. . .

?
. .

-06/001

2006

 530

. .
? , . . . . .: ,
2006. 20 .

c . . . , 2006

c . . , 2006


Il libro della natura e scritto in lingua matematica

Galileo Galilei

?
. .
. ; .
, , ,
, , .. .

, ,
.

. , .
.
XVII . (. , . )
(. ). XVIII .
,
, , ,
; (. , . , . , . , . ,
. ). XIX .
, ,
, , , ..; ,
(. , . , . ,
. , . . , . , . . ,
. , . . , . , . . , . -

. .

, . . , . . , . , . ).
XX . , .

.
( f = 0 )
u = f,

u = u(x),

x = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) G Rn ,

(1)

,
=

2
2
2
+ 2 + + 2 .
2
x1
x2
xn

u
= a2 u + f,
t

u = u(x, t),

x G Rn ,

t > 0.

(2)

x G Rn ,

t > 0.

(3)

2u
= a2 u + f,
t2

u = u(x, t),

(2) (3) t . (2) (3),

t, . (2) (3) (1).
.
.
(1)
u|xS = v(x)

u 
= v1 (x),

n xS

(4)

S G n S, (. 1).
(2)
u(x, 0) = u0 (x),
.

x Rn .

(5)

. 1
(3)
u 
= u1 (x),

t t=0

u(x, 0) = u0 (x),

x Rn ,

(6)

.
(2) (3) , (4),
(5) (6).
(. 2).

. 2
, : G , S
, f
G

a) G f dx = 0 b) f |xS = 0,

G

f (x) dx  C(G)

 
G

f
x1

2
+

f
x2

2
+ +

f
xn

2 
dx.

. .

. , n = 3
) . (1894 .),
b) . . (1896 .). : C(G) = 1/0 , 0 a) b).
. n = 1

 2  l
 l
l
2
2
f (x) dx 
f  (x) dx.

0
0
. [17].

.
(x, t),
i

2

=
+ V ,
t
2m

(7)

x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ),  . .

2
+ V (x) = 0
2m

(8)

, , :
L2 (R3 ),

(9)

.

+ k 2 = f (x)

(x) = eik(a,x) + v(x),

|a| = 1,

|x| ,

v(x)
v(x) = O(|x|1 ),

v(x)
ikv(x) = o(|x|1 ),
|x|

|x| .

(10)

|x| = x21 + x22 + x23 x, (a, x) =
a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 x a, a =
(a1 , a2 , a3 ).



1
+ (, grad ) + =
(x,  , t) d + F,
(11)
v t
4 | |=1
(x, , t) , v  || = 1, x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) t.
,
.


(x)
(, grad ) + (x) =
(x,  ) d + F (x, ) (12)
4 | |=1
(.
. 1):
|xS = 0 (, n) < 0,
(13)
.
, (12)(13)

1


exp 0 [tx + (1 t)y] dt
1
n(x) =
4 G
|x y|2



xy
(y)n(y) + F y,
dy
|x y|

n(x) =

1
4


| |=1

(x,  ) d .

, , , , .

, .. ,

. .

,
. , , ,
.
: ( ),
( ), ( ). ,
.
XX . : , , ,
, (. , . ,
. , . , . . , . . , . , . , . , . , . ).

: , , , ,
, p- , .
, ;
,
.

.
,
.1
XX . . . 1930 . , , :
,
1 , , . ,
, , .

.
.

, . .
50- . . .
, .
.
,
():
, , , .
. .
,
()
, ( ,
,
, ). . .

VI . :
, .

. .
. 1963
:

.

(, 1981 .):

10

. .

, .
, . . .
,
, , . ,
,

. ,
. . . ,
.
,
. . 1981 .
:
.


.
- XIX .
. . , . . . 2030-
XX . ( )

(. ,
. , . , . . , . ).
. Integralrechnung
(1830 .) .
,
,
2u
2u
= a2 2 ,
2
t
x

(14)

u(x, t) = f (x at) + g(x + at),

(15)

11

: 2 , ,
(f g .) , . ,
.
, ,
u(x, t) =

1
[H(x at) + H(x + at)],
2

(16)

(. 3 4), (14) c

u 
u(x, 0) = H(x),
= 0, x R,
(17)
t t=0
H(x) , 1 x  0 0 x < 0.

. 3

. 4

20- -
- ( ) , (x)
, (0), :

(x) = 0, x = 0;
(x)(x) dx = (0) (, ).
(18)
3
, . 6
. 5 -

(x)-, 0, (x) dx = 1.
2

.
, , -

3 ,

12

. .

. 5

. 6

, (18)


(x)(x) dx (0) = (, ), +0.
, - (x), +0, - , , .. (. 5).

(. , . , . , . . , . ),

.
. . (1936 .)
. . , , . Theorie
des distributions (195051 .). ,
.
,
.
,
, : ( ),

13

,
.. ,
.
() .
(, ..) u(x, t) J(t) J(u, ux , . . . ; t), t u . , (14) u(0, t) = u(l, t) = 0
( ):
1
J(t) =
2

 l 
0

u
t

2
+a

u
x

2 
dx = Const,

t  0.

(19)

: (. 7)
g
sin (t) = 0
R

(20)

g
2
cos = Const.
2
R

(21)

(t)
+

J(t) =

. 7

14

. .

. :
= Const,
J(t) =

(22)

g sin
+
= 0,
R

(23)

(20). (22) (23)

 t
1
d,
(24)
(t) = C(t)
2
( )
C ,
(20).
p- . 15
20
p- . , - (x, t) p- . ?
, R3
.
(. . .), x

G
x  lpl =
1033 cm,
(25)
c3
lpl , G c
. (25) , . , ( ) ( ). ,
,
- .
Q

15

. Q , ,
.
. XIX .
. () | |p ,
p = 2, 3, 5, . . . , 137, . . . . Q | |p
: x Q x =
p ab , , a, b , a b p.

|x|p = p ,
|0|p = 0.
(26)
Q | |p p- Qp . |x|p :
x Qp y Qp
1) |x|p  0,

|x|p = 0 x = 0,

2) |xy|p = |x|p |y|p ,

3) |x + y|p  max(|x|p , |y|p )  |x|p + |y|p .
3) ,

3 )

|x + y|  |x| + |y|,

x y R,

Qp . ,
| |p , Qp .
| | p- , | |p , p = 2, 3, . . . ,
x y = x

|x y|
|x y|p = 1,
x, y Q, x = y.
(27)
p

, xy x y (, , )
p- . , , ,
p- .

16

. .

. 1. 1 + p + p2 + Qp
(1 p)1 .
2. 1! + 2! + Qp .

B (a) = [x Qp : |x a|p  p ],

S (a) = [x Qp : |x a|p = p ]

p- p- p a Qp . Qp
: ; ; ;
; ,
; .
Qp . p = 3
. Q3 (. 8).

. 8
p- ()- p- : , , , , .. p-
p- , :
p- ;
p- ;

17

, ;
p- ;
p- ;
;
;
.

[1] . ., , ,
., 1983 ( 2- 1922 1923
).
[2] . ., , ,
., 1981.
[3] . ., , , ., 1983.
[4] . ., , , .,
1966.
[5] . ., . ., . .,
. ., . ., . ., , , ., 2001.
[6] . ., . .,
-, , ., , 2001.
[7] ., , , ., 1979.
[8] . ., , , LXI (1961).
[9] . ., . ., , . 1, 3, , ., 1958.
[10] . ., , , ., 1979.
[11] ., ., , . 14, , ., 1982.
[12] ., ., , . I, II,
, ., 1951.
[13] . ., . ., , , ., 1977.
[14] . ., , . IV, ,
., ., 1951.
[15] . ., , , ., 2001.

18

. .

[16] . ., . ., . ., p- , , ., 1994.
[17] . ., . .,
, , ., 1981.

19


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. .

18.11.2005. 27.01.2006.
6090/16. . . . 4,25. 200 .
. . .
, 119991, . , 8.
http://www.mi.ras.ru/spm/
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