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9
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I.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.1.
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1.2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3. .
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1.4. . . . . . . . . .
1.5. . . . . . . . . . .
1.6. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.11. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.14. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17
18
21
26
29
35
42
44
52
55
59
62
65
69
73
74

2. . . . . . 76
2.1. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

, , 1 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.

. . . . . . . . . 95
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
. . . . 100
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
. . . . . . . . . . . 106

1.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.10. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1. . . . .
2.2. , .

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107
110
113
114
116
120
123

3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.2. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.3. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.4. , ,
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.5. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.6.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
3.7.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
3.8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
3.9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
3.10. . . . . . . . . . . . 153
3.11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
3.12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
3.13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
3.14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
3.15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
3.16. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
3.17. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
3.18. . . . . . . 174
II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.1. , .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.2. , . . . 180
4.3. ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

4.4.
r, L C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.
g, L C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7. .
4.8. ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.9. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.10. . . . . . .

. . . . 183
. . . . 187
. . . . 189
. . . . 192
. . . . 195
. . . . 198
. . . . 200

, , 3 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1. , . . . . . . . .
4.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.
r, L, C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5. ,

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202
204
205
206
207
210
210
213

. . . . . . . 216
. . . . . . . 218
. . . . . . . 221

5.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
5.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3. . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.9. ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.15. . . . . . . . .
5.16. . . . . . . . .
5.17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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224
228
229
230
231
231
232
233

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238
240
242
249
255
258
263
265
267

5.18. . . .
5.19. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.20. , . . . . .
5.21. . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.22. . . . . .
5.23.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.24. . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
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275
279
280
281

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

, , 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
5.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
5.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
5.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
6.1. .
6.2. r, L, C . . . . . . . .
6.3.
r, L, C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4. g, L, C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.
g, L, C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6. ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.9. . . . . . . . .

. . 302
. . 302
. . 304
. . 307
. . 309
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311
314
317
318

7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
7.1. . . . . . . .
7.2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3. . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

8. ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
8.1.
. . . . 335
8.2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
8.3. , . . . . 340

8.4.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.5. .
8.6.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.7. . . . . . . . . . . .
8.8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . 341
. . . . . . . . . . . . 343
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344
346
348
350

, 6, 7 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
6.1. r, L, C .
6.2. g, L, C. . . .
6.3. , . . . . . . . .
6.4. . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5. . . . . . . . .
7.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3.
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8.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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352
353
355
357
358
359
362
363
364

. . . . . . . . . . . . 365
. . . . . . . . . . . . 368
. . . . . . . . . . . . 368
. . . . . . . . . . . . 370

, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
1.1. . . . . .
1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3. .
1.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5. . . . . . . . .
1.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1. . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1. , . . . . . . . .
3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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371
373
375
377
380
380
383
385
385
387
389
391
396
398
399
399
399

3.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1. , . . . . . . . .
4.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.
r, L, C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5. ,
5.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3. . . . . . .
6.1. r, L, C . . . . . . .
6.2. g, L, C. . . . . . . . .
6.3. , . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . 399
. . . . . . . 400
. . . . . . . 400
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402
404
405
407
413
422
424
426
427
429
430
432
434
434
435

. . . . . . . 437
. . . . . . . 439
. . . . . . . 440
. . . . . . . 440

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441


. ,
, ,
. . . , . . . . . 1948 .
, .
. 1966 .
, . . . . . 20 , .
1991 .
. 20 .
. ,
, .
, . . . . .
, , ,
.
,


- .
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10

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.
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.
. .



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.

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,
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.
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. 1758 .

.
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, , 1600 . ,
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.


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12

, , . .
,
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,
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,
- , , , , ,
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. , .
1820 . , .
1820 . , , ,

, .
,
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, .
, , .
, -

13

. ,
, , - , . 1831 . . ,
. , ,
,
.
1833 . . .
, , .
. . X.
, .
, . . ,
, .
, ,
, .
,
, 1873 .
.
(18861889 .)
,
. . (1895 .) , (19001910 .),
, . . (1895 .) ,
.

.
, ,
.
, (1827 .), (1841 .), (1842 .) (1847 .).
.
, , , -

14

, , ,
. , , , , ,
, - , , , ,
,
. .
, , , ,
, ,
, , , .
. , ,
, .

, .
, .

,
.

. , . 1904 . . .
, . 1905 . . . ,
.

,

,
.
. , , -

15

,
, , ,
.

, .
, , .
,
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,
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, . , . ,
,
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.

.
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16

. , ,
. , , , , , , .
, . , ,
.
, , , , , , , , ,
. .

, ,
. , . , .
, , . , ( ).
, . ,
, , .
,
.
.
,
,
.

, , .
() () , ,
... ,
, .
, , .

1.1.

,

.
, .
.
, .
, , ,
, .

, .
,
, .
, .
-

18

1.

.
, . ,
, , , , .

1.2.

.
(, ) (, ).
, .
, , ,

.
, , , , .
,
. , : , . ., , , , .
, , ,
, . ,
. , ,
,
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. , .

,
, , , .
, . , .

 1.

19

.

,
.
. .
,
, ,
, , .

,
,
,
, (
, ).
,
, .
, , , ,
.
,
. ,
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.
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20

1.

,
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
, , . , ,
.

, ,
.
, ,
, . , , .
, , c = 2,998108 / 3108 /.
, , . .
, c.
( ).
: , , , , , , . ,
, .

, . , , , . .
.
. ,

.
(, , , )
.
, 4p
, : , -

 1.

21

, .
, , .
( )
().

1.3. .


, ,
,
. ,
.

. , .
, . ,
, .
, , , . ,
, .
, .
.
, , , , .
, , , . , , ,
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, ,
.
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.

22

1.

, ,
.
,
, .
, , , ,
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
- .
,
,
. , , .
, ,
.
( , ,
.)
E, f , .
f
E = .
q0
q0 , , q0, . ,
.
, , , , , , ,
,
:
f
E = lim .
q0 0 q
0
, , (. 1.1). -

 1.

23

.
, E. .
, , .
. , , .
. 1.1
.
, ,
s .

. 1.1
q
f 1 = qE .
, ,
.
, ,
, , f2, .
, ,
.
, .
f2 q , v .

( n), ,
f2 , v
n (. 1.2), . . s, n.
v f2 vt (. 1.3) v . f2
, . . n, ,
, v.
, , . . -

24

1.

, , n (. 1.2 1.3).
f2 .
f 2 = q[vB ],
[vB] v B.
-

. 1.2

. 1.3

B. f2 v B.
v, v ^ B (. 1.2), f2, , . , f2, v B, , . 1.2. B. v f2,
B
f
B = 2.
qv
, , , .
, , ,
, , , ,
.

l i.
. l ,
, ,
i. q ,
v
i. q l t, v = l/t.
c t q, i = q/t.
l q
qv = q = l = i l
t t
, ,

 1.

25

f 2 = q [vB ] = i [lB ].
l ^ B, i, l B ,

f 2 = ilB.

f2
il
B . 1.4.
Df2
Dl, :
Df
B = lim 2 .
Dl0 iDl

,

, ,
. f1
,
. 1.4
, .
q, v, ,
, :
B=

f = f 1 + f 2 = qE + q[vB ].
.
: , ,
, , , .
f1 f2 . f1
, , . . . f2
, , ,
, , .

, .
f , ,
. , v
, . . .
, v -

26

1.

.
, f1 f2, f, , , , E, B.
, v. , , q
, , f
E
f = qE .
,
E = E + [vB ].
,

. , , .
,
, , .
.
.
, , , ,
.
,
. ,
.

, .

1.4. .

, .
s,
(. 1.5). b E N . , . E,
ds, En = E cos b. -

 1.

27

, , s,
.
s, YE,
YE = E cos bds.
s

. 1.5

. 1.6

ds , ds, ,
:
YE = E ds,
s

E ds = E cos b ds E ds. .
q .
qq r
f = 1 22
4pe 0 r r
(. 1.6):
1 q r
E =
.
e 0 4pr 2 r
e0, ,
,
4p107 / :
1
e0 =
,
4p 10 -7 c 2
e0 .
, c = 2,998108 3108 /
,
1
e0
8,85 10 -12 .
9
4p 9 10

28

1.

s, ,
q. ,
. 1.7 , .

. 1.7

. 1.8

E s
q
r
E d s = 4pe 0 r 3 d s.
s
s
,
ds , . , 4p,
q
E ds = e 0 .
s

, :
, , .
,
,
s, , ,
.
, E
,
, s.
,
(. 1.8),

E d s = E d s + E d s + E d s = 0.
s

s1

s2

s0

E d s = 0, E s0 .

s0

, E d s = - E d s, . .
s1

s2

 1.

29

,
,
, , .

. ,
, , ,
. , ,
YE = E d s . , s

, . ,

.

1.5. . .

, . , ,
. .
, , ,
.
,
, . . , ,
, ,
.
, ,


, . . ,
q q, d. qd .
, , p.

, .
. , , , , : , , .

30

1.

,
. .
(l),
,
, . . .
,
. ,
. . , .

.
, , .

, , P.
, , , .

,
P = N1p = N1qd,
N1 = dN/dV (), , dN dV. , , ,
, . . P = cE.
. ,
.
c . cr = c/e0
, .
, , .
, ,
c
.

 1.

31

,
.
.
x.
d x, d , ,
. d , . . . d .
, , s, . . 1.9 a b s
.
s ,
xs, , (d x)s (. 1.9). q
N1 , s . 1.9
E qN1 xs qN1(d x)s.
, ,
s,
Q = qN1xs + qN1(d x)s = N1qds = Ps,
N1qd = P. ,
Q'
P =
.
s

DQ' dQ'
P = lim
=
,
Ds0 Ds
ds
. . , , ,
, .

, E , P

32

1.

E. ,
, , . ,
0X, 0Y 0Z
P E 0X, 0Y 0Z

Px = cxxEx+cxyEy+cxzEz;
Py = cyxEx+cyyEy+cyzEz;
Pz = czxEx+czyEy+czzEz;
. . ( , )
.
, 1.4, q (. 1.10), , , .
s, .
q
.
, , ,
s Q.

, . 1.10

Q' = P cos b' ds = Pd s,
s

P s. , q > 0,
Q > 0,
s.
, s,
q q, . . ,
, .
,
, q
.
, . , , ,
q' = - Q' .

 1.

33

,

q . q
, s,
, s
Q.
|q| |Q| ,
q Q , ,
s , , , .
,
q' = - Q' = - Pd s .
s

, q,
,
q , q. ,

q+q'
E ds = e 0 .
s
e0, :

E d s = q + q' = q - P d s.
s

e
s

E d s + P d s = (e 0 E + P )d s = q.
s

D , e0E P:
D = e0E + P,
.

D d s = D cos b ds = q,
s

. . , , .
b D
ds s.

(/2).
P = cE,
D = e0E + cE = (e0 + c)E = eE; e = e0 + c.
, 0X, 0Y, 0Z -

34

1.

D E ,
, P E. .
e
. ,
,

. er = e/e0
:
c
e r = 1+
= 1+ c r .
e0

D d s = eE d s = e E d s = q
s

E ds = q e .
s

.
.
P , ,
, , .
e0E , D0,
,
, . . , .
D0 = e0E, E,
. , D0 , P , . . , . ,
. .

D d s = q,
s

, , ,
, .

 1.

35

, .
.
D d s = q, ,
s

.

. ,
, . .
,
,

(. 1.11). .
, D. , . 1.11
,
s (. 1.11), ,

. .
Dq1 Dq2 .
, s0 s1 s2 (. 1.11),

D d s + D d s + D d s = Dq

s1

s0

+ Dq 2 .

s2

D d s + D d s = 0, s1

s2

, D d s = 0, D s0. ,
s0

Dq1 = -Dq2 ,
. .
.

1.6. ,
/
, , .

36

1.

,
.
, .
:
, .
V , qi v i 0. qi vi

i- , N V.
, , . ,
, ,
. . , (, , , . . ).
s q, .
, s, . .
dq
i=
.
dt
. s
. , D s,

,
D s, . .
. 1.12
D s 0. , D i
D s, ,
, ,
Di di
J = lim
= ,
Ds0 Ds
ds
,
, , .
J (. 1.12) b,

 1.

37

di = J cos b ds = J ds.
, s ,
i=

J cos b ds = J ds.
s

,
,
i = J cos b ds = J cos b s.
s

, , , i = Js.
, .
, , .
, , ,
, .
()
(/2).

,
.
J
E .

J = gE.
g .
r = 1/g, ,
.
,
E = rJ.
- (). 2

, r = E/J 1
=1
= 1 ,

1 / = 1 . , (/).
g ( r) , , ,

38

1.

,
,
, .

. .
.
g , , r .
, , . , J = gE,
g ,
, .
E. , ,
q , qE.
. , ,
.

, . .
r
v.
,
dl ds (. 1.13). dl .
. 1.13
dq = r dl ds.
ds dt, dl. dl = v dt. , ds
di = dq/dt = rv ds, J = di/ds = rv.
(r < 0)
, J v J = r v. r
:
J = rv.
r > 0 J v . r < 0 .

v+ r+

 1.

39

v r,

J = r+v+ + rv .
,
.
.
P . ,
.
. , , , , ,
. J P .
1.5 P dQ, , , ds, , P = dQ/ds.
ds
, , , Pn = dQ/ds, Pn
P, ds.
P ds

dP
d
di = ( Pn ds ) = n ds.
dt
dt
, di = J n ds, J n ds J . ,
J n =

dPn
.
dt

ds , , J
- P . ,
dPy
dP
dP
J x = x ; J y =
; J z = z .
dt
dt
dt

dPy
dP
dP
d
J = i x + j
+ k z = (iPx + jPy + kPz ),
dt
dt
dt
dt
i, j, k 0X, 0Y 0Z.

40

1.

iPx + jPy + kPz = P,

J = dP/dt.
, .
, , ,
J , , , ,
. ,
D , D0 P :
D = D0 + P,
D0 = e0E. ; ,
dD dD 0 dP
=
+
.
dt
dt
dt
, , J ,
.
,
.
. ,
, . . , , . ,
,
d D0
J0 =
.
dt
, , J,
d D0 d D
d D0 d P
J =
=
= J 0 + J' =
+
.
dt
dt
dt
dt
D . A
, (. 1.14), J
. J , DD D, Dt, Dt 0. . 1.15 1.16
, D
.

dD y
dD x
dD z
J x =
; J y =
; J z =
.
dt
dt
dt

 1.

. 1.14

. 1.15

41

. 1.16

, ,
, .
,
, , , , .
.
.
, ,
.
J0 , . .
,
, - ,
, . ,
J0 , J,
, : ,

.
.

. , , ,
(P = 0),
, . .
. .
, , , , . .
i=

dq d
D 0 d s.
+
dt dt s

q ,
, .
,

42

1.

1.7.
s (. 1.17) ,
A, .
q
. s
. s
q, :

D d s = q.
s

. :
dD
dq
dt d s = dt .
s

dD
d s = J d s = i
dt
s

s .
dq/dt ,
s.
, s,
.

i , s, i,
. 1.17
. dq/dt > 0,
, s, , (i + i) ,
. ,
dq
= -(i + i ).
dt
dD
dq


ds =
dt
dt
s
i = -(i + i ) i + i + i = 0.
, , .

 1.

43

d (dd = J + J )
i ,

i = d ds = 0,
s

. :
.
, .
, , , .
.
, , , , , .
,
, . . . , ,
,
.
q, v (. 1.18). D
, ,
, D = e0 E = q/(4pr 2) (, v
, , ,
).

. 1.18

Dt Dz = vDt.
D + DD. J = dD/dt , DD Dt 0. . 1.18 A1 A5.
-

44

1.

, .
, . ,
.

, -
, , . 1.18.
(. 1.19). . s , .
, s. . 1.19

.
.

1.8. .
.
,
, : ,
.
q ,
.

, . dl (. 1.20)
. 1.20

dA = f cos a dl = qE cos a dl = qEdl.
dl , dl T .
a E dl.
,
A B (. 1.20),
B

A=

f cos a dl = q E cos a dl = q E d l.
A

E cos a dl
A

.
A B. u. ,

 1.
B

45

u = E cos a dl = E d l.
,
A = qu .
, ,
.

,
.
, ,
. E d l -

.
().
,
,
. , dl du = E dl, dl
, , , E = du/dl.
(1 /).
1.6,
E J E = rJ, r .
i, l s u = El,
i = Js. , u = rJl = rli/s = ri. r = u/i
. ().
u = ri
. , ,
, p = A/t = uq/t = ui = ri2.
.
().
, . 1.21
.
, . . (. 1.21). : E d l = 0. . , AmBnA (. 1.21)

46

1.

q. , , .
, , . , q ,
:
q E d l = 0, . .

E d l = 0.

,
AmBnA, . , q, , ,
q
. . ,
.

. ,

E d l = E d l + E d l = 0,

AmBnA

AmB

BnA

E d l = - E d l = E d l,

AmB

BnA

AnB

m n , , ,

E dl
A

A B.
, , B

UA UB. UA UB =

E d l.
A

,
A B. ,

.
u, , UA UB = uAB.
,
, , .

 1.

47

P.
P

E d l x, y, z A.
A

UA U (x, y, z),
P

E dl =U

= U ( x, y, z ).

U . P ,
P

U P = E d l = 0.
P

, , , P, . ,
, , .
, , , , ,
, . ,
, , .
(E).

, , .
. , , ,
, , . . :

U = E d l.
A

,
, . , B

E cos a dl = 0, cos a = 0. , A

A B, , .
U(x, y, z) = const , -

48

1.

, . . .

. ,
.

, (J = 0)
E = rJ = 0.
; ,
.
, , ,
E , , U
q . q U :
C=

q
,
U

.
g, , e
: C = F(g, e). ,
C = ef(g). , e E, C
q U.
, , ,
, . . q1 = q2,
.
C=

q1
q2
=
U1 -U 2 U 2 -U1

.
g, , , e : C = F(g, e). C = e f (g).
, , .
,
. C > 0.
().
,
1.4, (/). , e = D/E
, e
1

: =1
=1 .
2

 1.

49

, .
, , ,
, ().
.
, e,
, , , , :

E d l = e 0.
, , , , , .
,
,
(. 1.22). A B, , . E
A B :

E dl =U

- U B = u AB .

AmB

A ,
( n) , ,
B,
, :
E d l = 0. ,
AnB

. ,
. J = 0, E = rJ = 0.
. 1.22
(E = 0)

E, ,
E, ,
:
E = E + E = 0 E = E.

50

1.

AnB

d l = - E d l =
AnB

d l.

BnA

dl = e

BnA

, E.
, , .
,
( , ) . , .
, .
( ),
, . E,
. , .
f, ,
E = f/q, q
, . ,
E + E = E = 0.
. 1.22 E E
, , , ,
.
,
, . . 1.22.
E AmBnA,
,

E dl = E dl + E dl =U

AmBnA

AmB

BnA

- U B ,

E d l = 0.

BnA

 1.

51

E dl = E

AmBnA

d l + E d l = e,

d l = 0,

dl =

d l = e.

BnA

,
e = U A -U B,
. . , ,
( ).
, E d l = 0 -

.

( ) , , , . BnA
.
, , e = E d l

, , , . , . ,
, .
, .

. ,
,

, .
, .
,
.
.
.
, t t0

. , -

52

1.

. ,
, , .
, .
.
0 100 .

,
, .
, ,
, e = E d l , BnA

B A :
u AB = U A - U B =

E d l.

AmB

1.9. .

s (. 1.23)
F.
F = B cos bds = B d s.
s

. , B,
cos b = 1; dF = B ds; B = dF/ds.
(). , (1 = 1 /2).
, , B. , B.
, , . 1.23
, .

 1.

53

, .
, , .
, , .
, , , , .
,
, .
, , , (. 1.24).
.
. 1.24 , , , . , , , .

, , , .
, . 1.25.

,
. 1.24
. , , . - - , . ,
, . , ,
, ,
,
, ,
.
, .
. 1.25

54

1.

m,
, . 1.26, , , .
,
, ,
,
. , ,
, ,
,
.
,
. 1.27
. 1.26
,
, (. . 1.25),
, .
. 1.27.
,
. . ,
,
.
, .
, . .

:

Bd s = 0,
s

. . .
Bd s = 0 s

. 1.28

(. 1.28),
, ,
s1 , , s2.
, .

 1.

55

1.10.
1831 . ,
, .
abcda , (. 1.29). F
s, . ,
dt ,
dl dx, . 1.29
a b c d a. [ dx dl], dl
,
B [dxdl] = -[dx B ] dl.
dF, ds , abcda ,
dF = - [dx B ] dl ,

(*)

abda.

. v = dx/dt
q (. 1.3)
dx
f 2 = q [vB ] = q
B .
dt
1.3 , q ,

f
dx
E = 2 = [vB ] =
B .
q
dt

E. E

E
l

dx
dl = [vB ] dl =
B dl.
dt
l
l

dx , dl dt,
, dt ,

56

1.

dl =

[ dx B] dl
l

dt

(*)

E
l

dl = -

dF
.
dt

, abcda , . . ,
.
abcda , F
, . , , F.
1.8 , ,
, . ,
, , F,
, ,
, ,
:
dF
(**)
e = E dl = - .
dt
, .
F ,
F
dF
e = E dl = =+ [vB ] dl,
t l
dt
-F t , . . F , [vB ] dl
l

. , [vB] E
, dl
v. E
:
E = [v B ],
v v dl , .

 1.

57

, abcda . (**) , . , .
, . , , .
, . (**) ,
,
,
.
,
.
(**) .
, ,
,
. F (**) ,
i .
, , 1.8,
E

dl = -

dF
.
dt

E dl -

, i , r
. ,
ir = -

dF
dt

i dt r = dF, r dq = dF, . . dq = dF/r.

DF
Dq = -

DF
.
r

.
F s, , .
,
, ,
.

58

1.

.

, - . , DF ,
,
DN, : DF = DN dF = dN.

DN
dN
e=,
Dq = r
dt
. . , , , .
, .

, , ,
dF
dN
.
e==dt
dt
,
,
,
,
.
.
dl v , .
B dl (. 1.30). , dl,
de = E dl = [vB ] dl.
, l v , l,
B v , l

e = vBl.
,
. ,
, , , . 1.30
. ,
, , , : , ,
, , .

 1.

59

1.11. . .

F s, ,
, , s: F = B d s.
s

, . .
, . 1.31 , , . :
4, 5, 6, 7 8 , 3 .
Y. ,
. Y
, ,
, . , , . 1.31
.
, , , Y. ,
, .

dY
dN
e==.
dt
dt
, , .
, . ,
w . F
Y = wF. , ,
dY
dF
e== -w
.
dt
dt

, .

, , i,

60

1.

. . ,
, , YL.
YL = Li.
L
. g, , m , : L = F (g, m).
m = const L = mf(g).
. YL
, . eL
:
d ( Li)
d YL
dL
di
eL = == -L - i
.
dt
dt
dt
dt
L = const
di
eL = - L .
dt
, , . ,
(. 1.32). ,
. ,
,
. Y2M
Y21. , . 1.32
.
(M 1) , , ,
, .
Y2M = M21i1.
M21 .
g, , m : M = f(g, m). m = const, M = mf(g).
().
, ,

 1.

61

. Y2M i1,
M21. ,
, ,

d ( M 21 i1 )
d Y2 M
di
dM 21
== -M 21 1 - i1
.
dt
dt
dt
dt
di
M21 = const, e2 M = -M 21 1 .
dt
.
, , ,
.
. , , , , , . . d Y < 0.
e = d Y/dt > 0, ,
. , , d Y > 0 e < 0.
. , .

,
, : , .
, , , . ,
e2 M = -

d ( Li)

di
.
dt
dt
, , ,
, ,
. , , , ,
. v,
e=-

f =-

d ( mv)
dt

= -L

= -m

dv
,
dt

m .
, , -

62

1.

, . q, , i = dq/dt.
, .
, , . . , , , , ,
, ( ) ,
.
,
(. 1.33) , . . . YM = Y0 ( 1 6).
.
eM = d YM/dt, i
YL.
ir . r = 0,
dYM dYL
= 0,
dt
dt
,
YM + YL = const.

. 1.33

YM = Y0 YL = 0 (. 1.33, ). , YM + YL = Y0.
(. 1.33, ), YM = 0 YL = Li = Y0.
, r = 0
.

1.12.
,
,
,
.

 1.

63

, ,
, , .
.
,
. .
, ,
.
, ,
. A B
(, ,
, ) .
, A B (. 1.34)
, A B. , AmBnA

dF
Edl = Edl + Edl = - dt ,
AmBnA
AmB
BnA
F , .
,
dF
Edl = Edl - dt .
AmB
AnB

(. 1.35). , , . , , . A B
A B. ,
, , . ,
, , , , .

,

,
, , -

. 1.34

. 1.35

64

1.

, .

.
.
,
A B , ,
. ,
, . , . . .
A B.
, , , , , .

( ) .
A B
A B, , .

, . 1.35.
,
, . .
E = E E = E.
.
A B ,
, , : Edl = 0. ,

e = dF/dt , F = const.
,
. A B
.
() , , , ,
( ) , ,
E = E + E E = E + E.

 1.

65

()

dl = 0.

()
dF
E dl = - dt 0

dF
0.
dt
E dl . -

E dl = ( E

+ E ) dl = -

, (. . 1.35)

dl =

AmBnA

dl +

AmB

dl.

BnA

E dl = E

dl,

(*)

. . , . , E dl = 0.
,
u AmB =

E dl = E

AmB

dl +

AmB

dl

AmB

dl,

AmB

dl 0.

AmB

,
, e,
, e, . (*)

E dl = E

dl + E dl.

1.13.
.
, , .
.

66

1.

, i (. 1.36). .
, .
,

.
. ,
,
. 1.36
, . .

B cos a dl = B dl = m

i.

m0 .
, e0. , :
F ut
[Bl ] = = = [Et] =
l l

qt
2 .
e 0 l

[i] = [q/t],
:
t2 1
[m 0 ] = 2 = 2 .
e 0 l e 0v
, m0 , e0 . m0 . (/). ,

i , m0 = 2
. /
=

.

,
10 -6 / .
m 0 = 4p 10 -7 1257

B dl = m

.
.
(. 1.37). w1
, s ,
, dl .

 1.

67

F = B ds.
s

, . .
. , F = B cos bs, b
s B.
dl.
, b a
B T . , , ,

. 1.37

F = B cos a s.
dl
d Y = Fw1dl = B cos a sw1dl.

Y = sw1 B cos a dl .
, Y s w1,
B cos a dl .

. Y
i , .
,
, .
, , B dl
, i,
i. ,
i , B dl i

. , B dl
.
B dl = m 0 i -

. ,
, , B,
B dl > 0 , , i > 0. , -

. , .
.
, .
, -

68

1.

.
. ,
.
B dl = m 0 i .

,
(. 1.38).
,
. , . 1.38 ambncpa, , ad, bd cd ambda,
bncdb cpadc, .

B dl = m

ambda

i;

0 1

B dl = -m

i ;

0 2

bncdb

B dl = m

i .

0 3

cpadc

. ad,
bd cd ambncpa.

B dl = m ( i
0

ambncpa

- i2 + i3 ).

,
, . . 1.39
s.
, , ,

. , . 1.39, i1 i3 ,
i2 .

. 1.38

. 1.39

. 1.40

,
. ,
.

 1.

69

, , w
, i,
(. 1.40). , s, , wi. ,

B dl = m

wi.

1.14.

, . ,

,
. .

. .
, , . ,
.
, , ,
, ,
, .
, , .
. , ,
, .
i, w ,
- (. 1.41).

AmCnA,
. AmC
CnA .
, i , , . .
. ,
. 1.41

70

1.

AmC, . i.
:

B dl = m

wi + m 0 i' .

di , dl AmC.
di/dl AmC
, M. ,
di/dl AmC, . . dl M. ,
n0, di/dl
. dl dn
di'
M =
n0 ,
dn
.

, ,
, . M
. . dl
di'
= M cos a ,
dl
a M
T AmC M. ,
, AmC,
di'
i' =
dl = M cos a dl = M dl.
dl
AmC
AmC
AmC
CnA (. . 1.41)
,

M dl = M dl = i' .

AmCnA

AmC

B dl = m

wi + m 0 i' = m 0 wi + m 0 M dl

- M dl = wi.
0

, , H .
B
H =
- M.
m0

 1.

71

M = H B = m0 (1 + ) H = mH,
, m .
M = 0 B = m0H.
H ,

Hdl = wi.
,
, , .
.
,
, , H. .
, H.
M , . m0 i0
i0 s0,
. . m0 (. 1.42) . 1.42
s0 i0
. ,
m0 = i0s0,
s0 , s0 .
l s (. 1.43) ,
. m
m0
. 1.43
.
m
.
, , m .
i0 , (. 1.43), i0 , m, . .
i0 s = m.
,
.

72

1.

AB, . l
i0 . , M i0 = M l, . . i0 s = m = M l s = MV
m
m
M = .
V
V
,
Dm dm
M = lim
=
,
DV 0 DV
dV
Dm DV .
, ,
, , .
,
,
. , . . . .
() . ,
, , ,
. . ,
, .
, ,
, . ,

, . ,
, , ,
, () .
, ,
. , , ,
,
, . M =

 1.

73

, , , .
, , ,
, .

1.15.
, ,
, ,
. . s, :

Hdl = i.
, i s d,
,

Hdl = d ds = i .
s

, (. 1.44),
,
.
, Hdl = i

i ,
, ,
. . 1.44
, . ,
Hdl = i .

() .
F.
, :
, .
Hdl = i
.
, , . . ,

Hdl = i

74

1.

, ,
, , .
,
A B.
B

F AB = Hdl.
A

,
, . , :
H = dF/dl.
,
(/).
, (/).

1.16.

, , .
, . . .
,
, , ,
.
, , :

D ds = q,
s

.
,
, , ,
, , :

B ds = 0.
s

 1.

75

,
, , , .
, ,
dF
E dl = - dt
, .
, . . .

, ,
,

Hdl = i
,
.
,
.
D E B H.
D = eE B = mH. , ,
i ,
, , , :
dD
dD
d = J+
, J = J + J , J = g E ; J = r+v+ + r - v - ;
= J .
dt
dt
, , ,
, , . .
. . , . . ,

. , ,
, .




2.1. .

.

.
,
, ,
. , qk dqk,
dAk = Ukdqk, Uk .
n
A=

k=n qk

k =n

A = U
k=1

k =1 0

d qk .

, , . ,
, , , . ,
. , ,
, W : A = W. Uk k- q1, q2, . . ., qn . , ,
U k = a k1 q1 + a k1 q 2 + . . . + a kk q k + . . . + a kn q n .
a . A.
, ,
, .
, , , , , . . ,
, . . qs = gksqk, gks = const. :

 2.

77

U k = ( a k1 g k1 + a k2 g k2 + . . . + a kn g kn ) q k = mk q k ,
mk = const.
A=

k = n qk

U
k =1 0

dqk =

qk

k =n

m q dq
k =1

mk qk2
=
2
k =1

k =n

U k qk
.
2
k =1

k =n

A = W,
W =

1 k =n
U k qk .
2 k =1

, .
().

q1 q2,
. q = q1 = q2,
:
(U 1 - U 2 )q .
U q U q
W = 1 1 + 2 2 =
2
2
2
U1 U2 u q = Cu, C ,
uq Cu 2
q2
=
=
.
2
2
2C
,
, ,
.
, ,
, .
W , :
W = W dV ,
W =

.
.
(. 2.1). s. ,
, : q1 = q2 = q. W = uq/2,
u .
, u = Ed, d
.
. 2.1
s, -

78

1.

, q1 = q,
(. 1.5). Ds = q. ,
1
1
W = DEsd = DEV ,
2
2
V = sd , q1 q2.
, ,
W
1
eE 2 D 2
W = = DE =
=
.
V
2
2
2e
, , :
eE 2
W =
dV .
2
V

, D . ,
ED
W =
,
2
ED = ED cos a D,
a. ,
ED
W =
dV .
2
V

. ,
: q1 = q2 = q (. 2.2). .
dl
. 2.2
.

1
W ds dl = DE cos a ds dl ,
2
ds . , Dds
dq (. 1.5),
1
1
1
dW = D dsE cos a dl = D ds E cos a dl = (U 1 - U 2 ) dq,
2
2
2
l
l
E cos a dl .
l

 2.

79

,
,
,
1
DW = (U 1 - U 2 ) Dq,
2
Dq .
,
U1 U2 ,
W =

1
1
1
U 1 - U 2 ) q = U 1 q1 + U 2 q2 .
(
2
2
2

,
ED
1 k =n
W =
dV W = qkU k ,
2 k =1
2
V
. , , ,
.

. , , , .

, ,
W =

ED
dV .
2

. ,
, .
,
1/2 ED .

2.2. .

. , ,
,
, . , ,
.
uk, k-
, , , , ,
:

80

1.

d Yk
.
dt
,
. ek ,
, uk, ,
dt,
u k = ik rk +

u k ik dt = ik2 rk dt + ik d Yk .
,
.
,
Yk.
.
ik d Yk = dA k .
n . ,
n ,

A=

k =n

k = n Yk

k =1

k =1 0

A k = i k d Yk .

, . ,
, .
. ,
. , W , . . = W.
, , . , , ,
.
.
, m , Yk
k- , , ,
:
p =n

Yk = Lk ik + M kp i p
p =1

( p k).

,
.

 2.

81

, , ,
, , .
.
, , ,
. . ip = akpik, akp = const.

p =n
p =n

Yk = Lk ik + M kp a kp ik = Lk + M kp a kp

p =1
p =1

ik = mk ik ,

p =n

p k mk = Lk + M kp a kp = const.
p =1

A=

k = n Yk

k =n

ik

k =1 0

k =1

ik dYk =

mk ik2 k =n ik Yk
=
.
2
2
k =1
k =1

k =n

mk ik dik =

A = W ,
W =

1 k =n
i k Yk .
2 k =1

, .
W Yk . , Mkp = Mpk,
W =

1 2 1
1
L1 i1 + L 2 i22 + . . . + L k ik2 + . . . + M 12 i1 i2 + M 13 i1 i3 + . . . + M kp ik i p + . . .
2
2
2

, .
Mkp = Mpk . Mkp = Mpk , . i1, i2, L1 i12 2 + L 2 i22 2 + M 12 i1 i2 . i2, i1,
L1 i12 2 + L 2 i22 2 + M 21 i1 i2 .
, M12 = M21.

. ,
:
W = W dV ,
V

82

1.

, W
.
, , , , w (. 2.3). s
, l m .
m .
. , Y

. 2.3
Y = wF.
, , W = Yi/2 = Fwi/2. s ,
F = s. ,
wi = H dl = Hl, H = const . ,
W = BHsl/2. sl = V
, . ,
W =

W BH mH 2 B 2
=
=
=
.
2
2
2m
V

BH
W =
,
2
= cos a ,
. a
.
, , ,
. .
W =

. 2.4

BH
dV ,
2

.
,
. 2.4.

.
dl. ds , -

 2.

83

. dV = dsdl
. , dV:
BH cos a dl ds
BH
.
W dV =
dV =
2
2
dW .
. dF = Bds

.
BH cos a
dF
H cos a dl .
dW =
dsdl =
2
2 l
l

H cos a dl = wi,
w , . ,
wdF = d Y , ,
dF
id Y
dW =
wi =
.
2
2
W
. ,
iY
id Y i
W =
= dY =
,
2
2
2
. . ,
.
,
:
BH
W =
dV ,
2
V
,
.

2.3. ,
. ,
, . ,
, , .
,
, g

84

1.

, . g . ,
, , . . g f, , . f
, , . g
. , g , f
; g , f ;
g , f ; g , f
.
,
, , ,
. , , , ,
.
, ,
. ,
, . . ,
. 2.5
.
n (. 2.5). , , Ap,
Ap , g. g f, Ap .
,
, Ap ,
. , , , , , , . , . ,
dqk , , f, Ap:
k= n

U
k =1

dq k = d gW + f dg.

g dgW , ,
g . -

 2.

85

, . .
f, ,
: qk = const. , .
dqk = 0 , , :
k= n

U
k =1

dq k = 0.

0 = ( d gW ) q

k = const

fdg = -( d gW ) q

+ f dg

k = const

(*)

qk = const , .
dg , f, fdg > 0.
, dgW < 0, . .
. , , .
(*)
d gW
f = -
dg

= -

g
qk =const

qk =const

. . , ,
, , , .
().
, , , . .
Uk = const. ,
, . ,
. , .
,
k= n

U
k =1

dq k = d gW + fdg

. Uk = const , -

86

1.

. ,

W =

1 k =n
U k qk ,
2 k =1

, ,

( d gW )Uk =const

1 k =n
U k dqk ,
2 k =1

. . . fdg.
, :
fdg = ( d gW )U

k = const

f, fdg > 0.
Uk = const , .

:
W
f =
g

Uk =const

. . , ,
, , ,
.
( ) , . .
W
f = -
g

= +

g
qk =const

Uk =const

,
, .
f
.
W =

q2
Cu 2
=
,
2
2C

u = U1 U2 .
. qk = const,
.

 2.

f =-

87

q2 1
q 2 u 2
q2

==
.
=
g 2 q =const
2 g 2 2 g
2 g

Uk = const .
f =+

Cu 2

g 2

u 2

=
.
2 g
u =const

, , . , .
f
fdg > 0, , d > 0,
. . . , , , .
:
,
, .
. , , , ,
(. . 2.1).
C = es/d (. 3.5), s d . , ,
f =

u 2
u 2 es
.
=2 d
2 d2

u2
= E 2 ,
d2

eE 2
ED
s=s. , 2
2
d, . . .
, ,
, f = -

ED
s
2
.
f' =

2.4.
, , . . ,

88

1.

, , , , .
,
, ,
, , ,
. , .
, n . g. , 2.3,
, . ,
, .
f g dg
. , . , (. 2.6) ,
. f
fdg. g . 2.6
dgW. g ,
.
, , , . , ,
,
fdg, :
k =n

u
k =1

i dt =

k k

k =n

i
k =1

2
k k

r dt + d gW + fdg.

uk,
k- ,
d Yk
u k = ik rk +
,
dt
Yk . ,
k =n

k =n

k =n

k =1

k =1

k =1

u k ik dt =

ik2 rk dt + ik d Yk .

 2.
k =n

i dY
k =1

89

= d gW + fdg,

. . , , .
, .

.
f , ,
, .
, . . Yk = const.
, , , . ,
k =n

, d Yk = 0 ik d Yk = 0. ,
k =1

rk ,
, . Yk = const
0 = ( d gW ) Y

k = const

+ fdg.

dg f, fdg > 0 ,
, dgW < 0, . . . , .

d gW
f = -
dg

= -

g
Yk =const

Yk =const

. . , , , , .
, . Yk , , , . .
k =n

i dY
k =1

0.

90

1.

W
.
W =

1 k =n
i k Yk .
2 k =1

ik = const

( d gW ) i =const
k

1 k =n
i k d Yk .
2 k =1

:
, .
k =n

i dY
k =1

= d gW + fdg

fdg = +( d gW ) i =const .
k
, ,
.
:
W
f = +
g

ik =const

. . , , , , , .
,
, . .
W
f = -
g

= +

g
Yk =const

ik =const

f,
,
. 2.7, d
.
, .
. 2.7

 2.

W
f = -
g

91

Yk =const

. Y = const, B,
W = B 2 ( 2m ).

. ,
, W = W sd , s
. ,
f =-

W
B2
BH
= -W s = s=s,
d
2m 0
2

m0.
, . ,
,
f
BH
f =
=
,
s
2
. .
.

Li 2
.
2
, , ik = const.
W =

W
f =
g

i 2 L
=
.

2 g
ik =const

dg f, f dg > 0 ,
, dL > 0. , , , .
,
. i2
.
.
, , ,
Yk = const, , ik = const, , . .
W
f = -
g

= +

g
Yk =const

ik =const

.
,
.

92

1.
2

Y2
Li 2 ( Li)
W =
=
= L .
2
2L
2L

W
f = -
g

Y 2 1 YL2 L i 2 L

=- L
=
,

=
2 g L 2 L2 g 2 g
YL = const

,
W
f =
.

g i =const
. , ,
1
1
W = L1 i12 + L 2 i22 + Mi1 i2 .
2
2
, g, . .
W
f =
g

M
= i1 i2
.

g
ik = const

.
,

(Mi2 )
Y
f = i1
= i1 1M

i2 =const

i2 =const

(Mi1 )
Y
f = i2
= i2 2 M

g i1 = const
g

i1 =const

f, fdg > 0.
i1d Y1 > 0. , i1 > 0 d Y1 > 0, . .
Y1 . ,
L1i1 , i2
. i1 < 0 d Y1 < 0, . . Y1 . ,
L1i1 , Y1 . , i1
.
,
,
, .

 2.

93

f,
i . B , s , , a ,
N B
B (. 2.8). i
.

Y
f = i1 1M
g

Y
f = i2 2 M

i2 =const
g

i1 =const

i Y/a a.
Y
Y = Bs cos a f = i
= -isB sin a = -mB sin a ,
a
m = is .
(. 2.8)
f = [ mB ].
, i s,
m.
, , ,

.
, . 2.8
i, l, B (. 2.9).
. . 2.9
.
(M > 0),
, - ( ).
, , ( )
(M < 0). ,
. 2.9
, , ,

94

1.

( ) .
f = q[vB].
v ; , ,
, , f, . 2.9.
, dx (. . 2.9).

d Y = dF = Bl dx.

Y1M
f = i1
g

Y2 M
f = i2

i2 =const
g

i 1=const

i dY/dx .

dY
Bldx
f =i
=i
= Bli.
dx
dx

, :
e = Blv.
f, x
, , . .
i = dq/dt. , , v = dx/dt.

, , 1 2
1.1. .

1. () ,
? ,
?
2. . ?
3. ( ) E
(. 1.1)?

. 1.1

4. () , ,
C . 1.2 t1 1 t2 2 ?

. 1.2

5. , , : )
; ) - ?
6. .
? ?

96

, , 1 2

1. () v = ai + bj + ck
f = mi + nj + pk.
: ) v = 0i + 5j 2k, f = 1i; ) v = 0i + 3j + 1k,
f = 2,5i; ) v = 1,5i 2j 0,5k, f = 4,5i 2,25j 4,5k. q = 1010 .
2.
. . 1.3 , ,
.

. 1.3

3. ()
ab,

. 1.4
1 2 (. 1.4). t1 > 0,
t2 = t1.
4. ()
r(r) , E r = const: ) r;
) r; ) f(r)
(e = const )?
5. . 1.5 . e = e0 .
6. () , . 1.6 ,
, , .
7. , , : ) ; ) R; ) R;
) ; ) ; ) R; )
R; ) h.

, , 1 2

97

. 1.5

. 1.6

1. () +s s d.

. , .
2.
t. .
3. :
) . d, +s s; ) .
R1 R2 (R1 < R2), +t t; )
. R1 R2 (R1 < R2), +q q. , ,

98

, , 1 2

2e0.
.
4. R0 = 1 t = 2107 /
d = 0,5 R = 3 .
r . ,
, ,
, t = 2107 /.
5. () R t. , , , , E = 23,3 /.
R = 1,2 , t = 2106 /.
6. () R
t. z ,
, . R = 0,2 , t = 2108 /, e = e0.
7. () , r,
(). , . .
e. d.
8. () , ,
R r r, (. 1.7). d 0, r
rd = onst , r = 0. ,
? .

1.2. .

. 1.7

1. () +q , e1 > e2, e2 < e3 (. 1.8).

s1, s2, s3?
, q?

. 1.8

, , 1 2

99

2.
(e = e0) e = 5e0. ,
?
3. () , (e1 > e2). D E ,
DYD DYE.
?
4. (O) (. 1.9).
, : ) (s1); )
(s2); ) (s3)?
. ), , ,
D ds = q. S

D = 0 , , D ds = 0.
S

. 1.9

5. (O) ,
, ?
6. () . ,
?

1. () . . : ) ; ) .
2. () , . 1.10, , ,
DYE?
D, E, P .
3.
. D, E, P
. er .

100

, , 1 2

. 1.10

4. ()
. ,
, , - ; R,
er.
5. , , ,
.
? ,
.
. er = 88,
er = 3,1.
6. ()
. ,
P .

1.3.

1. () : )
; )
; ) -

, , 1 2

101

? )
?
2. () . , ?
3. () , , .
?
4. ()
, . ?
5. .
? ? ?
6. , ,
. ,
, ?
7. ()
. ? .

1. () , , .
2. .
.
3. () q
R w.
. .
4. () D(t) . 1.11. J(t) .

. 1.11

102

, , 1 2

5. () J = i Jx
. 1.12 . D(t).

. 1.12

1. () g = 107 /. R1 = 4 , R2 = 8 .
, , 100
u(t) = 220 2 sin 100 pt ().
. er = 5.
2. () , R = 0,5 , h >> R . g = 102 /,
er = 2, ,
i = 100 2 sin 100 pt ().
. h >> R,
.
3. ()
, ,
er = 8 g = 106 /. ?
4. ()
,
g = 3,5107 /. i = 103 sin 105t (), S = 10 2 . .
, ,
s = D = eE? 80e0. .

, , 1 2

103

1.4.

1. () . E ?
2. q < 0.
, E ?
3. q > 0
. u?
4. (. 1.13) i.
B

E dl, A

1 2, 1
, 2 , , ?
5.
. , ?
. 1.13
6. ()
.
?
7. () ,
, ?
8. , , ,
: ) ;
) ; ) . 1.14
?
9. ,
: ) ; ) k ?
10. (. 1.14) ? , ?
11. () : ) ; ) ; ) e;
) , ; )
?

104

, , 1 2

1.
3 1.2.
2. () 0x, , . 1.15 .
?
?
. 1.15
.
3. . 1.16 .
.
.
4.
. 1.17 , . ,
) , ) ,
.
. 1.16
e0.

. 1.17

5. , (. 1.18). , : ) R;
) R r; ) R; ) R
r. e0. rA = 0,6R ( ), rA = 0,8R, r = 0,6R ( ).

, , 1 2

105

. 1.18

1. () +q q, d.
, , r d.
2. () (. 1, 1.1) ,
, .
d, +s s. , .
3. () ,
, R D
, . R = 1 , D = 20 .
4. () U = 60 . Re = 10 .
Ri , E = 30 /.
5. ,
. , . R0 = 1 , R1 = 3 , R2 = 4 . e1 = 2e0, e2 = 5e0.
6. ()
(er = 4) . d = 0,5 , d0 = 0,01 . , , 30 /, 200 /.
7. .
d1 = 2 , d2 = 3 , d3 = 2 , e1 = 2e0, e2 = 4e0,
e3 = 3e0, S = 100 2.

106

, , 1 2

8. () n- Ri Re,
R1, R2, . . ., Rn = Re. ,
e1, e2, . . ., en R1, R2, . . ., Rn1,
.

1.5. .

1. . 1.19 . (1, 2, 3, 4)
() ?

.
2. () , |B |
. 1.19

?
3. , ?
4. ,
. F0. , , , : ) ;
) ?
5. () , . ?
6. .
?
7. () l. , , ?
8. F = B ds, s

s n ?
9. . ,
?
10. () . F ,
, F1,
F2?

, , 1 2

107

1. . , .
.
2. () .
,
, .
3. () +i, i ,
. ,
. , .
4. , (. 1.20),
B, R.

. 1.20

5. () B = 0,2i + 0,5j + 1k
S = 1 2,
n = 1i + 1j + 1k. .

1.6.

1. . ?
2. () , . ? ?
3. () . ?
4. () , ,
g, ,
g1 > g?
5. () , ,
. ?

108

, , 1 2

6.
, B . .
7. () , , F(t). 1 dF
i(t) = , r ?
r dt
8. () ,
, , , ?
9. , . , : ) , ; )
; ) , ; ) ?
10. , , .
? .
11. () , , .
,
, ,
. ?

1. , ,
. 1.21 .
2. , ,

. 1.22 .
3. () , h,
, e0 v (. 1.23) ,
v. , 1, 2 .
4. () , w(t) R, z
B .
. .

, , 1 2

109

. 1.21

. 1.22

5. () ,
, R1 = 0,6 R2 = 0,1 ,
R = 10 .
n = 120 /, , , B = 0,5 ,

R0 = 1 .

1. (P)
. 1.23
i1 = Im sin wt i2 = Im sin wt .
, ,
l ?

110

, , 1 2

2. , .
l . l ?
3. () ()
B = Bm sin j, j
. . w . R.
. , : ) l,
; ) , l ,
aR , . ,

.
. a : ) ; )
?
. , , , ?

1.7.

1. ?
2. () ?
3. () ?
4. () ( ) ,
, ( ) (
)?
5. () , . ( ) ?
6. , , . ?
7. () ,
? : ) ;
) ?

, , 1 2

111

8. , , : ) ; ) ; ) ?
9. ()
?
10. ?
11. () .
?
12. .
?
13. . : ) ; ) ?
14. . M12,
?
15. . ?

1. , , , ,
.
2. () Um Im.
i = Im sin wt. u = L di/dt
L = Um/wIm. r, r. w, L r,
e.
3. ,
.
4. ,
.
5.
. 1.22 .
.
6. () , (R = 0) .
7. ,
(. 1.24).

112

, , 1 2

. 1.24

8. 2-
(. 1.25, 1- 1, 1, 2- 2, 2).
.

. 1.25

9. ()
. , , B(t) (. 1.26). i(t) .

. 1.26

10.
,
. ? F1(t) F2(t),
, .

, , 1 2

113

11. () , , .
? ,
1,5 ?
12. i. , > 0?
13. () L,
, i. B0, a? S.
14. w, ,
, B0 .
, . , L, , , S?
15. () i
. ,
Ri, Re?

1.8.

1. .
. ?
2. .
?
3.
.
, (. 1.27).
, b?
, ?
4. (. 1.27) .
. 1.27
(1, 2, 3)
, b ,
?
5. ()

(. 1.28, ),
. ,
. 1.28

114

, , 1 2

, ? . 1.28,
.
6. () .
? ?

1.
R = 0,5
.
B = 0,7 sin p103t ().
.
2. (W2 = 1)
D = 2 .
, ,
, F = 2 sin 2p50t ()?
3. 2 6 100 . , B = 0,5 sin 2p103t ().

1.9.

1. .
?
2. i = 2 .
,
B dl 2m0; 3m0; 6m0; 1,2m0; 14m0; 2?
l

1. 3 .
B dl, 3m0; 6m0; 9m0;
l

15m0; 6m0; 9m0.

2.

B dl l

. 1.29 7m0.
i3, i1 = 10 , i2 = 5 A.
3.
90 . -

. 1.29

, , 1 2

115

,
i.
4. (P) , . x = 0,
z jk, k z.
? x > 0 x < 0.
5. ,
, x = 0 x = d, :
) jzk jzk; ) jzk jzk; ) jzk jy j; ) jzk jy j. B(x, y, z) x < 0,
0 < x < d, x > d.
6. R . w = w/l, i.
,
d << R. .
B = f(r) 0 r < . B = f(r) r = R?
7. ,
R1, R2 : ) i1 = i2;
) i1 = i2; ) i1 i2, .
B = f(r) 0 < r < .
8. () R, , , d << R. i. j .
B(r) 0 r < .
B(r) r = R? m0 .
9. (P) () , , R. , j ,
, j = jm cos a. B = f(r) a = 0
0 r < .
10. () ( r 0) +i, ( d 0) i. R.
B(r) . B(r)
B(r) r = R. m0 .
11. () w h(R2 R1), m.

116

, , 1 2

(. 1.30)
, .

12 = 21, ,

.
R2 = 8 , R1 = 1 , h = 1 , w = 2000, m = 400m0.
. 1.30

1.10.

1. () ,
m, B0. : B0 Bi ?
: H0 = B0/m0
Hi ?
2. .
, , : )
; ) ; ) ?
3. :
?
4. i , .
: )
; ) ?
5. () .
B dl, , l

,
, ? H dl, l

?
6. () R. r > R ?
, ,
?
7. () , .
?

, , 1 2

117

8. , : H1 > H2. : ) ; ) ; ) ?
, ?
9. H dl = i, B dl = m 0 i l

?
10.
, ?
11. H dl = i, l

?
12. () , ?
B

13. H dl = F AB A

, ?
14.
?

1.
100
(m r ) = 0

0
0
100 0 .
0 10
: ) , H = i3103 +
+ j2103 + k103 /; ) , B = i0,9 + j1,2 + k0,1 .
2. mr = 900 H = 103 /.
, , .
3. () , .
w/l, i. , m. M B .
,

n ?
4. () l M, . i

118

, , 1 2

, , m0
. , .
5. () R , z . j(j)
,
, , M = jMy .
6. (P) R M = jMy . j(j) , R , .
7. , ,
i (. 1.31). . F
. 1.31
, ? .
8. . 1.32 i j(x) m = . x.

. 1.32

9. , . 1.33 .

, , 1 2

119

. 1.33

10. () i = 100 D = 1 z. ,
h D, H(y),
B(y) x = 0, y << h. m = 200m0, h = 20 (. 1.34).

. 1.34

11. (m = m0) D1 = 5 , D2 = 8 (. 1.35) i = +100

i = 100 . ,
h = 0,2 , . 1.35
H(y) x = 0. H(y) , .
H(y) ?
12. i R. r .
m = 100m0.
13.
, , , R1 = 6 R2 = 7 , i = 200 . H(r), B(r), r , 0 r R2. 200m0.
14. i = 200
R = 3 ,
.
D = 1 . H(x), x , , .

120

, , 1 2

15. I = 100 R = 5 , (. 1.36) Ri = 8 ,

Re = 10 . 100m0,
200m0. H(r), B(r)
0 r Re (r ).

. 1.36

. 1.37

. 1.38

16. () (. 1.37) w = 200.

, i = 100 , m = 200m0, Ri = 5 , Re = 8 .
17. (. 1.38)
w = 200.
H(r) Ri r Re,
m = 200m0, i = 10 , Ri = 4 , Re = 5 .

2.1. .

1. . ?
2. ,
.
3. () u. ?
4. () . ?
5. ,
?

, , 1 2

121

6. () . , ? er > 1 (u = const).
7. ,
, e0?
8. , ,
,
?
9. () : , ?
10.
?
11. , : ) ; )
?
12. , , ?
13. .
, : ) ; )
; )
?
14.
. ?
15. () ,
,
, ?

1. 30 /. .
2. , 1 200 .
3. S = 50 2.
e1 = 4e0, e2 = 2e0, d1 = 2 , d2 = 3 . u = 200 . . ?

122

, , 1 2

4. ,
W, W (r)
: ) ; ) . R1, R2, ,
, R, e1, e2, u. R1 = 2 ,
R2 = 1 , R = 1,5 , e1 = 4e0, e2 = 2e0, u = 300 .
5. ()
1 , L1 = 1,5 ,
L2 = 2 , L3 = 1 M12 = 0,3 , M13 = 0,2 ,
M23 = 0,06 .
6. , .
7. B = 1,5 , E = 30 /.
8.
,
D (. 2.1). ,
. 2.1
(m = m),

.
9. (P) ( d )
, D (. 2.2), (||), (^)
, : Fab = F| | = Fac = F^ (ab = ac).
. 2.2
B| |

,
B^
B| |
F| |
F
, B^ = ^ , S | | = S^.
1?
B| | =
B^
S| |
S^
10. R,
Ri Re.
: )
; )
.

, , 1 2

123

11. () u
u
t
i = exp . , r
rC
, , r, . r?
12. () , , R.
i = Im cos a, a . ,
R , w.
13. (P) (. 2.3)
1 2
i . ,
, , , m = , . 2.3
.
.

2.2. , .

1.
?
2. () , , . ?
3. () ,
, ,
?
4. () .
, ?
5. ()
, . ?
6. () .
, , .
e1 e2 < e1.

124

, , 1 2

7. () ,
, ,
?
8. , . .
9. , e1 > e2, e2 > e3, e3 < e4.
, .
10. () , , . ?
11. D. ?
12. (), m > m0,
.
?
, ?
13. ,
, . ,
, ?
14. () .
, ?
15. ()
,
?
16. . ?
17. () R1, R2 > R1
w1 w2 i1 i2. , , ?
18. , , ,
.
, ?

1. ,
,
s. ?

, , 1 2

125

2. , , . , , u.
3. , R q.
4. , (r = Ri) (r = R)
: ) ; ) . u.
5. () s
e1 e2. , ,
D .
6. (P) ,
(),
e1, e2 d1, d2. .
e1 e2?
u.
7. () e1 e2
(. 2.4).
.
8. , e1 > e2, e2 > e3, e3 < e4. .

. 2.4

9. ei, ee, (ei > ee). Ri, Re,

R0. , ,
. , ee, ei?
10. , ,
, . 2.5 . C, D, E . f 1 , f 2
( 8).
11.
A . , . i = 100 , m = m0 .
12. i = 10 d = 5 .
.

126

, , 1 2

. 2.5

13. () i a, b . , , i1. a = 5 , b = 10 , i = 10 , i1 = 100 . d

a 5 , m = m0.
14. ()
L = R [m0 (ln 8R/r 2) + m/4], r
R . fR fr,
. m. R = 8 , r = 0,25 , i = 20 : ) m = m0; ) m = 500m0.
15. R , r, , B a. , R
i . i = 100 ,
R = 4 , r = 0,5 , B = 0,4 . a , : ) ; ) ?
16. () i,
( ) c
R,
s . R = 1,5 , s = 0,1 /2.
. .
17. () R w . , .
18. , R, l, w,

, , 1 2

127

4R 2 w 2
10 5 .
9R + 10 l
i = 3 A, R = 2 , w = 100, l = 8 .
19. R0
Ri
m
R
, L = 0 ln i .
2p R 0
, ,
R0 = 3 , Ri = 6 . i = 1 sin wt .
20. R, r
m 0w 2 r 2
w. L =
.
R + R2 - r 2
, R, r . 1 , w = 200, r = 1 , R = 10 .
21. ()
w = 200.
D = 1 , Ri = 0,2 , Re = 0,25 ,
3 , i = 10 , m = 100m0. , ,
R + Re
.
R = i
2
L =

1. ()
i = 1000 , . , , d = 5102 .
2. R. j j = jm cos a.
Fr(a) Ft(a) , ,
,
m j
B = 0 m (. . 9, 1.9).
2
3. (P) x, y 2d , J = iJx
.
, , , .
, d 0, J
j (m = m0 ).

128

, , 1 2

4. (P) i = 10 , i1 = 1000 .
d = 2 , R = 5 .
F = f(j) (0 < j 2p).
.
5. () (R = R) ( ) j = jm cos a, ( R < R ) j = jm cos (a + j).
. , , j, ,
. j : ) ; ) ?
6. () ,
,
(. 2.6). i = 1000 . , ,
h = 5 .
. 2.6




3.1.
,
,
, . . ,
, ,
, . ,
, , . .
, , , .
, ,
. , , , .

.
, ,
.

, ; , , .
,
, e = ( E + E ) dl,
B

u = E dl, q = D ds, A

i = d ds = Hdl, F = B ds, s

E, E, E, D, d , H
B, . , , ,
, , ,
, . .,

130

1.

- , , , ,
. .
,
, , ,
.
,
,
, , . ,
iw = Hdl F = B ds.
s

, , , .

, , .
, , . .

3.2. .

,
.

, , ,
, . . . , , , , , . .
, , , , ,
.
, , , , .
, , , , , , ,
, . .

 3.

131

, ,
,
,
, . .
, , ,
, .
, - .
, ,
, - , . .
. , , , .

, , , ,
. .

.

. ,
, .
, , ,
.
(), (. 3.1).
, , , .

, (. 3.2). ,

,
.
. 3.1

. 3.2

132

1.

3.3. .


.
, . ,
.
,
, , , , , . ., , ,
. , , .
, , , .
, , .
, , .
, .
. , . . ,
. , .
, , . ,
1.7, .

, .
, .
, K
(. 3.3). ;
,

, .

, . . 3.3

 3.

133

, , s,
, , , i, , s i .
. , . ,
. , ,

. , .
r (. 3.4), . i
. -
. , . 3.4
,
D. .
(. 1.7),
,
i .
, . . , , ,
, ,
. . . , ,
, (. . 1.19).
, ,
. ,
, , . . ,
, , . .
. , , ,
. , .

134

1.

, . , . . ,
. , , . ,
.
,
.
. , .
. , ,
. , ,
. , .
, .

.
, , , ,
.
, , ,
. . ,
.
, .
-
, , .
, ,
,
. ,
, , . .
, ,
, . .
.

 3.

135

, . .
, , ,
.
,
, , .
.
, , 1.12, , ,
B

. , u AB = E dl.
A

, m n (. . 1.35), mn, F,
.
F mn . ,
dF
u AmB - u AnB = E dl - E dl = E dl + E dl = E dl = 0,
dt
AmB
AnB
AmB
BnA
AmBnA
. .

u AmB u AnB .
, ,
- , , , . , .
, .

3.4. ,
, .


, . ,
, .

, . . , ,

136

1.

, ; , ,
,
.

.
. r
. , , ,
.
, , .

, L
. ,
, , r 0
L = 0 = 0. ,
g = 1/r.
, ,
.
, , .
.
L
.
, , ,
, . , C 0, L = 0 r = 0.
, .
, , . . .

, . .
. ,
, , r = 0,
, , . ,
L 0 r = 0 C = 0.

 3.

137

(. 3.5) ( b), ( b)
( cd). ,
ab, . . r . . 3.5
,
bc , . . . , ,
cd, . . L .
, , .
. ,
,
,
.
, ,
. , , .
. , . , ,

,
.
,
, .
. . . ,
. 3 108 /.
, ,


.
,

138

1.

. , , , .
. ,
. .

3.5. .

,
r, L.


,
.
, -
. r ,
. , . ,
.
r, L , , ( 1 . 3.6).

. 3.6

- () (. 3.6, ).
- (. 3.6, ).

- (. 3.6, ).
,
,
, . -

 3.

139

( 2
. 3.6). . ,
,
,
. , .
.

, ,
, . ,
.
, ,
, ,
.

, ,
, . . ,
,
.
.
,
, , , , . . .
L .
, .
, q .
. 3.7 . .
. 3.7
,
. ,

D ds = Ds = q

E =

q
D
= .
e
es

uC b . d . , = const,

140

1.
b

uC = E dl = E dl = E dl = Ed =
,
C=

q
d.
es

q es
= .
uC
d

. 3.8

. 3.9

l, r1 r2
(. 3.8). ,
r . D . ,
q
D
D ds = D2 prl = q E = e = e2 prl ,
q .
uC :
r2
r
r
q 2 dr 1 q
uC = E dr =
=
ln 2 ,

e2 pl r r
e 2 pl r1
r
1

, ,
C=

2 pel
.
r2
ln
r1

, , , .
. 3.9 .
. ,

 3.

141

, ,
, , . , . i .
, , , .
:
i
H dl = H 2 pr = i ; H = 2 pr .
l
,
, ,
pr 2
i 2:
pr1
r2
i
H
d
l
=
H
2
p
r
=
i
; H =
r,

2
2 pr12
r1
r , .
, . ., , , .
,
ds = ldr, l .
dF = B ds = mHl dr.
, ,
i, , , m = m0,

i
d Y = dF = m 0
l dr.
2 pr
Y, , ,
r2

Y = m 0
r1

r
i dr m 0
=
l
il ln 2 .
2p r
2p
r1

, ,
r2
, i 2 = ir . r1
, ir /i , . dF
d Y i,
dY =

ir
m il 3
r2
i
dF = 2 m
rl dr =
r dr,
2
i
2 p r14
r1 2 pr1

142

1.

m . Y, ,
,
Y =

r1

m il

2p r

4
1

r 3 dr =

m
il .
8p

r
m
l
Y + Y
m 0 ln 2 + .
=
i
r1 4
2p
1.8 1.11
, e ,
, , L m , , .

l . , 3.4, ,
, ( ),
. f 50 .
T = 1 f = 2 10 -5 . , l << 21053108 = 6103 ,
, .
L=

3.6.

, . 3.5.
ab r. r,
i , , ur, ,
ur = ri.
bc . , q uC
uC = q/. i q
du
dq
i=
= C C . ,
dt
dt
t

q = i dt + q(0),
0

q(0) t = 0, . . ,
. ,

 3.
t

uC =

143

q(0) 1
1
i dt +
= i dt + uC (0),

C0
C
C0

uC (0) t = 0.
cd .
L, YL = Li di/dt
di
eL = -L , dt
di
u L = -eL = +L .
dt
i YL uL ,

t
t
1
i = u L dt + i(0) YL = Li = u L dt + YL (0),
L0
0
i(0) YL(0) = Li(0) t = 0.

Y1M = Mi2 ; e1M = - M

di2
di
u1M = -e1M = +M 2 .
dt
dt

i2 Y1M = Mi2 u1M,

t

i2 =

1
u1M dt + i2 (0) Y1M = Mi2 = u1M dt + Y1M (0).
M 0
0

. ,
, . ,
b

u r = E dl uC = E dl
a b b c . . ,
.
, .

d

u L = E dl
c

,
, . .
, , -

144

1.

(. 3.10). F,
, ,
( ). , cnd , ,
, , . 3.10
.
,
dF
E dl = - dt .
cndmc

E dl = 0,

cnd

E dl = -

dmc

dF

dt

dF

E dl = + dt

cmd

=+

dLi
di
=L
= uL .
dt
dt

, 1.8
1.12, ur, uC uL
.

3.7.


, .
. i, u e ,
, .
, ,
, ,
.
, , (i12 , u12 , 12 , iab , uab , eab).
, , , , . , uab > 0, b.
ur i, q
uC uL di/dt, , , . 3.11.
, uab = riab, ur = uab i = iab
r > 0 , . . ( +

 3.

. 3.11) ,
, . . . ,
pr = u r i > 0.
uab = qa/,
> 0, 1.8, , , . .
=

145

. 3.11

qa
qb
=
.
ua - ub ub - ua

, uab qa .
b, . . iab > 0. , . . qa > 0 ( +
. 3.11), , uC = uab > 0,
i uC, . . , .
,
: pC = uCi > 0.
di
u L = +L , L > 0, L = YL/i,
dt
YL i
.
b, iab > 0. , . . di/dt > 0,
uL = uab > 0 ( + . 3.11).
di
, , u L = +L , dt
i uL, . . , . , , . .
, : pL = uL i > 0.
eL
di
, uL, eL = -u L = -L dt
eL uL , . . , , uL
( + . 3.11),
eL ( +
. 3.11). uL, ,
, d cmd . 3.10.
.
, L > 0, -

146

1.

, ,
, ,

. .
, , , , , . . . , > 0,
, < 0,
.
, 1.11 di
di
e1M = -M 12 2 e2 M = -M 21 1 dt
dt
di2
di
u1M = -e1M = +M
u 2 M = -e2 M = +M 1 ( ,
dt
dt
12 = 21 = M), , u1M u2M, . .
i1 i2,
. 3.12.

() (. 3.12). ,
,

.
i1 i2
, = +0,5 = 0,5 .
, , i1 i2
, . 3.12.

.
. 3.12
, - ,
,
di
di
u1M = -e1M = -M 2 u 2 M = -e2 M = -M 1 .
dt
dt

3.8.
.
, e , , r , u = e ir

 3.

147

i. . 3.13 , . . u = f(i),
= const r = const.
. . r = 0
= const, u = = const, . 3.13
. ,
r 0, ,
, . 3.14, .
.
, , , . r ,
(. 3.14, ), .
u = f(i) , ,
i r i, ,
, .
,
, ,
.
, , , ,
. 3.14
.
, u, .
,
i .

u
. ,
g,
i = ug, ,
e u
u. . 3.15
i = f(u) = const g = const. . 3.15
,
= const g = 0, i = = const.
g,
, . 3.16, .
. g
, g (. 3.16, ), .

148

1.

,
. ,
, , ,
. 3.16
, .
.
, .
.
( ), , ( ).
,
, .
( ), , ( ).


- .

. 3.17

. 3.17 :
, (. 3.17, ) (. 3.17, ); , (. 3.17, )
(. 3.17, ). . 3.17 a , b, r , h . -
-

 3.

149

a, b, r h . ,
, . 3.17, . q b ,
Ep = aiba Ep = ( a)iba.
,
uab ucd
(. 3.17, ). ,
,
. 3.17, . , , k, .
, (. 3.17, ). ,
, , . 3.17, . ucd = k(ubd uad).

3.9.
, , . ,
. 3.18 , : 1, 2 5,
3 4, 6, 7.

. 3.18

.
di
(, u = ri, u L = +L
.).
dt
- .
, -
, , .
, , , , .

,

150

1.

. ,
, .
, , ,
. , , u = ri ; uL = d Y/dt ; u = ri + d(Li)/dt
, , , .
, , ,
, .
, , , , , ,
. 3.11, 3.12, 3.14, 3.16.
, , , , , ,
r, L, , , , . , ,
.
, ,
,
.
,
, .

. 3.19

, . 3.18. (. 3.19)
, , 3.23.8.
(), 4.1 (.
. 4.2 4.3). .

 3.

151

, , ,

, . ,
,
. , : E1, L1 r1 (. 3.19, ).
, Li2/2, i2r , ir
. 2 5
- (L2I, L2II M2 2
, , L5I, L5II M5 5), ( . . III, 3.9).
r2 2. 3 4 r, L
C, .
L3, r3 L4,
r4. ,
, (C3 3 C4 4),
. , . ,
L r ,
. , . ,
r, L ( . II, . 17 18).

6 (
), - . 3.19, .
.
r7 7. 7
, .
. 3.19, , . 3.18, , , .
. 3.19, , , . , , ,

152

1.

,
.
, ,
, .
, , .
, , ,
.
: , , , . ,
.

, . 3.14.
, , . .
()
, ()
() . , . 3.16.

.
e
( . 3.23,
3.22, ).
( ),
.
. 3.23, ; . 3.22, () .
,
. b . 3.22, .
, ,
(), .

(. 3.20).

. 3.20
. (. 3.20, ) (. 3.20, ) .
,
. , , . . -

 3.

153

,
.
, . , ,
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
.
. 13, . II
.

3.10.
.
. , , , (, , b, , d, , f, g,
, b, . 3.19, ).
. ,
, ,
.
, , .
. 3.19, , b, , b, , d, , f, g
(. 3.21).

, , ,
.

.
, . .
, , , .
,
, .
-
, .

154

1.

. 3.21

(. 3.21, ) . 3.21, .
, (. 3.21, ) , . . , .
, , .
(. 3.21, ) 7 14 .

, , .
. , ,
.
, , , , . , . ,
, - , .
, . 3.22, ( ), ab, bf, fd, da, fa bd. . 3.21,
.
. 3.22 ()
( ).
p q , q 1 , n = p (q 1).

 3.

155

, q
q 1 , p ( q 1) . ,
, . 3.21, , : p = 2,
q = 2, n = 2 (2 1) = 1; p = 8, q = 3, n = 8 (3 1) = 6;
p = 4, q = 2, n = 4 (2 1) = 3.
,
. ,
p = 14, q = 7
n = 14 (7 1) = 8, 1 + 6 + 3 = 10.
(
)
n = p (q 1) + N 1 = p q + N, N . 3.22

. N = 3, n = 14 (7 1) + 3 1 = 10.
. 3.22 p = 10, q = 5 n = 6.

3.11.
. .
q . .
,
. (j, k). , . , . jk +1, k- j-
j- . jk 1, k-
j- j- . jk ( ,
), k- j- .
, . 3.23, , (. 3.23, , )

2 1

1
1
1

6
1

1
1

3
4

1
1

156

1.

. 3.23

, ,
.
.
( ) ,
.
,
, , +1,
1. , q 1
, q- , . .
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
, .
.
(. 3.23)
1 0
1 0 0 -1
A = a jk = -1 1 0 -1 0 0 =
0 0 -1 1 -1 0
1
1

= 2 1
3

1
1

q 1
1

 3.

157

(q 1) , (q 1) (p). (q 1) . , (. 3.23) 3 6, 3 6 =
= 18. jk. , jk = 1, jk = 1, jk = 0.

, , . t. (. 3.23)

At = ||ajk||t =

1
1

1
1

1
1

3.12.
. .
, ,
(. 1.7). s (. 3.24).
, . , . , s
, .
, . 3.24

J ds = i1 + i2 + i3 = 0.
s

, ,
n

i
k =1

= 0,

. . , , ,
.

158

1.

- , .
,
,
, .
. 3.24
, . , . 3.25
. 3.25,
i1 + i2 + i3 = 0.

(ik > 0), , . ik < 0, .
, ,
. 1.12

E dl = E

dl + E dl.

E dl e , -

dl

, , , di
, . , eL = -L .
dt
E dl e -

, , , ,
E dl

di
. dt
E dl ri ,
. , u L = +L

, uC = q/ . , ,
k =n

ek =
k =1

k =n

k =n

k =1

k =1

ek + ek ,

k =n

u
k =1

k =n

e .
k =1

 3.

159

, : , .
k- rk, Lk k (. 3.26, ),

urk, uLk uCk , . . uk = urk + uLk + uCk. 3.6 ,
u k = rk ik + L k

dik qk
di
1
+
= rk ik + L k k +
dt C k
dt C k

i dt + u
k

Ck

(0).

ik ek
. uk ik. ,
n

k =1

k =1

u k ek
uk ek , ,
.
,
. 3.26

. ,
, ,
, , e e.
E dl = umn = 0,
umn m .
, , ,
. .
k (. 3.26, )
(. 3.26, ). ~ik u~k .
~ik u~k ,
(. 3.26, ). m ( n) . 3.26, ,

160

1.

~i = i = i + .
k
mn
k
k
, k m n n m,
t

i
d
u mn = u~k = u k - ek = rk ik + ( L k ik ) + k dt + uCk (0) - ek .
dt
Ck
0

, , , .

,
. ,
p

~i
k =1

=0

u~
k =1

=0

u
k =1

e .
k =1

3.13.
q q ,
. q 1 . q 1
, , ,
, . , j (1 j q 1)
,
j . , , , ,
: , . ,
1, 2, 3, 4 5 . 3.27
, (
).

. 3.27

q 1 , , , q-o ,
q- q 1 .
, ( ) q
q 1 .

 3.

161

,
, ,
.

p

a
k =1

~i = 0, j = 1 K q - 1 ,
( )

jk k

ajk = 1 ajk = 0.
. k j, , . ajk = 1,
ajk = 1. k j, ajk = 0.
, , 3.27, ( . 3.23),
q = 4, :
1
2
3

~i + ~i - ~i = 0, a = 1, a = 1, a = -1;
1
3
6
11
13
16
- ~i1 + ~i2 - ~i4 = 0, a21 = -1, a22 = 1, a24 = -1;
- ~i3 + ~i4 - ~i5 = 0, a33 = -1, a34 = 1, a35 = -1.

, , ajk,
, .

.
( ) , :
~i
1

~ ~
i = ik = M ,
~i
p

k = 1 K p.

1 - , p- .
, , . ,
,

162

1.

~i
1
j aj1 L ajk L ajp

M
~i = a ~i + . . . + a ~i + . . . + a ~i
k
=
j1 1
jk k
jp p
M
~i
p

- (1 )

a
k =1

(1 1)

~i = 0.

jk k

- ( 1)

q 1 q 1
.

~
Ai = 0.
(. . 3.23)

1
1

~
A i = 2 1
3

1
1

~i
1
~i
2

1
1

~i
3
~i
4

~i
5
~i

1 1

(36)

~i + ~i - ~i
1
3
6
~
~
~
= -i 1 + i 2 - i 4
-~i + ~i - ~i
3

(31)

0
=

= 0.

0
(31)

(61)
~
Ai
.
k-
~i = i + ,
k

ik k, k k,
ik k (. . 3.26).


~
Ai = Ai + A = 0,

~
i1
i1
0
1
~
i= M ; i= M ;
= M ; 0 = M .
~
ip
ip
0
p
( p 1)

( p 1)

( p 1)

( q -1) 1

 3.
p

Ai = -A

k =1

i = - a jk k ,

jk k

k =1

163

j = 1 K ( q - 1).

3.14. .
, , .
. , , ,
, , , , ,
. , , , . ,
.

. 3.28

. 3.28, 4 4, 1 3. . 3.28, 5 5,
1, 2 3. . 3.28, 6 6,
1 2. ,
, . . n = p (q 1).
. u~k .
-. ,
.
, ,
. sk, s ; k
. , sk = 1, k- s- ; sk = 1, k- s- ; sk = 0,
k- s- .

p

c
k =1

sk

u~k = 0,

s = q K p.

164

1.

4 (. 3.28, )
-u~ + u~ + u~ = 0; c
1

41

= -1, c 43 = 1, c 44 = 1.

5 (. 3.28, )
u~1 + u~2 - u~3 + u~5 = 0; c 51 = 1, c 52 = 1, c 53 = -1 c 55 = 1.
6 (. 3.28, )
u~1 + u~2 + u~6 = 0; c 61 = 1, c 62 = 1, c 66 = 1.
sk.
, .
, ,
,
, , ,
, , , ,
, ,
.
.
,
:
u~1
u~ = u~ = M .
k

u~p

,
, ,
. ,
,
u~1
M
s cs1 L csk L csp u~ k = c s1u~1 + . . . + c sk u~k + . . . + c sp u~p
- (1 )

c
k =1

sk

u~k = 0.

(1 1)

u~p
- ( 1)

.


Cu~ = 0.
(. . 3.23, )

 3.

4 1

3
1

C~
u= 5

1 1

1
1

165

u~ 1
u~

0
- u~ 1 + u~ 3 + u~ 4
~
~
~
~
u 1 + u 2 - u 3 + u 5 = 0 = 0.
0
u~ 1 + u~ 2 + u~ 6

u~ 3
u~ 4 =
1
u~ 5
u~
6

Cu~
.
k-
u~ = u - e ,
k

uk k, k k, uk
k .


Cu~ = Cu - Ce = 0,

u~1
u1
e1
0
~
u= M ; u= M ; e= M ; 0= M .
u~p

p
( p 1)

( p 1)

p
( p 1)

0
( n 1)

Cu = Ce

c
k =1

sk

uk =

c
k =1

sk

ek ,

s = q . . . p.

3.12 .

3.15. .

, . ,

J ds = i

= 0,

() . , . . 3.27
3.30 .
.
, , .

166

1.

, , , q 1. ,
q 1,

, . ,
,
. . . .

. , ,
, .
. , , . dmk, m , ; k
. dmk = 1, k- m- , dmk = 0,
k- m- .
p

d
k =1

~i = 0,

mk k

m = 1 . . . ( q - 1).

, . 3.29, 1, ~i1 ,
~i + ~i - ~i - ~i = 0; d = 1, d = 1, d = -1, d = -1.
1
4
5
6
11
14
15
16
2, ~i ,
2

~i - ~i - ~i = 0; d = 1, d = -1, d = -1.
2
5
6
22
25
26
3, ~i3 ,
~i - ~i + ~i = 0; d = 1, d = -1, d = 1.
3
4
5
33
34
35
dmk.
,
. , ,
, , , , ,
, , , ,
,
, .
D. ,
p c .
. 3.29

 3.

167

,
. ,

~i
1
M
~i = d ~i +K + d ~i +K + d ~i =
k
m1 1
mk k
mp p

m dm1 K dmk K dmp

M
~i

- (1)

(11)

d
k =1

~i = 0.

mk k

- (1)

q 1 .
~
Di = 0.
(. 3.29)

1
~
Di =

1
2
3

~i
1
~i

1 1 1
1

1 1
1 1

~i
3
~i
4

~i
5
~i

~i + ~i - ~i - ~i
1
4
5
6
~i - ~i - ~i
2

~i - ~i + ~i
3
4
5

0
=

= 0.

.
k-
~i = i + ,
k

ik k- , k
k- , ik k (.
. 3.26).


~
Di = Di + D = 0,

~i
1
0
i1
1
~
i= M ; i= M ; = M ; 0= M .
~i
p
0
ip
p
( p 1)

( p 1)

( p 1)

( q-1) 1

168

1.

,
, :
Di = -D.

3.16. ,

. 1 q 1 q p .
, D ( ):

A=

1K q - 1,

qK p

A1

A2

( q - 1) ( q - 1),

( q - 1) n

1
M
q-1

D=

1
M
q-1

C=

q
M
p

1K q - 1,

qK p

D1

D2

( q - 1) ( q - 1),

( q - 1) n

1K q - 1,

qK p

C1

C2

n ( q - 1),

( n n)

, () . -
() 1 q 1,
- () q p:

~
i=

1
M
q-1

~
i1

( q - 1) 1

q
M
p

~
i2

( n 1)

u~ =

1
M
q-1

u~1

( q - 1) 1

q
M
p

u~ 2

( n 1)

A1 (q 1) (q 1),
q 1 , q 1 , q 1 ,
~
q 1 . - i 1 q 1 ,
. ~
A1 i 1 ~
~
A 1i 1 . A 2 i 2 , A2 n ~
, i 2 n , .

 3.

169

, , :

~
, , i 1 u~1 -
~ ~
, i 2 u 2 - .
C , , , C2
. , , . C2, 1,
C2.
, 1. C2 = 1
n n. E;
, , 1.

. , D1 . D1. D1
(q 1) (q 1).
,
1

C=

M
q-1

1K q - 1,

qK p

C1

D=

M
p

1K q - 1,

qK p

D2

(. 3.30). , (m . 3.30), , (j s), (j s) , ,
, .
. 3.30 , m.
, s j, m , , csm = 1 cjm = 1. s j m- , , dms = 1 dmj = 1. , ,

170

1.

.
C1 D2, .

( ),

. t ( ).

C 1 = - D 2t D 2 = - C 1t .
C1
D2, C1 = F.

. 3.30

C=

Ft .

D=

, C D
F. , , . 3.31,
1
1
D=

10

1 1

Ft ,

. .
1
5 1

F=

1
1
1

10

4
1
1

C=

5
M
10

1K4 ,

5K10

1
1

~
~
~
~
A 1i 1 = -A 2 i 2 D1i 1 = -D 2 i 2 . D1 = 1,
~
~
i 1 = -D 2 i 2 .

 3.

171

A1 . A1
, A 1-1 ,
A1 . A 1-1 A1. A 1-1 ,
~
~ ~
~
~
A 11A 1i 1 = 1i 1 = i 1 = -A 11A 2 i 2 = -D 2 i 2 ,
. . D 2 = A 11A 2 , , -F t = A 11A 2 .
,
, ,
. D2,
D 2 = A 11A 2 A2

A 1-1 .
, A1 , , 1.
( ). . 3.31
A1 ,
, , ,
( ,
, ). 1 A1. A1
, .
, , A1
, A1. , A1 (q 1)
1, . . +1, 1.

3.17. .


.

Ai = -A ( Di = -D ) Cu = Ce
p .
, p p .
, ( )
p . -

172

1.

. , .
i = f(u)

. .
i1

f1 (u1 , K , u p )
. . . . . . . .

i= M = . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
ip
f p (u1 , K , u p )

u = j ( i ),
j1 (i1 , K , i p )

. . . . . . . .
u1
u= M = . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
up
j p (i1 , K , i p )

fk j k ( k = 1K p)

, . . , r, L, C M
,
, . . , r, L, C M
. ,
,
,
, . ,
(. 3.32), ( .
. 3.19, ), i, i1 i2,
.
, . 3.32
i u,
.
fk jk ,

, , . fk jk , , .
2p , , , , ,
, .
, ,
. (. . 3.23) .
(. 3.13, 3.14)

173

3.

i2

i3

Ai = 2 1

i1

1
1

i4

= - = -

i5

i6

0
0

:
1
i 1 + i 3 i 6 = 6;
2
i1 + i2 i4 = 0;
3
i3 + i4 i5 = 0.
, Cu = Ce,
1
C=

u=

u1

e1

u2

u3

e3

u4 ;

0 .

e=

u5

e5

u6

,
4
Cu =

5
6

e 1 + e3

- u1 + u3 + u4
u1 + u2 - u3 + u5
u1 + u2 + u6

= Ce =

e 1 e3 + e5

e1

, , 4, 1
(), 3 () 4.
, 4. , 5, 1 2 (), 3 () 5. 6 1 2
() 6.

u1 + u3 + u4 = e1 + e3 ( 4);

174

1.

u1 + u2 u3 + u5 = e1 e3 + e5 ( 5);
u1 + u3 + u6 = e1 ( 6)
( ) ,
:
t

u1 = r1 i1 +

i
d
(L1 i1 ); u 2 = 2 dt + uC2 (0);
dt
C
2
0
t

u 3 = (r3 + r3)i3 +

i
d
[(L 3 + L 3 )i3 ] + 3 dt + uC3 (0);
dt
C3
0

u 4 = r4 i4 +

d
d
(L 4 i4 ); u 5 = (L 5 i5 );
dt
dt
t

i6
dt + uC6 (0).
C
6
0

u 6 = r6 i6 +

12 6 6 .

3.18.

.
, . . ,
,
.
,
. , , ,
, , . , ,
.
, , , , , ,
. .
.

 3.

175

, . , .
, . , , . .
, , , ,
. , .
.
. , ,
, , : , ,
, .
, , , , . . 15 ,
.
, , . .
. , , ,
. , , .

. ,
. , ,
.
,
. . ,
, . , , ,
, ,
.

176

1.

,
. , , .


. ,
.
,
. .

4.1. , .

T
T. f = 1/T ,
. ().
, ,
:
e = E m sin(wt + y e ); u = U m sin(wt + y u ); i = I m sin(wt + y i ).
e, u, i , .
Em, Um Im . w = 2p/T =
= 2pf . ,

, , ye, yu
yi , ,
, .
. 4.1
.
,
yu > 0 yi > 0
. . 4.1
t, -

178

2.

wt. ,
T, 2p.
j = yu yi . j = 0
, j = p , j = p/2 .
,
,
,
. .
, ( ), ,
, .
. 50 .
.

. , .
,
. , ,
, , , .

,
.
. 4.2
.
. 4.2 , (p = 3). ,
. , ,
. ;
, . f = pn/60, n -

 4.

179

( ). , n = 83 13 /. ,
f = 50 p = 36 .
, B
. , : | e | = Blv,
l v .
(. 4.2) .

, . . 4.2

. ,
,
, .
, , , , . 4.3

. p = 1
p = 2. , f = 50 n = 3000 /
n = 1500 /.
. 4.4
.
(. 4.3). .

. B
a
(. 4.4).
,
. 4.5
.

180

2.

( . 4.3 1, 2, 3),
e1, e2, e3 ,
(. 4.5).
, , ,
e = e1 + e2 + e3, .
(. 4.3) .

4.2.
,
, , , ,
E, U, I:
T

E =

1 2
e dt ; U =
T 0

1 2
u dt ; I =
T 0

1 2
i dt .
T 0

, . .
,
r,
T

1 2
1
i rdt = r i 2 dt = rI 2 .

T 0
T 0
, ,
, , , .
F ,
i,
F = i1 i2

M
M
,
= i2
g
g

M/g M g, F.
i F
T

F =

1
1
M
F dt = i 2
dt.
g
T 0
T 0

, ,
, M/g
.

 4.

181

F =

M 1 2
M
i dt = I 2
,

g T 0
g

. . F , .
F
1 C
,
F = u2
g
2
u ; C ; g , , F. F , ,
u,
T

F =

1
1 C 1 2
1
C
.
F dt =
u dt = U 2
2 g T 0
2
g
T 0

, F U
.
E
e=Em sin(wt+ ye) Em.
T

E =

1
E m2 sin 2 ( wt + y e ) dt = E m
T 0

E
1 1 - cos( 2wt + 2y e )
dt = m ,
2
T 0
2
T

cos (2wt + 2y ) dt = 0.
e

U
I
U = m; I = m .
2
2
, , .
, . .
, , .
, ,
T

2E m
2 2
= E m sin wt dt =
- cos wt
T 0
wT

T
2
0

4E m 2
= Em
wT
p

182

2.

, ,
2
2
U = U m I = I m .
p
p
, Y, Ymax
Ymin . ,
E =

T
2

T
2

2
2 dY
2
e dt = dt =
T 0
T 0 dt
T

. 4.6

Ymin

d Y = 2 f (Y

max

- Ymin ),

Ymax

Y = Ymax
Y = Ymin e > 0 , Ymax Ymin. ,
Ymax = Ymin = Ym, E = 4f Ym.

Ymax Ymin.
, E
k = E/E :

E = k E = 4k f Ym .
, Y = Ym sin (wt + y),

p

e = -wYm cos (wt + y ) = wYm sin wt + y - .

2

Y p/2 (. 4.6).

E
2E m
E
p
k =
= m
=
111
,
E
p
2
2 2
, , E = 4,44f Ym.
k = Em/E.
, k = 2.

4.3. ,
.
, , w,
, , w;
, .
. 4.7
e = Em sin (wt + y). (wt + y)

 4.

183

,

e, e1 e2 :
e = e1 + e2 = E 1m sin(wt + y 1 ) + E 2 m sin(wt + y 2 ) = E m sin(wt + y).
e1 e2 (. 4.8).
, e ,
, e1 e2.

. 4.7

. 4.8

. 4.9

,
.
, .
, .
, ,
, , .
, 2 ,
, . , . 4.9
u i, j.
, ,
, , ,
, .

4.4.
r, L C
r, L C (. 4.10), 3.12,

184

2.
t

u = u r + u L + uC = ri + L

di 1
+
i dt + uC (0).
dt C 0

i(t) , , i(t),
u(t), i(t) , , u(t) = 0.
. 9, u(t) i(t) ,
. 4.10
. , u = 0, r 0 r.
,
i(t), i(t) . i(t)
. .
u = Um sin (wt + yu). w , ,
i = Im sin (wt + yi) = Im sin (wt + yu j).
Im j Um, w yu.
, yu . ,
yu = j, ,
. . yi = 0.
u = U m sin( wt + y u ) = U m sin( wt + j)
i u

i = I m sin wt.

ri + L

di 1
+
i dt + uC (0) = u,
dt C 0

1
1
I m cos wt +
I m + uC (0) = U m sin( wt + j).
wC
wC
, , 1
Im + uC (0) = 0.
,
wC
t. , , wt = p/2 wt = 0,
rI m sin wt + wLI m cos wt -

rI m = U m cos j; wL I m = U m sin j.
wC

 4.

185

,
2
2
1 2
2
w
+
r
L

I m = U m ,

w
C

:
Um
.
Im =
2
1

r 2 + wL
wC

2, :
U
.
I =
2
1

r 2 + wL
wC

, .
,
tg j =

wL - 1 ( wC )
r

, Um Im
U I , ,
. z
.
U
U
z= m = =
Im
I

r + wL .
wC

z r .
,
di
ir, L ,
dt
, q/C, .
r ,
,
.
wL 1/(wC), ,
x. wL, , xL,
1/(wC), , xC.

186

2.

,
x L = wL; xC =

1
1
; x = wL = x L - xC ;
wC
wC
2

z=

r + wL =
wC

r2 + x2 .

, xL ,
, ,
. xC
,
, ,
.
z ,
. . 4.11
.
. , ,
, ,

I (. 4.11).
r
u r = ri = rI m sinwt
, U r
.
L
di
p

uL = L
= wLI m cos wt = wLI m sin wt +
dt
2

p/2, U L p/2 .

t
q 1
1
1
p

uC = = i dt + uC (0) = I m cos wt =
I m sin wt -
2
C C0
wC
wC

p/2, U C p/2 .
U r ,U L U C ,
U , I j . , xL = wL
xC = 1/(wC)
, , uL uC

 4.

187

p , ,
, , , .
ur (uL + uC) p/2. z
r x, z = r 2 + x 2 .
:
;
p/2
;
p/2
.

. 4.12

. 4.13

. 4.14

j
. x = 0, . .
,
. ,
. 6. , (. 4.12) ,
x = wL 1/wC = 0 U L U C U
I , . . j
. . 4.12. wL > 1/(wC), x > 0, p/2 j > 0
. . 4.13.
1/(wC) > wL, x < 0, p/2 j < 0 . . 4.14. , , j, +p/2 p/2.

4.5.
g, L C
, . 4.15,
; ,
g, C L.

188

2.

,
ig + iC + iL = i.
. ig = gu, g .
Y
dq dCu
du
iC =
=
= C . iL = L .
L
dt
dt
dt
t
d YL
, YL = u dt + YL (0) , u =
dt
0
t

. 4.15

, iL =

1
1
u dt + iL(0), iL(0) = YL(0).

L
L0

gu + C

du 1
+
u dt + iL (0) = i.
dt L 0

u = Um sin wt .
i
i = Im sin (wt j). (yu = 0), .
,
1
1
gU m sin wt + wCU m cos wt U m cos wt +
U m + iL (0) = I m sin( wt - j).
wL
wL
, , 1
Um + iL(0) = 0.
,
wL
t. wt = p/2
wt = 0,
1

gU m = I m cos j;
- wC U m = I m sin j.
wL

,
2

Im =Um

- wC .
g2 +
w
L

2, :
2

I =U

- wC = Uy.
g2 +
w
L

 4.

189

,
tgj =

1 ( wL ) - wC
g

- wC
g2 +
w
L

. g 1

.
- wC , wL

,
b. 1/(wL) bL, wC bC.
1
b=
- wC = bL - bC ; y = g 2 + b 2 .
wL
. 4.16
1/(wL) > wC. , p/2 ,
p/2 . , b bL
bC , , p, . .

.
p/2,
g b, . 4.16

y = g 2 + b2 .
y=

I
=
U

bL = bC i ig .
1/(wL) > wC (. 4.16)
i j , 0 < j p/2.
wC > 1/(wL) i
, p/2 j < 0.

4.6. ,
P :
T
T
1
1
P = p dt = ui dt,
T 0
T 0
p = ui .

190

2.

u i : u = Um sin wt; i = Im sin (wt j),

T

P =

UmIm
UI
[cos j - cos (2wt - j)] dt.
2 sin wt sin(wt - j) dt =
2T 0
T 0
T

, cos (2wt - j) dt = 0, 0

:
P = UI cos j.
cos j .
cos j 1, P UI. , j = 0 cos j = 1,
P = UI. , j = p/2 cos j = 0, P = 0.
, U, , I, . ,

, , , .
, ,
, , , cos j .
j > 0 , , , cos j
, .
. 4.11 U cos j = Ur = Ir, . 4.16
I cos j = Ug. ,
:
P = UI cos j = I 2 r = U 2 g.
S = UI . . U I , . .
, , S = UI , . .
cos j = 1.
:
S = UI = I 2 z = U 2 y.

Q = UI sin j.

 4.

191

, , . , t.
t

P dt = UI cos j dt,
P T
, , t T. , cos j . ,
, ,
, ,
Q t:
t

Q dt = UI sin j dt.
,
, cos j .
P , Q

. P Q, sin j cos j .
.
, .
Q
.
. 4.11 U sin j = Ix, . 4.16 I sin j = Ub. ,
Q = UI sin j = I 2 x = U 2 b.
P S , Q j > 0, . . , j < 0,
. . , .
, j = p/2, , .
, T
f = 1/T . Q Q = UI sin j,
P = UI cos j, .
, U. ,

192

2.

,
E, U , :
I = E z = Ey;
P = EI cos j = I 2 r = E 2 g ;

S = EI = I 2 z = E 2 y;
Q = EI sin j = I 2 x = E 2 b.

4.7.

p = ui .
,
r, L C (. 4.17).

u = u r + u L + uC = ri + L

di q
+ .
dt C

,
p = ui = pr + pL + pC = u r i + u L i + uC i = i 2 r + Li
= i2 r +

d Li 2

dt 2

di q dq
+
=
dt C dt

d q2 2
d
d
= i r + (W ) + (W ).
+
dt
dt
dt 2C

, pr = i2r r d
. pL =
(W)
dt
pL > 0 pL < 0
d
. 4.17
. pC =
(W)
dt
pC > 0 ,
pC < 0 .
u i :
u = U m sin( wt + j); i = I m sin wt.
, 4.4, (yi = 0),
, . u j (yu = j). (. 4.4):
u r = ri = rI m sin wt; u L = wLI m cos wt; uC = -

Im
cos wt.
wC

 4.

193

1 - cos 2wt
pr = u r i = rI m2 sin 2 wt = r ( 2 I ) 2
= UI cos j (1 - cos 2wt);
2

1
pL = u L i = wLI m2 cos wt sin wt = wL( 2 I ) 2 sin 2wt = U L I sin 2wt;
2
2
2
I
-( 2 I ) 1
pC = uC i = - m cos wt sin wt =
sin 2wt = -U C I sin 2wt.
wC
wC 2

1 2

px = pL + pC = (U L - U C )I sin 2wt = wL I sin 2wt =

wC

= xI 2 sin 2wt = UI sin j sin 2wt.

p = pr + pL + pC = pr + px = UI cos j - UI cos (2wt + j).
, . , . . , r:
T

1
1
P = p dt = pr dt = UI cos j.
T 0
T 0
px
Q = UI sin j.
,
2w,
w .
. 4.18
i, ur, uL, uC, ux = uL uC, u pr, pL, pC, px, p.
. 4.18, r. ,
pr > 0 pr
P = UI cos j.
. 4.18, , . pL .
, . pL > 0. ,
.
pL < 0.
. 4.18, ,
. , ,

. 4.18

194

2.

.
, . pC > 0.
,
. pC < 0.
. 4.18, , ,
,
, . . UL > UC. wL > 1/(wC). . 4.18, , px , .
, ,
wL > 1/(wC). ux px uL pL.
, uL uC .
. 4.18, , . 4.18, ,
. p P = UI cos j.
UI,
p. i u j.
0 t2 (p > 0)
. t2 t3 (p < 0) .
, . , .

.
, ,
.


. .
j < p/2 , , cos j > 0, ,
p(t), , p(t).
. 4.19 (+) () .
.
. 4.19, 0 t1, .

 4.

195

. , , ,
. wL > 1/(wC) pL > pC,
,
. , r.
. 4.19,
t1 t2. i ,
, , , r.
, , i2r.
,
, , . 4.19
r. t2 2
, i r ,

r.
(p = 0).
. 4.19, t2 t3,
t = t2 . , , r , . p < 0.
0 t t3
(T/2). , . .

4.8. ,

4.4 4.5 .
j.
,
. . 4.20
.
. 4.20

196

2.

U
.
I

z =

.
:
r =

P
.
I2

, z = r2 + x 2 ,
, . .
x = z 2 - r2 ,
, j > 0, , j < 0. j , , : ,
, | x | , z , r
x . , . . | x | > | x |,
, j > 0. j < 0.
:
y =

I
,
U

g =

P
,
U2

b = y2 - g 2 ,

, x, b > 0 j > 0 b < 0 j < 0.

.
j.
r=

P UI cos j
=
= z cos j
I2
I2

x2 = z2 r2 = z2(1 cos2 j) = z2 sin2 j

x = z sin j.
z2 sin2 j
, x > 0 j > 0.
,
UI cos j
P
g= 2 =
= y cos j
U
U2

 4.

197

b2 = y2 g2 = y2(1 cos2 j) = y2 sin2 j

b = y sin j.

r g
x b
cos j = = ; sin j = = .
z y
z y
, :
r
r
x
x
1
y= , g= 2 = 2
, b= 2 = 2
;
2
z
z
r +x
z
r + x2
g
g
b
b
1
, x= 2 = 2
.
z= , r= 2 = 2
y
y
g + b2
y
g + b2
. . 4.21
: j > 0 j < 0.
. , ,
r
x
U cos j = U = Ir U sin j = U = Ix. z
z

, U . I, ,
, .

. (. 4.22)
g
b
I cos j = I = Ug I sin j = I = Ub. y
y
, I
.
U, ,
. 4.21
,
.
, , ,
r, x, z, g, b y , U I .
,
. 4.22
-

198

2.

(. 4.21)
, 4.4, r
, .
(. 4.5), . , , 4.5, .

4.9.


.
. , ,
. 4.20.
, (, , ), , r, x,
g b.
, ,
. 4.23, 4.24, . 4.20 j < 0.
. 4.23
. 4.24
d, j p/2. .
r1
1
= g2 = 2
r2
r1 + 1 (w2 C12 )

b2 = -wC 2 =

1
r2 = r1 1 + 2 2 2
w
r
C1
1

C2 =

tg 2 d =

C1
2
1

2
1

1+ r w C

- 1 (wC1 )
2
1

r + 1 (w2 C12 )

1
r1 1 + 2
tg d

= C1

1
,
1 + tg 2 d

r12
1
=
= r12 w2 C12 .
2
2 2
tg j 1 (w C1 )

 4.

199

, r2 > r1 C2 < C1. tg d << 1, r2 >> r1, C1 C2.

: r1, C1, g2
C2 . ,
, g2 . , r1 .
, tg d, , .
,
. , ,
, .
.
,
,
. ,
.
, . ,
. 4.25
. 4.25.
wL
r
g= 2
b= 2
.
2 2
r +w L
r + w 2 L2
, , ,
wL
r
g = 2
b = 2
- wC.
2 2
r +w L
r + w 2 L2
r x.
r =

g
g 2 + b2

b
wL(1 - w2 LC) - wr 2 C
r
=
=
.
;
x

(1 - w2 LC) 2 + (wrC) 2
g 2 + b2 (1 - w2 LC) 2 + (wrC) 2

, ,
w2,

r 2C
= wL wL.
r = r; x = w(L - r 2 C) = wL 1 L

, . , , W . ,

200

2.

CU C2 C(ri) 2 Cr 2 i 2 Cr 2 Li 2 Cr 2
=
=
=
=
W .
L 2
L
2
2
2
,
.
.
, ,
, ,
, , .
W =

4.10.

, , ,
r, x, z, g, b y. ,
.
. , , , , , .
, .
, , .
, . . , ,
,
. , ,
.
,
,
.
. ,
, ,
, . .
, , , , .

 4.

201

. , , , ,
. , , , ,
, . , .
.

, , ,
.
.
.
, . ,
. , r , L C . ,
. 8,
r,
L C, , r, L C .

, , 3 4
3.1.

1. , ,
, ?
2. () , , , ?
3. () ?
4. ()
i(t) L = y(t)/i(t).
?
5. () .
, ?
6. f = 103 . : ) ; ) ?
7. ()
, ?
8. M . ?
9.
?
10. ?

1. ,
, 10 .
f = 50 ?
?
2. () ,
. , , .
3. , .

, , 3 4

203

, ,
.
4. () r0 l >> r0 . , : ) ; ) .
5. ()
.
, .
6. . 3.1 , . r = u/i = f(i), C = q/u = f(u), L = y/i = f(i).

. 3.1

7. ()
,
. 3.2,
, , 1 .
8. R = 1 d = 1 . , . 3.2
, .
9. C :
) Um sin (wt + yu); ) Um cos wt; ) kt; ) U0 = const; ) U0 eat; ) U0 eat.
10. C = 105 F, , uC(0) = 20 ( ) ) 0,1 sin (314t + 30);
) 0,2 cos 314t; ) 2e10t; ) 0,35et; ) 0,1t; ) 2/(2 + t); ) 1 2t.
11. L = 0,1 ,
( ) ) 10e0,01t; ) 2t; ) 1,5 (1 e0,1t); ) 3et;
) 2 sin (314t + p/4); ) 3 2cos (314t p/3); ) 5102e0,01t sin 314t.
12. L = 0,2 iL(0) = 2 ( ) : ) 1002t; ) 220 2sin (314 p/6); ) 127 2sin 314t;
) 150,02t sin (314t p/2); ) 100t; e) 20; ) 2t0,2t.

204

, , 3 4

3.2.

1. r
r , ?
2. ?
3. , ?
4. ()
: ) ; ) (. 3.3)?
5. ()
?
. 3.3
6. ek, k- ij j- : ek = rij,
r . ?
, , ?
7. () ,
ek. ek, ( )?
8. () ,
k. k, ( )?

1.
. 3.4 .

. 3.4

. 3.5

. 3.6

2. () r r , . 3.5, : ) ;
) h = P/P ,
, .
3. g g , . 3.6, . h = P/P g g.

, , 3 4

205

. 3.7

4. (. 3.7) a b , r = 1 .

3.3.

1. ?
2. ?
3. ,
?
4. . ?
5. , ?
, ?
6. , : )
; ) ; ) ?
7. ?

. 3.8

8. , :
1) : ) ; ) ?

206

, , 3 4

2) , , : ) ; ) ?

1. () , . . , : ) 3; ) 4; ) N.
2. . 3.8 . , .

3.4.

1. ? , ?
2. .
,
?
3. () .
?
4. ,
?
5.
. 3.9 ambn?
6. s , , ?

. 3.9

. 3.10

7. ~
ik = ik + k, u~k = uk ek ,
. 3.10?

1. , . 3.8.
2. . 3.11 A, B, C, D, E . uAB, uCB, uDC, uDE .
uAC, uAD, uAE, uBD, uBE, uDA, uEA, uEB, uEC.
3. () : S~
ik = 0, Su~k = 0 ~
ik = 0, u~k = 0,
. 3.11

, , 3 4

207

~
ik = ik + k, u~k = uk ek ik uk,
?

3.5.

1. , , : ) ;
) ?
2. , ?
3. : ) ; ) ?
4. ?
5. : ) ; ) ; ) ?
6. ?
7. ?
8. 46. : )
~
; ) i?
9. ?
10. ,
[p (q 1)][p (q 1)] ( p , q )?
11. . , u~ = 0 u~ = 0?
12. , ?
13. q.
?
~
~
14. i = 0, u~ = 0, u~= f ( i )
~
~
~ ~
i = 0 Di = 0? i, u ?
15. , , : ) ; ) ?
16. ,
: ) ; ) ?
17. ,
: ) ; ) ?
18. . () ?

208

, , 3 4

19. . C D A?
20. , C A2 (. 3.16), A?
21. k- . , : ) ; ) ?

1. . 3.12 . . .
?

. 3.12

2. , :
0
1
A = -1
0
0

1
0
-1
0
0

0 0
0 1
0 0
1 0
0 -1

1
0
0 .
0
0

, , 3 4

209

3. () ,

A=

1
0

0 -2 0
-1 0 0

1
1

0
0 .

-1 m

0 -2 1

4. , (. 3.13) k (k = 1, 2, . . . , 5), , A .

. 3.13

5. m n . , m
n. , , p .
6. , . 3.12.
7. , . 3.12.
8. , . 3.8.
9. , D,
1 0 0 -1 0
D = 0 1 0 0 -1 .
0 0 1 -1 1
10. Dt = 0, DCt = 0, .

210

, , 3 4

3.6.

1. () , .
.
2. () p p = a pq iq . Ai = -A J , iq. A
, .
3. e . Cu = Ce,
.
4. ,
, , . Ai = -A J, Cu = Ce, i = Gu, u = Ri, .

4.1. ,

1. 0,02 , 60 . ?
2. , ,
: ?
3.
j = kt. ?
4. () , ( ):
) u1 = 1 sin wt u2 = 1 sin (wt + p);
) u1 = 10 sin (wt + 30) u2 = 10 cos (wt + 60);
) u1 = 127 2 sin (wt 5) u2 = 127 2 sin (wt + 355);
) u1 = 220 2 sin (wt 2/3 p) u2 = 220 2 sin (wt + 4/3 p).
5. () :
, , ?
6. ?
7. 2 ?

, , 3 4

211

8.
n ?
9. k k Um 2Um
?
10. ,
.
? ?
11.
. ? , ?
12. ()
, , ()
?
13. e(t), . k k?

1. j u i
u(t) i(t):
) i = 10 2 sin (wt + 20), u = 220 2 sin (wt 20);
) i = 10 sin (wt + p), u = 220 2 sin (wt p);
) i = Im sin (wt + p/3), u = Um sin (wt + j + p/3);
) i = 2 sin (wt + 180), u = sin (wt + 90);
) i = 2 2 sin (wt 90), u = 100 sin wt;
) i = sin wt, u = cos wt, ) i = 2 cos wt, u = 10 sin wt.

. 4.1

2. , ,
(. 4.1).
3. u(t) Um
. 4.2
0. u(t) t1, t2, t3, t4,
.
. 4.2

212

, , 3 4

4. ,
: ) p/2; ) p/4; ) ; )
, .
5. () ,
. 4.3.

. 4.3

6. () , , . 4.4.
e(t).
7. , . 4.4.

, , 3 4

213

. 4.4

8. () , u(t), Um1 sin (w1t + y1) Um2 sin (w2t + y2), .

4.2.

1. () , ?
2. ()
:
) u1 = Um1 sin wt u2 = Um2 cos wt;
) i = Im sin (wt p) u = Um1 sin wt + Um2 sin (wt + p/2);
) i1 = Im1 sin wt i2 = Im2 sin 2wt;
) u1 = Um1 sin 3wt u2 = Um2 sin 3wt.
3. () ? ?
4. ,
, j t = t1. t2 > t1?
j ?
5.
?

214

, , 3 4

6. ()
?

1. , :
) 30; ) ; ) .
,
.
2. :
) u = Um sin wt, i = Im sin (wt + p/2);
) u = Um sin wt, i = Im cos wt;
) u = Um sin wt, i = Im sin (wt + p).
3. ( ):
) u1 = 2 sin wt, u2 =

2 sin (wt + p/2);

) u1 = 2 sin wt, u2 = 2 cos wt;

) u1 = 2 sin (wt p/4), u2 = 2 sin (wt + p/4);
) u1 = sin wt, u2 = sin wt;
) u1 = sin wt, u2 = sin (wt + p).
4.
uL = L di/dt. U L I L
iL = Im sin wt.
5. ,
) r, ) .
6. () F, , . .
7. () .
, , .
8. , .
9. () , ,
.
10. () w < 0. . i = Im sin wt u = Um sin (wt + j) w > 0
w < 0?
11. () . 4.5 , . .

, , 3 4

215

. 4.5

12. () . 4.6 . U .

. 4.6

13. () , . 4.7. , .

. 4.7

14. () , , U = 220 B 220 .

15. () -,
. .

216

, , 3 4

16. () (. 4.8)
:
1
) U, I (r2 =
= 2 ; I1 = 10 A; I2 = 14,1 A);
wC 2
) U, I (I2 = I3 = 4 A; wL1 = r2 = 10 );
) I (U = 10 B; I3 = 2 A; r1 = 2 ;
) I, I2, I3 (U = U1 = U2 = 200 ;

1
= 3 );
wC 3

1
= 50 );
wC1

) U (I1 = I2 = 4 A; r1 = wL1 = wL 2 = 2 );
) I, I1, I2 (U = 20 ; U L2 = 10 ;

1
= 6 ; r1 = 4 ).
wC 2

. 4.8

4.3.
r, L, C

1. () r, L C
. r, L
C, : )
; )
; ) p/2; )
?
2. . 4.9 : ) U < Ur; ) U < UL; ) U > UC;
) Ur = UC; ) UC > UL; ) U = Ur.
3. 1 2
. 4.9
, ( -

, , 3 4

217

) , g, L C. , r, L C g, L C.
4. () , r x, g b,
z = r x; y = g b?
5. () () () ?
6. , r, L, C,
r .
.
7. () , r, L, C ( g, L, C), . , :
) r ( g); ) ;
) C; ) L?
8.
. , : ) ; ) ; )
?
9. () ,
r, L C, r ?

1. r, L C , r, L, C, : ) 45; ) ; )
p/2.
2. w0, ( ) , () r (g), L, C (
).
3. () w0 (r = xL/2). w1,
r = 2xL, ,
.

. 4.10

218

, , 3 4

4. () . 4.10 ( , , ) ( ).

Ir,

IC,

I L,

Ur,

U L,

UC,

U,

1*

40

40

40

10

200

220

* , , .

5. (. 4.11)
e1(t) = Em1 sin wt, e2(t) = Em2 sin (wt + p/2),
1(t) = m1 sin wt, 2(t) = m2 sin (wt + p/2) r, L, C.

. 4.11

6. () ,
j : ) j > 0, ) j = p/2, ) j = 0,
) j < 0, ) j = p/2.

1. () , , r, L C, | j | > p/2.
2. () , r, L C, e(t) = Em sin wt.
I(w), Ur(w), UL(w). w0, I(w) .

4.4.

1. () , S P, ?
2. ? , .

, , 3 4

219

3. () : ) ; ) ; ) . .
4. ?
5. r, L u(t) = Um sin wt.
, w?
6. , , j = 0?
7. () , r, L C,
. ?
8. ?
9. ?
10. () , , , ( ) ?

1. (. 4.12) , ,
.

. 4.12

2. cos j P Q .
3. . 4.13
. , .

. 4.13

4. () ,
. 4.14, e(t) = Em sin wt,
? ( .)
. 4.14

220

, , 3 4

5. ()
U0, I0 P0 = U0
I0. U0 I0 = const,
P0
: ) 0,8; ) 0,6; ) 0,5?
6. P , S U.
r, x, z, g, b, y .
7. () w0
2 . ,
2 ?
.
8. () . 4.15 , .
) V1 = 120 , V2 = 50 , A1 = 2 , P2 = 50 ;
) V1 = 100 , A1 = 2 , P2 = 50 .

. 4.15

9. () . 4.16 .

. 4.16

, , 3 4

221

10. . 4.17 . , , cos j,

.
P+ = 500 , P = 100
11.
,
. 4.18 (e(t) = Em sin wt, (t) = m sin wt).

. 4.17

. 4.18

1. () , , r, L, r, L
r = wL.
2. (P) r L.
3. (P) C ,
- .

4.5. ,

1. r g . b x?
2. () , ?
3. () .
,
, ?

222

, , 3 4

4. ()
.
?
5. . ,
?
?
6.
?
7. () ,
?
8.
w0 r0.
? ?
9. () , , .
?

1. .
, .
2. () . , , ,
,
.
3. () , . 4.19, r, x, z, y, b, g xL = xC = r = 1 .

. 4.19

4. () , . 4.20, xC, .

. 4.20

, , 3 4

223

5. () . 4.21 w = w0 , r @ xL @ xC.
w >> w0; w << w0.

. 4.21

6. ,
.

1. () . 4.22 . w , rL-.
2. U,
I, ,
. : cos j, r, x, z,
.
. 4.22
3. () , , , , , r x. I I .





5.1.
, , . ,
, .

, ,
, , . .
, , , w .
& A,
A yA

A& = Ae jyA
a1 = A cos yA ja2 = jA sin yA

A& = a1 + ja2 = A cos y A + jA sin y A ,
j = -1 e .
, ,
, . . , .
,
.

& a2 = Im (A).
&
a1 = Re (A),
:
a
a1 = Re (A& ) = A cos y A ; a2 = Im (A& ) = A sin y A ; A = a12 + a22 ; y A = arctg 2 .
a1

 5.

225

,
j

j = e 2;

-j
1
= - j = e 2 ; j 2 = -1.
j

, , , . A& = Ae jyA = a1 + ja2, *

A = Ae - jyA = a1 ja2.
:
& * = Ae jyA Ae - jyA = A 2 ;
AA
*
1
Re (A& ) = (A& + A );
2

Im (A& ) =

1 & *
(A - A ).
2j

i = Im sin (wt + yi).

i = I m sin(wt + y i ) =

z
j( wt +y i )
- j( wt +y i )
1
I
e
- I mz e
m

= Im
2j

j( wt +y i )

I m e

Ime

j( wt +y i )

= I m cos(wt + y i ) + jI m sin(wt + y i ).

Ime

j( wt +y i )

= I m e jyi e jwt = I&m e jwt

i = Im sin (wt + yi); , i,

w Im yi. I m e jyi
. ,
i = I m sin (wt + y i ) I m e

j( wt +y i )

= I&m e jwt .

, ,
,
.
, , , . . ,
j .

di
p

= wI m cos (wt + y i ) = wI m sin wt + y i + .

dt
2

226

2.

wI m e

p
j wt +y i +
2

= wI m e 2 e

j( wt +y i )

= jwI m e

j( wt +y i )

= jwI&m e jwt .

,
di
jwI&m e jwt ,
dt
. . jw . ,
n-
d ni
( jw) n I&m e jwt .
n
dt
,
:
t

q (t) = i dt + q (0) = 0

Im
I

cos (wt + y i ) + m cos y i + q (0).

w
w

,
, , , , 4.4, , , , ,
I m

w cos y i + q (0) = 0.

,
t

i dt + q(0) = 0

Im
I
p

cos (wt + y i ) = m sin wt + y i - .

w
w
2

i dt + q(0)
0

p
p
I m j wt+yi - 2 I m - j 2 j( wt+yi ) I m jyi jwt I&m jwt
e
=
e e
=
e e =
e ,
w
w
jw
jw

. .
jw .
, . ,
,
, , . ,
.

 5.

227

r, L C,
u = Um sin (wt + yu).
ri + L

di 1
+ i dt + q (0) = u.
dt C 0

u, i, di/dt i dt + q(0)
0

U& m e jwt , I&m e jwt , jwI&m e jwt

I&m jwt
e ,
jw

U& m = U m e jyu I&m = I m e jyi ,

1 & jwt
rI&m e jwt + jwLI&m e jwt +
I m e = U& m e jwt .
jwC
ejwt,

1 &
I&m r + jwL +
=Um
jwC

I&m =

U& m
.
r + jwL + 1 ( jwC)

I&m = I m e jyi , , , . . ,
i = Im (I& e jwt ) = I (sin wt + y ).
m

. 2 , :
I&
U&
I& = m = Ie jyi ; U& = m = Ue jyu .
2
2
,
,
.
, , , ejwt.
,
.

228

2.

. ,
, . , , .
+1 +j (. 5.1).
. 5.1
.
,

,
. . ,
. 5.1
.
. 5.1
,
U& = Ue jyu ; I& = Ie jyi .
u , i ,
U = Iz
j = yu yi.
a
j z , a
v
v .
, j, yu = yi + j, z, U = Iz, . .
zejj.
, ejj j

j. j = e 2 p/2.
,
, . ,
, .

5.2.
U& I& Z.

 5.

229

U&
= ze jj = z cos j + jz sin j = r + jx,
&I
r, x z , , z j .
I& U&
Y.
Z =

Y =

I&
1
= jj = ye - jj = y cos j - jy sin j = g - jb,
U& ze

g, b y , .
,
ZY = 1 (r + jx)( g - jb) = 1.
, Z Y,
, Z Y
.

5.3.

&
U&
& ; U& = I ; I& = UY
& .
I& = ; U& = IZ
Z
Y
,
I U, j
.
,

i
k =1

= 0,
n

I&
k =1

= 0.

e
k =1

u
k =1

, -

E& k =
k =1

U& k =
k =1

I&
k =1

Zk,

E& k , U& k , I&k Zk , , k- , .

rk, Lk Ck, 5.1

230

2.

1 &
I&m r + jwL +
=Um
jwC

1 &
I& r + jwL +
=U
jwC

1
1
= rk + jx k .
= rk + j wL k jwC k
wC k

, ,
, . , 3.7, . I, , , , .
, ,
, , ,
,
. , . , , .
, , . .
Z k = rk + jwL k +

E& ab = -E& ba ; I&ab = -I&ba ; U& ab = -U& ba ;

Z ab = Z ba ; Yab = Yba .
.

5.4.
U I j .
j (j = yu yi).
&
U& I,
&
&
UI yu + yi,
.
& * = Ue jyu Ie - jyi = UIe jj = UI cos j + jUI sin j = P + jQ
S& = UI
, ,
*

& * = Ie jyi Ue - jyu = UIe - jj = UI cos j - jUI sin j = P - jQ.

S = IU
P. Q (+j),
( j) . S = UI.

 5.

231

5.5.
(. 5.2)
u=

u
k =1

. , -

,
,

U& =

U&
k =1

I&
k =1

. 5.2

&
&
k Z k = I k Z k = IZ ,
k =1

Zk = rk + jxk k-
, :
Z =

Zk =

k =1

k =1

rk + j x k = r + jx.

k =1

Z , &
I& U.

r=

rk

x=

x
k =1

k =1

, .
,
n

I 2 r = I 2 rk =
k =1
n

I
k =1

I 2x = I 2 xk =
k =1

I
k =1

rk
2

P=

P ;

x k Q =

k =1

Q
k =1

. . P Q
.

5.6.
(. 5.3)
i =

i .
k =1

, ,

. 5.3

232

2.

I& =

I&
k =1

&
UY
k =1

& ,
= U& Yk = UY
k =1

Yk = gk jbk k- .
,

:
Y =

Y
k =1

g
k =1

- j bk = g - jb.

k =1

, &
I& U.
g=

g
k =1

b=

b
k =1

, .
,
n

U 2 g = U 2 gk =
k =1
n

U 2 b = U 2 bk =
k =1

k =1
n

U
k =1

g k

bk

P=

Q =

P ;
k =1

Q
k =1

. . P Q , , .

5.7.
,
.
, , .
, . 5.4. , U
. . , , , Y2 Y3
. 5.4
Y23 .
Y23 = Y2 + Y3 = ( g 2 + g 3 ) - j(b2 + b3 ).

Y2 =

1
1
1
1
=
; Y3 =
=
.
Z 2 r2 + jx 2
Z 3 r3 + jx 3

 5.

233

, . ,
r2 - jx 2
r
x
Y2 =
= 2 2 2 - j 2 2 2 = g 2 - jb2 .
(r2 + jx 2 )(r2 - jx 2 ) r2 + x 2
r2 + x 2
, , , g b
r x , 4.8.

. ,
Z = Z 1 + Z 23 ,

Z 1 = r1 + jx1 ; Z 23 =

g
b
1
1
=
= 2 23 2 + j 2 23 2 .
Y23
g 23 - jb23
g 23 + b23
g 23 + b23

U&
I&1 = ,
Z
U& , . . U& = U. , U .
U& = U& - I& Z U& = I& Z ,
23

23

23

:
I& = U& Y ; I& = U& Y .
2

23

23

Z = r + jx ,
j U I
x
j = arctg .
r
, ,

, ,
.

5.8.
, , . , , .
.

234

2.

. ,
.
.
, . ,
. s
s,
.
, p, .
, , .
3.17 , q 1 , ( ) , n = p q + 1 ,
( ) .

q 1
AI = -A
DI = -D
n = p q + 1 CU = CE ,

I&1
I= M ;
I& p

& 1
U& 1
E& 1
= M ; U= M ; E= M
& p
U& p
E& p

- (-) p 1; A (q 1) p; D (q 1) p; C n p. ,
, . , . . ( 1 q 1), ( q p).

, .
,
U& k = rk I&k + jwL k I&k +

1 &
I k = Z k I&k
jwC k

I&k = YkU& k .

p . -

 5.

235

, p p,
Zk Yk :
. . .
.
. . .
.
1
1
p
p

Z=

1 Z1
. 0
. .

. .

Z2
.

. .
. .

.
.

.
.

.
0

. .

p .

. . Z p -1
0
. .

1 Y1 0
. 0 Y2
;

Y=

Zp

. .
p .

.
.

.
.

. .

. .
. .

.
.

.
.

. .
.
. . Y p -1
. .

.
0

Yp

Z = Y1 Y = Z 1 .
, , .

U = ZI I = Z 1U = YU.
p
p
AI = AYU = -A ( DYU = -D ) CU = CE,
p p
CU = CZI = CE

AI = -A ( DU = -D).

. 5.5

, . 5.5, .
. 5.5, . (. 5.5, ), . 5.5, , -

236

2.

(. 5.5, ), 3.17 . :
e1 = E 1m (sin wt + y 1 ); e3 = E 3 m (sin wt + y 3 ); e5 = E 5 m (sin wt + y 5 );
6 = 6 m (sin wt + y 6 ),
r, L, C .

(. 5.5, )
E
E
E
E& 1 = 1m e jy1 = E 1 e jy1 ; E& 3 = 3 m e jy3 = E 3 e jy3 ; E& 5 = 5 m e jy5 = E 5 e jy5 ;
2
2
2

1
;
& 6 = 6 m e jy6 = 6 e jy6 ; Z 1 = r1 + jwL1 ; Z 2 =
w
j
C2
2
Z 3 = (r3 + r3) + jw (L 3 + L 3 ) +

1
; Z 4 = r4 + jwL 4 ;
jw C 3

Z 5 = jwL 5 ; Z 6 = r6 +

1
.
jw C 6

(. 5.5, ) 3.13 3.14 :

1

1 1
1

4 1
C=5 1

6 1

6
1

1
1

3
2

A = 2 1

;
1

1 .

:
I&1
U& 1
E& 1
I&2
U& 2
0
&I
&
U
E&
I= 3 ; U= 3 ; E= 3 ;
&I
&
U4
0
4
&I
&
&
U5
E5
5
&I
&
U6
0
6
6 1

6 1

6 1

0
0
0
=
;
0
0
&
6
6 1

 5.

237

Z1
Z2
Z3

Z=

= diag (Z1Z2Z3Z4Z5Z6).

Z4
Z5
Z6
66

diag , Z , .
:

AI =

[( q -1) p ]( p 1)

I&1 + I&3 - I&6

-I&1 + I&2 - I&4

-I&3 + I&4 - I&5

& 6
=

(q1)1

U = ZI, Z 1 I&1
Z Z 2 I&2 .
M
CU CE.


4
CU

( n p ) ( p 1)

CZI

( n p ) ( p p ) ( p 1)

-Z 1 I&1 + Z 3 I&3 + Z 4 I&4

= 5 Z 1 I&1 + Z 2 I&2 - Z 3 I&3 + Z 5 I&5

6

Z 1 I&1 + Z 2 I&2 + Z 6 I&6

-E& 1 + E& 3
=

E& 1 - E& 3 + E& 5 = CE .

E& 1

(n1)

, Z I ,
( )

238

2.

. . A C
,
. ,
A, C, D, , , . , ,
5, 5 (. 5 C),
& 1, 2, 5 ( 5
( , ZI)
) 3
( 5 3 ). ,
U& 1 + U& 2 - U& 3 + U& 5 = Z 1 I&1 + Z 2 I&2 - Z 3 I&3 + Z 5 I&5 .
5 . E& 2 = 0,
Z 1 I&1 + Z 2 I&2 - Z 3 I&3 + Z 5 I&5 = E& 1 - E& 3 + E& 5 .
, 1, 2, 3, ,
I&1 + I&3 - I&6 = & 6 ; - I&1 + I&2 - I&4 = 0; - I&3 + I&4 - I&5 = 0
4, 5 6, ,
-Z 1 I&1 + Z 3 I&3 + Z 4 I&4 = -E& 1 + E& 3 ; Z 1 I&1 + Z 2 I&2 - Z 3 I&3 + Z 5 I&5 =
= E& 1 - E& 3 + E& 5 ; Z 1 I&1 + Z 2 I&2 + Z 6 I&6 = E& 1 .
, , .

p . , .
, , , , , . .

5.9. ,

.
, , .
, , ,
, -

 5.

239

, .
. 5.6, 1, 2 3
Z1, Z2 Z3, . . 5.6,

Z12, Z23 Z31, .
, ,
.

,
U& 12 , U& 23 U& 31 1,
. 5.6
2 3 I&1 , I&2 I&3 ,
, . :
I& + I& + I& = 0;
1

U& 12 = I&1 Z 1 - I&2 Z 2 = I&1 Z 1 + (I&1 + I&3 )Z 2 = I&1 (Z 1 + Z 2 ) + I&3 Z 2 ;

U& 23 = I&2 Z 2 - I&3 Z 3 = -(I&1 + I&3 )Z 2 - I&3 Z 3 = -I&1 Z 2 - I&3 (Z 2 + Z 3 ).
I& I& ,
1

I&1 = U& 12

Z2 + Z3
Z
Z
Z + Z2
,
+ U& 23 2 ; I&3 = -U& 12 2 - U& 23 1
D
D
D
D

D = Z 1Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z 1.

U& + U& + U& = 0;
12

23

31

1
1
1
1
+
I&1 = I&12 - I&31 = U& 12
- U& 31
= U& 12
Z
Z
Z 12
Z 31
31
12

&
1
+ U 23
;
Z
31

1
1
1
1
1
.
I&3 = I&31 - I&23 = U& 31
- U& 23
= -U& 12
- U& 23
+
Z 31
Z 23
Z 31
Z 31 Z 23
I&1 I&3 , , I&2 = -I&1 - I&3
U& 12 U& 23 ,
U& 12 U& 23 . , I&1 I&3 .
Z2 + Z3
Z2
Z1 + Z 2
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
;
=
;
=
+
.
D
Z 12 Z 31
D
Z 31
D
Z 31 Z 23

:
Z 12 = D Z 3 ; Z 23 = D Z 1 ; Z 31 = D Z 2 ,

240

2.

D = Z 1Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z 1.

,
Z1 =

Z 12

Z 12 Z 31
Z 23 Z 12
Z 31 Z 23
; Z2 =
; Z3 =
.
Z 12 + Z 23 + Z 31
+ Z 23 + Z 31
Z 12 + Z 23 + Z 31

, Z1 , ,
Z 12 Z 31 =

D2
D2
Z 12 + Z 23 + Z 31 =
.
Z2Z3
Z 1Z 2 Z 3

, ,

. ,



, . 5.7
r, L, C.
. .
, . 5.7, . Z12, Z23, Z31 (. 5.7, ) Z1, Z2, Z3 (. 5.7, ).
-
.

5.10.

.
,
u = f (i) ( i = j (u)).
r = 1/g ( Z = 1/Y) & i ( I)
& .
u ( U)
u = e ri
( U& = E& - Z I&). , : i = e/r u/r (
I& = E& Z - U& Z ).
i = ug ( I& = & - YU& ). ,

 5.

241

E&
1
.
& =
Y =
Z
Z
g (& Y) , , e r (E&
Z). ,
e = g r = 1 g E& = & Y Z = 1 Y
, .
.
p Yp , I&q q & p = bI&q . e
1
& =
g =
r
r

,
. E& p = bI&q /Yp, Z = Zp = 1/ Yp.
,
E& 1 E& 2 Z1 = 1/ Y1 Z2 = 1/ Y2 (. 5.8), .
. 5.8
E& 1 E& 2 Z1 Z2, & 1 = E& 1 Y1 & 2 = E& 2 Y2 Y1 = 1/ Z1
Y2 = 1/ Z2 (. 5.8). & = & 1 + & 2 Y = Y1 + Y2,
& E& Y + E& 1Y2
E& 1 = = 1 1
Y
Y1 + Y2
1
.
Z =
Y1 + Y2

. 5.8

n ,
, .
n

E& Y + E& 1Y2 + K + E& nYn

E& = 1 1
=
Y1 + Y2 + K + Yn

E& Y
k =1
n

Y
k =1

242

2.

Z =

1
.
Y1 + Y2 + K + Yn

5.11.
, , , ,
. (. 3.16):
~
~
I 1 = -D 2 I 2 .
~
I 1 - (q 1) 1,
~& ~&
~
I 1K I q -1 ; I 2 - n 1,
~ ~
- I&q K I& p .
, Z Y (. 3.10). D2 = Ft (q 1) n, 1
0. , (. 3.15). -
,
,
~
~
-D 2 ~
-D 2 I 2
Ft ~
~ I1
I= ~ =
=
I
=
I2.
2
~
1
I2
I2
1
~
- I 2

, ,

Ft
= Ct.
1
,
~
(I 2 )
~
~
I = C tI 2 .
~
, I 2 , , . , n,
. , ~
D I = 0
(. 3.15),
.

~
CU = 0 CU = CE,

 5.

243

~
U = - 1,

; U -
1, (. 5.9).

, :
U = ZI,
Z p
(. 5.8).
,
~
I&k = I&k - & k

. 5.9

~
I = I - .
,
~
~
CU = CZI = CZ ( I - ) = CZI - CZ = CE

~
CZI = C(E + Z).

~
~
I = C t I 2 ,
~
C Z
C t I 2 = C (E + Z
( n p ) ( p p ) ( p n ) ( n 1)

( n p )

p 1

) .

( p p ) ( p 1)

n
:
CZCt n n.
.

Z 11
Z
CZC t = 21
. .
Z n1

Z 12 K Z 1n
Z 22 K Z 2 n
;
. . . . . .
Z n 2 K Z nn

CE - n 1, , , , , ;
CZ = C(Z) - n 1, , ,
Z
.

244

2.

, , ,

C(E + Z) =

E& 11
E&
22

M
&
E

nn

,
~
(- I 2 ).
~
I 2 , ~
~
I = C t I 2 ,
~
I = I - ,
U = ZI
(
~
) U = U E.
, . 5.10
( . 5.5, ). 1, 2, 3 . 4, 5 6
. C, E, Z

. 5.10

4 1
=5 1

6 1

E=

E& 1
0
E&
3

0
&
E

Z1
Z2
Z=

Z3

Z4
Z5
Z6

0
;

0
0
0
0
6

245

5.

CZ, CZCt, Z
C(E + Z) , :
1

4 Z1
CZ = 5

Z1

Z2

Z1

Z2

Z3

Z4

Z3

Z5

;
Z6
0

Z1+Z3+Z4
CZCt =

Z1Z3

Z1Z3
Z1+Z2+Z3+Z5

Z1

C(E + Z) =

Z1+Z2

Z1
Z1+Z2

Z1+Z2+Z6

Z11

Z12 Z13

Z21

Z22 Z23 ; Z =

Z31

Z32 Z33

0
0
0

0
Z 6 & 6

~
-E& 1 + E& 3
E& 11
I&4
I&I
~
~
E& 1 - E& 3 + E& 5 = E& 22 ; I 2 = I&5 = I&II .
~
E& 1 + Z 6 6
E& 33
I&6
I&III

~
CZC t I 2 =

Z21 Z22 Z23

I&I
I&

II

E& 11
= E& 22

Z31 Z32 Z33

I&III

E& 33

Z11 Z12 Z13

Z 11 I&I + Z 12 I&II + Z 13 I&III = E& 11 ;

Z 21 I&I + Z 22 I&II + Z 23 I&III = E& 22 ;
Z I& + Z I& + Z I& = E& .
31 I

32 II

33 III

33

CZ, C. , C
, CZ , .
, C, . CZCt , C. j, s- CZCt. j-
CZ s- Ct. s- Ct
s- C. j, s- CZCt CZ, j- s- C ,

246

2.

(
, ). , , Z23
2- CZ 3- Ct 3-
C, ( 2- 5, 3- 6 C). 1 ( ) 2 ( ). Z23 = Z1 + Z2. ,
CZ Ct, ,
Z ( ).
C , ,
Zkk, k- CZ k- Ct, k- ,
, k- .
k- CZ m- Ct
k m, , k- m- . ,
, ,
.

, . , .
I&I , I&II , I&III , . 5.10. . n
1 n ,
- ( 1 n). .
E& kk , k. ,
, ,
. Zkk , k,
Zkk . k m Zkm Zmk
k m. ,
n n :
Z 11 I&1 + Z 12 I&2 +K + Z 1n I&n = E& 11 ;
Z 21 I&1 + Z 22 I&2 +K + Z 2 n I&n = E& 22 ;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Z n1 I&1 + Z n 2 I&2 +K + Z nn I&n = E& nn .
, n ,
.

 5.

247

,
Zkm, .
Zkm = Zmk = rkm + jxkm, k m , Zkm = Zmk = rkm jxkm,
. rkm xkm .
, , , , . ,
n . ,
Zkk, Zkm E& kk
, .
I&k k,
D
D
D
D
I&k = E& 11 k1 + E& 22 k 2 +K + E& mm km +K + E& nn kn ,
D
D
D
D
D ,

D=

Z 11
Z 21

Z 12
Z 22

Z 1n
Z 23

Z 31

Z 32

K Z 3n ,
. . . . . .
Z n 3 K Z nn

. . . . .
Z n1 Z n 2

K
K

Z 1n
Z 2n

Z 33

Dk1, Dk2, . . ., Dkm, . . ., Dkn , D k- m-

(1)k+m. , Dkm = Dmk.. , Dkm
D k- m- , Dmk
m- k- . Zkm = Zmk, ,
, , , .

~
I 2 = (CZC t ) -1 C(E + Z),
(CZCt)1(CZCt) = 1, . . (CZCt)1
.
,
. 5.11. I&1
I&2 , .
. 5.11
I&1 I&2 .

248

2.

I&1 I&2 . ,
:
Z 11 I&1 + Z 12 I&2 = E& 11 ; Z 21 I&1 + Z 22 I&2 = E& 22 ,

Z 11 = Z 1 + Z 3

, E& 11 = E& 1 ; E& 22 = E& 2 .

D=

Z 11
Z 21

Z 22 = Z 2 + Z 3

Z 12 = Z 21 = Z 3 ;

Z 12
= Z 11 Z 22 - Z 122 = ( Z 1 + Z 3 )( Z 2 + Z 3 ) - Z 32 =
Z 22
= Z 1 Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z 1 = D.

,
D 11 = Z 22 = Z 2 + Z 3 ; D 22 = Z 11 = Z 1 + Z 3 ;
D 12 = D 21 = -Z 12 = -Z 3 .

Z + Z3
Z
Z
Z + Z3
I&1 = E& 1 2
.
- E& 2 3 ; I&2 = -E& 1 3 - E& 2 1
D
D
D
D
I&3
I&1 I&2 :
Z
Z
I&3 = I&1 + I&2 = E& 1 2 + E& 2 1 .
D
D

, . 5.12,

. 5.12. ,

. 5.12

Z 11 I&1 + Z 12 I&2 + Z 13 I&3 = E& 11 ;

Z 21 I&1 + Z 22 I&2 + Z 23 I&3 = E& 22 ;
Z I& + Z I& + Z I& = E& ,
31 1

32

33

33

Z 11 = Z 4 + Z 6 + Z 1 ; Z 22 = Z 2 + Z 5 + Z 6 ; Z 33 = Z 3 + Z 5 + Z 4 ;
Z 12 = Z 21 = Z 6 ; Z 23 = Z 32 = Z 5 ; Z 13 = Z 31 = -Z 4 ;
E& 11 = E& 4 ; E& 22 = E& 2 ; E& 33 = E& 3 - E& 4 .

 5.

249

,
.
.
E& kk = E& k ,
D
D
D
D
D
I&1 = 1k E& k ; I&2 = 2 k E& k ; K ; I&k = kk E& k ; K ; I&m = mk E& k ; K ; I&n = nk E& k .
D
D
D
D
D
D/Dkk, k- , ,
k- .
D/Dmk, m- ,
k- , k-
m- . . .
, , , ab cd, , , ab
k- , cd m- .
,
. Zkm ,
k-, m- . , , Zkm = Zmk.
,
. E& k I&m E& m I&k
Zkm Zmk, Zkm = Zmk , E& k I&k k-
, E& m I&m m- , . .

. Zkm = Zmk.
5.16 .
. ,
. ,
, .
,
,
,
- . , ,
, .

5.12.
, ,

250

2.

. , , q 1 , , 0. U& k 0
k- (k = 1, 2, . . ., q 1) .
q 1 ,
.
q 1 ,
, q 1 .
k- , , .
k- U& k 0
. 5.13
(. 5.13).
s, k m,
~&
U = U& = U& - U& = a U& + a U& .
s

km

k0

m0

sk

k0

sm

m0

, s- . ask = 1, s- k- , ask = 1, s- m- .
A, , - -
U& 10
~
t
t
.
U = A U0 = A
M
U&
q -1,0

, At ,
, , (
) , ()
. - - , .

~
U , ,
.
~
~
U = U - E; I = I + I = YU.
,
~
AI = AI + A = 0 AYU = -A.

 5.

251

~
U = U + E = At U0 + E,
AYA t U 0 = -A( + YE).
(q 1
), :
AYAt (q 1) (q 1).

Y11
AYA t =

Y12

Y1, q -1

Y21
Y22
K
Y2 , q -1
,
. . . . . . . . . . . .
K Yq -1, q -1
Yq -1,1 Yq -1, 2

Ykk k- ; Ykm k m;
A
- (q 1) 1, , , , ;
A (YE) - (q 1) 1, ,
(E) (YE).
, ,
,
& 11
& 22
-A( + YE) =
.
M
&
q -1, q -1

U 0 ,
~
U = AtU0,
~
U= E + U, I = YU
~
I = I + .
, , AY (
Y) , A ,
,
( ) A.
AY At .
k- AY k- At k- , , k- . k- AY m- At k m
, k m, .

252

2.

Y11U& 10 + Y12U& 20 +K + Y1, q -1U& q -1, 0 = & 11 ;

Y21U& 10 + Y22U& 20 +K + Y2 , q -1U& q -1, 0 = & 22 ;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Yq -1,1U& 10 + Yq -1, 2U& 20 +K + Yq -1, q -1U& q -1, 0 = & q -1, q -1 .

Ykk =

a
j =1

Y j ajk ;

kj

Yk m =

a
j =1

k k = - ak j (& j + Y j E& j ).

Y j ajm ;

kj

j =1

, , k- U& k 0
D q -1, k
D
D
U& k0 = & 11 1k + & 22 2 k +K + & q -1, q -1
,
D
D
D
D Dkm .

U 0 = -(AYA t ) 1 A( + YE),
(AYAt)1(AYAt) = 1, . . (AYAt)1 .
|| Yjk ||,
D jk
1
1
Y jk
=
=
D jk , D Djk
D
D
.
.

, . 5.14, , :
1 = 1m sin(wt + y 1 ); e5 = E 5 m sin(wt + y 5 );
e6 = E 6 m sin(wt + y 6 ); e7 = E 7 m sin(wt + y 7 );
e8 = E 8 m sin(wt + y 8 ).
, (. 5.14, ):

& 1 = 1m e jy1 = 1 e jy1 ; E& 5 = E 5 e jy5 ; E& 6 = E 6 e jy 6 ; E& 7 = E 7 e jy7 ;

2
&
E = E e jy8 ; Y = 1 (r + jwL ); Y = 1 r ; Y = 1 ( jwL );
8

1
Y4 = 1 r4 + jwL 4 +
jwC 4

1
; Y5 = 1 r5 +
jwC 5

1
.
Y7 = 1 r7 ; Y8 = 1 jwL 8 +
j
C 8
w

; Y6 = jwC 6 ;

 5.

253

. 5.14

(. 5.14, ) (, ,
)
1

1 1
=2
3

1
1

.
1

,
~
~ ~
~
~
~
~
~
~
U t = U1 U 2 U 3 U 4 U 5 U 6 U 7 U 8 ;
E t = 0 0 0 0 E& 5

E& 6

E& 7

E& 8 ;

Y = diag (Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 );
I t = I&1 I&2 I&3 I&4 I&5 I&6 I&7 I&8 ;
t = & 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ;
U t0 = U& 10 U& 20 U& 30 .
-
~
U -. -.

254

2.

Y
.
AY Y-, AY
A (. 5.11).
1

1 Y1
AY = 2

Y2

Y3 Y4

1 Y1 + Y6 + Y7 + Y8
3 Y8

Y6

Y7

Y8

Y6 Y7

Y4 Y5

AYAt = 2 Y6 Y7

Y8

Y6 Y 7

Y8

Y2 + Y 3 + Y 4 + Y 6 + Y 7

Y4

Y4

Y4 + Y 5 + Y 8

AY At , ,
. A ( AY), 5.11 .
YE -,

(YE) t = 0 0 0 0 Y5 E& 5 Y6 E& 6 Y7 E& 7 Y8 E& 8 ,

E.
( + YE) t = & 1 0 0 0 Y5 E& 5 Y6 E& 6 Y7 E& 7 Y8 E& 8 ,
1 & 1 Y6 E& 6 + Y7 E& 7 + Y8 E& 8
A( + YE) = 2 Y6 E& 6 Y7 E& 7
3 Y5 E& 5 Y8 E& 8

& 11
=

& 22
& 33

-,
( + YE), A
. , A
: a22 = 1, a23 = 1, a24 = 1, a26 = 1, a27 = 1.
, Y6E6 Y7E7.

 5.

AYAtU0 =

Y11

Y12

Y13

Y21

Y22

Y23

Y31

Y32

U& 10
U&

20

U& 30

Y33

255

& 11
&
22

& 33

Y11U& 10 + Y12U& 20 + Y13U& 30 = & 11 ;

Y21U& 10 + Y22U& 20 + Y23U& 30 = & 22 ;
Y U& + Y U& + Y U& = & ,
31

10

32

20

33

30

33

Y11 = Y1 + Y6 + Y7 + Y8 ; Y22 = Y2 + Y3 + Y4 + Y6 + Y7 ;
& 11

Y12 = Y21 = -Y6 - Y7 ; Y13 = Y31 = -Y8 ;

= & 1 + Y6 E& 6 - Y7 E& 7 - Y8 E& 8 ; & 22 = -Y6 E& 6 + Y7 E& 7 ;
Y33 = Y4 + Y5 + Y8 ;
Y23 = Y32 = -Y4 ;
& 33 = Y5 E& 5 + Y8 E& 8 .

, ,
, , , .
& 0k , k- ,
D
D
D
U& 10 = & 0 k 1k ; K ; U& k 0 = & 0 k kk ; K ; U& m 0 = & 0 k mk .
D
D
D
D/Dkk, ,
k- , D/Dmk k- m- .

5.13.
, q 1
~ ~
~
~
U 1 , U 2 , K , U q -1 - U 1 , , ,
, . ,
. ,
1K( q - 1),

~
CU =

q
M
p

qK p

~
U1
~
U2

=0

~
~
U 2 = FU 1.

256

2.

:
~
~
U = U - E ; I = I + .

~
DI = 0 DI = -D.
~
, I = YU U = U + E,
~
DYU = -D( + YE).
~
~
, U=D t U 1 ,
~
DYD t U 1 = -D( + YE).
(q 1 ), :
DYDt (q 1) (q 1).
, ,
:
Y11
Y12
K
Y1, q -1
Y21
Y22
K
Y2 , q -1
DYD t =
,
. . . . . . . . . . . .
K Yq -1, q -1
Yq -1,1 Yq -1, 2
Ykk k- ; Ykm k m;
D
- (q 1) 1, , ,
, ;
D (YE) - (q 1) 1, , ,
(YE).
, ,
~
~
~
Y U + Y U +K + Y U
= & ;
11

12

1, q -1

q -1

11

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~
~
~
Yq -1,1U 1 + Yq -1, 2U 2 +K + Yq -1, q -1U q -1 = & q -1, q -1 .

257

5.

Ykk =

d
j =1

Y j d jk ;

Ykm =

kj

d
j =1

kk = - d k j (& j + Y j E& j ).

Y j d jm ;

kj

j =1

~
U 1 = -(DYD t ) 1D ( + YE).
k-
D q -1, k
~
D
U& k = & 11 1k +K+& q -1, q -1
,
D
D
D Dmk .
, . 5.5, , . 5.5, , .
:
E t = E& 1 0 E& 3 0 E& 5 0 ;
~
~ ~
~
~
~
~
U t = U1 U 2 U 3 U 4 U 5 U 6 ;

& t = 0 0 0 0 0 & 6 ;
Y = diag (Y1Y2Y3Y4Y5Y6 ).

(. . 5.5) : 1, 2, 3 ( ).
1
1
D=2
3

4
1

1 1

1 Y1

1 1 ;
1

3 Y4 Y5

Y3

Y4

Y5

Y4 Y5
Y5

Y5

Y3 + Y 4 + Y 5

(YE) t = Y1 E& 1 0 Y3 E& 3 0 Y5 E& 5 0 ;

3 Y3 E& 3 + Y5 E& 5

Y5 Y6 ;

Y2 + Y 5 + Y 6

1 Y1 E& 1 Y5 E& 5 & 6

D(
+YE) = 2 Y5 E& 5 & 6

Y4 Y5 Y6

1 Y1 + Y4 + Y5 + Y6 Y5 + Y6
DYDt = 2 Y5 + Y6

Y2

DY = 2

& 11
= & 22 .
&

, :

33

258

2.

~
~
~
Y11U 1 + Y12U 2 + Y13U 3 = & 11 ;
~
~
~
Y21U 1 + Y22U 2 + Y23U 3 = & 22 ;
~
~
~
Y31U 1 + Y32U 2 + Y33U 3 = & 33 ,

Y11 = Y1 + Y4 + Y5 + Y6 ; Y22 = Y2 + Y5 + Y6 ;
Y21 = Y12 = Y5 + Y6 ; Y13 = Y31 = -Y4 - Y5 ;
& 11 = & 6 - Y1 E& 1 + Y5 E& 5 ; & 22 = & 6 + Y5 E& 5 ;
Y33 = Y3 + Y4 + Y5 ;
Y23 = Y32 = -Y5 ;
& 33 = -Y3 E& 3 - Y5 E& 5 .
D , 5.11
5.12.
, q 1 , . , ,

.
C D . F A1 A2.
.
, ,

.

5.14.
, ,
,
, . . Iy = YyUy,
Uz = ZzIz. y z
y- z- ( , ,
y- , , , z- ).
. Y- ( , y-) . Z- ( ,
z-) ( , ) .
, y- -

 5.

259

, y- , . y-
, z- , z- .
, F- (
, ) . y-, ( y-) F- :

F- , , , (y z), . , y-,
z- , y- y-; Fyz = 0 . yz,
, , y-
z- .
C
: y- , y-,
z- z-. ,
C y-, z-.
C- :

260

2.

-Fyyt

= Dy.

Z Y.
. ,
, , . , 1,
2.
Y1

Yy =

Y2

Zz =

Z1
Z2

- , , .
~
I 1y
~
~
Iy
~ I 2y
~
I= ~ = ~ ; U=
Iz
I 1z
~
I 2z

Iy =

I1y
I2y

~
U 1y
E 1y
~
~
U 2y
Uy
E 2y
Ey
;
=
;
E
=
=
~
~
U 1z
Uz
E 1z
Ez
~
U 2z
E 2z

Iz =

I1z
I2z

1y
=

2y
1z

y
z

2z

. .

, y-, .

(. 5.13) , z-,
~
Fzyt I 2 z .
~
~
D y Yy D yt U1y - Fzyt I 2 z = -D y (Yy E y + y ).

 5.

261

, , z-, , ~
5.11 y- , FzyU 1y .

~
~
C z Z z C tz I 2 z + Fzy U 1y = C z (Z z z + E z ).
:
~
D y Yy D yt
-Fzyt
-D y (Yy E y + y )
U 1y
=
.
~
t
Fzy
C zZ zC z
C z (Z z z + E z )
I 2z

.
, y-, z-, , , .
(. 5.15)

. 5.15

4
C =

6
1

D =

2
3
5

8
y-

1
1

1
1

z-

y-

1 z-

262

2.

Fyy = 4 1

6
-Fzzt = 5

-Fzyt = 2

1 ;

8 1

6 1

8 1

1 ;
1

Z6

~
U 1y =

Z7

Zz =

~
I6

~
U1
~
I 2z =

~
U2 ;

E& 1

E& 5

E& 2

E& 6

Ez =

E& 7
E& 8

;
Z8

~
U3

E& 4

Z5

Y3

Y4

E& 3

Y2

Ey =

Dy = 2

Y1

Yy =

1
1

Cz = 7

1 ;

Fzy = 7

y=

~
I7 ;
~
I8
& 1

& 5

& 2

& 6

& 3
& 4

z =

& 7
& 8

 5.

263

Zz, Yy . , .
, ,
z-,
Zz (.
5.18).
Z- Y-.
, 4- , 2- : & 42 = Y42 U& 2 .
Yy
Y42. , Y24 0, Yy
. , (, 7)
(, 5) E& 75 = Z75 I&5 ,
7
I5 Zz Z75.

, , , y-
z- , . .
. , , , .
,
( ) . .

5.15.

I&k , ,
E& 11 , E& 22 , K , E& nn , . U& k 0 , , & 1 , & 2 , K , & q -1
,
. I&k U& k 0 , , I&k U& k 0 ,
. , ,
, , ,
,
( , ).
, , , , . . , .

264

2.

,
,
, . , .
, , .
,
,
.

. 5.16
,
,
.
, , ,
. 5.11, (. 5.16),
:
E& 1
E& 1 (Z 2 + Z 3 )
E& (Z + Z 3 )
=
= 1 2
;
Z2Z3
D
Z 1Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z 1
Z1 +
Z2 + Z3
E& Z
Z3
E& Z
Z2
I&2 = I&1
= 1 3 ; I&3 = I&1
= 1 2;
D
Z2 + Z3
D
Z2 + Z3
&
&
E2
E (Z + Z 3 )
I&2 =
= 2 1
;
Z Z
D
Z2 + 1 3
Z1 + Z 3
Z3
E& Z
Z2
E& Z
I&1 = I&2
= 2 3 ; I&3 = I&2
= 2 1.
Z1 + Z 3
D
Z1 + Z 3
D
I&1 =

, . 5.16 :
E& (Z + Z 3 ) - E& 2 Z 3
I&1 = I&1 - I&1 = 1 2
;
D
E& (Z + Z 3 ) - E& 1 Z 3
;
I&2 = I&2 - I&2 = 2 1
D
E& Z + E& 2 Z 1
I&3 = I&3 + I&3 = 1 2
.
D

 5.

265

, . 5.12, E& 2 , E& 3 E& 4 .

5.16.

, , : E& ab = E& , ab
, cd I&cd = I&, E& cd = E& , cd,
ab I&ab = I&.
I&k
. , ab k, cd m, ,
, .
D
D
I&ab = I&k = E& km I&cd = I&m = E& mk
D
D
, I&ab = I&cd = I&, Dmk = Dkm. E& ab I&cd = E& I&
Zkm k- m- ,
E& cd I&ab = E& I& Zmk m- k- .
,
: Zkm = Zmk. , , E& , , : E& = E& ab I& = I&ab , E& = E& cd I& = I&cd .
E& ab cd , . . E& = E& ab E& = E& dc = -E& cd , , . . - I& = I&ab
I& = I&cd , , ,
Z km =

E& ab E&
=
I&cd
I&

Z mk =

E& cd
E&
E&
= - dc = - ,
I&ab
I&ab
I&

. . Zkm = Zmk, 5.11.

, , ,
, . . Zkm = Zmk.

,
, ,
.
, p , s E& 1 ,
&
E 2 , . . ., E& s s . , E& k k- (1 k s),

266

2.

.
. p
(k ) (k ) (k )
(k )
(k )
: I&1 , I&2 , I&3 , . . ., I&m , . . ., I& p . ,
, .
E& k m- , ,
, k- , m- (k )
, . . k- I&m ,
.
m- E& m . ,
k- , E& m ,
m- ,
(m)
( k ) E& m
I&k = I&m
.
E& k

E& k ,
, . . m s, m = k, E& k
E& m , k- , .
, I&k k- , ,
I&k =

m
I&(k ) =
m =1

E& m

I&( ) E&
m =1

k
m

,
(k )
, . . I&m ,
E& k (k-), I&k , I&k
.
, (1 k s), . .
E& k 0.
, (s < k p),
, ,
E& k 0;
I&k =

I&(
m =1

k )
m

E& m

E& k

(k > s).

m = s, k > s, k- , k- , .

 5.

267

5.17.
,
, , , , . ,
ab Zab
, , E& Z.
Zab 1
.
Z 11 = Z ab + Z 110 , , Z 110 , Zab = 0. , Zab .
,
n
n
D
I&ab = I&I = E& kk 1k I&ab D = E& kk D 1k .
D
k =1
k =1
D .
D = Z 11 D 11 + Z 12 D 12 + K + Z 1n D 1n = (Z ab + Z 110 )D 11 + Z 12 D 12 + K +
+ Z 1n D 1n = Z ab D 11 + Z 110 D 11 + Z 12 D 12 + K + Z 1n D 1n = Z ab D 11 + D 0 .
D0 ,
Zab = 0. ,
Z ab I&ab +

D0 &
I ab =
D 11

D 1k &
E kk = E& 0

11

(Z ab + Z )I&ab = E& 0 .

, . 5.17.
A E& = E& 0 = U& 0 Z. , ab
U& 0
I&ab =
,
Z + Z ab
.
,
,
.
E& 0 Z.
& 0 = E& 0 / Z = E& 0Y Y = 1/Z. U&ab . 5.17
ab

268

2.

U& ab =

& 0
,
Y + Yab

.
, & 0 = E& 0Y ab Zab = 0.
, I&ab U& 0 ab Z .
Z
. ab Zab = 0, . .
, I&k . I&ab Z = U& 0 I&k ,
. . Z U& 0
ab I&k .

. 5.19

. 5.18

. 5.20

, . 5.11. I&1
(. 5.18), I&1 .
& = E& ;
U& 0 + IZ
3
1
&
E
E& (Z + Z 3 ) - E& 2 Z 3
2
& = E& .
U& 0 = E& 1 - IZ
Z3 = 1 2
3
1
Z2 + Z3
Z2 + Z3
Z ab (. 5.19):
Z =

Z2Z3
.
Z2 + Z3

,
I&1 =

U& 0
E& (Z + Z 3 ) - E& 2 Z 3
= 1 2
.
Z + Z1
D

I&3 (. 5.20).

&
&
&
&
& = E& - E 1 - E 2 Z = E 1 Z 2 + E 2 Z 1 .
U& 0 = E& 1 - IZ
1
1
1
Z1 + Z 2
Z1 + Z 2

 5.

269

Z
Z =

Z 1Z 2
.
Z1 + Z 2

,
I&3 =

U& 0
E& Z + E& 2 Z 1
= 1 2
.
Z + Z3
D

I&0 ab
(. 5.21) ,
, . , ab (. 5.22), U& 0 :
Z3
Z1
.
U& 0 = U& cb - U& ca = E&
Z 3 + Z 4 Z1 + Z 2
Z a b c d (. 5.23)

Z 1Z 2
Z3Z4
Z =
+
.
Z1 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 4
,
Z3
Z1
I&0 = E&
Z 3 + Z 4 Z1 + Z 2

Z Z
Z3Z4
Z ab + 1 2 +
Z1 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 4

Zab .

. 5.21

. 5.22

. 5.23

, ,

. ,
:
U& 0
U& 0
=
I& =
.
Z + Z (r + r ) + j (x + x )

270

2.

2
P = I
r =

U 02 r
(r + r ) 2 + (x + x ) 2

P r 0 , , x + x = 0 (x x
).
P =

U 02 r
(r + r ) 2

, r , Pmax, r. r = r.
Pmax =

2
I
r 100 r 100
U 02
P
= 50%,
h = 2 100 = 2
=
4r
P0
I (r + r ) r + r

h .

, , ,
.
,
.

5.18.
, 3.7, . , .
, , . ,
, : ,
, ,
. , ,
, .
, - , , .
.
, . 5.24. L1 L2
, M12 = M21 = M.

 5.

271

, .

. : E&
, E& 1L = jwL1I& E& 2L = jwL2I&
. 5.24
&
&
&
&
E 1M = jwMI E 2M = jwMI. E& 1L E& 2L
.
,
E& 1M E& 2M
. :
E& + E& 1L + E& 2L + E& 1M + E& 2M = I&(r1 + r2 ).
, ,
U& L = -E& L U& M = -E& M , , ,
E& = U& 1L + U& 1M + U& 2L + U& 2M + I&(r1 + r2 )

E& = jwL1 I& + jwMI& + jwL 2 I& + jwMI& + I&(r1 + r2 ),

& .
E& = I&(r1 + r2 ) + Ij& w(L1 + L 2 + 2 M ) = I&(r + jwL ) = IZ

L = L1 + L2 + 2M .
, W = 12 Li2 > 0, .
.
M :
, M > 0 (M = |M |), , M < 0 (M = |M |).
, : L = L1 + L2 + 2|M |.
,
: L = L1 + L2 2|M |.
L L
,

L - L
L - L = 4 M M =
.
4

, -

272

2.

. , .


, . 5.25,
L3, L4 L5.
.
3.7, - . 5.25

, .
:

I&1 - I&6 + I&2 = 0; - I&2 + I&3 + I&5 = 0; I&4 - I&1 - I&3 = 0;

1
0 = r1 +
jwC1

&
1 &
I 1 + r6 +
I 6 + (r4 + jwL 4 )I&4 + jwM 45 I&5 + jwM 43 I&3 ;
jwC 6

1 &
I 6 + (r5 + jwL 5 )I&5 + jwM 54 I&4 + jwM 53 I&3 ;
E& 2 + E& 5 = r2 I&2 + r6 +
j
C
w
6

1 &
I 3 +
-E& 5 + E& 3 = (r4 + jwL 4 )I&4 + jwM 45 I&5 + jwM 43 I&3 + r3 + jwL 3 +
jwC 3

+ jwM I& + jwM I& - (r + jwL )I& - jwM I& - jwM I& .
34

35

54

53

M34 = M43, M53 = M35 M45 = M54

, L3, L4 L5. L3, L4
L5, , ,
, , . jwL 5 I&5 , jwM 53 I&3 jwM 54 I&4
.
, :
Z 11 I&1 + Z 12 I&2 + Z 13 I&3 = E& 11 ;
Z 21 I&1 + Z 22 I&2 + Z 23 I&3 = E& 22 ;
Z I& + Z I& + Z I& = E& ,
31 1

32

33

33

, .
I&1 , I&2 I&3 1, 2 3.

 5.

273

I&1 , I&2 I&3 ,

. 5.25 .
:
Z 11 = r1 +

1
1
+ r6 +
+ r4 + jwL 4 ;
jwC1
jwC 6

Z 22 = r2 + r5 + jwL 5 + r6 +
Z 33 = r3 + jwL 3 +

1
;
jwC 6

1
+ r4 + jwL 4 + r5 + jwL 5 - 2 jwM 45 - 2 jwM 53 + 2 jwM 43 .
jwC 3

Z33 jwM45, I&3 , L4 , L5,

, , 3. I&3 , L5 , L4, L4, ,
. jwL 4 I&3
jwL 5 I&3 , , 2 jwM 45 I&3 , , jwL4, jwL5 2jwM45 Z33.
, , I&3 L5 L3 ,
2jwM53 ;
I&3 L3 L4 , 2jwM43
.
:
1
+ jwM 45 ;
Z 12 = Z 21 = r6 +
jwC 6
Z 23 = Z 32 = -r5 - jwL 5 + jwM 45 + jwM 35 ;
Z 31 = Z 13 =

r4 + jwL 4 - jwM 45 + jwM 43 .

jwM45 Z12 ,
L4 I&2 , L5, L4, , 1. jwM45
jwM35 Z23. Z31 jwM43 ,
jwM45 , I&3 L5 ,
, L4, . . 1, .
E& 11 , E& 22 E& 33
E& = 0; E& = E& + E& ; E& = E& - E& .
11

22

33

, -

274

2.

k- m- . : U = ZI.
Z ,
U& k = Z k I&k U& m = Z m I&m . k-
jwM km I&m = Z km I&m
-
jwM mk I&k = Z mk I&k .

U& k = Z k I&k + Z km I&m U& m = Z m I&m + Z mk I&k .
, I&k I&m k m . Z, k- m- -
k- Zkm = jwMkm Zmk = jwMmk.
Z k m

, , , Z . ,
Mkm = Mmk Zkm = jwMkm = jwMmk = Zmk.
, A, C, D
.
Z,
Y, . , , ,
.
(. . 5.25) Z Y = Z1 4, 5 3, 5 4
3, 4 5

 5.

1
1

Z1
Z2

2
Z=

Z34 = Z43 = jwM34;

Z3

Z34

Z35

Z43

Z4

Z45

Z53

Z54

Z5

2
Y=

Z35 = Z53 = jwM35;

Z45 = Z54 = jwM45

Y1
Y2

Y3

Y34 Y35

Y43

Y4

Y45

Y53 Y54

Y5

Z6

275

; Ykm= (1)k+m

Y6

Z3

Z34 Z35

Z43

Z4

Z45

Z53 Z54

Z5

Z3

Z34 Z35

Z43

Z4

Z45

Z53 Z54

Z5

k
,

Y1 = 1/Z1; Y2 = 1/Z2; . . .; Y6 = 1/Z6.

5.19. .

,
- ,
,
.
,
, .
, .
. III.
, . , , . . .

276

2.

, , e1, (. 5.26). , ,
M
. 5.26
. 5.26 .
r1 r2, L1 L2.

di
di
di
di
u1 = r1 i1 + L1 1 + M 2 ; -M 1 = r2 i2 + L 2 2 + u 2 .
dt
dt
dt
dt
u1 , i1, i2 u2, :
U& 1 = r1 I&1 + jwL1 I&1 + jwMI&2 ; - jwMI&1 = r2 I&2 + jwL 2 I&2 + U& 2 .
U& 1 , Z = U& 2 I&2 , ,
, I&1 , I&2 U& 2 .
U& 2 I&2 U& 1 I&1 .
Z = r + jx U& 1 I&1 .
wL1 = x1 ; r2 + r = rII ; wL 2 + x = xII ,

U& 1 = (r1 + jx1 )I&1 + jwMI&2 ; - jwMI&1 = (rII + jxII )I&2 ,

w2 M 2 &
U& 1 = (r1 + jx1 )I&1 +
I1
rII + jxII

, ,
I&1 =

U& 1

w2 M 2
r1 + 2
r +
2 II

rII + xII

w2 M 2
x
j x1 - 2
2 II
rII + xII

U& 1
.
Z

Z = r + jx () , .
, Z r
r1.
, , ,
, , .
, , ,

.

 5.

277

x x1, xII < 0,

x1, xII > 0.
, , M > 0 I&1
p/2. (xII > 0) I&
2

p/2 , ,
I&1 . , , I&2 , , I&1 ,
, .
, xII < 0.
p/2, . . I&1 .
,
.

r = r1 + Dr; x = x1 + Dx,

Dr =

w2 M 2
w2 M 2
;
D
r
x
=
xII ,
II
rII2 + xII2
rII2 + xII2

Dr Dx , , .

U& = r I& + jw(L - M )I& + jwM (I& + I& );
1

1 1

0 = r2 I&2 + jw(L 2 - M )I&2 + jwM (I&1 + I&2 ) + Z I&2 .

, , . 5.27. I&1 , I&2 U& 1 , U& 2 ,
. M
L2 L1, L1 M, L2 M . 5.27
. , ,
,
, ,
(. 5.27).
,
,
,
, (, . 5.27),
.

278

2.

k =

,
L1 L 2
. , k .
, . . r2 = 0 Z = 0.

M2
rII = 0; xII = wL2; Dx = w
L2

M2
M2
= wL1 1 L1 L2
L2

= wL1(1 k2) = wL.

L ,
W = 12 i12 L . , ,
, , k .

.
,
M
r1 = r2 = 0 k =
= 1.
L1 L 2
x = wL1 w

U& 1 = jwL1 I&1 + jwMI&2 ;
- jwMI&1 = Z I&2 + jwL 2 I&2 = U& 2 + jwL 2 I&2 .
U& 1 I&1 U& 2 I&2 .

U&
L
L
LL

U& 1 = jwL1 - 2 - 2 I&2 + jwMI&2 = - 1 U& 2 + jw M - 1 2

M
M

jwM M
U&
L
I&1 = - 2 - 2 I&2 .
jwM M

&
I 2 ;

, k = 1 M L1L2/M = 0 (M = L1L2/M), ,
c = L1/M,
cU& 2 1 &
U& 1
1
U& 1 = -cU& 2 ; I&1 = - I2 =
- I&2 .
jwL1 c
jwL1 c
, U1/ U2 = c , .
, , , L1 = ( L1
,

 5.

U1/(wL1)

279

1&
I 2 ),
c

1
U& 1 = -cU& 2 I&1 = - I&2 .
c
, , .
,
, .

-cU& 2
U& 1
= Z =
= c 2 Z ,
&I
1
1
- I&2
c
,


,
. ,
.
. 5.28

, . 5.28.
, r1 r2 , k < 1 (. 5.28)
, , , .

5.20. ,

. .
kC, .
-
wL12
|M|
w|M|
kL =
=
=
,
L1 L 2
wL1wL 2
wL1wL 2
L12 = | M |. , kC,

280

2.

kC =

C1C 2
1
1
=
.
C12
wC1 wC 2

1
wC12

, , ,
(. 5.29),
.

. 5.29

5.21.
.
,
,
. , , ,
.

Y11
Y12
K
. . . . . . . . .

U& 10
U&

Y1, q -1
. . .

20

Yq -1,1

Yq -1, 2

U& q -1, 0

Yq -1, q -1

q -1

&
=

j =1

M
&

1, j

q -1
j =1

q -1, j

- , , -
( ), , .
:
q -1

q -1

I&
j =1

M
I&
q -1
j =1

&

1, j

q -1, j

j =1

M
&

1, j

q-1
j =1

q -1, j

.
q -1

q -1

I&1, j
*

U 10 U 20 K U q -1, 0

j =1

&
*

M
= U 10 U 20 K U q -1, 0
&
I q-1, j
q -1
j =1

j =1

1, j

M
.
&
q-1, j
q -1
j =1

 5.

281

*
*
*
*
U i 0 I&ij + U j 0 I& ji U i 0 & ij + U j 0 & ji .
*
*
*
, I& ji = -I&ij U i 0 - U j 0 =U ij ,
*
*
*
*
(U 12 I&12 + K +U q -1, 0 I&q -1, 0 ) = (U 12 & 12 +K+U q -1, 0 & q -1, 0 ).
*
*
*
U ij I&ij = S ij = S k

, *
*
*
&
i j. U ij ij = S ij = S k
, i j.
, ,
*

P
k

Q ,
k

Pk Q k , , Pk Q k
.
.

Pk = I k2 rk Q k = I k2 wL k -

I k2
.
wC k

S& = I
k

r + jw I k2 L k +

2
k k

I k2
1
.

jw C k

5.22.
,
. , ,
.
, ,
L C , ,
L , C .
xL xC w 0.
, w = 0 xL = wL = 0, x = 1/(wC) = . ,
.

. ,
wM w = 0.
, ,
,

282

2.

. , .
, ,
. ,
,
, ,
, ,
.

.
.
. , .

5.23.

, ,
.
( ).
, . .

q 1 n
.
.
, 5.11 5.12, . .
m , mm!
. m = 15
21013. , 109 ,
2104 = 5,5 . , m < 10.
( ).
2m3.
m < 10 000, m = 10 000
21012, 109
33 .

 5.

283

.
,

. ,
m2 .
, m = 10 000 108.

, (),
( )
I

( n)

= BI

( n -1)

+ a,

I(n1) - (n 1)- ; I(n) - , n-, ().

5.24.

, .
.
AYAt, A (q 1) n; At
n (q 1); Y ( )
n n.
,

det (AYAt) = det (AY) At = S
AY At.
AY
At. AY A - Y ( ajk 0, ajkYk 0).
(q 1)(q 1). ,
. (. 3.16)
, (q 1)(q 1) A 1. , . , , (q 1) q .

. ( ),

284

2.

.
[ (q 1)(q 1)] AY.
YiYjYpYq...Yn, q 1 . ,
.
.
det (AYAt) = SP
= SPYk ,
.

. 5.30

(. 5.30, ), . 5.30,
det (AYAt) = Y1Y3 + Y2Y3 + Y1Y2.

. 5.31

 5.

285

(. 5.31, ), . 5.31,
det (AYAt) = Y4Y5Y6 + Y1Y3Y6 + Y1Y2Y4 + Y2Y3Y5 + Y1Y5Y6 + Y2Y5Y6 + Y3Y4Y6 +
+ Y1Y4Y5 + Y2Y4Y6 + Y3Y4Y5 + Y1Y2Y5 + Y1Y3Y4 + Y2Y3Y6 + Y1Y2Y6 + Y1Y3Y5 + Y2Y3Y4.
Djj,
, AY j- ,
At j- . j .
, j- . , D11 (. 5.31, ) , (. 5.32, ),
. 5.32, :
D 11 = Y3 (Y1 + Y6 ) + Y3 (Y2 + Y5 ) + (Y1 + Y6 )(Y2 + Y5 ).
. 5.32, , D33:
D 33 = Y2 (Y1 + Y4 ) + Y2 (Y3 + Y5 ) + (Y1 + Y4 )(Y3 + Y5 ).

. 5.32

Djk , AY j At
k. , AY Djj, At
Dkk. , , Djj Dkk
. , D13
D 13 = (-1)

(1+3 )

(Y1Y2 + Y2Y3 + Y1Y5 + Y1Y3 ).

, j k
,
, Djk. , j k
, j k, -

286

2.

, , .
(2-).
. 5.33 2- D13. , ( 4, ), . , . 5.33
D 13 = (-1)

(1+3 )

(Y1Y2 + Y2Y3 + Y1Y5 + Y1Y3 ).

. 5.33

. ,
.
, , D , . . Y = 1,
det (AYA t ) = det (AA t ).
,
qq2. (. 5.31, ) , q = 4.
442 = 42 = 16. ,
. (. 5.31, )
1 8.

. 5.34

(. 5.34),
, 1, 3 2, 4,

 5.

287

3 -1 0 -1
3 -1 0
-1 3 -1 0
t
det(AA ) =
= 3 -1 3 -1 +
0 -1 3 -1
0 -1 3
-1 0 -1 3
-1 -1
+(-1)

1+2

3 -1 + (-1)

-1 -1

-1
1+4

3 -1

0 -1
-1

3 = 81,

0 -1

, 552 = 125.
,
1847 . 1892 . , .
,
q = 10 108, .
.

, , 5
5.1.

1. I&1 I&2 . i1 i2?

2. () 1 + j2 .
, ?
3. () , Z = 1 + j , , R. , R = 1 ?
4. ()
, ,
, ?
5. () , : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ?
6. S& (I& U& )
?
7. Q = 0. , ?
8. () .
: ) ; )
; )
; ) ; )
?
9. ?
10.
. : )
; ) ; )
; ) ?
11. () ,
E& = 1 + j ,
I& = 2 + j2 . ?

, , 5

289

1. () :
) i = 3 sin wt ; ) i = 2 cos wt ; ) i = 3 sin 3wt ; ) i = 2 sin (wt + 1) ;
) u = 5 sin (wt p) ; ) u = 2 sin (wt + p) ; ) u = 2 sin (3wt 30) ;
) u = 10 sin (wt + 2p/3) .
2. () ,
& 1 + j2 ;
, , f = 50 : ) I=
&
&
&
&
) I =1 j2 ; ) I = 1 + j2 ; ) I = 1 j2 ; ) U m = a + jb ; ) U& = 2 ;
& j 2 .
) U& = j ; ) U& m = 3 ; ) I=
3. i = Im sin (wt + j) a + jb.
, i .
4. i = Im sin (wt + j)?
5. () I&1 I&2 , : ) I&2 = I&1 e j2p; ) I&2 = I&1 e jp/2; ) I&2 = I&1 e jp; ) I&2 = jI&1;
) I&2 = 0,7(1/ 2 + j 2/2) I&1; ) I&2 = I&1 + I&1; ) I&2 = I&1 + I&1 e j2p/3; ) I&2 = I&1 + I&1 e jp/2;
) I&2 = I&1 + I&1 e j3p/2; ) I&2 = I&1 + 1; ) I&2 = I&1 + I&1 + j.
6. . 5.1 u(t) i(t). U& I.&
7. L = 0,2 iL = 2 sin (314t + p/6) . uL, .

. 5.1

8. C = 106 iC = 0,5 sin (314t p/3) . uC, .

9. () , Z, z, Y, y, r, x, g, b
. 5.2 , w, r, L, C .

. 5.2

290

, , 5

10. () E& = 100 + j50 ,

I& = 8 + j6 . Z, z, Y, y.
11. . 5.3 u(t) i(t) .
10 5 . Z, z, Y, y .

. 5.3

12. () U& I&

.
, . ( ).

U, B

I, A

U, B

5+

3+

1+

1+

5+

j
j

I, A
5+

13. () , (. 5.4), r,
xC, xL, & 1, & 2 , E&1, E& 2 . U& AB , I& AC.

. 5.4

, , 5

291

14. ()
. 5.2 U& = (a + jb) .
15. () , . 5.2,
P = rI2, I
.
16. () , . 5.5.

. 5.5

17. () , . 5.6, I1, I2 A1 A2, U V r = xC = xL = 1

I& = 10 , U& = 10 .

. 5.6

18. () xC,
. 5.7 .

. 5.7

19. () Z = r + jx
Z = r + jx. , .

292

, , 5

20. () , . 5.8, & I& , I& .

.
1
2

. 5.8

21. ()
(. 5.9) : ) U&
; ) (I&1, I&2 , I&3 . .). Z . ,
.
,

Z1

Z2

Z3

Z4

Z5

U, B

I, A

1,5 j3

j6

j10

10 + j10

30

3 j6

20

j20

j20

10 j10

130

2 j4

j2

10

10 + j10

120

4 j12

60

j80

100

100 j100

100

8 j6

20

j40

j100

100 j100

120

8 j4

20

j20

j20

10 + j10

80

4 j4

j4

j4

j20

10 + j10

100

5 j5

j10

j10

j10

10 j10

80

1. () ,
. 5.10, I r.

. 5.9

. 5.10

. 5.11

2. () j U& U& AB r1 , . 5.11, -

, , 5

293

r1 .
1/wC = r = 1 .

5.2.

1. () Z1, Y1 ?
2. () q p .
, , ,
? ,
?
3. () ?
4. ()
, , : ) ; ) ?
5. ? ? n ?
6. ?
7. q p .
?
8. () ?
9. () ?
10. () ,
, ,
?
11. () ?
12. () . ,
? ?
13. ()
?
14. () , , , , ?
15. () ?
16. () , ?
17.

294

, , 5

.
?
18. ?
19. (O) ,
, ?
20. , Ykl (k l) ?
?
21. () , : )
; ) ?
22. ()
?

1. (. 5.12) : ) ;
) K.

. 5.12

2. . 5.13 :
) A; ) D, , , ; ) C.
3. (. 5.14) .
4. . 5.15 , : ) ; ) .

295

, , 5

. 5.13

. 5.14

. 5.15

5. () . 5.16
.

Z1,

Z2,

Z3,

E&1,

E&2,

& 1,

& 2,

j10

2j

1 + j3

100

10 + j20

15 j20

10 + j10

5 j5

1 + j2

2j

10

10 + j5

10 + j10

10

10 j10

100

250 j50

2j

3j

1 j2

2+j

3+j

10 + j10

5 j5

j15

100 + j100 100 j100

296

, , 5

. 5.16

6. () . 5.17

.

. 5.17

7. () (. 5.18) & . E& ,

, .

, , 5

Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5, Z6, k

E&k , B

& A
,

297

1+j

1+j

& 5 = -0,5 + j0,5; & 6 = j2

1j

& 1 = -6; & 3 = 3 + j 3

j2

j2

j2

j4

& 3 = j2; & 5 = j

j2

j2

1j

1j

& 4 = j 3; & 6 = -3 + j 3

1j

j2

j2

j2

1j

j2

. 5.18

2 + j & 1 = -5 - j5; & 6 = 5 - j5

2

& 3 = 12 - j6; & 6 = - j 3

. 5.19

8. () (. 5.19) .
9. ()
. 5.20 .
10. ()
Y-.
11. () . 5.21 , . , .

. 5.20

. 5.21

12. () , , ?
13. () , , A B. UAB 0 = 4 , IAB = 2 .
RAB = 6 , A B.

298

, , 5

14. () I (. 5.22) : E& = 24 B, Z1 = 4 , Z2 = 8 , Z3 = 4 ,

Z4 = 8 , Z5 = 5 .

. 5.22

. 5.23

15. () I&
. 5.23 .

1. () ,
.
2. ()
, .
3. () U0.
U0 U1 A D.
4. () , . .

5.3.

1. ()
?
2. () , , - , ?
3. .
( ) I ?
4. () (, ,
) K
L1 L2 (M = L1 L 2 , L1 L2) (. 5.24)?

, , 5

299

5. () . 5.25
Z ?

. 5.24

. 5.25

6. ?
7. () : )
;
) ? ( ) ) )?

1. ()
. 5.26 .
E& = jwL1 I&1 + jwL 2 I&2 + jwM 12 I&2 - jwM 13 I&3 - jwM 13 I&1 - jwM 23 I&2 ,
0 = jwL 2 I&2 - jwL 3 I&3 + jwM 12 I&1 - jwM 23 I&3 - jwM 13 I&1 - jwM 23 I&2 .
2. ()
:
1)
I = 1 ,
= 30 ,

. 5.26

. 5.27

2) I = 0,6 .
U = 100 , f = 400 . .
3. () , U1, U2 I
U = 120 , x1 = 5 , x2 = 20 , k = 0,5, r1 = r2 = 0
(. 5.27), w = 314 -1 .
4. () . 5.28 :
) ; ) . : x1 = 20 ,
x2 = 10 , xC = 10 , r = 40 , xM = wM = 10 , E = 200 .

300

, , 5

. 5.28

5. r, x (. 5.29).

. 5.29

6. () , : ) k @ 0;
) k @ 1.
7.
) z = r; ) z = wL; ) z = 1/wC.
8. () (. 5.30).
9. () : wL1 = 1 , wL2 = 4 , r1 = 200 , r2 = 800 ,
k = 0,6, r = 1 . .
10. () ,
U1 = 200 ,
. I&1 = 60,6 e j55 A,
. 5.30
&
&
I 1 = 20(1 j3) A; U 2 = 60(3 + 3j) B.
r1, x1, r2, x2, xM .
11. ()
U = 201 f = 500 .
r1 = 2 . E2 = 368 ,
I1 = 8 . L1, M.
12.
(. 5.31): x1 = 1 ; x2 = 2 ; x = wM12 =
. 5.31
= 1 ; Z = 1 j2 .
13. (r1 = r2 = 0) : L1 = 1 ,
L2 = 2 , k = 1, Z = r = 10 . : | kU | = | U& 2 U& 1 | ; | kI | = | I&2 I&1 | .

, , 5

301

1. , . 5.32:
) ; ) C = 2 , L1 = 0,01 , L2 = 0,02 , M = 0,01 ,
.
2. 1 2, (. 5.33).
, ,
C = 0,1 , M = 1 , L1 = 3 , L2 = 2 , .

. 5.33

. 5.32

. 5.34

3. , . 5.34 .
4. I . 5.35

. 5.35

x L1 = 40 , x L2

. 5.36

= 10 , xC = 50 , k = 1, E& 1 = 80 j60 , E& 2 = 40 + j30 .

5. . 5.36 .
6.
r = wL = 2 , xC = 1 , k = 0,5 (. 5.37).
7. () n L0
.
.
. 5.38
. 5.37
n (. 5.38).



6.1.


, , , . , ,
, . , .
.

,
x
(r, x, z, g, b, y), , , j = arctg ,
r
r
cos j = . .
z
I , U
,
, . , , .
6.2.
r, L, C
,
r, L C (. 6.1),
1
1

jj
= r + j wL = r + jx = ze ;
jwC
w
C

wL - 1 wC
1
.
; z = r 2 + x 2 ; j = arctg
x = wL wC
r
Z = r + jwL +

, j = 0, x = wL 1/(wC) = 0, . . wL = 1/(wC) w2LC = 1.

, , , .
, , ,

 6.

w0 =

1
LC

; L0 =

303

1
1
; C0 = 2 .
w2 C
w L

w0 . U
r , ,
U/r, . . 6.1. xL = xC
r, ,
, . .
. 6.1

r < w0 L =

1
L
=
= r.
w0 C
C

L C,

r, .

Q=

U C 0 U L0 I 0 w 0 L w 0 L r
=
=
=
=
U
U
I0r
r
r

. Q,
,
.
1/Q, .
4.7
: pL = UL I sin 2wt pC = UC I sin 2wt.
, UL = UC ,
. ,
,
, , ,
pL + pC = dW/dt + dW/dt W + W = const, . .
.
,
, . ,
, ,
. , ,
r.

304

2.

6.3.
r, L, C
j
. 6.2.
. (. 6.3)
1
L
= (w2 w20 )
x = wL
wC w
, , .
,
,
, ,
,
. x(w), , , , x(w) = , . .
w = 0 w = , , x(w) = 0, . .
. 6.2
. 6.3
w = w0. . 6.3 ,
. . x(w) ,
dx/dw > 0. , 1
d
d (wL)
wC
1
1
1

x = wL + =L>0
= 2 > 0.
, . . wL ,
dw
dw
wC
wC
wC
, x, ,
. ,
.
, (. . 6.2 6.3). w < w0 (x < 0,
j < 0), w > w0 (x > 0, j > 0). , r = 0, w = w0
j p/2 +p/2, . . , ,
(. 6.3).

(. . 6.1). ,
r
x
1
1
Y = =
= 2 - j 2 = g - jb.
Z r + jx z
z
, r = 0,

 6.

305

wL
1
1
x
.
= =
= 2
w - w20
r 2 + x 2 x wL - 1
wC
r
(w = 0, w = ),
b = 0, (w = w0),
b = . b(w) (. 6.4) , b , . . db/dw < 0. ,
r = 0
b=

1 dx
db
d 1
dx
=
< 0, x2 > 0
> 0.
=- 2
dw dw x
dw
x dw
,
.
r 0, x(w) . 6.4
r, L, C,
L C, r. w = w0
b = 0, . . b. ( . 6.4).
, b(w)

d2 d
w1,2 = w0 1 +
m , ,
4
2

. 6.5

b1 = b2 = 1/(2r). , w2 w1 = w0d.
I(w) U = const, r = const, L = const C = const

2

I (w) = U
r + wL
wC

, . 6.5. 1
UL(w) = I(w) wL. w = 0 UC(w) = I(w)
wC
I = 0, , ,
(UC = U).
w = I = 0, , , (UL = U). w = w0 UL = UC,
, r (Ur = Ir = U). d < l, UC = UL > U. UC ,
2

306

2.

w0, . . I, UC I 1/(wC). UL , w0, . . I, UL wL.

,
I, UL UC , , .

.

h = w/w0
I/I0, I0 = U/r w0 = 1/ LC
. 6.6
.
1
I
U U r
r
1
= / = =
=
=
.
2
2
2
I0
z r
z
1

w L w w0
1
1
r 2 + wL 1 + 2 h -

1 + 0
C
w
h

d
w

r w0
,

I
(h) I0

h1,2 = m d 2 + d 2

1
h - = 2. h

4 + 1, ,

1
d. d I/I0 = 1/ 2. 1 + 2
d

h2 h1 = d. . 6.6 , ,
I
(h), ,
I0
, .
, ,
1
I>
I0, . . I 2 r, , 2
I 02 r . ,
1
1
I0, . . I 2 r < I 02 r. , I <
2
2

w
w0 (h 2 - h1 ) = w0 d = 0
Q
1
I0.
, I >
2

 6.

307

Dw = w w0
Dw/w0.
Dw
1 + 0,5
2
2
2
2
w0
1
w w0 w - w0 (w0 + Dw) - w0 2 Dw
h- =
=
=
=
.
w
D
h w0
w
w0 w
w0 w
w0
1+
w0
h . Dw/w0 << 1,
h-

1 2 Dw
,

h
w0

I0

1
2 Dw
Q
1 +
w0

2 Dw
Q .
j arctg
w0

2 Dw
Q .
w0
,
I
1

, j arctg a.
I0
1 + a2
=

,
j = 45.

6.4. g, L, C
,
(. 6.7) .
Y = g jb = yejj,
2

y=

1 1

+
- wC ;
r 2 wL

bL - bC
b
= arctg ,
j = arctg
g
g

g 2 + b2 =

g 2 + (bL - bC ) 2 =

j = 0 , b = bL bC = 0
1
- wC = 0; w2 LC = 1.
wL
, , , , , ,

308

2.

w0 =

; L0 =

1
1
; C0 = 2 .
w2 C
w L

LC
, , , . w0 .
. I = Uy

,
, , .
. 6.7.
, IL
IC ,
, , ,
. . 6.7
.


g < w0 C =

1
C
=
= g.
w0 L
L

C L,
g, .

Q=

I L0 I C 0 Uw0 C w0 C g
=
=
=
=
I0
I0
Ug
g
g

. Q . (. 6.2), d = 1/Q, ,
.

g, L C
r, L C. pL = pC,
. . pL + pC = 0. ,
iL = iC , , pL = uiL,
pC = uiC, pL = pC. , . ,
, . g.

 6.

309

6.5.
g, L, C
j
. 6.8. . (. 6.9)
1
C
wC = (w20 w2)
b = b L bC =
wL
w
w = 0 w = , b = , w = w0, b = 0.
6.3 b(w), , db/dw < 0, . ,
db
1
= - 2 - C < 0.
dw
w L
r, L, C,
(. 6.8 6.9). w < w0
(b > 0, j > 0), w > w0 (b < 0,
j < 0). , g = 0, w = w0 j +p/2 p/2, . .
(. 6.9).

. 6.8

. 6.9

. 6.10

x
g
b
1
1
Z = =
= 2
+j 2
= r + jx.
2
Y
g - jb g + b
g + b2
wC
1
. x(w)
g = 0, x = = 2
b w0 - w2
. 6.10. , dx/dw > 0. -

310

2.

. ,
.
(g 0)
x(w) , . 6.10 . x(w) w = w0 ,
. w = w0
g
1
z=r= 2
= = rQ = w0 LQ.
2
g
g +b
Q .
, ,
g
r = 2
(. . 6.10).
g + b2
U(w) I = const, g = const, L = const C = const

2

U (w) = I / g +
- wC
wL

, . 6.11. U (w)
IL(w) =
IC(w) = U(w) wC. w = 0
wL
U = 0, , , (IL = I). w = U = 0,
, ,
(IC = I). w = w0
IC = IL, ,
I g (Ig = Ug = I).
d < 1,
IC = IL > I. IL IC
U , .
U

(h), U0 = I/g h = w/w0, U0
, ,
h2 h1 = d, h2 h1 , U/U0 = 1/ 2.
r, L, C, , , .
. 6.5 6.11 . ,
,
. . ,
2

 6.

311

: , , , , ,
, (. 6.12). , , .

. 6.11

. 6.12

I II . CI = DII DI = CII
. . , (Y1 + Y2 = Y) (Z1 + Z2 = Z) .
Dl I lD II. ( ) I
( ) (,
, ) II
( ). (
) Z Y, e ,
, , ( ) I (
) II.

6.6. ,

,
. I&1 , (. 5.11), I&1 = I& E& 11 = E& , I&
E& , ,
D
I& = 11 E& = Y E& ,
D
. .
D 11
D
= Y Z = jx =
.
D
D 11
D n ,
, n n ; D11 ,

312

2.

(n 1) (n 1) . D D11

j
1
1

Z ii = jx ii = jwL ii +
= w2 L ii C ii
jwC ii w

j 2
1
w L kq
C kq
w

. . j/w .
,
Z kq = jx kq =

Z = jx =

( j w) n D
j D
D
=
=
,
n -1
D 11 ( j w) D 11 w D 11

x =

1 D
,

w D 11

. , D D 11,
D D 11
w2 L ii -

1
C ii

w2 L kq -

1
.
C kq

w, D D 11

x =

a2 n w2 n + a2 n -2 w2 n -2 +K + a0
w(b2 n -2 w2 n -2 + b2 n -4 w2 n -4 +K + b0 )

(w1, w3, ..., w2n1)

(w2, w4, . . ., w2n2),
,
x =

a2 n (w2 - w12 )(w2 - w23 )L (w2 - w22 n -1 )

.
b2 n -2 w(w2 - w22 )(w2 - w24 )L (w2 - w22 n -2 )

, , j = p/2. j = 0, j +p/2 p/2

p/2 +p/2 .
, j(w) ,
. 6.13.
x = 0 x = , . . x , , 6.3, 6.5.
, . 6.13
x(w) w, . .

 6.

313

dx
> 0,
dw
. x .
, x, ( ), , ( ) , ,
+ ( ). x
, .
w1, w2, ... , ,
0 < w1 < w2 < w3 < K< w2 n -1 .
x ,
, w , ,
.
,
. , a2n = 0, b2n2 0; . , , . w
, , . , :
,
, x 0 w (. 6.14 6.15). , . , x 1/w, . .
.
(. 6.16 6.17), w

. 6.14

. 6.15

. 6.16

, , . ,

314

2.

x w, . . . w w,
, .
, , . ,
w = 0 w = ,
. 6.146.17.

. 6.17

. 6.18

x(w) b(w) ,
x(w) , , b(w) , . . 6.18 , . 6.14.

6.7.
L, C
.
(. 6.5), g 0 , , g = 0. ,
, g = 0.
. . z, r, x w
. 6.19.
w0
, . . QL = w0L/rL.

 6.

315

, w0
, . .
QC = 1/(w0CrC).


,
j. , . z(w), j(w), r(w), x(w),
g(w), b(w), y(w) ,
,
. . 11.

, . 6.20.
. 6.19


1
1
1
1
Y = Y1 + Y2 =
+
=
+
=
Z 1 Z 2 r1 + jwL r2 - j1 / (wC)
=

r1
2
1

r +w L

wL
- j 2

2 2
r + 1 / (w C )
r1 + w L
r2

2
2

1 / (wC)
= g - jb.
2 2
r + 1 / (w C )
2
2

b = 0,
w0 =

L
2
- r1
C
LC
1

L
2
/ - r2
C

, r1 = r2 = r = L C. b w2LC. ,
r12 = r22 = L/C,
1 / (wC)
1 / (wC)
wL
=
=
.
2
2 2
2 2
1 / (w C ) + L C 1 / (w2 C 2 ) + r22
r1 + w L
w
, . . . ,
r.
u = Um sin wt i1 i1 = I1m sin (wt j1), i2 uC

. 6.20

316

2.

i2 = I 2 m sin(w t - j 2 ) uC = U Cm sin(w t - j 2 - p / 2).

r1 = r2 = L C tg j1 = wL/r1 = w LC
r2
p
1

tg j 2 + = - ctg j 2 = =
= w LC .
tgj 2 1 (wC)
2

, j1 = j2 + p/2, , . . . ,

, , r1 r2. ,
, r1 r2.
,
r1 r2.
, , ,
6.2 6.4.
, , . 6.20,
r2 = 0.
, .
b = 0 w0 = 1 ( LC ) - r12 L2 .

r=

r2
1 r12 + w20 L2
L
=
=
=
= rQ.
g
r1
r1C
r1

. Q
r.
r1 = r2 = L C
, ,
g1(w), g2(w) b1(w) b2(w), . .
,
r C (. 6.21)
r, L,
r1 = r2 = r = L C. . 6.21

 6.

, r . ,
, . 6.21,

, . 6.20,
, . 6.22.
.

.

317

. 6.22

6.8. -
, . 6.23. -
.
. , ,

. 6.23
w1 =

1
L1C1

w2 =

1
L 2C2

1
+ jwMI&2 ;
U& 1 = I&1 r1 + j wL1 C
w
1

1 &
I 2 .
- jwMI&1 = j wL 2 wC 2

I&2 I&1 ,

&
w2 M 2
1
= I 1 [r1 + jx1 ].
U& 1 = I&1 r1 + j wL1 wC1 wL 2 - 1 (wC 2 )

, . . x1 = 0,

1
wL1 wC1

1
wL 2 wC 2

= w2 M 2 .

(wL1wL2) ,
(1 - w12 w2 )(1 - w22 w2 ) = k 2 ,
k2 = M 2/(L1L2) , k2 < 1.

318

2.

w, w0 w0 ,
,
w =

(w12 + w22 ) m (w12 + w22 ) 2 - 4(1 - k 2 )w12 w22

2(1 - k 2 )

w w0 , w0 .
w1 = w2 =
= w0, w0 w0 w = w0 (1 m k)(1 - k 2 ), . .

w0 =

w0
1+ k

; w0 =

w0
1- k

w0 < w0 < w0 .
w0 w0 r1, I1 : I1 = U1/r1.
w = w0 x1 = I1 = 0. : w0 x2 = wL2
1/(w2) = 0, r2 = 0 z2 = 0.
, I&2
jwMI&1 , . .
I1 = 0. I&2 , jwMI&2 ,
I1 = 0.

.
. 6.24
I1(w) U1 = const,
x1(w). x1(w)
w = 0, w = w0 w = . w = w0
w = w0 .
dx1/dw > 0 .
. 6.24
r2 0.
, I1 = F1(w) , , .

6.9.

, .
, ,
, -

 6.

319

,
.

,
.
.
, ,
.

, . .
.
.
,
, . , , ,
. . , , . , ,
,
,
. . .
, , .
, , . 6.24. , w0 w0
.
, .
, . ,
.
.

320

2.

, .

, , ,
.
,
, ,
.
,
. , , , .


,
. , ,

, .
, .
, , . , ,
,
.



7.1.
, ,
. , , . m.
, ,
.
. , m = 3 .
, ,
, , , .
, 4.1. . 4.2
4.3 , . ,
2p/3,
, p, 2p/(3p).
,
.
.
,
, q2p/m, q .
(m = 3) q = 1 , 2p/3 (. 7.1, ):
e1 = E m sin(wt + y); e2 = E m sin(wt + y - 2 p 3);
e3 = E m sin(wt + y - 4p 3).
,
E& 1 = E 1 e jy ; E& 2 = E& 1 e
e

2p
j
3

-j

2p
3

; E& 3 = E& 1 e

-j

4p
3

= a.
a=e

2p
3

4p

j
1
3
1
3
+j
; a2 = e 3 = - - j
;
2
2
2
2
a 3 = e j 2 p = 1; a 4 = a 1 + a + a 2 = 0.

=-

322

2.

E& 1 ; E& 2 = a 2 E& 1 ; E& 3 = aE& 1 ,

-j

2p
3

=e

4p
3

=a

-j

4p
3

=e

2p
3

= a.

. 7.1, , (1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, . . .). .

. 7.1

q = 2, (. 7.1, ), (1, 3, 2, 1, 3, 2, ).
E& ; E& = aE& ; E& = a 2 E& .
1

q = 0, (. 7.1, ), .
E& = E& = E& .
1

,
m
: E& = 0.
k =1

.
,
.
A, B, C a, b, c. (A, B, C, A, B, C, ...).
. , , , .
. , ,
, 2w, , , 4.7, -

 7.

323

2w. ,
, . . ,
, m (m > 2). k-
2 p
2p

pk = ek ik = 2 E sin wt - (k - 1) 2 I sin wt - (k - 1)
- j =
m
m

2p

= EI cos j - EI cos 2wt - 2(k - 1)

- j.
m

p =

p .
k =1

pk m > 2, ,
, . ,
m > 2
p=

EI cos j = mEI cos j = P = const,

k =1

. . , , , . ,
,
. ,
,
. . . , p/2, , .
.
.
.
. 7.2
.
0 . ,
0
0 , ,
, , . . 7.2
Y-.
,
.
. ,
. i0,

324

2.

. , ,
.
. 7.3 .
. D-.
, i1, i2, i3, ,
. , . ,
. 7.3
, .

,
. , .
, .
, , . , ,
, . 7.2
7.3. , . 7.2,
, . 7.4
:
u12 = u10 + u 02 = u 02 - u 01 ; u 23 = u 03 - u 02 ; u 31 = u 01 - u 03 .
(. 7.3), ,
, :
i1 = i21 - i13 ; i2 = i32 - i21 ; i3 = i13 - i32 .

U& = U& - U& ; U& = U& - U& ; U& = U& - U&
12

02

01

23

03

02

31

01

03

I& = I& - I& ; I& = I& - I& ; I& = I& - I& .
1

21

13

32

21

13

32

, (. 7.4),
:

I = I ; U = 3U ;

 7.

325

U = U; I = 3 I.
,
, ,
, :
P = 3U I cos j = 3 U I cos j .
,
Q = 3U I sin j = 3 U I sin j .

7.2.

. 5 ,
, , .
,
. 7.5,
, ,
.
,
.
0 0
. 7.5
U& 00' (Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y0 ) = & 1 + & 2 + & 3 ,

Y1 =

1
;
Z 1 + Z 1

Y2 =

1
;
Z 2 + Z 2

Y3 =

1
;
Z 3 + Z 3

Y0 =

1
Z0

,
& 1 = E& 1Y1 ; & 2 = E& 2Y2 ; & 3 = E& 3Y3 .

E& Y + E& 2Y2 + E& 3Y3

U& 00' = 1 1
.
Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y0
, . ,
Z1, Z2, Z3.
, . .
E& 1 = U& 01 ; E& 2 = U& 02 ; E& 3 = U& 03 ,

326

2.

U& Y + U& 02Y2 + U& 03Y3

U& 00' = 01 1
.
Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y0
:
I&0 = U& 00'Y0 ; I&1 = (U& 01 - U& 00' )Y1 ; I&2 = (U& 02 - U& 00' )Y2 ; I&3 = (U& 03 - U& 00' )Y3 .
Y0 = 0 U& 00' .

, , . 0 , 1 (. 7.5).
U& 01 = U& 11 = 0, U& 02 = U& 12 , , U& 03 = U& 13 = -U& 31
. , U& 12 + U& 23 + U& 31 = 0. U& 00' = U& 10' ,
U& Y - U& 31Y3
U& 10' = 12 2
.
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
I&1 = U& 10 Y1 . , 0 2 3 U& 20 U& 30 .
(. 7.6), , ,
. c ,
U& 12 , U& 2 3 , U& 3 1
, U& 12 = U& 0 2 - U& 0 1 .

. . 7.6
,
.
,
, .
. 7.7
, . 7.5.
. . 7.7
, ,
. -

 7.

327

,
. , , .

.
, , 5.18.

,
, .

, .
.

,
. , .

.

7.3.
, ,
. . . 7.8

. , . , ,
I I . i1 .
,
1.
. 7.8
. 2p/3. , i1 .
, , .

328

2.

, . ,
. 7.9.
. 7.9 .
A , , a,
.
.

,
.
. 7.9
, .
B(a) a, , . 7.9.
.
i1 = Im cos wt.
,
, .
A t
B1 = B m cos wt cos a .
, . . i2 = Im cos (wt 2p/3) i3 = Im cos (wt 4p/3).
2p/3, A
a + 2p/3 a + 4p/3.
A t, i2 i3 ,
B 2 = B m cos (wt - 2 p/ 3)cos (a + 2 p/ 3);
B 3 = B m cos (wt - 4p/ 3)cos (a + 4p/ 3).
, A t
, , . .
B = B1 + B 2 + B 3 .
,

 7.

B=

Bm
2

329

4p
8 p

3 cos (wt + a) + cos (wt - a) + cos wt - a - 3 + cos wt - a - 3 =

3
= B m cos (wt + a).
2

A w, . . a = wt + a0.
3
3
B = B m cos (wt + a) = B m cos a 0 = const.
2
2
, ,
A . ,
w ,
3 2 Bm. . .
, , .
, , , , w,
B1 = B m cos wt cos a =

Bm
B
cos (wt + a) + m cos (wt - a).
2
2

7.4.

,
: , ,
.
, , E& A , E& B E& C
(. 7.10). A, B C, 0,
1 2 . E& A , E& B E& C
, (E& 0 , E& 0 , E& 0 ), (E& 1 , a 2 E& 1 , aE& 1 ) (E& 2 , aE& 2 , a 2 E& 2 ).

330

2.

E& A = E& 0 + E& 1 + E& 2 ;

2
E& B = E& 0 + a E& 1 + aE& 2 ;
E& C = E& 0 + aE& 1 + a 2 E& 2 .

(*)

. 7.10
2p
3

1
3
+j
,
2
2
2p/3, . .
2p/3.

E& 0 , E& 0 , E& 0 , E& 1 , a 2 E& 1 , aE& 1 E& 2 , aE& 2 , a 2 E& 2 , E& 0 , E& 1 E& 2 , E& A
A.
(*) E& 0 , E& 1 E& 2
E& A , E& B E& C ,
, 1 + a + a2 = 0, a 3 = 1 a 4 = a.
E& 0 (*)
.
E& 1 , (*) , a a2, .
E& 2 , (*) , a2 a, .
,
a , 7.1, a = e

=-

 7.

E& 0 = (E& A + E& B + E& C );

E& 1 = (E& A + aE& B + a 2 E& C );

3

1 &
2 &
&
&
E 2 = (E A + a E B + aE C ).

331

(**)

(**) E& 0 , E& 1

&
E 2 E& A , E& B E& C . (*)
E& A , E& B E& C ,
E& 0 , E& 1 E& 2 .
. 7.10 E& 0 , E& 1 E& 2
E& A , E& B E& C . (**).
.
(**) . 7.10 , , . .
. .

7.5.


, ,
. , , . .
.
, , ,
. Z0, Z1 Z2 , .
, , , , , . ,
Z1 Z2, . , , ,
, -

332

2.

. , , .
Z0 Z1 Z2. , ( )
Z1 Z 2 Z 3 .
,
, , , . Z1, Z2 Z0 , ; ,
Z1 Z2 .
, ,
, .
. . ,
, . . , ,

. , .
, , , , Z00,
. , . . E& 0 = 0, E& 1 = E& E& 2 = 0. , ,
Z0, Z1 Z2 , , , , Z0 Z1 Z2.
(. 7.11) (U& A , U& B U& C ) , (I&A , I&B I&C ) . U& 0 , U& 1 , U& 2 I&0 , I&1 I&2 ,
(*)
0 = I& Z + U& ; E& = I& Z + U& ; 0 = I& Z + U& .
0

, .

 7.

333

, .
, , . . , ,
U& 0 , U& 1 U& 2 , , , U& A , U& B U& C . , ,
,
E& A = -U& A ,
E& B = -U& B E& C = -U& C , . . ,
U& A , U& B U& C . .
I&0 , I&1 , I&2 , U& 0 , U& 1 U& 2 , , ,
. 7.11
I&A , I&B , I&C , U& A , U& B U& C . ,
, .
& Z 0, Z1, Z2 I& , I& ,
E,
A
B
&I , U& , U& , U& , C
A
B
C
, , .
A ( . 7.11).

,
U& A = 0; I&B = 0; I&C = 0,
&
&
&
&
U = U + U + U = 0, , (*),
A

E& = I&0 Z 0 + I&1 Z 1 + I&2 Z 2 ,

, , I&B = I&C = 0
I&0 = I&1 = I&2 = 13 I&A ,
1
3E&
E& = I&A (Z 0 + Z 1 + Z 2 ) I&A =
.
Z 0 + Z1 + Z 2
3


&
I& Z
EZ
I& Z
E& (Z 0 + Z 2 )
0
U& 0 = - A 0 = ;
; U& 1 = E& - A 1 =
Z 0 + Z1 + Z 2
3
3
Z 0 + Z1 + Z 2
&
I& Z
EZ
2
,
U& 2 = - A 2 = 3
Z 0 + Z1 + Z 2
U& B U& C .

334

2.

,
, I&A .
, A ,
. Z, I&A :
E&
I&A =
.
Z 00 + Z
. ,
Z 0 = 3Z 00 + Z ; Z 1 = Z ; Z 2 = Z .
, Z00
, .
, , 3Z00,
I&0 . Z0, Z1 Z2
I&A ,
E&
3E&
3E&
I&A =
,
=
=
Z 0 + Z 1 + Z 2 3Z 00 + Z + Z + Z Z 00 + Z
. . , . ,
. , , . ,
3E&
I&A =
Z 0 + Z1 + Z 2
I&A . E&
, I&A =
Z 00 + Z
Z, .
, , .



,

8.1.


,
. , . , ,
, , , , , , ,
. ,

e (t) = E 0 + E 1m sin(wt + y 1 ) + E 2 m sin(2wt + y 2 ) +

+ E 3 m sin(3wt + y 3 ) +K + E km sin(kwt + y k ) +K
E0 ; E1m sin (wt + y1) , , ; Ekm sin (kwt + yk) k (k- ); Ekm yk k-
.
, , , . .
. ,
.
, , , .
.
E km sin(kwt + y k ) = E km cos y k sin kwt + E km sin y k cos kwt = B k sin kwt + C k cos kwt.
,

k =1

k =1

e(t) = E 0 + B k sin kw t + C k cos kw t.

E0 Bk Ck,
,
T

E0 =

1
2
2
e (t)d t; B k = e (t)sin kwtd t; C k = e (t)cos kwtd t.

T 0
T 0
T 0

336

2.

Bk Ck, k- :
E km = B k2 + C k2 tg y k = C k B k .
.
Bk
Ck , . , ,
.
, Bk Ck
. ,

Bk =
Ck =

2
T
2
T

wT
p

wT
sin kn
p

wT
p

wT
cos kn
p

f (t)sin kw td t p f n
n =1

f (t)cos kw td t p f n
0

n =1

T p p
wT
f n
,
p

n = 1, 2, 3, . . ., p.


.

, . , .
, ,
, ,
, .
,
.
, . , .
3,
.
. ,

.

 8.

337

:
e = e0 + e1 + e2 + e3 +K + ek +K ;
u = u 0 + u1 + u 2 + u 3 +K + u k +K
i0, i1, i2, i3, . . ., ik, . . ., e0, e1, e2, e3, . . ., ek, . . ., u0, u1, u2, u3, . . ., uk, . . . .
,
:
i = i0 + i1 + i2 + i3 +K + ik +K
,
,
, .
.
,
. ,
.
, i
r, L, C ,
u . u
u = u 0 + u1 + u 2 + u 3 +K+ u k +K,
u0 , uk = Ukm sin (kwt + yuk) k- .
, . . i0 = 0,
. k-

ik = I km sin(kwt + y uk - j k ),

I km =

U km
1

r 2 + kwL
kwC

j k = arctg

kwL r

1
kwC .

:
i = i1 + i2 + i3 +K + ik +K
,
xk = kwL 1/(kw), , zk = r 2 + x k2 ,
jk = arctg (xk/r) .
i u.

338

2.

, . 8.1. i
.


. 8.1

i0 =

u0
,
r1 + r2

u0 u.
. k- uk = Ukm sin (kwt + yuk) u.
k-
U& km = U km e jyuk .
k- . ,
, , ,
. Zk
Z k ,2 Z k ,3
Z k = Z k ,1 +
,
Z k ,2 + Z k ,3
. 8.1
Z k ,1 = r1 + jkwL1 ; Z k ,2 = r2 + jkwL 2 ; Z k ,3 = r3 - j

1
.
kwC 3

k-
U&
U e jyuk U
j( y - j )
I&km = km = km jj = km e uk k = I km e jyik .
k
Zk
zk
zk e

k- : ik = Ikm sin (kwt + yik).
k , (k = 1) (k = 2, 3, . . .) , ,
. :
i = i0 + i1 + i2 + i3 +K + ik +K

8.2.

, , , , ,
. , .

 8.

339

i u , r, .
Ikm = Ukm/r , , Ikm/I1m = Ukm/U1m, . . .
, , .
,
. , , . , ,
,
.
L r = 0.
kw k- z k = kwL, . .
. ,
U
I km 1 U km
.
I km = km
=
kwL
I 1m
k U 1m
, ,
, , . , . , ,
, .
, , . ,
, .
. zk = 1/(kwC)
.
I km
U
I km = kwCU km
= k km ,
I 1m
U 1m
. . , , , . ,
.
, , , .
, , k = q , , , , .
L C. , q u
,

340

2.

(. 8.2) L C , qwL = 1/(qwC).

L C, qw, , L0 (. 8.3), q ,
L, C,
. q, u,
L0. , L, C, . u , , L, C
, L0 .
,
. ,
, .
L0 L, C , . 8.4,
, .

. 8.2

. 8.3

. 8.4

. 8.5

q , , , .
L C. , q u ,
(. 8.5) L
C , qwC = 1/(qwL).
,
,
. , .
,
.

8.3. ,

4.2
:

 8.

341

1 2
i dt .
T 0

I =

i(t) ,
T

1
1
I = i 2 dt = (i0 + i1 + i2 +K + ik +K ) 2 dt =
T 0
T 0
2

k =

T i

k =0

2
k

dt =

k =

k =0

2
k

k =

s =

q =
1
1
T ik2 dt + T iq is dt =
q=0
k =0
0
0
s =0

= I 02 + I 12 + I 22 +K + I k2 +K,

q s
T

iq is dt = I qm I sm sin(qwt + y q )sin(swt + y s )dt =

=

T
1
I qm I sm cos[(q - s)wt + y q - y s ] dt - cos[(q + s)wt + y q + y s ] dt = 0.
2

0
0

, q s (q s) (q + s) . .
,
k =

I =

k =0

2
k

= I 02 + I 12 + I 22 +K + I k2 +K,

. .
.
:
U =

k =

k =0

2
k

E =

k =

k =0

2
k

8.4.


(. 4.6),
T

P =

1
1
ui dt = (u 0 + u1 + u 2 +K + u k +K )(i0 + i1 + i2 +K + ik +K )dt =

T 0
T 0
k =

s =

q =
1
1
= u k ik dt + u q is dt =
k =0 T 0
q=0 T 0
s =0

k =

T u

k =0

i dt =

k k

k =

P ,

k =0

342

2.

, ,
T

i dt = 0 q s.

q s

,
P =

k =

k =0

= P0 + P1 + P2 + K + Pk +K =

= U 0 I 0 + U 1 I 1 cos j1 + U 2 I 2 cos j 2 + K + U k I k cos j k + K ,

. . .
,
, ,
i2 ik2 , u2 uk2 p = ui pk , iqi s, uqu s uqi s q s .
T , , .
, , ,
l
P = UIl,
. .
k =

P
l=
=
UI

P
k =0

k =

U
k =0

2
k

k
k =

I
k =0

.
2
k

l , , .
l < 1.
,
, . . ,
, 4.6,
j (l = cos j).
, ,
.
, .
, . .

 8.

343

, , ,
-
, , (, k = 5, 11, . . .) , , .
, . ,
, .
, ,
, , . .
.
.

8.5.

, .
2p/3, 2p , . k- k ,
k-
k2p/3. , ,
, . . (k = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, . . .),
, 2p, , . .
.
, k 1 (k = 4, 7, 10, 13, . . .), ,
, .
, k + 1 (k = 2, 5, 8, 11, . . .), .

.
, .
.
, . , , , . .

. ,
.
, . ,

344

2.

, ,
,
, , .
, , , , .
, ,
k = 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 25, . . .
, ,
, . , . 3. . U1,
U2, U3, ... . ,
, , 3
,
3 U 12 + 0 + U 52 + U 72 + 0 + U 112K
U
=
<
U
U 12 + U 32 + U 52 + U 72 + U 92 + U 112 K

3.

, ,
. , , . ,
. , ,
.
, , , , .
, .

. , (k 1) , , . , , , . ,
(k + 1) , ,
.

8.6.

.

 8.

345

(. 8.6),
f (t) = - f (t + T 2),
. .
.

. 8.6

. 8.7

,
, . , ,
, T/2 , . , .
. ,
, , ,
. . , .

.

, . 8.7.

f (t) =

2A T
1
1

sin wt sin wt + 2 sin 3wt sin 3wt + 2 sin 5wt sin 5wt +K ,
2
p t
3
5

,
Bk Ck. t = T/4 ,

f (t) =

8A
1
1

sin wt - 2 sin 3wt + 2 sin 5wt -K .

p2
3
5

t = 0 ,

346

2.

f (t) =

4A
1
1

sin wt + sin 3wt + sin 5wt +K .

2
3
5
p

,
.

. 8.9

. 8.8

. . 8.8
, .
f(t) = f(t). ,
B1 = B 2 = B 3 = K = B k = K = 0

f (t) = A 0 + C1 cos wt + C 2 cos 2wt + C 3 cos 3wt +K + C k cos kwt +K
(. 8.9),
f(t) = f(t).
A 0 = C1 = C 2 = C 3 = K = C k = K = 0

f (t) = B1 sin wt + B 2 sin 2wt + B 3 sin 3wt + K + B k sin kwt + K
,
, . . ,

.

8.7.
.
. 11 .
k =

f (t) = A 0 + (B k sin kwt + C k cos kwt).

k =1

A0, Bk Ck 0 T, T/2 +T/2.

+T 2

A0 =

1
2
f (t)dt; B k =

T -T 2
T

+T 2

-T 2

f (t)sin kwt dt; C k =

2
T

w = 2p/T .

+T 2

-T 2

f (t)cos kwt dt,

 8.

347

sin a =

1
1
j(-e ja + e - ja ) cos a = (e ja + e - ja ),
2
2

B k sin kwt + C k cos kwt =

1
(C k - jB k )e jkwt + (C k + jB k )e - jkwt
2

Bk Ck
C k - jB k =

2
T

+T 2

f (t)e - jkwt dt; C k + jB k =

-T 2

2
T

+T 2

f (t)e jkwt dt.

-T 2

,
k =

(B
k =1

sin kwt + C k cos kwt) =

=

q =

T e
q =1

jqwt

+T 2

k =

T e
k =1

jkwt

+T 2

-T 2

f (t)e - jqwt dt +

-T 2

k =

+T 2

1 - jkwt
e
f (t)e jkwt dt =

k =1 T
-T 2

f (t)e - jkwt dt +
q =-1

Te

q =-

jqwt

+T 2

f (t)e - jqwt dt.

-T 2

k q, k ( q)
. ,
,
q 1,
k +1 +.
,
A0 =

+T 2
1 jqwt +T 2

1
- jqwt
=
f
(
t
)
dt
e
f
(
t
)
e
dt

T -T 2
T
q =0
-T 2

f(t)

1 q =+ jqwt
e F ( jqw),

T q =-

(*)

+T 2
- jqwt

F ( jqw) = f (t)e
dt.

-T 2

f(t) . k- ( q = +k q = k),
:
f (t) =

1 jkwt
1
2

e F ( jkw) + e - jkwt F (- jkw) = Re F ( jkw) e jkwt .

T
T
T

F(jkw) = F(kw)e jak ,

348

2.

2
2
2
Re F ( jkw) e jkwt = F (kw) cos (kwt + a k ) = F (kw) sin(kwt + y k ),
T
T
T
yk = p/2 + ak.
,
2
2
F (kw) e jyk = j F (kw) e jak =
T
T
k-
A& = A e jyk ,

2
F ( jkw)
T

2
F (kw).
T

.

. , ,
.

, Ak yk .
Ak > 0, yk ,
.
. 8.10

, - - .
. 8.10 -
, . 8.7, t = 0.
Ak =

8.8.
,
, , , .
, .
.
.
: i1 = Im sin w1t i2 = Im sin w2t, , , w1 w2 ,
:
w1 - w2 < w1

w1 - w2 < w2 .

 8.

349

w - w2
w + w2
i = i1 + i2 = I m (sin w1 t + sin w2 t) = 2 I m cos 1
t sin 1
t.
2
2
w - w2 w1 + w2
1
, i
<
2
2
w + w2
1
, 2

w1 - w2
2Im cos
t .
2

,
w - w2
cos 1
t ,
2

w + w2
1
p.
2
w + w2
= 26/3, . .
. 8.11 1
w1 - w2
w1/w2 = 29/23 w2/w1 = 23/29.
f
,
. , T = 1/f (. 8.11)
. , w - w2
cos 1
t.
2
,
. . 8.11

w - w2
cos 1
t, . . 6T,
2
w - w2
sin 1
t,
2
p 6.
, .
w1/w2 , , , . , T
.

350

2.

w1 w2
. , D w = w1 w2 w1 w2.
i = f(t) , i = f(t), , , 8.3.
I
i = f(t) t >> T, I
, w1 w2. ,
Im
t

I =

I
1 2
i (t)dt m

t0
2

Im
+
2

2I

= I m = m ,
2

. . , , .

8.9.
,
, .
i = I m sin wt = I 0 (1 + m sin Wt)sin wt,
W w,
. m, 0 < m < 1, . ,
w, W (. 8.12).
.
w
W, .
,
. 8.12
.

i = I 0 sin wt +

1
1
mI 0 cos(w - W)t - mI 0 cos(w + W)t,
2
2

 8.

351

, .
w,
w W w + W, . W << w,
. .
.
,
.
t >> 2p/W,
t

I =

I
1 2
i dt 0
t 0
2

I
m I0 m I0
+
+
= 0
2
2
2
2
2

2 + m2
.
2

m = 0, . . , I = I0/ 2, i . m = 1, . . I
, I = 0 15
, .
2
,
,
w, y i. , , .

, 6, 7 8
6.1.
r, L, C

1. c. 6.1 :
) ; ) ; )
; ) ; ) ?
2. ULC LC ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ()
(c. 6.1), ,
, ) ; ) ; ) ; ) r ; ) r ?
6. () (c. 6.1) : )
c. 6.1
; ) ,
?
7. ( ) (. 6.1) ?

1. , , (c. 6.1)
: ) r 1,5 ; ) L 2 ; ) C 3 ; ) 2 ?
2. () U = 220 B , w0, Q = 20 r = 100 31 ?
3. () UC 1000 ,
. ,
10%
?
4. () w1 w2
(c. 6.1),
, .

, 6, 7 8

353

5. () (c. 6.1) w1 w2 . .
6. () c , , , .
7. (c. 6.1) L C , . L .
8. ()
UC(w) UL(w) (c. 6.1)
U = const ?
9. (c. 6.1)
(t) = m sin wt. UC(w), UL(w), U(w)
c. 6.2
.
10. () , w0 (. 6.1) UL > 1 / 2 Ur , UL(w) .
11. , c. 6.2, . K
?

6.2. g, L, C

1. ( )
, c. 6.3, ?
2. ( ) ?
3. () , (. 6.3), 5 , Q = 4,
I 2 ?
4. IL = f1(L), IC = f2(L),
I = f3(L) (c. 6.3) ?
5. r, L, C?
6. () (. 6.3)
, ?
7. ( )
(. 6.3)

c. 6.3

354

, 6, 7 8

? r = 1/g
?

1. () (. 6.3) L = 10 ,
= 1 . g, : ) IC 2 ; ) 4; )
Ig IC ; ) w = 2w0 0,5 (w0 ).
2. d (. 6.3) : ) g 1,5 ; ) L 2 ; ) C 3 . C 1 6.1.
3. IL = f1(C), IC = f2(C), I = f3(C)
(c. 6.3) .
4. ( w = 0 w ) Ig, IL, IC
(. 6.3) .

Ig

IL

IC

w=0
w
5. () (c. 6.3) w0. ?
: I ? Ig? IL? IC , , :
) w = w0 d > 1; ) w = w0 d < 1.
6.
(c. 6.3) I = const, .
7. (c. 6.3) : w0 , . .
8. (c. 6.3)? ( .)
9. (c. 6.3) w0 = 103 .
C, 500 .
10. (. 6.3) 103 500 .

c. 6.2.

, 6, 7 8

355

1. , c. 6.3.

.
2. , x(w) (. 6.3)
(g 0).
3. , IL(w) IC(w)
(c. 6.3) w0 .
4. () , g = 0 (c. 6.3)
dx/dw > 0.
5. () (c. 6.3) .
.
6. w1 w2 (c. 6.3), .

6.3. ,

1. () x(w) , ,
. ? .
2. , ,
: x(w):
) ; ) ; ) .
3. x(w),
, : ) ; ) ; ) LC ; ) LC
? .
4. () :
) n , L C;
) n ,
L C.
, ?
5. () x(w) , , 2 3 . b(w)
?

356

, 6, 7 8

1. () c. 6.4
x(w) b(w).
b(w) x(w).

c. 6.4

2. () x(w) , L1C1 L2C2, . , .

3. x(w) , , . .

c. 6.5

4. ()
c. 6.5 ,
.

, 6, 7 8

357

1. () , , , ,
x(w).
2. () x(w) ,
, . .

6.4.

1. () K(w) = U2 (w)/U1(w) j(w) = y u2 (w) - y u1 (w) , c. 6.6.

, , .

c. 6.6

2. () U (w)
- K(w) =
U (w)
c. 6.7 1?
c. 6.7
U ( jw)

3. () F1(w) = Re 2
U 1( jw)
U ( jw)
. 6.6 F2(w) = Im 2
U 1( jw)
, , , , , . U ( jw)
- K(jw) = 2
.
U 1( jw)
4. ()
U (w)
= F (lg w) c. 6.6 ( , , , ) .
20 lg 2
U 1(w)
w 0 w .

, 6, 7 8

358

6.5.

1. (O) . 6.8
.

c. 6.8

2. C = 106 w = 104 c1
1
Q =
= 2000 (r ). wC r
, , ) ; ) .
3. 4
wL
(r
1 w = 103 c1. Q =
r
), 0,1 .
1
wL
, c. 6.9,
4. Q =
=
r
w r
,
, , , QC QL.

c. 6.9

c. 6.10

5. r , (c. 6.10) (L = 103 ,

= 10 ).
6. (c. 6.11) r1 r2?

, 6, 7 8

359

7. r1, (c. 6.11,

r2 = 0) ?
8. , ,
?
c. 6.11
9. uL uC , c. 6.8, , , ?
10. () I1(w) I2(w)
(c. 6.12) k = 0.
(w)?
11. () c. 6.13 (M > 0).

c. 6.12

c. 6.13

12. () , c. 6.14
(L = 103 , = 105 , M = 5104 , r = 1 ).

c. 6.14

13. , c. 6.14
.

7.1.

1. ?
2. 6- ?
3. () ?
4.
?

360

, 6, 7 8

5. () .
, , ?
6. ?
7. ?
8. : ) ; )
?

1. () 6- , .
6- , .
2. () :
) i1 = 20 2 sin wt, i2 = 20 2 sin (wt 2p/3), i3 = 20 2 sin (wt + 2p/3);
) i1 = 2 sin wt, i2 = 2 sin (wt p/2); ) i1 = 10 cos wt, i2 = 2 cos (wt p);
) i1 = 10 cos (wt + p/2), i2 = 10 cos (wt + p/2 + 2p/3), i3 = 10 cos (wt + p/2 + 4p/3);
) i1 = 10,1 sin (wt + y), i2 = 10 sin (wt + y 2p/3), i3 = 10 cos (wt + y 2p/3);
) i1 = sin wt, i2 = cos wt, i3 = sin (wt + p), i4 = cos (wt + p).
.
3. () e1, e2 e3, , . U V1V4 c. 7.1 , 220 .
I A2 , Z = (2,2 + j10) .

c. 7.1

, 6, 7 8

361

4. () c. 7.2 , , (E = 220 , Z = 10 + j10 ).

c. 7.2

1. ()
(ZA = ZB = ZC = 10 + j10 ) .
C : 1) ;
2) ; : ) ; ) .
, C U = 220 , w = 100p 1.
2. () ,
Q = 3P, P
(. 7.3).

362

, 6, 7 8

3. () , (c. 7.4).

c. 7.3

c. 7.4

c. 7.5

4. ,
Q = 3(P1 + P2), P1, P2 1, 2 (c. 7.5).

7.2.

1. ,
, ?
2. . , ?

c. 7.6

, 6, 7 8

363

3. I&0 ,
, . , ?
4. () I&0 .
: ) ; ) 2 ; ) 2 ?

1. () e1, e2, e3 (Em = 220 2 B).

,
c. 7.6. .
2. () E 1 = E 2 = E , Z 1 = Z 2 ,
E 1 E 2 90. Z1 (c. 7.7)
2,25 I1 =15 cos j1 = 0,75. E
c. 7.7
I0.

7.3.

1. () ( ), ? , ?
2. () -, -, ?
3. () , . .
, .
?
4. () : ) ; ) ;
) ?
?

1. () , c. 7.8. B(t) M. , B , (d = 1 ).
:
) i1 = 100 sin w t A, i2 = 100 sin (w t + p/2) A;
) i1 = 100 sin w t A, i2 = 100 sin (w t + 2p/3) A, i3 = 100 sin (w t 2p/3) A;
) i1 = 100 sin w t A, i2 = 100 sin (w t + p/2) A, i3 = 100 sin (w t + p) A,
i4 = 100 sin (w t + 3p/2) A.

364

, 6, 7 8

c. 7.8

2. R1 @ R2 = R
,
c. 7.9.
B(t) M, :
) i1 = Im sin wt, i2 = Im sin (wt + p/2);
) i1 = Im sin wt, i2 = Im sin (wt p/2).
. i
B = m0i/2R.

c. 7.9

7.4.

1.
?
2. , , 100 ?
3. () ? .
4. () , , ,
.
, : ) ? ) ? ) ? )
? ) ?

1. E& A , E& B , E& C , : ) (1 = 0, 2, 0 0); ) (2 = 0,

1, 0 0); ) (0 = 0, 1, 2 0).
2.
E& A , E& B , : ) ;
) .

, 6, 7 8

365

3. () , :
) iA = 2 sin wt, iB = 2 cos wt, iC = 2 sin (wt + p);
) eA = 10 sin wt, eB = 5 sin (wt + 2p/3), eC = 3 sin (wt 2p/3);
) uA = 5 sin wt, uB = 10 sin (wt + 2p/3), uC = 10 sin (wt 2p/3);
) iA = 10 sin wt, iB = 10 sin (wt + p/4), iC = 10 sin (wt p/4);
4. EA, EB, EC IA, IB, IC,
:
) E0 = E1 = E2 = 1 ;
) I&0 = j , I&1 = - j , I&2 = j ;
) I&0 = 1 , I&1 = 10 + j10 , I&2 = 10 j10 .

1. () , U
( r)
c. 7.10 : ) Z1 = z ejp/3,
Z2 = z e jp/3; ) Z1 = z e j5p/12,
c. 7.10
Z2 = z ejp/4. , I
A1 A2 , ,
Z1 = z ejp/2,
Z2 = z e jp/6, Z3 = z ejp/2.

8.1.

1. I0, Bk, Ck i(t)? yk

?
2. , : ) ; ) ; ) sin; ) cos?
3. () , ,
?
4. ,
c. 8.1?
c. 8.1

366

, 6, 7 8

5. ()
, c. 8.1?
6. ()
I&1 , I&2 , I&3 , ... I& ?
7.
? ,
?

1. () c. 8.2 i(t)
:
) ;
) ( );
) ( ).

c. 8.2

2. () :
:
) cos;
) sin;
) , :
1) ;
2) ;
3) .
3. () u(t), c. 8.3. -
.

c. 8.3

, 6, 7 8

367

4. () u (. 8.4),
, c. 8.3. U1m/Um, U3m/Um, U5m/Um r : T = 0,02 , r = 100 , L = 0,2 , C = 10 , r =1 , Um = 100 .

c. 8.4

5. () c. 8.5 . (5 )
(1)
(5 )
(1)
i1(t) i3(t). U
m U m I r1m I r1m .
:
u = 110 + 220 2 sin wt + 5 sin 5wt ,
r1 = 5 , wL2 = 2 , 1/wC2 = 50 ,
r3 = 20 , wL4 = 10 , 1/wC5 = 10 .
6. ,
. 8.6.
.
,
, :
) u = 160 sin wt + 160 + 48 sin 3wt;
) u = 96 sin wt + 20 sin 5wt;
) u = 240 sin wt + 100 sin 5wt;
) u = 125 sin wt + 25 sin 5wt.

c. 8.6

c. 8.5

368

, 6, 7 8

8.2.

1. (c. 8.7) .
,
? , :
) u = Um1 sin wt + Um3 sin3wt;
) u = Um1 sin wt + Um5 sin 5wt + Um7 sin 7wt;

c. 8.7

) u = U0 + Um3 sin 3wt?

2. ?
3.
?
4. LC , c. 8.8, w0 = qw1,
w1 , q , . q?
5. () ,
u = Um1 sin wt +
+ Um3 sin 3wt (r) (. 8.9)?

c. 8.8

c. 8.9

c. 8.10

6. () c. 8.10
U pm
r i =
sin pw0t
r
u = Uqm sin qw0t + Upm sin pw0t + Ukm sin kw0t
( q, p, k , , q < p < k).

8.3.
.

1. Um/U = 2
?

, 6, 7 8

369

2. , ?
3. () , ?
4. ()
(r = wL). ,
?
5. g L
(g = 1/wL). (ir iL) , ? , wC = g?
6. ?
7. , (r = wL), u = 10 + 10 cos wt. Ur = UL? UC > Ur, (1/wC = r)?
8.
LC. , u = U0 + Um sin (3wt + p/6) ? , ?
9. r, L, C u = U0 + Um1 sin wt. w :
) ; ) ?
10. () ,
U
, P = m I cos j ,
2
u = U0 + Um sin wt?
11.
, ?
12. () , c. 8.11. ( ) . , :
T
4
1 2
) U =
u dt , ) U = U k2 .

T 0
k =0

370

, 6, 7 8

c. 8.11

8.4.

1. , , , , ?
2. () , m- ?
3. , ,
?
4. , , ?

 ,
1.1. .

1. ,
, . , , r, R >> r,
, .
4. ) E 0. ,
. 0, 2 , ,
1. ) = 0,
. 0.
) E 0. = 0. = 0, . ) = 0,
. B E 0.

1.
B = Bx i + By j + Bz k f = q [vB], m = q(bBz cBy), n = q(cBx aBz), p = q(aBy bBx),
.
3. ab
. 1.1.
4.
r

1
E4pr = 4p r( r ) r 2 dr,
e 0

. 1.1

r(r), E(r).
r
1
2 r( r ) r 2 dr = const, r(r) r1.
r 0
r

1
2 r( r ) r 2 dr ra (a > 0) r( r ) r 2 dr r2a,
r 0
0
r(r) r1a.
E(r) f(r) r(r) r2[r 2f(r)] =

2
f(r) + f (r).
r

372

6. ) . ) ,
E = 0. )
, .

1. , s, ,
s/2e, e .
,
E = s/e E = 0.
5. r > R E = t/ 2pe0r , r = t/ 2pe0E. , r 1,5 c.
, 1,2 r 1,5 .
6. dEz A (. 1.2), tR dj,
dEz = dEcos a =

tRdj z
, Ez =
4per 2 r

2p

dE
0

tRz
2e (z 2 + R 2 ) 3

dE z
R
= 0 z = , Ez = 2,02103 /.
2
dz

7. , r r1 = r,
, ,
r, r1 = r. A (. 1.3,
, )
rr
rr
rr
rd
E =
cos a +
cos a =
(r cos a + r cos a ) =
= const.
3e
3e
3e
3e
A
rr
rr
rr
E =
sin a sin a =
(r sin a - r sin a ) = 0,
3e
3e
3e
rd
, , E = .
3e

. 1.2

. 1.3

373

8. , (. 1.4, ), :
r
rd
: (r cos a + r cos a1) =
= const,
3e
3e
r
: (r sin a r sin a1) = 0,
3e
r sin a = r sin a1. , rd
E =
.
3e

. 1.4

d (. 1.4, ) d cos a,
d 0 r s = rd cos a = sm cos a.
s
E = m .
3e

1.2. .

1. S1 , q. , S2 , S3 .
.
3. ,
. D , :
. ,

.

374

4. ,
D d S 2 = 0,
S2

q1 = q,
S2 . q2 = q1 = q, D d S1 = q.
S1

5. ,
. , .
6.
. ,
, , . D E .

1. D E Dx = exxEx,
Dy = eyyEy, Dz = ezzEz. .
e ,
; :
.
2. , . E
, ,

. D(r), E(r), P(r)
. 1.5
. 1.5.
4. ,
t
, E =
. 2 peR
t

E =
2 pe 0 R
er .

375

6. e1, e2 (. 1.6)
,
S . P d S = q
S

S1,
S2 S . , P d S = 0,
S6

- P1 d S + P2 d S = -q.
S1

S2

. 1.6
S1 S2 , (1 + 2)S = q, 1 2 =
= q/S = s. ,
, .

1.3.

1. ) , .
) ,
.
( ) ( ).
2. , . , ,
. . . .
3. , , ,
.
, .
4. , . ,
, .
.

376

7.

,
.

1. .
3. dD x
q
q
q
D x =
sin wt, D y =
cos wt, J x =
=
wcos wt,
2
2
dt
4pR
4pR
4pR 2
q
q
Jx = wsin wt J = J x2 + J y2 =
w.
2
4pR
4pR 2
w , q.
dD
4. J (t) J (t) =
. dt
J(t) = k = const; J(t) = aD0 exp ( at).
5. , t

Dx =

(t)dt + D x (0).

D(t) = (Jm/w) cos wt + D(0).

1.
r J(r) = gE(r) = i/2prl, i
.
u=

R2

R2

R1

R1

E dr =

R2

2 pglr dr = 2 pgl ln R

( )
i=

2 pglu
= 2 2 10 -2 sin 100 pt
ln(R 2 R1 )

G =

2 pgl
i
=
= 9,1 10 -5 .
u ln(R 2 R1 )

r = R1 r = R2
J = i/(2pR1l) = 1,12 10 -2 sin 100 pt /2 J = i/(2pR2l) = 5 ,6 10 -3 sin 100 pt /2.
= U 2G = 4,4 .

377

dE
dt
(r) = u/[r ln (R2/R1)]1
e
du
= 1,6 10 -3 cos 100 pt /2
J (R1 ,t) =

R1 ln R 2 /R1 dt

J(t) = e

J(R2, t) =

e
du
= 7 ,8 10 -4 cos 100 pt /2.

R2 ln R 2 /R1 dt

i = J (R1, t)2pR1l @ 3, 92 cos 100 pt .

2. , J(r) = i/(4pr2).

i
,
4pgR
R
u
R 3 = = 4pgR = 6 ,28 10 -2
i
u=

J (r ) dr

g=

= I 2R = 6 ,28 10 2 .
J (r) =

e di 6 , 3 10 -6
=
cos 100 pt /2.
2
2
dt
r
4pgr

3. u = Um sin wt
dD
dE
J =
= e = ewEm cos wt, J = gEm sin wt, ew = g dt
dt
g
10 -6 4p 9 10 9
= 2250 .
=
f =
2p 8
2 pe
4.
, J max = e0w max
Jmax = gE max.
, J max/Jmax = e0w/g = 2,51014.

Jmax = g max, max =
= Imax/gS @ 2,9108 /. , J
I
dE
, E max = max = max = 1,4104 /. J = e
dt
ew
Sew
, << .

1.4.

1. dl , ,
E dl , , . ,
,

378

. , .
6. , ,

, , ,
.
7. , ,
. , ,
.
, .
11. ) , . ,
, , .
) ,
.
) ,
.
) , . .
) ,
.

.

2. U(x), .
.

1. (. 1.7)
q
q
q r2 - r1
. r1 >> d, r2 >> d
U =
=

4per1 4per2 4pe r1 r2

r1 @ r
r 1 r2 = r 2

d
d
cos j, r2 @ r + cos j,
2
2

. 1.7

qd cos j
d
cos2j r2 , , r2 r1 @ d cos j, U =
.
4
4per 2

379

s
d
d
s
sd
d
< y < + (.1.26, ), Ui = y U =
y ,
e
2
2
e
2e
2
sd
d
y - (. 1.8, ).
U =2e
2
2. Ei =

. 1.8

3.
t t :
D -R

U1 -U 2 =

tdr
tdr
t D -R
R
t
D -R
ln
.
-
=
- ln
ln
=
R
D - R pe 0
2 pe 0 r D -R 2 pe 0 r 2 pe 0
R

,
.
pe 0
C
. l =
. D -R
l
ln
R
R D: D/R
.
R D @ 10 -11 A/.
4.
t
E =
. t 2 peR i
R
t
U U =
ln e ,
2 pe R i

R
R
U
Ri E =U R i ln e , R i ln e =
, ,
R
R
E
i
i

Ri @ 8 10 -3 .
6.
U = 2000,5 = 100 .
er .
U2 = 30d0 + 7,5(d d0) @ 4 , . . 25 . , .
8. ,
,

380

E1 max =

t
t
t
, ..., En max =
, E2 max =
.
2 pe 1 R i
2 pe 2 R1
2 pe n R n -1

e1Ri = e2R1 = e3R2 = = enRn1.

1.5. .

2.
, | B | = const.
,
,
, .
| B | const.
5. ,
,
.
7. ,
, ,
, .
10. F1 F2 = F, .

2. (. 5).
3. 2
.
B n
5. , , F = B d s =
S @ 1 .
n
s

1.6.

2. f = qvB , , . ,
.
3.
, . . , ,
.
4. ,
. g 0 , .

381

. .
5. .
.
dF
7. e = dt
F F = Li, i.
dF
dF
di
di
di
. L
ri = - L L + ri = dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dF
1 dF

, , i (t) = ,
r dt
dt
F . , F = Li
, , , .
8. , ,
, , .
, ,
, . , ,
.
11. . , , , , , .

3. , 1, 2 . 1, 2 e = vBh. s = e0vB.
4. ,
v(r) = wr.
dr de = Bv dr = Bw r dr. r = R
R
R 2 BvR
e = Bwrdr = Bw
=
.
2
2
0
5.
R2

R2

R1

R1

e = v(r)Bdr = wrBdr =

pn
B(R 22 - R12 ),
60

382

i=

pnB
e
=
(R 22 - R12 )
R + R 0 60(R + R 0 )

P = i2 R =

p2 n 2 B 2
R(R 22 - R12 ) 2 .
2
3600(R + R 0 )

0,1 .

1. , b ,
,
(. 1.9, ).
b (. . )
( 1),
. , .

. 1.9

,
, 2. , , (. 1.9, ).
(2, 3, 4, 5)
, ,
.
3.
B = Bm sin wt, e = Blv = wRlBm sin wt.
, , a,
e = wRlBm sin (wt + a), , e = wRlBm [sin (wt + a) sin wt].
, ,
0

e=-

dF
d
= - l B m sin(wt + j)Rdj = wRlB m [sin(wt + a ) - sin wt].
dt
dt a

383

, a = p, . .
. a = 0.
,
, .

1.7.

2. L1 L2 ,
L = L1 + L2. L
, L1 + L2, .
3. , . .
4. , , ,
,
, .
5. ( ), , .
7. ,
. ,
, .
.
9. , l,
m 0 iw 2 s m 0 iw 2 pR 2
, R .
=
l
l
Y 1
L =
= m 0 w 2 pR 2 .
i
l
11.
,
M
. k =
, , L1 L 2
, 1.
Y=

384

U m2 - I m2 r 2
Um

, L =
wI m
wI m
L - L
. e =
L

2. L =

0 ,5

wL -2

L, L : e =
+ 1 - 1. r

wL
,
.
r
6.
. , 1/R,
r 0. , i, ,
R0
R0
idr m 0 li
Y = m 0 l
=
ln r 2 pr
2p
0
0
( l ). ,
, .
R, ,
,

idr m 0 li
F = m 0 l
=
ln r . 2 pr
2p
R
R
.
9. , .
,
B(t) = B0 B0 t/t0 ( ) i(t) = kt
(0 < t < t0 , k = const).
11. , ,
i, F = Li
. 1,5
1,5 .
13.
F = Li , Li1 = Li B 0 S cos a i1 = i m L1 B 0 S cos a.
F B0 S cos a -

385

. ,
, B0 S cos a > Li.
m iw
15. pR i2 , F = 0 pR i2 , l

,
, p( R i2 - R e2 ). iw
R2
iw
m 0 1 p ( R i2 - R e2 ) = m 0
pR i2 ; i1 = i 2 i 2 .
l
l
Ri - Re
,
, , , ,
i1, ,
, i.

1.8.

dF
, F dt
.
, , , , ,
.
, . ,
, ,
.
6. , ,
-
.
, , ,
.

5. e = -

1.9.

4. B = y
, z. z = 0 bcd, (b cd) , (bc da) . B d l
bcd

B d l = B d l + B d l + B d l + B d l = 2 B d l = 2B
l

ab

bc

cd

da

ab

ab,

386

bc d . abcd
m
jab B y = 0 j. < 0 B = By < 0,
2
x > 0 B > By,
, = 0 DBy = m0 j.

.
8. j iw = j2pR, w iw
i 2 pR
i
: j =
=
= . r < R = 0. r > R 2 pR 2 pR d
d
iw
iw
H =
B = m0
. r = R ,
2pr
2 pr
, ,
iw
DB = m 0
= m 0 j.
2 pR
9. a = 0, , . m j
m j R2
B e = 0 m2
r > R B i = - 0 m r < R.
2
2r
, r = R a = 0 r = R DB = Be Bi = m0 jm.
, r < R
m j
B = 0 m .
2
11. i
Hi =

i
(R1 r R2).
2pr

, ,
R

Y = wF = wmh

Y
i
R
i 2 dr
mwh R 2
.
= mwh ln 2 = =
ln

2p R r
2p
i
R1
R1
2p
2

, , i
, :
R2

R2

R1

R1

Y = mHhdr = m

i w
i
R
hdr = mwh ln 2 .
2 pr
2 p R1

,
M =

Y mwh R 2
=
ln
= M = 1,610-3 ln 8 = 3,310-3 .
i
2p
R1

387

1.10.

1. Bi > B0, Hi < H0.

5. B d l, , :
l

, , m 0 i + m 0 M d l, ,
l

B d l = m 0 i.
l

H d l, , .
l

6. r > R H = i 2pr , i
. , , , . ,
, ,
.
7. ,
, .
,
, .
, , . ,
,
,
, (. 6). H = i/2pR
.
m = ,
.
12. , . .

3. H = iw/l , B = mH =
= miw/l = B/m0 H = iw( m/m0 1)/l.
s0 s , l (. 9, . 383) L0 = m0w 2 s0/l , L1 = m0w 2 (s0 s)/l + mw2s /l .
L1/L0 = n s/s0 = (n 1) (m/m0 1).
4. ,
m = MV, V = sl . i0, , ,
MV
i0 =
= M l. l ,
s
i
j = 0 .
l

388

i0 . .
,
. ,
, .
5. (. 1.10). , , a1b1, c1d1, a2b2, c2d2, a3b3, c3d3
. . , z .
M i1 = Ma1b1,
i2 = Ma2b2, , j1 = M, j2 = M . .
. 1.10
anbn 0, , , , j = Mt,
Mt
. x > 0, j = +Mt > 0, x < 0: j = Mt < 0.
r > R ( ) j = Mt , , r < R ,
.
6. a1b1, a2b2 . ., j(j) = Mj(j),
j. Mj(j) = M cos j, j(j) = M cos j,
j = p/2 y = R.
10. ,

Hx.
H dl abcd
(. 1.11): H dl = H dl + H dl = 2H(y)bc. ab
bc

da

cd , H dl
. , , abcd,
J 2ybc, : H(y) = J y = iy/Dh, J .

D , ,
H = JD/2 = i/2h. , .

. 1.11

. 1.12

389

. 1.13

16.
r = Ri, r = Re (. 1.12,
1.13). , , H dl = iw :
Hi = iw/2pRi, He = iw/2pRe.

2.1. .

3. , , 0,5Cu2,
.
4. , 0,5q1U1 + 0,5q2U2 , .
6. ,
.
9. , :
, .
,
R

DW = 0 ,5e E 2 (r )4pr 2 dr = 0,5 e

4pr 2 r 4
2 2 5
dr =
r R p.
2
45e
9e

15. ,
, , ,
W W . W / W 2
1
B

, , = 1 , = 3106 / 104.
E m 0e 0

5. W =

Yk ik
. k =1 2
3

, Y1 = L1i1 + M12 i2 + M13 i3 = 2103 B; Y2 = 2,3610-3 ;

Y3 = 1,2610-3 ; W = 2,81103 .

390

9. B| | B^
F| |

F| |

F| |
F| |
1

(d + D ) (d + D ) m d (d + D ) m 0 D

F| |

=
(m d + m 0 D),
2

S| |
S| | R | |
(d + D )
F^
F^
F^mm 0
F
B^ = ^ =
=
=
,
S^ S^ R ^
m

d
D
0 d + mD
(d + D )
+

m ( d + D ) m 0 ( d + D )
B| | (m d + m 0 D)(m 0 d + m D)

. 1 d = 0
=
B^
mm 0 ( d + D) 2
B| |
> 1.
D = 0. d 0, D 0
B^
B| | =

11. , ,

U2
2t
2
2
i
(t)rdt
=
exp dt = 0,5CU . ,

r
rC

0
0
0,5CU 2, , 1
C r. , 0,5, .
12. r < R
m j
B = 0 m (. . 9, c. 386). 2
, x (. 2.1),
i =

R cos a d a = 2 j m R ,

p
2

i1 =

p
2

R cos a d a = 2 j m R sin a = 2 j m R 2 - x 2 .

-a

. 2.1

m j l
dF = BdS = 0 m dx, 2
i1, ,
i
m j l
d Y = 1 dF = 0 m R 2 - x 2 dx.
i
2R
R
m lj pR
Y m 0 pl
Y = 2 d Y = 0 m
.
L =
=
4
i
8
0
W =

Li 2 m 0 pR 2 l 2
jm .
=
2
4

13.
(. 2.2) ,
= ():
i
H =
y 0 y h1 ,
bh1
H =

i
(h1 + h 2 - y)
bh 2

h1 y h1 + h 2 .

W =

BH
1
dV = m 0 l b
2
2

h1 +h2

391

. 2.2

dy,

, , (), :
W =

m 0 i2
(h1 + h 2 )l,
6b

L=

2W
i

m 0 (h1 + h 2 )
l.
3b

2.1. , .

2. , ,
.
3.
,
, . ,
.
4. , , . ,
.
, .
,
.
5. , . . , , .
6. ,

. W = 0,5q 2/C

392

,
. , e2 < e1.
7. .
10. , . ,
.
14. ,
,
, .
15. (. 2.3)
: ,
.
.

, .
17. i1, i2
. 2.3
. i1w1 i2w2 = i2w2
0 < r < R1 R1 < r < R2 , R1 .

5. dg S, f,
dW =

D12
D2
D 2S 1
1
Sdg - 2 Sdg =
2e 1
2e 2
2 e1 e 2

dg ,

D1 = D2 = D, ,
, dg S.
,
dW D 2 S 1
1

=
-
dg
2 e 2 e1
f , ,
f =-

f =

f
D2
=
2
S

1
1

e 2 e1

393

e1 > e2 , . . . ,
f
S .
6.
C=

S
,
d1 d 2
+
e1 e 2

, , e1, e2, :
f1 =

f1 C 2 u 2 1
f
C 2u 2 1
=
, f 2 = 2 =
.
S
S
2S e1
2S e 2

, :
f =

D2
2

1
1

e 2 e1

C 2u 2
=
2S

1
1

e 2 e1

f1, f 2 f : f 2 - f1 = f .
7.
C=

e 1 S1 e 2 S 2 l 0
+
= [e 1 l1 + e 2 (l - l1 )] ,
d
d
d

l0 , (.
. 2.4),
f =

f
u 2 dC E 2
ED ED
=
=
(e 1 - e 2 ) =
-
.
d l 0 d l 0 dl 1
2
2 1 2 2

13. . ,
f1 = Bai1 = m0aii1/2pd,
, ,
f =

m 0 aii1
m 0 aii1
m 0 aii1 b
.
=
2 pd
2 p(d + b) 2 pd (d + b)

:
W
f =
g

= i1

i, i1 = const g

i, i1 = const

. , f @ 1, 3 10 -4 .

394

14. f =

i 2 dL
,
2 dg

m 0 i2 R
m
i 2 8R

, f R = m 0 ln
- 2 + m 0 + .
2r
r
2
4

: )
, m0, fr = 8103 , fR = 1,2103 , ) , 500m0, fr = 8103 , fR = 3,26102 .
fR ,
R. fr ,
.
16. , , , f = W = 0,5m 0 H 2 ,
H , i/2pR.
s
. m0i 2/8p2R2 = s : i = 2 2 pR
m0
fr = -

, i @ 1,2105 A.
17. iw
H =
= iw. , l
S = pR 2 , F = m0iwpR 2,
Y wm 0 iwpR 2
l L =
=
= m 0 w 2 pR 2 . , i
i
R ,
f =

dW
Li 2 1
= m0pw2R2i2; f = m0pw2Ri2.
, W =
2
dR
2

21.
f s = 0,5m 0 H D2 , HD
, .
(D << 2pR), , r .
r = R,
r = R. , HD Hc Hc = m -1
r HD,
H d l = iw R, , -

: Hc(2pR D) + HDD = iw,

HD =

2 pR

iwm r
iwm r
f s =
2 pR - D + D m r
- D + D mr

, f = 1,1104 /2.

395

1. m0
, , (. 2.4)
, m i2
, f = B i = 0 = 2 .
4pd
3. , x, y, z . 2.5.
Hy(z) , ,
,

. 2.4

Hy = Jz | z | d,
Hy = Jd z d,

. 2.5

Hy = Jd z d.
, ,
| fz | = JBy = m0 J 2z. , DV = 2dD x D y , d

Fz = 2 f z dz = m0 J 2d 2.
0

lim J d = j, d0
J

,
D x D y Fz = m0 j2.
4. , (. 2.6),
B=

. 2.6

m 0 i1
m 0 i1
=
.
2 pr 2 p(R + d - R cos j)

, Rdj , i i1

m 0 ii1 R dj
dF r =
.
2 p(R + d - R cos j)
m 0 jcm
, ,
5. B =
2
m j
0 < r < R Br = - 0 cm sin a. 2

396

ft = jzBr =
m j
= jm cos (a + j) 0 cm sin a
2
p

M = 2 f t R p da = m 0 R p j pm j cm psin j .
0

p
, j = ,
2
p
j = - .
2
j = 0, p .
6. , , , m = m0, , . 2.7. f = Bli,
,
2

m0i
3 2 m0i
m0i m0i
=
B=
,
+
+
8ph
2p 2h 2
2p 2h 2p 2h

f =

3 2
m 0 i 2 l @ 4,24l H .
8 ph

. 2.7

3.1.

2. , , , , .
3. , , , . . , . . , , .

.
, .
. .

397

4. , , , .
5. , .
7.
, .
,
di
di
uL = L . < 0, uL < 0, . . dt
dt
.

2. , .
( ), ,
(. 3.1).
4. ,
, , . , , , , . 3.2.
5. ,
, .
.
, (. 3.3),
.

. 3.1

. 3.2

. 3.3

7. W = 0,5 Li , L l: L = 2W/i2,,
.
, , (. . 3.4)
2

2
m
W = l H 2 2 prdr
2
0

398

, H
0 < r < r1 r1 < r < r2:
r1

2
i2
i2
3
+
m
p
r
dr
l
0
( 2 pr) 2 r dr =
( 2 pr12 ) 2
r1
0

W = mpl
=

mi 2 l m 0 i 2 l r2
+
ln .
16 p
4p
r1

,
l, ,

.

ml m 0 l r2
. 3.4
L=
ln . ,
+
8 p 2 p r1
( , 3.5), L.

3.2.

4. ,
.
5.
.
, . 3.5,
, , I1, U1, I2, U2 . I1 = 0 E = U1.
E -U 2
E
E
. 3.5
I2 =
=
, r =
.
r + r r + U 2 I 2
I2
( ) (
r = 0).
r0
.
7. ek, , , , ,
. , .
8. , ,
-

399

, , , . ,
.

2. P = i 2 r =
dP
dr

e2
r .
( r + r ) 2

= 0 , r = r, h

0,5. r h 1.

3.3.

1. N , N 1 ,
m = N (N 1)/2.

3.4.

3.
, ,
, .

3. S~ik = 0, Su~k = 0 p (p
) 2p . ~ik u~k , ~ik = 0 u~k = 0 .

3.5.

3. , 1. , .
, . , , 3,
.

3.6.

1.
, , , . ,

400

, . , , .
.
2. , Ai = -A ,
= 0 + y, y ,
0 . y
: y = a i, a = {a ij } a pq .
Ai = -A( 0 + y ) = - A 0 - Aa i, A(1 + a ) i = -A 0 .

4.1. ,

4. , yu1 yu2 = 5 355 = 360,

.
5. , , .

5. :
p
2p
2p

1
1
1
2
1 d(wt) + 0 d(wt) =
U =
u (wt) d(wt) =
.

2p 0
2p 0
2
p

6. . Y(t) p/w.
2wY0
w
.
E = 2f (Ymax Ymin), : E = 2 (Y0 0) =
p
p
8. u(t) ,
Um1 (sin w1t + y1) + Um2 (sin w2t + y2) =
= Um1 sin [w1(t + T) + y1] + Um2 sin [w2(t + T) + y2].
w1T = 2kp, w2T = 2np, k, n = 1, 2, 3, .... , w1/w2 , u(t) .

4.2.

1. , .
2. , , , , .
3. .
90.

401

6. -.
.

6 7. , F, dF
. e =
dt
eL
.
F. . 4.1.
. 4.1
9.
. 4.2 I 1 , I 2 , I 3 .
10. w > 0 , , w < 0 , . 4.2
. w > 0 j > 0,
w < 0 j < 0, . .
.
11. : , , , , .
12. . I .
. 4.3
U r , U L , U C ,
. 4.3.
:
U = U r + U L + U C . : U = 5 B.
13. . , ,
( )
.

, ,
. )
. 4.4
. I 2 ,
L2, r2,
. . 4.4 I 2 -

402

. U L2 , U r2 , U 2 = U 3 , I C3 , I 1 = I 2 + I 3 , U C1, U = U 1 + U 2 .
.
( ) , . ,
, .
14. . , , . (. 4.5)
wL1 = wL2 = 1/wC1 = 1/wC2.
15. . 4.6.
U rC U L 120.

. 4.5

. 4.6

16. .
U 2 (. 4.7).
I 2 , U 2 ,
I 3 90 U 2 . I 2 I 3
U1
200
I ,
=
= 4 A.
1 jwC
50
I 90 U 1
, U 1 U 2 120.
. 4.7
U U 1 , U U 2 , 60 U ,U 1 U 2 .
, I 2 I , I U , U I 3
30,
I 2 = I cos 30 = 2 3 @ 3, 46 A; I 3 = sin 30 = 2 A; P = UI cos 30 = 400 3 @ 693.

4.3.
r, L, C

1. : ; , UL = UC ; ; , UL = UC.
4. z = r + x I, Iz = Ir + Ix =
= U + U, U, U U = Iz. u, u 90o,

403

U, U ,
.
5.
180, . .
( ), Ux = UL UC .
I, x = xL xC , . . x xL xC .
7. : ; ; ; .
9. , p/2
, p/2 .

3. xL = wL . , r = 0,5w0L, ,
r = 2 xL : w1 = 4w0.
4. 2 .
I U r , .
U C , (. 4.8).
U L ,
. 4.8
U = U r + U L + U C , ,
U L + U C = 0, U = Ur . , U L + U C 0
U > Ur , U = Ur. , UC = 40 .
6. C, , . 4.9.

. 4.9

1. , ,
P = UI cos j, U
, I ; j
p
U I . U > 0, I > 0 P 0, | j | < .
2
2. I (w) = E

r 2 + (wL - 1 wC ) 2 ; Ur(w) = I(w)r; UL(w) = I(w)wL.

I(w) wL = 1/wC; , w0 = 1/ LC.

404

4.4.

1. , . , r, L, C wL = 1/wC.
3. : ; ; ,
.
7. .
10. .

4. 2
Em 2
2
. : P = rI = r
2
2 2
r +w L
, ,
.
5. n,
U0
1/n .
7. 2r = w0L,
cos j = r r 2 + w20 L2 = 1 5 . ,
n . n :
2
1
r
, n = 0,25. ,
=
=
2
2
2
5
1 + 4n 2
r + n (w0 L)
4 .
8. r1 = U2/I1 = 50/2 = 25 . r2
r2 = P2/I 12 = 12,5 , cos j =

P1 + P2 I 12 r1 + P2
=
= 0 ,625.
U 1I 1
U 1I 1

9. I r 4 . P = rI 2 = 160 . = 200 ; ) 10 ; ) 48 .

1. P = I2r,
I = U r 2 + w2 L2 : P = U2r/(r2 + w2L2). r,
P
= 0, . .
,
r
P U 2 (r 2 + w2 L2 ) - 2 r 2U 2
=
= 0, r = wL.
r
(r 2 + w2 L2 ) 2

405

2. L = 0. .
3. . (. 4.10), C ,
, . 4.10
.

4.5. ,

2. g = r/(r2 + x2), r x
. g, r , x.
3. , ,
, r (,
).
4. .
7. . . ,
,
. 4.11 r1 = r2 = L C.
9. . , , , , .

. 4.11

2.
. 4.12. z, r x : z = U/I, r = P/I 2, x = z 2 - r 2 ,
U, I .
x . 4.12
. , ,
xL < | x |
z1. z1 < z, , ,
(x < 0). (x > 0).

406

3. . ,
r, x g, b

(. 4.8).
rC r1C1 (. 4.13).

. 4.13

, r = r + r1 = 1,5 , x = xC1 = 0,5 ,

z = r2 + x 2 @ 1,58 , g = 0,6 , b = 0,2 y = 0,63 .
:
r

0,5

0,5

4.
x =

x L xC2 - r 2 xC + r 2 x L
r 2 + xC2

x = 0, xC =
x =

r 2 x L - xC (r 2 + x L2 )
r 2 + x L2

r 2 r 4 - 4x L2 r 2
2x L

, xC =

r 2xL
r 2 + x L2

,
x x L2 + 4r 2
x
1
b = 0. b =
.
- 2 C 2 , xC = L
x L r + xC
2
b = -

x
x2 + r2
1
.
+ 2 L 2 xC = L
xC r + x L
xL

5. . w >> w0 xL
, x , , . , , , ,
, . , w >> w0
r. w << w0 : xL , x , ,
, , ,
, . r.

1. . x = wL 1/wC
w > 1 / LC. -

407

rL . . wC
xrC rC: xrC =
.
(1 r) 2 + (wC) 2
x = wL xrC
1
1
w>
- 2 2 , LC r C
rL . , , ,
rL.
3. z =

r2 + x 2 ,

cosj = r/z, I = E/z, I = I cos j, I = I sin j.

5.1.

2. . , . 5.1
r = 1 , xL = 3 , xC = 1 Z = 1 + j(xL xC) = 1 + j2 .
3. .
4. . 5.1

.
,
.
, .
5. : ; ; ; .
8. , , .
11. , . , r 0, x = 0.
i .

1.

i = 3 sin wt

I& = 3/ 2

i = 2 cos wt

I& = j

i = 3 sin 3wt

I& = 3/ 2

i = 2sin (wt + 1)

I& = cos 1 + j sin 1

u = 5 sin (wt p)

U& = 5/ 2

408

U& = 2/ 2

u = 2 sin (wt + p)

u = 2 sin (3wt 30o)

u = 10 sin (wt + 2p/3)

I& = 1 + j2

i = 2 5 sin (314t + 63)

I& = 1 j2

i = 10 sin (314t 63)

I& = 1 + j2

i = 10 sin (314t + 117)

I& = 1 j2

i = 10 sin (314t 117)

U& m = a + jb

u = a 2 + b2 sin (314t + arctg b/a)

U& = 2

u = 2 sin 314t

U& = j

u = 2 sin (314t p/2)

U& m = 3

u = 3sin (314t + p)

I& = j 2

i = 2 sin (314t p/2)

2 3
3
1

U& =
- j =
- j
2
2 2
2

2 = ( 3 - j)

U& = 5 (-1 + j 3 )

2.

5. .
j

(1 2 + j 2 2) = e 4 ). , I&1 , (. 5.2), I&2 = 0 ,7 I&1 e

p
j
4

p
4

p
j ji1 +
4

, . . , I&2 ,
p
0,7 4
.
9. .
jj
= 0 ,7 I&1 e i1 e

= 0 ,7 I 1 e

Y =
Z =

1
1
1
1
+
= -j
= g - jb ;
r jwL r
wL

y =

. 5.2

g 2 + b2 ;

jrwL
r w 2 L2
1
r 2 wL
= r + jx; z = r2 + x 2 .
=
= 2
+
j
Y r + jwL r + w2 L2
r 2 + w 2 L2

409

E& 50(2 + j)
=
= (11 - 2 j) ; z = 112 + 2 2 = 5 5 ;
&I 2(4 + 3 j)
1
1
1
1
1
.
Y = =
=
(11 + j2) ; y = =
Z 11 - 2 j 125
z 5 5

10. Z =

12. :
x
U&
Z = = r + jx; j = arctg .
r
I&
&
5 + j 12
5
5
U
+j
= r + jx; j = arctg
1. Z =
=
=
@ 23.
&I
13
12
5 - j 13
13. .
, . 5.3, :
I&3 = I&1 + I&2 ;
&
I 2 = & 1 ;
rI& + jx I& = E& .
L 3
3
1
,
I& = (E& jxL& )/(r + jxL); I& = I& + & .
1

. 5.3

U& AB
, : U& AB = E& 1 .
*
*
14. . P = Re U& I = Re Z I&I = Re ZI2 = I2 Re Z

Re Z = r, P = r I2. I:
I =

U
=
z

a2 + b 2
r 2 + (wL - 1 wC) 2

, P =

r a2 + b 2
r 2 + (wL - 1 wC) 2

15. , , , .
16. .
r 1 jwC
r 2C
1
r

.
= 2r +
= r2 +
- jw
2 2 2
r + 1 jwC
1 + jwrC
1 + w2 r 2 C 2
1+ w r C

17. , -,
Z = 2r +

ZrL =

1 j 1
1
1 1
1 1
= j(1 j) = (1 + j) ; ZrLC = - j + + j = - j .
2
2 2
2 2
1+ j 2

j 0 ,5(1 - j)
0 ,5 (1 + j )
(1 + j)
=1+
=1+
= 2 ; z = 2 .
Z = 1 +
j + 0 ,5 - 0 ,5 j
0 ,5 + 0 ,5 j
(1 + j)

410

U = Iz = 102 = 20 ; I&2 = 10(1 + j) ;
U
1
U& rL = I&2 (1+ j) = 10(1 + j)0,5(1 + j) = 10j ; I 1 = rL = 10 .
2
xL
,
( ) L, V, .
Z = 1 j .
10
10
= 10 A; I&2 =
= 5(1 + j) ; I2 = 5 2 @ 7 A; UC = I21 = 5 2 1 @ 7 B.
I1 =
1
1- j
18. . P = rI2, r
(. 5.4).

1
rw2 L2
wLr 2

Z = r + jx = r - 2
w
j
L
+
+
2 2
2
2 2

wC
r +w L
r +w L

. 5.4

r ,

U
U
, I I = =
2
z
r + x2

. U , x = 0,

1
r2
.
= wL 1 + 2
2 2
wC
r +w L

E 2 r
. 19. : P = rI 2 =
( r + r ) 2 + (x + x ) 2
,
x = x . dP

= 0, , r = r.
dr
, , , : r = r, x = x.
P max = E 2/4r I 2r
, . , , 0,5, .

, -

411

. , 0,90,95,
, 510 %.
, ,
, .
, .
20. .
. 5.5. Z1 = r jxC, Z2 = jxL.
& = I&1 + I&2 ,
Z 1 I&1 - Z 2 I&2 = 0 , :
I&1 = & (1 + Z 1 Z 2 ) -1 ,
I&2 = & (1 + Z 2 Z 1 ) -1 .
. 5.5
21. U&

Z4Z5
Z 2 Z 345
: 1) Z45 =
, Z345 = Z3 + Z45, Z2345 =
, Z = Z1 + Z2345;
Z4 + Z5
Z 2 + Z 345
U&
2) I&1 =
; 3) U& 1 = I&1 Z 1 ; 4) U& 1 + U& 2 - U& = 0
Z
U&
U& 2 = U& - U& 1 ; 5) I&2 = 2 ; 6) -I&1 + I&2 + I&3 = 0
Z2
I&3 = I&1 - I&2 ; 7) U& 3 = I&3 Z 3 ; 8) -U& 2 + U& 3 + U& 4 = 0
U&
U&
U& 4 = U& 2 - U& 3 ; 9) I&4 = 4 ; 10) I&5 = 4 .
Z4
Z5
, , I&2 , 1) U& 2 = I&2 Z 2 ;
Z4Z5
U&
2) Z345 = Z3 +
; 3) I&3 = 2 ; 4) U& 3 = I&3 Z 3 ; 5) -U& 2 + U& 3 + U& 4 = 0
Z4 + Z5
Z 345
U&
U&
U& 4 = U& 2 - U& 3 ; 6) I&4 = 4 ; 7) I&5 = 4 ;
Z5
Z4
8) I&1 = I&2 + I&3 ; 9) U& 1 = I&1 Z 1 ; 10) -U& + U& 1 + U& 2 = 0
U& = U& 1 + U& 2 .
6 I3 = 6 A. I3
, I&3 = 6 A.
U&
10(10 - 10 j)
36 - 12 j
= 6 - 2 j ; I&4 = 4 ,5 =
Z 4 ,5 =
= 3,6 - 12
, j A;
10 + 10 - 10 j
Z4
10
I& = 2, 4 + 12
, j A; U& = I& Z = 36 - 12 j B; U& = I& Z = 6 2 j = 12 j B;
5

4 ,5

4 ,5

U& 2 = U& 3 + U& 4 ,5 = 12 j + 36 - 12 j = 36 B;

U&
36
I&2 = 2 =
= 12 A;
3
Z2

I&1 = I&1 = I&2 + I&3 = 12 + 6 = 18 A; U& 1 = I&1 Z 1 = 18 (2 + 4 j) = 36 (1 + 2 j) B;

U& = U& 1 + U& 2 = 36 + 72 j + 36 = 72 (1 + j) B.

412

& = 18 72 (1 + j) = 1296 (1 + j) B A.
S& = UI
1

i1 = 18 2 sin wt A;

i2 = 12 2 sin wt A;

i4 @ 3,8 2 sin(wt - 18, 4) A;;

i3 = 6 2 sin wt A;

i5 @ 2,68 2 sin(wt + 26,5 ) A.

1. U , I :
(1 - w2 LC ) 2 + w2 C 2 r 2
1
=
.
z
r 2 + w 2 L2
, I r,
(1 - w2 LC ) 2 + w2 C 2 r 2
= const = A, 1 2w2LC + w4L2C2 + w2C2r2 = Aw2L2 + Ar2.
2
2 2
r +w L
, :
I =

w2 C 2 r 2 = Ar 2 ,
4 2 2
2 2
w C L = Aw L ,
1 - 2w2 LC = 0 ,

w2 C 2 = A,

2
1 = 2w LC.

A =

1C
1
,C=
.
2L
2w2 L

, C = 1/2w2L I U = 1 C 2 L
r.
2. U& AB - I&2 r r + I&rC r1 = 0,
& 1 jxC), I& = U/2r
&
,
I&rC = U/(r
2r
1

r1
,
U& AB = U& 2 r1 - jxC

U& AB U AB j( yuAB -yu ) 1

r1
=
= ,
e
2 r1 - jxC
U
U&
1
r1
y uAB - y u = j = arg 2 r1 - jxC

, :
2r
1
j = arctg 2 1 = 2 arctg
.
r1
r1 - 1
, r1 j p.

413

5.2.

1. , , Z Y
. Z1 , . Y1 , . Z Y -.
, , , .
2. , .
3. .
4. ) , . ) . (. 5.6):
, , Y6.
:

(Z 1 + Z 2 )I&1 + 0 I&2 + 0 I&3 = E& 1 - E& 3

0 I&1 + (Z 4 + Z 5 )I&2 + (Z 4 + Z 5 )I&3 = E& 3

1 &
1 &
6
I 3 =
0 I&1 + (Z 4 + Z 5 )I&2 + (Z 4 + Z 5 )I&3 +

Y6
Y6
. 5.7
&
&
(Z4 + Z5)I 2 , (Z4 + Z5)I 3 ,
, , . I&3 = & 6 , , :
(Z 1 + Z 2 )I&1 = E& 1 - E& 3

&
&
&
(Z 4 + Z 5 )I 2 = E 3 - (Z 4 + Z 5 ) 6 ,
I&1 I&2 .
8. , , . 5.7
Z=

1 + j - j5
- j5 1 - j

1 - j < j5

. 5.8

9. , .
10. ,
.
11. , , . 5.8
Y=

1 - j - j5
- j5 1 + j

1 - j < j5 .

414

12. , . 5.9,
, ,
. .
E& = -Z &
U& 10 = E + Z & = 0. I,
&
, , I&1 I&2 .
13. , .
. 5.9
14. , .
. 5.10.
15. .

.
16.
4
. 5.10
.
, ,
, , , . (. 19).
19. ,
. , . 5.11. 1 3
, , Y1 Y3
. , (.
) :
(Y1 + Y4 )U& 1 + Y4U& 2 - Y4U& 3 = -& 4 - Y1 E& 1 ,
&
Y4U 1 + (Y2 + Y4 )U& 2 - Y4U& 3 = & 2 - & 4 ,
-Y U& - Y U& + (Y + Y + Y )U& = & - Y E& .
4 2
3
4
5
3
4
3 3
4 1
, 1 3, U& 1 = -E& 1 , U& 3 = -E& 3 , U& 2 :
(Y2 + Y4 ) U& 2 = & 2 - & 4 + Y4 (E& 1 - E& 3 ).

. 5.11

21. . 5.12.
,
.

6 1 .
22. . .

415

. 5.12

5. 4
,
I&1 , I& 2 . 5.13,
I&1 (Z 1 + Z 3 ) - I& 2 Z 3 = E& 1 ,
-I& Z + I& (Z + Z ) = -E& .
1

20 I&1 - (10 - j10)I& 2 = -100,

&
&
-(10 - j10)I 1 + (20 - j10)I 2 = -250 + j50,
I&1 = 10 + j10 , I& 2 = 15 + j5 .
I&1 = 10 j10 , I&2 = 15 j5 , I&3 = 5 + j5 .

. 5.13

,
. 5.13,
U& 10Y11 = & 1 ,
1
1
1
1
1
1
Y11 =
+
+
=
+
+
= 0,2 ,
Z 1 Z 2 Z 3 10 + j10 10 10 - j10
250 - j50
1
1
100
& 11 = E& 1
+ E& 2
=+
= 20 .
Z1
Z2
10 + j10
10

: U& 10 = 100 ,
-I&1 Z 1 + U& 10 = E& 1 , - I&2 Z 2 - U& 10 = -E& 2 , - I&3 Z 3 + U& 10 = 0
I&1 = 10 j10 , I&2 = 15 j5 , I&3 = 5 + j5 .

, . , .
2 , U& 10 ( 1) E& 1 :
U& 10 = E& 1 : U& 10 - I&3 Z 3 = 0,
U& 10 + I&2 Z 2 = E& 2 , I&1 = I&2 + I&3 .
& 1 ( 1) (. . 5.13, ),

416

E& 3 = & 1 Z 3 , ( 4), .

,
, , ,
( ) , I&3 , I&3 = & 1 - I&3 .
5 , I&1 = & 1 , I& 2 = & 2 .
I&3 = I&1 + I& 2 = & 1 + & 2 = 3 - j .
( 1):
1 &
= 1 + & 2 .
U& 10
Z
3
&
, U = 5(3 j) I& = 3 j .
10

6.

&
bU
1
1
1
1
= E 1
U& 10
+
+
+
Z1 + Z 2 Z 4 + Z 5
Z1 + Z 2 Z 3 Z 4 + Z 5
U& U& 10 :
U& - I& Z - I& Z = 0, U& + I& (Z + Z ) = E& , -U& + I& (Z + Z ) = -bU& .
:

10

10

-bU& + U& 10
E& - U& 10 &
E& - U& 10
-bU& + U& 10
, I5 =
U& I&1 = 1
Z4 - 1
Z 2 = 0.
Z1 + Z 2
Z4 + Z5
Z4 + Z5
Z1 + Z 2

bZ 4
Z4
U& Z
E& - U& 10
Z2
E& Z
+ 1 2 ,
U&
Z 2 = U& 10
+ 1 = 10 4 + 1
Z4 + Z5
Z 4 + Z 5 Z1 + Z 2 Z1 + Z 2
Z 4 + Z 5 Z1 + Z 2
-1
bZ 4
Z4
Z2
E& Z
+ 1 2 .
U& =
+ 1 U& 10
Z4 + Z5
Z 4 + Z 5 Z1 + Z 2 Z1 + Z 2
U&
, : U& 10 = 3 + j1,4 , I&1 = 0,94 j3,1 , I&3 = 1,21 j3 ,
I&5 = 0,27 j0,1 .

I&1 (Z 1 + Z 2 + Z 3 ) - I& 2 Z 3 = E& 1 ,
&
&
&
-I 1 Z 3 + I 2 (Z 3 + Z 4 + Z 5 ) = -bU .
U& :
U& = I& Z + I& Z

417

I&1 (Z 1 + Z 2 + Z 3 ) - I& 2 Z 3 = E& 1 ,

&
&
-I 1 (Z 3 - bZ 2 ) + I 2 (Z 3 + bZ 4 + Z 4 + Z 5 ) = 0,
.
I& = I& = 0,94 j3,1 , I& = I& = 0,27 j0,1 , I& = I& I& = 1,21 j3 .
1

1
1
1 &
1
1
- U 20
U& 10
+
+
= E& 1
- aI&1 ,
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
2
3
3
1
1
- U& 10

1
1
1
+ U& 20
+
Z3
Z3 Z4

= aI&1

E& - U& 10
,
U& 10 + I&1 Z 1 = E& 1 , I&1 = 1
Z1

1
E&
1
1
1
a &
- U 20
U& 10
+
+
= (1 - a) 1 ,
Z3
Z1
Z1 Z 2 Z 3 Z1
.
&

a
E
a
1
1
1
1
+ U& 20
=
U& 10
+
.
Z1 Z 3
Z 3 Z 4 Z1
,
U& 10 = U& 20 = 4 j12 , I&1 = 4(2 j) , I&2 = 2(2 j) , I&3 = 0 , I&4 = 2(2 j) .

I&1 (Z 1 + Z 2 ) - I& 2 Z 2 = E& 1 ,
-I&1 Z 2 + I& 2 (Z 2 + Z 3 + Z 4 ) = aI&1 Z 3
I& (I& = I& )
1

I&1 (Z 1 + Z 2 ) - I& 2 Z 2 = E& 1 ,

&
&
-I 1 (Z 2 + aZ 3 ) + I 2 (Z 2 + Z 3 + Z 4 ) = 0.
I&1 = I&1 = 4(2 j) , I&4 = I& 2 = 2(2 j) ,
I&2 = 2(2 j) , I&3 = 0 .

7. ( ) . 5.14 .
1
, , U& 10 = E& 3 = 3 ,
1
1
1
U& 20
+
+
Z2 Z4 Z5

&
1
1
1
- U 30
,
= -E& 5
+ U& 10
Z4
Z5
Z2

. 5.14

418

1
1
1
1
+ U& 30
+
+
Z4
Z1 Z 4 Z 6

& 1
1
= E 6
+ U& 10
,
Z6
Z1

U& 20 = 2 + j , U& 30 = 3 + 6j . : I&1 = 6 ,

I& = +1 5j , I& = 5(1 + j) , I& = 5j , I& = 1 , I& = 6 + 5j .
-U& 20

I&1 1 + I& 2 j - I& 3 (1 + j) = 4,
I& j + I& (1 + j) - I& (1 + j) = 0,
1

-I&1(1 + j) - I& 2 (1 + j) + I& 3 (2 + j) = 1,

I&1 = 5(1 + j) , I& 2 = 6 , I& 3 = 6 + 5j .
8. . 5.15.

(Y1 + Y5 + Y7 )U& 1 + 0 U& 2 + (-Y5 )U& 3 = Y7 E& 7 ,
0 U& 1 + (Y2 + Y4 + Y6 )U& 2 + (-Y4 - Y6 )U& 3 = -Y6 E& 6 ,
-Y5U& 1 + (-Y4 - Y6 )U& 2 + (Y3 + Y4 +Y5 + Y6 )U& 3 = Y6 E& 6 ,

. 5.15

, Y6 = Y7 = , : U& 1 = E& 7 = 10 ,
U& 2 = Y4E& 6 /Y2 = 5 + j15 , U& 3 = U& 2 + E& 6 = 10 + j20 , I&1 = 5 j5 , I&2 = 5 + j5 ,
I&3 = j10 , I&4 = 5 + j5 , I&5 = 5 j15 , I&6 = 0 , I&7 = j10 .
9. , ( 2) ( 1, 3)
. 5.16.
U& 2 I&1 , I&3 ,

1
1
1 & 1
= E ,
U& 2
+
+
Z1
Z1 Z 2 Z 3
I& (Z + Z ) - I& Z = E&
1

. 5.16

-I&1 Z 2 + I&3 (Z 2 + Z 3 ) = 0.
& b ,
10. & ab = ,
cd
& & = ,
& cd,
U& cd = U,
cd
b &
U& = U.
cd

11. . E& 1 (. 5.17, ).

E&
E& 1
, I&1 = I&2 + I&4 , I&'5 = 0.
I&2 = 1 , I&3 = I&4 =
Z2
Z3 + Z4

. 5.17

419

, J& 2 , (. 5.17, )
Z4
Z3
, I&4 = & 2
, I&1 = I&4 , I&2 = 0.
I&5 = J& 2 , I&3 = & 2
Z3 + Z4
Z3 + Z4
&
&
& I& = I& .
, I&1 = I&1 - I&1, I&2 = I&2 , I&3 = I&3 + I&,
3 I 4 = I 4 - I ,
4
5
5
12. I& k- , k

:
I&k =

I&

(k )
m

E& m E& k ,

I&m( k ) m k- E& k , E& m , m- . ,

, ,
.
13.
U
R . R = AB 0 = 2 . , I AB
U AB 0
= 0,5 .
RAB = 6 I =
R + R AB
m

14. AB U0 ,
2- ,
. 5.18:
I&1 Z 1 + U& 0 + I&4 Z 4 = E& .

I&1 =

E& 1
E& 1
24
24
, A,
=
= 3 A, I&4 =
=
= 15
8
Z1 + Z 3
Z 2 + Z 4 16

U& 0 = E& - I&1 Z 1 - I&4 Z 4 = 24 - 12 - 12 = 0.

. 5.18

, Z + Zab 0, I&ab = 0.
15. & 2
E& - & 2 jwL 3
.
E& = & 2 jwL 3 , : I& = 1
r1 + jwL 3
1

1
1
U& 10 +
+ jwC 2 = E& 1 + E& 2 jwC 3 U& 10 ,
r1
r1 jwL 3

&
&
E - U 10
I& = 1
( 1 ).
r1

420

1. n-
n- (n > 3). , , . 5.19.
k-
(*)
I&k = (U& k 0 - U& n+1,0 )Yk , k = 1, n ,
U& k 0 k-
.
n + 1,
k =n

k =n

I&k =

(U&
k =1

k =1

k0

- U& n+1,0 )Yk = 0,

U& n+1,0 =

k =n

U&
k =1

k 0Y k

k =n

Y
k =1

. 5.19

U& n+1,0 (*),

k =n
k =n

I&k = U& k ,0 - U& k ,0Yk Yk Yk =

k =1
k =1

&
&
&
&
= (U k ,0 - U 10 )Y1 + (U k ,0 - U 20 )Y2 + (U& k ,0 - U& k -1,0 )Yk -1 +

k =n

+(U& k ,0 - U& k+1,0 )Yk+1 +K + (U& k ,0 - U& n ,0 )Yn Yk Yk =

k =1

&
&
&
&
&
= (U k ,1Y1 + U k ,2Y2 +K + U k ,k -1Yk -1 + U k ,k+1Yk+1 + U k ,n Yn )(Yk Y ) =

Yk
Y

p =n

k =n

p =1

k =1

U& k , pY p , k = 1, n, Y =

, , k- , :
YY
YY
Y Y
Y Y
YY
I&k = U& k ,1 1 k + U& k ,2 2 k +K +U& k ,k -1 k -1 k + U& k ,k+1 k+1 k +K +U& k ,n n k .
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
'
&
I k , k- (. 5.19),

I&' = U& Y + U& Y +K + U& Y
+ U& Y
+K + U& Y .
k

k ,1 k ,1

k ,2

k ,2

k ,k -1 k ,k -1

k ,k+1 k ,k+1

k ,n

k ,n

, . 5.19, ,
U& kp (k, p = 1, n , k p), I&k = I&'k , k = 1, n.
Y pYk
, Ykp =
.
Y
, n- n- (n > 3) .

421

2. (. 5.20).

. 5.20

3. U
U = AU0. ,
, q ( q )
U U1. ,
U = DU1 = AU0,
DAU0 = DDU1 U1 = (DD)1U0.
DD = D1D , , , .
4. 4. 3
. :
1
E&
1 &
1
U 10 - U& 20 - 0 U& 30 = - 1 ,
+

Z1
Z1
Z 1 Z 2
1
1
E&
E&
1
1 &
1 &
U 20 +
+
U 30 = 3 + 1 + & 6 ,
- U& 10 +
Z5
Z 3 Z1
Z 3 Z1 Z 5
Z1

1
1 &
1 &
0 U& 10 U 30 = 0.
+
U 20 +
Z5
Z
Z

5
4

422

, 1/Z3,
, . :
E&
1 &
U 20 = 3 , U& 20 = E& 3 .
Z3
Z3
,
:
1
1 &
1 &
U 10 =
+
(E 3 - E& 1 ),

Z
Z
Z
2
1
1

1 + 1 U& = 1 E& ,
Z 4 Z 5 30 Z 5 3

U& 10 U& 30 . ,

, ,
, .

5.3.

1. ,
.
M12I2
L1I1 (I1, I2 1 2).
2.
.
4. I&1- L1 , I&1+, I&2+
, I&1- jwL1 = I&1+ jwL1 + I&2+ jwM = I&2+ jwL2 + I&1+ jwM
2

2
L L - L1 M &
& L1 - L1 M , I& + I& = I& L1 L 2 - 2 L1 M + L1 = I& .
,
=
I&1+ = I&1- 1 2
I
I
2
1
1
+
2
+
1
+
+
L1 L 2 - M 2
L1 L 2 - M 2
L1 L 2 - M 2

A1 I+, A2 I1+.
, L1 L1 = M
( M = 0), L1 > M L1 < M.
I+ M = L1, M > L1 M < L1.
5. , ,
, .
7. Dx > 0 , , wL2 + x < 0,
. .

423

1. jwL2I&2 jwL3I&3 .
.
P
2. r1 + r2 = 2 = 30 .
I
100 = (1 30) 2 + [w(L1 + L 2 - 2 M )] 2 1,
100 = (0,6 30) 2 + [w(L1 + L 2 + 2 M )] 2 0, 36
163, 9
95, 4
, L1 + L2 2M =
, M @ 6,8103 .
w
w
5
20
3. : L1 =
@ 1,6102 , L2 =
@ 6,4102 , M = k L1 L 2 @ 1,6102 ,
314
314
120
x = 5 + 20 + 23141,6102 @ 35 , I =
@ 3,4 , U1 = (5 + 3141,6102)3,4 @
35
@ 34,1 , U2 = (20 + 3141,6102)3,4 @ 85,1 .
4. :
20(4 - j)
E&
200
I& =
.
=
=
jx1 - jxC + r 40 + j(20 - 10)
17
& = 400 (1 + 4j) ,U @ 97 .
& M + Ijx
& C + U& = 0 : U& = jI20
Ijx
17

& M + Ijx
& C + U& = 0, : U = 0.
Ijx
6. , . ,
.
8. :
I&1 (r1 + jwL1 ) + I&2 jwM 12 + I&3 jwM 13 = U& 1 ,
I& jwM + I& (r + jwL + Z ) + I& jwM = 0,
: L1 + L2 + 2M =

21

23

I&1 jwM 31 + I&2 jwM 32 + I&3 (r3 + jwL 3 + Z 3 ) = 0.

9. :
w2 M 2
Dr = 2
rII = 135 (wM = = k wL1 wL 2 = 1,2103 ),
rII + xII2
w2 M 2
Dx = 2
xII = 300 .
rII + xII2

Z = r1 + Dr + j(x1 + Dx) = (3,35 + j7)102 .

424

10. , : Z = r1 + jx1=

U& 1
200
=
=
&I
20(1 - j 3)
1

U 2 60 10
= 3 .
=
I 1 20 10
x 2
r2 + jx 2 =
@ 9,1 + j 3,1 .
(U& I& ) - r - jx

= 1 + j3 , r1 = 1 , x1 = 3 , xM =
&

x 2
I 1
U& 1 = r1 + jx1 +
r2 + jx 2

x
U
11. L1 = 1 z = r12 + x12 = ;
I1
w
L1 =

1
2 p 500 10 3

E2
368
201
=
@ 1,5105 .

- 4 @ 8106 , M =
3
8
w
I
2 p 500 10 8

7. n
L + (n - 1)M
U
. L = 0
.
I =n
w[L 0 + (n - 1)M ]
n
n L M.

6.1. r, L, C

5. d
, . 6.1. r, L, w0
r
r
r
.
d=
=
=
L C w0 L 1 w0 C

.
) ; ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .
6. ) ; ) .

. 6.1

2. I :
I0
I =
,
2

1
1 + Q 2 h -
h

Q
1
h = w/w0 , I0 = U = U = 44 r
r
,
. I > 31 h1 < h < h2, h1 @ 0, 975, h 2 @ 1025
,

425

w, 31 ,
0,05w0.
, , I0 = 44
31 2 ( ),
h2 h1 = 1/Q. .
1
, U0 = I0r, U0, UC0, I0 ,
3. U C 0 = I 0
w0 C
, ,
1 U0
, , UC0
. 6.1. U C 0 =
C w0 r
10 % 1,11 .
4.
1
1
=
- w2 L. w1w2 =1/LC.
w1 L w1C w2 C
5. w1 w2 :
r
r
=
= cos j 2
cos j1 =
r 2 + (w1 L - 1 w1C) 2
r 2 + (w2 L - 1 w2 C) 2
, . w2 > w1, (w1L 1/w1C) =
= w2L 1/w2C, w0
1
1
1
+
= w1w2 .
(w1 + w2 )LC =
, w0 =
w1 w2
LC
6. . 6.2 .
,

( , j).
w = w
, .

. 6.2

w , w L, C, w.
8. w c
U = const UL U, UL(w)

426

, UL > U. U&
UL
-w2 LC
w2 LC
,

, L =
,
=
U
U
1 - w2 LC + jrwC
(1 - w2 LC) 2 + r 2 w2 C 2
1 2w2LC +
+ (rwC)2 < 0, UL > U.
(w/w0) = h, rwC = d,
h > (2 d2)0,5, , UL > U
d < 1,41.
10. . 8.

6.2. g, L, C

3. Q I0
Q = IC0/I0.
, IC0 = QI0 = 8 , ,
8 .
6. g g g
,
, r = 2
g + (1 wL - wC) 2
, .

1. ) , (IC0/I0) = g/g, g = (C/L)0,5,

g = 2g g = 0,5(C/L)0,5 = 5103 , ) g = 0,25(C/L)0,5 =
= 2,5103 C, ) Ig = I, Q = 1 g = 102 C.
5. ) I = Ig > IL = IC, ) I = Ig < IL = IC.

4. (w) , . 6.4, :
1
-wL
wC = -wL .
x =
1
w2 LC - 1
wL wC

dx
w2 LC + 1
=L 2
> 0 w.
dw
(w LC - 1) 2
5. U = const,
.

427

6.3. ,

1. w = 0, (, w x 0, , w
x ). w = 0 ,
( x 0 w ) , x w .
4. , , .
5. . 6.3, , x(w) .
(. 6.3, )
.
. 6.3

1. (w), b(w) , (w) ( ) b(w)

. , , (w) , b(w) b(w) = 1/x(w).
(w) b(w) . 6.4.
. 6.5.

. 6.4

. 6.5

b(w) (w) . 6.6.

(w), b(w) . 6.7 .

. 6.6

. 6.7

(. 6.8) , . 6.9.

428

2. x(w) . 6.10. ,
(w), LC- , . .

. 6.9

. 6.8

. 6.10

4. , L, C w0 = (LC)0,5.
L, C w0. 1
3 , 2 (
U/w0L). V1 , V2
.

.

1.
. , ,
L = L k 1/ = 1 C k . , k

, , ,
: 1/L = =

1 L
k

, C = C k .
k

(L C) L C. ,
(, ), ,
, , n, (w) b(w) n.
2. L, C
(. 6.11)
(w)
L1C1 L2C2.
(w) , ,
. 6.11
.

429

6.4.

1. :
U ( jw) I ( jw) r
K ( jw) = 2
=
=
U 1 ( jw) U 1 ( jw)
=

jr wC
(r wC) 2
r wC
=
+j
,
2
1 + jr wC 1 + (r wC)
1 + (r wC) 2

K (w) = K ( jw) =

r wC
1 + (r wC) 2

j (w) = y u 2 - y u1 = arctg

1
.
r wC

(w), j(w) . 6.12.

2. 8 6.1.
3.
U ( jw)
1
1
rwC
K ( jw) = 2
=
=
-j
,
U 1 ( jw) 1 + jrwC 1 + (rwC) 2
1 + (rwC) 2
F1 (w) =

1
1
,
=
1 + (rwC) 2 1 + w2 T 2

F 2 (w) = -

rwC
wT
.
=1 + (rwC) 2
1 + w2 T 2

F1(w), F2(w) . 6.13.

1
K ( jw) =
e - j arctg wT - 2 2
1+ w T
. 6.14.

. 6.12

. 6.13

. 6.14

4.

1
1
1
, K (w) =
, lg K(w) = lg (1 + w2r2C2).
K ( jw) =
2 2 2
2
1 + jrwC
1+ r w C
rC = T, F (wT) = 10 lg (1 + w2T2). wT 0 F (wT) 0
F(wT) wT . wT = 1 20 lg K(1) = 10 lg2 @ 3
(. 6.15).
U (w)
wT >> 1 20 lg 2
= F(wT) = 20 lg K(wT) @ 20 lgwT, U 1 (w)
, wT ( )

430

F(wT) 20 . F(lgwT)
, .
jwL
K(jw) = U& L U& =
. K(w) =
r + jwL
wL
wT
( T = L/r), F(wT) = 20 lg K (wT) = 20 lg wT
=
=
1 + (wT ) 2
r 2 + w 2 L2
10 lg {1 + (wT)2}. F(lgwT) . 6.16 , .
wT F(lgwT) 20 .

. 6.15

. 6.16

6.5.

1. j = 0 x = 0 b = 0, .
r jwL
1
Z = - j
,
+
wC r + jwL
-r 2 - w2 L2 + r 2 w2 LC
. x = 0
x =
wC(r 2 + w2 L2 )
1
r
. Y =
= g jb, b = 0 w=
2
Z
L(r C - L)
w =

L(r C - L)

1
(Cr 2 - L) / L
rC

L(Cr 2 - L)

(. ).

Cr 2 - L
1
L2C
1
LC

Cr 2 - L
L

Cr 2 - L

431

L - 2Cr 2
2 L2C

1 1 + 4r LC
2 2

L
Cr
(
)
2

3Cr 2 - L
8r 2C 4
1 1+
2 2
2 LC r
(3Cr 2 - L)2

2Cr 2 - L
4r 2LC
1 1+
2 2
2 LC r
(2Cr 2 - L)2

4L
1
Cr 2
1 1 - 2
2

LC 2(Cr + L)
Cr

10. k = 0 I2(w) 0. I1(w) I(w) r, L, C.

11. .
& U& I.
,
:
x = 0,

(*)
1 = 0.
x

:
x =

U& wL1 I&1 + wMI&2 L1C(L 2 - M )w2 + MC(L1 - M )w2 - L1

=
.
=
I&
I&1 + I&2
C(L1 - M )w2 + C(L 2 - M )w2 - 1

(L1 M)I&1 =
1
= (L 2 - M )I&2 - 2 I&2 , ,
wC
, L1, L2 .
(*)
L1
1
.
, w2 =
w1 =
2
C(L1 + L 2 - 2 M )
(L1 L 2 - M )C
.

[(L1 + L 2 + 2 M) C ]-0,5

[(L1 + L 2 - 2 M) C ]-0,5

(L1L 2 - M 2) C

L1 + L 2 - 2 M

-0, 5

(L1L 2 - M 2) C

L1 + L 2 - 2 M

-0, 5

[ L1 C( L 1L 2 - M 2)]-0,5

432

12.
. 6.17.

1 &
1 &
-I&1 jwL +
- I 1 jwM = 0
+ I 2 jwM + I&2 jwL +
jwC
jwC

1 &
I&1 = I&2 . -U& + I&1 jwL +
- I 2 jwM = 0
jwC

U&
U
1

I&1 =
x = = 0,5 wL - wM .
1
I
w
C

jwL +
- jwM
jwC
1
x = 0, b =
= 0:
x
. 6.17
1
.
w1 = 0, w2 =
C(L - M )
w2 @ 1,4104 1/.
(. 6.18)
I&1 = I&2 + I&3 ,
1
= 0,
jwC
. 6.18
-U& + I&1 (r + jwL) + I&2 jwL + I&1 jwM + I&2 jwM = 0,
I&1
w (L + M )
U&
= r + jx, x =
[2 w2C(L - M)]. = 0
Z =
2
&I
1 - w LC
1
2
1
= 104 1.
w1 = 0, w2 =
= 2 10 4 1, b = 0 w3 =
C(L - M )
LC
-I&2 jwL - I&1 jwM + I&3

7.1.

3. .

, .


.
5. . ,
, (. . 7.1), :
3Z I& = E& 21 + E& 32 + E& 13 = 0 , , I& = 0.

433

1. . 7.7. , 6- Ek = E,
k = 1, 6 ,
: E23 = E, E = E.

. 7.1

. 7.2

,
. : P = 6UI cos j,
Q = 6UI sin j.
2. , , .
3. , : V1 = 220 , V2 = V3 = V4 = 220 3 ,
: V2 = V3 = V4 = 220 , A2 = 0,
& = 0 : E& 1 - aE& 1 + a 2 E& 1 + 3IZ

2:
I @ 14, 3 .
4. : V1 = 220 , V2 = 380 ,
220
@ 15,6 , A2 = 0,
A1 = A 3 =
10 + j10
*
P2 = Re(U& 10 I 1 ) = 2420 ,

P1 = Re(U& 13 I 1 ) @ 1530 .
*

1.

b = 0: 1/wC = 20 , @ 159106 .
UC = U @ 380 , I = 380/|10 + 10j | @ 26,9 A, IC = 380/20 = 19 .
-: xC @ 7 ,
@ 4,8104 . IC @ 33 .
2.
= I1U23 cos a = I1U10 3 cos a, a I 1 U 23
(. 7.3).

434

a y a + y = 0,5p,
= I1U10 3 sin y , , Q = 3I1U10 sin y = 3.
3.
p = i1u10 + i2u20 + i3u30 , i1 = (i2 + i3),
p = (u10 u20)i1 + (u30 u20)i3 = u12i1 + u32i3. ,
,
. 7.3

P = U12I1 cos a + U32I2 cos b = P12 + P32,

a b , , u12 i1, u32 i2.

7.2.

4. ) I0 0, ) I0 = 0, ) I0 0.

1. ) U& 00 ' = -E& 3 ,

E& 3 U& 00 , I&1 I&2
I&1 Z 1 - U& 00 = E& 1 , I&2 Z 2 - U& 00' = E& 2 : I&1 @ 15,8 j32,6 , I&2 @ 37,7 j3,77
*
*
S&1 = (E& 1 - E& 3 ) I 1 @ 997 + j13 768 , S& 2 = (E& 2 - E& 3 ) I 2 @
@ 1437 + j14 366 .
) E& 1 - E& 2 = I&12 Z 12 , E& 3 - E& 1 = I&31 Z 31 ,
E& 2 - E& 3 = I&23 Z 23 I&12 @ 284 j188 , I&31 @ 20 + j340 ,
*
I& @ 377 j38 S& = (E& - E& ) I @ 5,8104 + j1,2105 ,
23

12

*
S& 2 = (E& 2 - E& 3 ) I 23 @ 1,4104 + j1,4105 , S& 3 = (E& 3 --E& 1 ) I 31 @ 5,8104 + j1,2105 .
2. I&1 Z 1 = E& 1 : U& 1 = E& 1
U1 = P1 (I 1 cos j1 ) = 200 , , U& 1 = E& 1 = 200 , :
U
E& 2 = 200 exp( jp/2) = j 200 , Z1 = Z2 = 1 exp [ j(arccos 0,75)] @ 10 + j8,8 ,
I1
&
&
U
U (- j)
I&0 = I&1 + I&2 = 1 + 1
@ 1,3 j21,2 , I0 @ 21,2 .
Z1
Z2

7.3.

1. , , . ,
, .
,

435

, . ,
, - .
2.
, .
3. , ,
. ,
. .
4. ) , ) , , ) .
( ) .

.

1. ) x, By :
Bx = Bx1 + Bx2 = (m0 2/4pd)100[sin wt + sin (wt + p/2)] = 2105sin (wt + p/4) ,
By = By1 + By2 = (m0 2/4pd)100[sin wt sin (wt + p/2)] = 2105cos (wt + p/4) .
| | 2105 , B.

7.4.

3. , y = 2pq/m m = 6, q = 0, 1, 2, , 5.
q = 0 .
q = 1, q = 2 , q = 4, q = 5
.
4. : , , , , .

3. (**)
7.4 , .

436

iA, iB, iC (. 7.4) I&A + I&B + I&C , .

I1 I2 .

. 7.4.

. 7.4

1.
I& + I& + I& = 0,
1

U& 12 + I&2 r - I&1 Z 1 = 0,

U& 23 + I&3 Z 2 - I&2 r = 0,
I&1 = (U& 12 Z 1 - U& 31 r) D, I&2 = (U& 23 Z 1 - U& 12 Z 2 ) D,
I&3 = (U& 31 r - U& 23 Z 1 ) D, D = Z 1 r + Z 1 Z 2 + rZ 2 .
I&2 , , , U& 23 = U& 12 exp (- j 2 p 3), I&2 0 ( ) I&2 = 0 ( ).
, U& 23 = U& 12 exp ( j 2 p 3), I&2 = 0 ( ) I&2 0 ( ). ,
, .

437

8.1.

3. ,
(. . 8 4.1).
5. , . 8.1, ,
, . 8.1, . .

. 8.1

6. I&1 , I&2 , ...

, I&1 exp (jwt), I&2 exp (2jwt), I&3 exp (3jwt), ...,
exp (jwt), exp (2jwt), exp (3jwt), ...

1. ) ), ) ), ) ).
2. ) 1), ) 2), ) 3).
3. ,
4U m
T 2
T
, k = 1, 3, 5, K
4U m
2
1

Ck = 0 Bk = Ukm = u(t)sin kwt dt =

cos kwt
= kp
T 0
kw 0
T
0 , k = 2, 4, 6, K
4U m
4U m
= 1,27Um, U3m =
= 0,42Um,
p
3p
4U m
4U m
U5m =
= 0,25Um, U7m =
= 0,18Um, ...
5p
7p
- . 8.1, .
:
U1m =

Ck = 0, Bk =

4
T

T 2

8U m

u(t)sin kwt dt = p
0

sin

kp
, k = 1, 2, ...
2

438

U1m =
U5m =

8U m

8U m
p

= 0,81Um, U3m =

8U m
9p2

= 0,09Um,

= 0,03Um.
25 p2
- . 8.1, .
4. , . 8.2,
U1m = 127 , U3m = 42 , U5m = 25 .
Z @ 192 j289 ( 318 ).
U&
r
= 107 j30 , U1m @ 111 .
U& 1m = 1m
Z 1 + jr wC

. 8.2

, ,
1
1
= 106 ,
= 63,6 , Z3 @ 111 j105 , U& 3m = 22 j19 , U3m = 29 ,
3wC
5wC
Z5 @ 104 j63 , U& 5m = 7,4 j11 , U5m = 13,3 .
U1m/Um, U3m/Um, U5m/Um 1,27;
0,42 0,25, U1m/Um = 1,11,
U3m/Um = 0,29 U5m/Um = 0,13. , , , ,

.
, , wL = 62,8 , : 3wL = 188,4 , 5wL = 314 .
, : U& 1m @ 157 j12 , U1m @ 157 ,
= 51,5 j12,4 , U3m @ 53 , U&
= 6,3 j0,5 , U5m @ 6,3 , U&
3m

5m

: U1m/Um = 1,57, U3m/Um = 0,53, U5m/Um @ 0,06.

5. ,
,
, , (. 8.3).

i1 = i3 = i4 =

439

U0
= 4,4 , i2 = i5 = 0.
r1 + r3

:
. 8.3
U& = 220 , Z45 = , Z345 = , Z = Z1 + Z2 = 5 j48 ,
I& Z
U&
220
= 0,47 + j4,53 , I&3 = 0, I&4 = -I&5 = 2 2 = 2,26 j21,7 .
I&1 = I&2 =
=
Z 5 - 48 j
Z4
:
i1 = i2 = 4,55 2 sin (wt + 84); i3 = 0; i4 = i5 = 21,8 2 sin (wt 96).
,
, :
U&
1
5
= 0; U& 2 = 0; I&3 = I&4 = I&5 = 0; I&1 = I&2 = = 0,707 .
; Z2 = j5wL +
U& =
r1
j5wC
2
:
i1 = i2 = 1 sin 5wt; i3 = i4 = i5 = 0.
:
i1 = 4,4 + 6,4 sin (wt + 84) + 1 sin 5wt ; i2 = 6,4 sin (wt + 84) + 1 sin 5wt ;
i3 = 4,4 , i4 = 4,4 + 30,8 sin (wt 96) ; i5 = 30,8 sin (wt + 84) .

8.2.

5. (. 8.4).
L1C1 w, .
L1, C1, L2 , 3w
x = 0,
. 8.4
.
6. q k , L1C1
L2C2 qw0 kw0
1
1
= qw0;
= kw0.
L1C1
L 2C2
p x = 0:
jpw0 L1
2

2
0

1 - p w L1C1

jpw0 L 2
1 - p 2 w20 L 2 C 2

= 0.

440

L1(1 p2w20 L2C2) + L2(1 p2w20 L1C1) = 0,
, L1q2(k2 p2) = L2k2(p2 q2).

8.3.
.

3. ,
(. . 8.5).
4.
, .

, .
10.
,
. 8.5
.

12. : U0 =

1
20
u(t) dt = 10 ; Bk = (1 cos kp), Ck = 0;
pk
T 0

U1m = 12,7 ; U2 = 0; U3m = 4,2 ; U4m = 0; U = 13,8 ; U = 14,1 .

20
20
cos kp; Ck = 2 2 (cos kp 1);
: U0 = 5 ; Bk =
pk
p k
U1m = 6 ; U2m = 3,2 ; U3m = 2,14 ; U4m = 1,6 ; U = 7,55 ; U = 8,16 .
5
5
cos 2kp; Ck = 2 2 (cos 2kp 1);
: U0 = 2,5 ; Bk =
pk
2p k
U1m = 1,6 ; U2m = 0,8 ; U3m = 0,53 ; U4m = 0,4 ; U = 2,84 ; U = 2,89 .

8.4.

2. , .
2p

q = 2p k (k ): q = km.
m

, 197
, 197
, ,
, 177
, 174

, 152
, 153

, ,
, 181
,
, , 340
, ,
, 180
, 154
, 326

, 30

, 34
, 34
, 303

, 280
, 348

, 183
, 182
, 152
y-, 258
z-, 258
, 159
, 60, 145
, 201

, 271
, 271
, 327
, 329
, 329
, 335
, 343

, 153
, 153

, 286
, 153

, 45

, 158

, 229
, 157

, 229
, 27
, 45
, 229
, 243
, 73

442

()

, 56
, 58

, 18
, 32
, 19
, 303

, 60
, 271

, 147
, 146
, 148
, 146
, 148
, 51, 130

, 192

, 225
, 230
, 229
, 228
, ,
, 227
, 224
, 152

, 182
, 350
, 190

, 342
, 278
, 182

, 53

, 71

, 23
, 48
, 37
, 35

, 23
, 66

, 71
, 67
, 73

, 35

, 169
, 164
, 166
, 156
, 171
, 234
, 161
, 157
, ,
, 177

, 242
, 329

, 283
, 249
, 267
, 321
, 322
, 322
, 321

()

, 322

, 322

, 322
, 322
, 348
, 350
, 351
, 351

, 189

, 341
, 189, 192
, 190
, 190
, 325

, 70, 72

, 324
, 324
, 44

, 70
, 22
, 323
, 323

, 82
, 77
()
, 335

, 45
, 195

443

, ,
, 180, 335
, 36
, 201
, 47

, 21, 23
, 21 - 22
, 64
, 47, 64
, 47
, 49
, 19
, 45
, 35, 73
, 306
, 30

, 335

, 45, 47
, 201

, 28
, 60
, 52
, 60
, 59
, 240


, 238

, 265
, 263
,
54

, 42
, 61

444

, 189
, 255
, 308
, 255
, 189
, 189
, 251
, 189
, 189
, 251

, 37
, 19

, 46
, 64
, 307
, 197
, 197
, 302
-
, 317
, 303

g, L, C, 307

, 302
, 308

, 154

, 85
, 87

, 329
, 174

, 152, 231
, 152, 231

()
() , 323
() , 323
() , 324
, 152

, 185
, 196
, 249

, 277
, 277
, 249
, 185
, 185
, 243
, 246, 249
, 185
, 196
, 196
, 185
, 246, 249

, 37
, 348

, , , 181

, 150

, 149

, 26
, 280
, 268
, 267

, 324
, 38
, 36

()
, 324
, 36
, 39
, 39

, 279
, 275
, 278

, 197
, 197
, 197
, 197

, 52

, 23
, 37
, 35

, ,
, 178
, 152

, 149
, 177
, 184, 187

, , , 177
, 177

-, 348
, 147
-, 138
-, 348

, 233

445

, 131
, 139
, 130
, 139
, 131

, 134

, 137
, 130

, 350
, , , 177
, 350
, 303
, 177
, 302
, 314
, 311

g, L, C, 309

r, L, C, 304

, 48
, 27
, 340
, 29
, 29
, 33
, 49
, 60
, 60

, 81
, 81
, 77