tuyn pha bn kia, nu mng l a truy nhp, router chuyn qu trnh bu DR v BDR nu cha c DR v BDR no c bu. Nu khng cn bu DR v BDR, b nh tuyn s chuyn sang trng thi Exstart khm ph tuyn.

Bc 2: Chn DR v BDR