Khoa in T - Vin Thng LI NI U

Lp HT1

Ra i vo nhng nm 40 ca th k XX, thng tin di ng c coi nh l mt thnh tu tin tin trong lnh vc thng tin vin thng vi c im cc thit b u cui c th truy cp dch v ngay khi ang di ng trong phm vi vng ph sng. Thnh cng ca con ngi trong lnh vc thng tin di ng khng ch dng li trong vic m rng vng ph sng phc v thu bao khp ni trn ton th gii, cc nh cung dch v, cc t chc nghin cu pht trin cng ngh di ng ang n lc hng ti mt h thng thng tin di ng hon ho, cc dch v a dng, cht lng dch v cao. 3G - H thng thng tin di ng th h 3 l ci ch trc mt m th gii ang hng ti. T thp nin 1990, Lin minh Vin thng Quc t bt tay vo vic pht trin mt nn tng chung cho cc h thng vin thng di ng. Kt qu l mt sn phm c gi l Thng tin di ng ton cu 2000 (IMT-2000). IMT-2000 khng ch l mt b dch v, n p ng c m lin lc t bt c ni u v vo bt c lc no. c nh vy, IMT-2000 to iu kin tch hp cc mng mt t v/hoc v tinh. Hn th na, IMT-2000 cng cp n Internet khng dy, hi t cc mng c nh v di ng, qun l di ng (chuyn vng), cc tnh nng a phng tin di ng, hot ng xuyn mng v lin mng.. Cc h thng thng tin di ng th h 2 c xy dng theo tiu chun GSM, IS-95, PDC, IS-38 pht trin rt nhanh vo nhng nm 1990. Trong hn mt t thu bao in thoi di ng trn th gii, khong 863,6 triu thu bao s dng cng ngh GSM, 120 triu dng CDMA v 290 triu cn li dng FDMA hoc TDMA. Khi chng ta tin ti 3G, cc h thng GSM v CDMA s tip tc pht trin trong khi TDMA v FDMA s chm dn vo qun lng. Con ng GSM s ti l CDMA bng thng rng (WCDMA) trong khi CDMA s l cdma2000. Ti Vit Nam, th trng di ng trong nhng nm gn y cng ang pht trin vi tc tng i nhanh. Cng vi hai nh cung cp dch v di Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 1

Khoa in T - Vin Thng

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ng ln nht l Vinaphone v Mobifone, Cng Ty Vin thng Qun i (Vietel), S-fone v mi nht l Cng ty c phn Vin thng H Ni v Vin Thng in Lc tham gia vo th trng di ng chc hn s to ra mt s cnh tranh ln gia cc nh cung cp dch v, em li mt s la chn phong ph cho ngi s dng. V vy, cc nh cung cp dch v di ng Vit Nam khng ch s dng cc bin php cnh tranh v gi c m cn phi n lc tng cng s lng dch v v nng cao cht lng dch v chim lnh th phn trong nc . iu c ngha rng hng ti 3G khng phi l mt tng lai xa Vit Nam. Trong s cc nh cung cp dch v di ng Vit Nam, ngoi hai nh cung cp dch v di ng ln nht l Vinaphone v Mobifone, cn c Vietel ang p dng cng ngh GSM v cung cp dch v di ng cho phn ln thu bao di ng Vit Nam. V vy khi tin ln 3G, chc chn hng p dng cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn WCDMA xy dng h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 phi c xem xt nghin cu.

Hnh 1. Vin cnh thng tin di ng Hin nay tai Vit Nam bng tn I dnh cho WCDMA c chia l bn khe v c cp pht cho bn nh khai thc: Viettel, VMS, GPC, EVN+HT. Trong cc nm ti 3GWCDMA UMTS s c trin khai trn bng tn ny. H Ni ngy 15 thng 5 nm 2012 Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 2

Khoa in T - Vin Thng MC LC

Lp HT1

Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng

Khoa in T - Vin Thng CHNG I: TNG QUAN V THNG TIN DI NG 1.1 Lch s mng thng tin di ng.

Lp HT1

m u cho vic tm hiu tng quan v mng thng tin di ng, chng ta cng nhn li lch s pht trin ca nghnh thng tin lin lc bng v tuyn. Nm 1873 sng in t c Maxwell tm ra nhng mi ti nm 1888 mi c Hertz chng minh bng c s thc tin. Sau t lu Marcony chng t c sng v tuyn l mt hin tng bc x in t. T c m ln lao ca con ngi v mt iu k diu trong thng tin lin lc khng dy c c s tr thnh hin thc. Tri qua thi k pht trin lu di, ti nay vic thng tin lin lc gia cc i tng vi nhau bng sng v tuyn c ng dng rng ri. Vi k thut lin lc ny, mi i tng thng tin u c kh nng lin lc c vi nhau bt c iu kin hon cnh, a hnh hay bt c iu kin khch quan no. Trn c s nhng u im ca k thut lin lc khng dy m k thut thng tin ra i. Cng vi s pht trin ngy cng cao ca cng ngh in t v thng tin, mng thng tin di ng ngy cng ph bin, gi c phi chng, tin cy ngy cng cao. Th h th nht: Xut hin sau nm 1946, vi k thut FM (iu ch tn s) bng sng 150 MHz, AT & T c cp giy php cho in thoi di ng thc s St. Louis. Nm 1948 mt h thng in thoi hon ton t ng u tin ra i Richmond, Indiane. L th h thng tin di ng tng t s dng cng ngh truy cp phn chia theo tn s (TDMA). Tuy nhin, h thng ny khng p ng c nhu cu ngy cng tng trc ht v dung lng. Mt khc cc tiu chun h thng khng tng thch nhau lm cho s chuyn giao khng rng nh mong mun (ra ngoi quc t). Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 4

Khoa in T - Vin Thng

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Nhng vn ny t ra cho th h th hai thng tin di ng cellular phi gii quyt. - Th h th hai: Cng vi s pht trin ca Microprocssor m ca cho mt h thng phc tp hn. Thay cho m hnh qung b vi my pht cng sut ln v anten cao l nhng cell c din tch b v cng sut pht nh hn, p ng c nhu cu ngy cng tng v dung lng. H thng s dng cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA) v phn chia theo m (CDMA) m c trng l mng GSM, EGSM, DS -1800. - Th h th ba: Bt u nhng nm sau ca thp k 90 l k thut CDMA&TDMA ci tin, p ng c vic tng tc tc truyn v cc dch v trong mng. 1.2 Cc th h ca thng tin di ng. 1.2.1 Th h 1G: S khi u gin n (nghe & gi). 1G l ch vit tt ca cng ngh in thoi khng dy th h u tin (1st Generation). Cc in thoi di ng chun analog, s dng cng ngh 1G vi tn hiu sng analog, c gii thiu trn th trng vo nhng nm 1980. Mt trong nhng cng ngh 1G ph bin l NMT (Nordic MobileTelephone) c s dng cc nc Bc u, Ty u v Nga. Cng c mt s cng ngh khc nh AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Sytem h thng in thoi di ng tin tin) c s dng M v c; TACS (Total Access Communication Sytem h thng giao tip truy cp tng hp) c s dng Anh, C-45 Ty c, B o Nha v Nam Phi, Radiocom 2000 Php v RTMI Italia. 1.2.2 Th h 2G: Cng ngh GSM (nghe gi, nhn tin ....). L th h kt ni thng tin di ng mang tnh ci cch cng nh khc hon ton so vi th h u tin. N s dng cc tn hiu k thut s thay cho tn hiu analog ca th h 1G v c p dng ln u tin ti Phn Lan bi Radiolinja (hin l nh cung cp mng con ca tp on Elisa Oyj) trong nm 1991. Mng Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 5

Khoa in T - Vin Thng

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2G mang ti cho ngi s dng di ng 3 li ch tin b trong sut mt thi gian di: M ho d liu theo dng k thut s, phm vi kt ni rng hn 1G v c bit l s xut hin ca tin nhn dng vn bn n gin SMS. Theo cc tin hiu thoi khi c thu nhn s uc m ho thnh tn hiu k thut s di nhiu dng m hiu (codecs), cho php nhiu gi m thoi c lu chuyn trn cng mt bng thng, tit kim thi gian v chi ph. Song song tn hiu k thut s truyn nhn trong th h 2G to ra ngun nng lng sng nh hn v s dng cc chip thu pht nh hn, tit kim din tch bn trong thit b hn. - So vi 1G ba li ch ch yu ca mng 2G chnh l: Nhng cuc gi di ng c m ha k thut s. Cho php tng hiu qu kt ni cc thit b. Bt u c kh nng thc hin cc dch v s liu trn in thoi di ng khi u l tin nhn SMS.Nhng cng ngh 2G c chia lm hai dng chun: TDMA (Time Divison Mutiple Access: a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian) v CDMA (Code Divison Multple Access: a truy cp phn chia theo m), ty thuc vo hnh thc ghp knh c s dng. Cc chun cng ngh ch yu ca 2G bao gm: - GSM (thuc TDMA) c ngun gc t chu u nhng c s dng trn tt c cc quc gia 6 lc a. Ngy nay cng ngh GSM vn cn c s dng vi 80% in thoi di ng trn th gii. - IS-95 cn c gi l aka CDMA One (thuc CDMA, thng c gi ngn gn l CDMA ti M) c s dng ch yu l chu M v mt s vng chu . Ngy nay nhng thu bao s dng chun ny chim khong 17% trn ton th gii. Hin ti cc nc Mexico, n , c v Hn Quc c rt nhiu nh cung cp mng CDMA chuyn sang cung cp mng GSM. PDC (thuc TDMA) l mng t nhn c Nextel s dng ti M v Telus Mobility trin khai Canada. Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 6

Khoa in T - Vin Thng

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- IS-136 aka D-AMPS (thuc TDMA thng c gi tt l TDMA ti M) tng l mng ln nht trn th trng M nay chuyn sang GSM. Thun li v kh khn ca 2G: cng ngh 2G tn hiu k thut s c s dng trao i gia in thoi v cc thp pht sng, lm tng hiu qu trn 2 phng din chnh: - Th nht d liu s ca ging ni c th c nn v ghp knh hiu qu hn so vi m ha Analog nh s dng nhiu hnh thc m ha cho php nhiu cuc gi cng c m ha trn mt di bng tn. - Th hai h thng k thut s c thit k gim bt nng lng sng radio pht t in thoi. Nh vy c th thit k in thoi 2G nh gn hn ng thi gim chi ph u t nhng thp pht sng. Hn na mng 2G tr nn ph bin cng do cng ngh ny c th trin khai mt s dch v d liu nh Email v SMS. ng thi mc bo mt c nhn cng cao hn so vi 1G. Tuy nhin h thng mng 2G cng c nhng nhc im. V d: nhng ni dn c tha tht. Sng k thut s yu c th khng ti c cc thp pht sng, ti nhng a im nh vy cht lng truyn sng cng nh cht lng cuc gi s b gim ng k. 1.2.3 Th h 2,5G. 2,5G chnh l bc m gia 2G vi 3G trong cng ngh in thoi khng dy. Khi nim 2,5G c dng miu t h thng di ng 2G c trang b h thng chuyn mch gi, bn cnh h thng chuyn mch knh truyn thng. Trong khi cc khi nim 2G v 3G c chnh thc nh ngha th khi nim 2,5G li khng c nh vy. Khi nim ny ch dng cho mc ch tip th 2,5G cung cp mt s li ch ca mng 3G (v d chuyn mch gi), v c th dng c s h tng ang tn ti ca 2G trong cc mng GSM v CDMA. GPAS l cng ngh c cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng GSM s dng. V giao thc nh EDGE cho GSM v CDMA 2000 1x-RTT cho CDMA, c th t cht

Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng

Khoa in T - Vin Thng

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lng nh cc dch v 3G (v dng tc truyn d liu 144Kb/s), nhng vn c xem nh dch v 2,5G bi vn chm hn vi ln so vi dch v 3G tht s. 1.2.4 Th h 3G. Cng ngh ng i (nghe gi, nhn tin, video call, mobile TV ... cc hot ng i hi ng truyn cao). 3G l cng ngh truyn thng th h th 3, cho php truyn c d liu thoi v d liu ngoi thoi (ti d liu, gi email, tin nhn nhanh SMS, hnh nh,). H thng 3G yu cu mt mng truy cp radio hon ton khc so vi h thng 2G hin nay. Trong cc dch v ca 3G cuc gi video thng c m t nh mt dch v trng tm ca s pht trin. Gi tn s cho cng ngh 3G rt t ti nhiu nc, ni cc cuc bn u gi tn s mang li hng t euro cho cc chnh ph. Do chi ph cho bn quyn cc tn s phi trang tri trong nhiu nm trc khi t ti cc thu nhp do 3G em li, nn vic xy dng mng 3G i hi mt khi lng u t khng l. Cng v vy nhiu nh cung cp dch v vin thng ri vo kh khn v ti chnh, cng khin cho vic trin khai 3G ti nhiu nc b chm tr, ngoi tr Nht Bn v Hn Quc nhng nc tm b qua cc yu cu v bn quyn tn s, m t u tin cao vic pht trin h tng cng ngh thng tin vin thng quc gia. Nht Bn l nc u tin a 3G vo khai thc thng mi mt cch rng ri. Nm 2005 khong 40% cc thu bao ti Nht Bn l thu bao 3G, khin cho mng 2G dn bin mt ti nc ny. Cng v vy m tng c d bo rng vo nm 2006, vic chuyn i t 2G sang 3G s hon tt ti Nht, cn vic tin ln th h 3,5G tip theo (vi tc truyn d liu ln ti 3MB/s) ang c thc hin. S thnh cng ca 3G ti Nht Bn ch ra rng in thoi video khng phi l ng dng hy dit. Trong thc t vic s dng in thoi video thi gian thc ch chim 1 phn nh trong cc dch v ca 3G. Mt khc vic ti v tp m nhc li c nhiu ngi s dng nhiu nht, nht l gii tr. Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 8

Khoa in T - Vin Thng Thc trng 3G:

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Tnh n thi im hin ti, th gii c xp x 3,7 t ngi s dng in thoi di ng, trong s lng thu bao h tng GSM l 3,06 t thu bao, s cn li chia u trn cc mng thuc CDMA v 3G. Theo hng nghin cu th trng Wireless Intelligence, kt ni bng thng rng di ng ton cu tng trn 850% t qu I/2007 n qu I/2008, ch yu l nh s pht trin ca cng ngh 3G (EV-DO v HSPA). HSPA gip thc y tng trng doanh thu d liu di ng n 46,1% v tng trng doanh thu bng thng rng di ng 205% trong na u ca nm ti chnh 2007-2008, ng Hugh Bradlow - gim c cng ngh ca hng vin thng Teltra (Australia) nhn xt: Ngy nay, th gii c hn 760 triu thu bao trn cc mng 3G. Tng trng ca cc thu bao bng thng rng 3G ang bng n. Theo hng phn tch Strategy Analyt-ics d bo, nm 2012, 3G s chim 92% th trng bng thng rng di ng, trong khi th phn dnh cho WiMAX ch 5%. Cng theo d bo ca hng phn tch ny cng cc hng Gartner v Forward Concepts, nm 2009, doanh thu t thit b 3G trn ton th gii s t 114 t USD, v dch v 3G s t 394 t USD. Trong khi , theo d on, nm 2009, nh cung cp thit b WiMAX trn th gii s ch t 3 t USD, khai thc dch v t 7,4 t USD. 3,5G cng ngh HSDPA. Cng nh 2,5G, cng ngh 3,5G l nhng ng dng c nng cp da trn cng ngh hin c ca 3G. Mt trong nhng i din tiu biu ca 3,5G chnh l HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Package Access) cng ngh truy nhp gi ng truyn xung tc cao). y l gii php mang tnh t ph v mt cng ngh, c pht trin trn c s ca h thng 3G W-CDMA. HSDPA cho php download d liu v my in thoi c tc tng ng tc ng truyn ADSL, vt qua nhng cn tr c hu v tc kt ni ca mt in thoi thng thng. HSDPA l mt bc tin nhm nng cao tc v kh nng ca mng di ng t bo th h th 3 UMTS. HSDPA c thit k cho Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 9

Khoa in T - Vin Thng

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nhng ng dng dch v d liu nh: dch v c bn (ti file, phn phi email), dch v tng tc (duyt web, truy cp server, tm v phc hi c s d liu), v dch v Streaming. 1.2.5 Th h 4G: cng ngh a phng tin di ng ca tng lai (to be continues ... ). 4G l cng ngh truyn thng khng dy th h th 4, cho php truyn ti d liu vi tc ti a trong iu kin l tng ti 1-1,5 GB/s. Nhng cng ngh nh m ni ln gn y nh WiMAX 802.16m, Wibro, UMB, 3G LTE, DVB H d p ng tc truyn ln, song ch c xem l nhng cng ngh tin 4G (pre-4G). Tn gi 4G do IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer) t ra din t ngha 3G v hn th na. Nht, nh cung cp mng NTT Docomo nh ngha 4G bng khi nim a phng tin di ng (mobile multimedia) vi kh nng kt ni mi lc mi ni, kh nng di ng ton cu v dch v c th cho tng khch hng. NTT Docomo xem 4G nh s m rng ca mng thng tin di ng t bo 3G. Quan im ny c xem nh l mt quan im tuyn tnh, trong mng 4G s c cu trc t bo c ci tin cung ng tc ln trn 100 MB/s. Vi cch nhn nhn ny, 4G s chnh l mng 3G LTE, UMB hay WiMAX 802.16m. Nhn chung y cng l khuynh hng ch o c chp nhn Trung Quc, Hn Quc. Bn cnh , mc d 4G l th h tip theo ca 3G nhng tng lai khng hn ch gii hn nh m rng ca mng t bo. V d: Chu u, 4G c xem nh kh nng m bo cung cp dch v lin tc, vi kh nng kt ni nhiu loi hnh mng truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau, v kh nng la chn mng v tuyn thch hp nht truyn ti dch v n ngi dng mt cch ti u. Do , khi nim ABC Always Best Connect (lun c kt ni tt nht) lun c xem l mt c tnh hng u ca mng thng tin di ng 4G. nh ngha ny c nhiu cng ty vin thng ln v nhiu nh nghin cu, nh t vn vin thng chp nhn nht hin nay. D theo quan im no, tt c u k Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 10

Khoa in T - Vin Thng

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vng l mng thng tin di ng th h th t 4G s ni ln vo khong 2010 2015 nh mt mng khng dy bng thng rng tc siu cao. 1.3 Cc phng php a truy nhp. 1.3.1 FDMA (frequency division multiple access). Khi nim: FDMA l phng php a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s. - Cc knh thng tin c sp xp lin tip nhau trn di tn thng tn ca ng truyn. - Tn hiu nguyn thu phi c iu ch chuyn ln bng tn cao hn nh cc sng mang ph (subcarrier).

Hnh 1.2: Phng php a truy nhp FDMA. - Sau qu trnh iu ch, ph tn ca tn hiu lc ny bao gm hai bng hai bn tn s sng mang ph fc: Bng di LSB(lower sideband) Bng trn USB(upper sideband). - Tn hiu bao gm c hai bng ny gi l tn hiu a bin DSB (Double sideband). Trong tn hiu ny: C sng mang ph fc l thnh phn mt chiu, khng cha thng tin nhng li chim hn 60% nng lng ph. Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 11

Khoa in T - Vin Thng

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Hai bng LSB v USB cha thng tin ging ht nhau v chim 30% nng lng ph. Nu ta truyn c hai bng thi bng thng cn thit phi tng gp 2 ln trong c mt bng khng cn thit, do dn n lng ph ti nguyn mng. - gii quyt vn gy lng ph ti nguyn ny ngi ta a ra cc phng n gii quyt nh sau: B thnh phn mt chiu FC v truyn c hai bng LSB v USB (k thut DSB khng sng mang). B thnh phn mt chiu FC v truyn ti mt bng, thng thng ngi ta truyn bng di (k thut SSB khng sng mang). Pht n bng (LSB hoc USB) km sng mang VSB (Vestigial sideband). - u im: khng cn ng b. Nhc im: Bng tn gii hn do s knh ghp b hn ch. Tn km. Nhiu giao thoa gia cc knh ln cn, ng thi cng khng th trnh khi cc loi nhiu khc nh nhiu xuyn m, v b nh hng ca cc tp m do dy truyn ti thng lm bng bng dy trn. 1.3.2 TDMA (time division multiple access). Ngi s dng dng chung mt sng mang v trc thi gian c chia thnh nhiu khong nh (gi l cc khe thi gian_TS_time slot) mt knh thng tin s chim ton b di thng W ca ng truyn trong mt khong thi gian nht nh trn tng s thi gian cuc gi c thc hin v lp li theo chu k nht nh.

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Khoa in T - Vin Thng

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Hnh 1.3: Phng php a truy nhp TDMA. - C 2 phng php ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian c bn: Ghp xen bit (bit -by- bit): ly tt c cc bit cng tn ca cc knh nhnh ghp li vi nhau thnh mt nhm. Tc bit mi knh nhnh l v = 8b/Tf, ghp 4 knh nhnh li thnh mt knh duy nht th tc bit s l v = 32b/Tf. u im ca phng php ny l cu trc khung c lp, dung lng b nh yu cu thp, tuy nhin bn thu s tch knh phc tp v chm. Ghp xen byte/ghp t (word-by-word): dng s u ra ca b ghp knh s gm mt chui cc t m ca cc knh nhnh c sp xp lin tip. - c im: dung lng b nh yu cu cao, v bn thu phi ng b chnh xc. Mt loi hnh ng dng TDMA ph bin nht l h thng GSM trong thng tin di ng GSM l mt h thng thng tin s ca Chu u s dng h thng TDMA vi cu trc khe thi gian sao cho to nn c s linh hot trong truyn thoi, s liu v thng tin iu khin.

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Khoa in T - Vin Thng -

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H thng GSM s dng bng tn (890 - 915) MHz truyn dn tn hiu t my di ng n BS v bng tn (935 - 960) MHz truyn dn tn hiu t BS n my di ng.

Hnh 1.4: Cu trc khung TDMA.

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Khoa in T - Vin Thng 1.3.3 CDMA (Code division multiple access)

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Hnh 1.5: S pht trin t FDMA n CDMA. CDMA l phng php a truy nhp phn chia theo m. - Thu bao ca mng CDMA chia s cng mt gii tn chung. - Cc knh thu bao c tch bit bng cch s dng m gi ngu nhin PN (Pseudo Noise). - M gi ngu nhin: l loi tn hiu mang tnh cht ca tn hiu ngu nhin nhng hon ton xc nh c th ti to li pha thu nn ngi ta gi l m gi ngu nhin.

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Khoa in T - Vin Thng Nguyn l ca h thng CDMA

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Hnh 1.6: Nguyn l ca h thng CDMA.

S thm nhp vo knh chung c quyt dnh bi nhm iu khin truy nhp trung gian (Medium Access Control-MAC) c t trong mi trm . MAC thc thi da trn c s s pht hin va chm sng mang (CSMA/CD). Thut ton ca truy nhp CSMA/CD (CSMA with colloise detect):

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Khoa in T - Vin Thng

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Cc adaptor s nhn gi d liu t tng trng lng v to thnh cc khung (frame) Nu cc adaptor cm nhn knh ri th n s bt u truyn khung,nu n cm nhn c knh truyn ang bn th n s i n khi no knh ri n s gi. Nu cc adaptor d thy c s truyn no khc th qu trnh truyn ca n s b dng li v gi i mt tn hiu giao thng (jam signal). Sau khi dng pht th adaptor s tun theo hm m backoff (exponential backoff): sau va chm th m, CSMA (carrier sensemultiple access). L phng php a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang carrier sense multiple access. Mi my Ethernet, hay cn gi l my trm, hot ng c lp vi tt c cc trm khc trn mng, khng c mt trm iu khin trung tm. Mi trm u kt ni vi Ethernet thng qua mt ng truyn tn hiu chung cn gi l ung trung gian. Tn hiu Ethernet c gi theo chui, tng bit mt, qua ng trung gian ti tt c cc trm thnh vin. gi d liu trc tin trm cn lng nghe xem knh c ri khng, nu ri th mi gi i cc gi (data). C hi tham gia vo truyn l bng nhau i vi mi trm . Khng c s u tin adaptor s chn mt s k bt k t tp hp {0,1,2..2m-1}, cc adaptor s i trong khong k*512 thi gian bit (bit time) v quay tr li bc 2. Jam signal: l tn hiu giao thng c nhim v thng bo cho cc my pht khc nhn thy c s va chm. Bit time: 1 s ng vi 10 Mbps trong Ethernet. Vd: nu k=1023 th thi gian ch ca cc adaptor s l 50 ms. - Mc tiu: s truyn li s c c gng c lng tu thuc vo dng Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 17

Khoa in T - Vin Thng

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ti (current load). Nu dng ti nng (heavy load): thi gian ch ngu nhin s di hn. - Sau va chm th nht: chn k trong tp {0,1} v ch trong khong thi gian k*512 thi gian truyn bit. - Sau va chm th hai: chn k trong tp {0,1,2,3} - Hiu sut(efficiency) ca CSMA/CD:

efficiency =

1 1 + 5t prop / ttrans

- Chu k truyn (Tprop): s truyn cc i gia 2 nt trong mng. - Thi gian truyn (ttrans): thi gian truyn khung vi kch thc cc i. - Hiu sut s tin dn n 1 khi tprop tin dn n 0 hoc ttrans khng xc nh. - Hiu sut ca phng thc truy nhp ny tt hn so vi ALOHA tuy nhin vn cn phn tn, n gin v gi r.

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Khoa in T - Vin Thng

Lp HT1

CHNG 2 CC HNG CNG NGH TIN LN 3G 2.1.CHUN HA CNG NGH TRUY NHP V TUYN Trong nm 2002, ITU-R chp thun 7 loi cng ngh c th, m thc cht thuc 5 h cng ngh trn: CDMA a sng mang (cdma2000) CDMA1x-EV CDMA TDD (UTRA) CDMA TDD (TD-SCDMA) W-CDMA (UTRA - FDD) UWC-136 (FDD) FDMA/TDMA: DECT. Cc cng ngh trn bao gm: - Hai tiu chun TDMA: SC-TDMA (UWC-136) v MC-TDMA (DECT) - Ba tiu chun CDMA : MC-CDMA (cdma2000 ), DS-CDMA (WCDMA) v CDMA-TDD (bao gm TD-SCDMA v UTRA-TDD). Ta xt cc tiu chun TDD vi cc c im sau: - TDD c th s dng cc ngun ti nguyn tn s khc nhau v khng cn cp tn s. - TDD ph hp vi truyn dn bt i xng v tc gia ng ln v ng xung, c bit vi cc dch v d liu dng IP - TDD hot ng cng tn s cho ng ln v ng xung, ph hp cho vic s dng cc k thut mi nh anten thng minh - Chi ph thit b h thng TDD thp hn, c th thp hn t 20 n 50% so vi cc h thng FDD. Tuy nhin, hn ch chnh ca h thng TDD l tc di chuyn v din tch ph sng. Cc h thng TDD ch thch hp vi vic trin khai cho cc dch v 19 Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng

Khoa in T - Vin Thng

Lp HT1

a phng tin trong cc khu vc mt cao v c yu cu cao v dung lng thoi, d liu v cc dch v a phng tin trong cc khu vc tp trung thu bao ln. TD-SCDMA l cng ngh do Trung Quc xut, cn UTRA-TDD c xem l phn b sung cho UTRA-FDD ti nhng vng c dung lng rt cao. Hn na cc cng ngh ny cha c sn phm thng mi. Trn thc t ch c 2 tiu chun quan trng nht c sn phm thng mi v c kh nng c trin khai rng ri trn ton th gii l WCDMA (FDD) v cdma2000. WCDMA c pht trin trn c s tng thch vi giao thc ca mng li GSM (GSM MAP), mt h thng chim ti 65% th trng th gii. Cn cdma2000 nhm tng thch vi mng li IS-41, hin chim 15% th trng. Qu trnh pht trin ln 3G cng s tp trung vo 2 hng chnh ny, c th c tm tt trong hnh 1-4.

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Khoa in T - Vin Thng

TACS GSM (9 00) GPRS NMT (9 00) GSM (18 00) GSM (19 00) GPRS IS-13 6 (190 0) IS-95 (J-STD-0 08) (190 0) IS-13 6 TDMA (800 ) AMPS IS-95 CDMA (80 0) iDEN (800) cd a2 m 000 1x cdm a2000 Mx EDGE WCDMA

Lp HT1

SMR

1 G

2G

2 .5G

3G

Hnh 21.Qu trnh pht trin ln 3G ca 2 nhnh cng ngh chnh

2.2.PHN TCH HAI NHNH CNG NGH CHNH TIN LN 3G WCDMA l mt tiu chun thng tin di ng 3G ca IMT-2000 c pht trin ch yu Chu u vi mc ch cho php cc mng cung cp kh nng chuyn vng ton cu v h tr nhiu dch v thoi, dch v a phng tin. Cc mng WCDMA c xy dng da trn c s mng GSM, tn dng c s h tng sn c ca cc nh khai thc mng GSM. Qu trnh pht trin t GSM ln CDMA qua cc giai on trung gian, c th c tm tt trong s sau y:
GSM GPRS
1999

EDGE
2000

WCDMA
2002

Hnh 22.Qu trnh pht trin ln 3G theo nhnh s dng cng ngh WCDMA 2.2.1 Gii thiu chung v GSM. Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 21

Khoa in T - Vin Thng

Lp HT1

T u nhng nm 1980, sau khi cc h thng NMT hot ng mt cch thnh cng th n biu hin mt s hn ch: - V dung lng thit k c hn m s thu bao khng ngng tng. Do h thng ny khng cn p ng c na. - Cc h thng khc nhau ang hot ng khng th phc v cho tt c cc thu bao Chu u, ngha l thit b mng NMT khng th thm nhp vo mng TACS v ngc li. - Nu thit k mt mng ln phc v cho ton Chu u th kh thc hin c v vn u t qu ln. V vy, p ng yu cu phm vi s dng in thoi di ng c rng ri trn nhiu nc, cn phi c h thng chung. Thng 12-1982, nhm c bit cho GSM (thng tin di ng ton cu) c hi bu chnh v vin thng Chu u CEPT (Confrence European Postal And Telecommunication Administration) t chc, ng nht h thng thng tin di ng cho Chu u ly di tn 900MHz. Cho n nm 1989, nhm c bit GSM ny tr thnh mt u ban c bit ca vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u ETSI (European Telecommunication standart Instute) v cc khuyn ngh GSM 900MHzra i. - GSM l tiu chun cho mng thng tin di ng mt t cng cng PLMN (Public Land Mobil Network), vi di tn lm vic (890-960) MHz. y l mt tiu chun chung, iu c ngha l cc thu bao di ng c th s dng my in thoi ca mnh trn ton Chu u. Giai on mt ca tiu chun GSM c ETSI hon thnh vo nm 1990. N lin quan ti cc dch v thng tin c bn (thoi, s liu) v tc thng tin Ton tcFull rate, tn hiu thoi tng t c m ho vi tc 13 kb/s. Giai on hai c hn thnh vo nm 1994. N lin quan dn cc dch v vin thng b sung vo tc thng tin bn tc - Half rate tn hiu thoi tng t c m ho vi tc 6,5 kb/s.

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Khoa in T - Vin Thng

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2.2.1.1Trm di ng. Thit b my di ng ME (mobile Equipment). - ME c b phn y phn cng cn thit phi hp vi giao din v tuyn chung, cho php MS c th truy cp n tt c cc mng. ME c s nhn dng l IMEI (International mobile Equipment Identity) nh kim tra IMEI ny m ME b mt cp s khng c phc v. - Thu bao thng ch tip xc vi ME m thi, c 3 loi ME chnh: Loi gn trn xe (lp t trong xe, anten ngoi xe). Loai xc tay (Anten khng c gn trc tip trn thit b) Loi cm tay (Anten c gn trc tip trn thit b).

Modul nhn dng thu bao SIM (Subcriber Identity Module). 23

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Khoa in T - Vin Thng

Lp HT1

- SIM l mt ci kho cho php MS c dng. Nhng l ci kho vn nng. Dng nhn dng thu bao v tin tc v dch v m thu bao ng k. S nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t IMSI l duy nht v trong sut qu trnh ngi dng GSM thit lp ng truyn v tnh cc da vo IMSI. - SIM cng c phn cng, phn mm cn thit vi b nh lu tr 2 loi tin tc: Tin tc c th c hoc thay i bi ngi dng v tin tc khng th v khng cn cho ngi s dng bit. Cc thng s trong SIM c bo v, Ki khng th c, IMSI khng th sa i. Mt s thng s khc trong SIM cn c cp nht: LAI. - SIM c thit k khng th lm gi. Ngi dng c th s dng mt khu ring PIN (personal Identity Namber) phng ngi khc dng SIM phi php. Ngoi ra SIM cn cha thng tin tnh cc v thc hin thut ton nhn thc. - SIM: Module nhn dng thu bao cha mt s thng tin nh: S nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t IMSI (International Mobile Subcriber Identity). nhn dng thu bao c truyn khi khi to. IMSI khng th sa i. S nhn dng thu bao di ng tm thi TMSI (Temporary Mobile subcriber Identity). Qun l vic thay i TMSI thu bao khng b theo di giao din v tuyn. S nhn dng vng nh v LAI (Location Area Identity). Kho nhn thc thu bao Ki. nhn thc SIM card. Ki khng th c c. - S in thoi ca thu bao di ng MSISDN (Mobile Station ISDN) : MSISDN = M quc gia + M vng + M thu bao. - Cc thng s ca SIM c bo v. 2.2.1.2H thng trm gc BSS (Base Station System). Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 24

Khoa in T - Vin Thng

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BSS thc hin gim st cc ng ghp ni v tuyn, thc hin u ni cc MS vi tng i v nh vy u ni nhng ngi dng trm di ng vi ngi dng vin thng khc. BSS thc hin: iu khin s thay i tn s v tuyn ca ng ghp ni vi s thay i cng sut pht v tuyn. M ho knh v m ho thoi, phi hp tc truyn tin. Qun l chuyn giao (Handover). Bo mt knh v tuyn. H thng trm gc BSS bao gm 3 phn chnh: Trm thu pht BTS. Phn h iu khin trm gc BSC. B chuyn i m v thch ng tc TRAU. H thng chuyn mch mng NSS (Network Switching System). - Cc phn ny c lin kt vi nhau v c ni vi MSC qua ng truyn 2Mbp. Trm thu pht v tuyn BTS (Base Tranceiver Station). L thit b trung gian gia mng GSM v my di ng MS, BTS cung cp cc chc nng thu, pht trao i thng tin vi MS qua giao din v tuyn. Mt BTS ph sng cho mt (hay mt s) khu vc nht nh gi l (cell). BTS c th cha mt hay mt s my thu pht v tuyn TRX (Tranceiver ). - BTS thc hin cc chc nng: Pht qung b thng tin h thng trn BCCH di s iu khin ca BSC. Pht cc thng tin tm gi trn CCCH. n nh cc knh DCCH di s iu khin ca BSC. Qun l tn hiu thu pht thng tin trn cc knh vt l. Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 25

Khoa in T - Vin Thng M ho ghp knh v gii m. iu khin cng sut. o cht lng. Bo dng. B iu khin trm gc BSC (Base Station Controller).

Lp HT1

BSC c dng iu khin cc BTS. S lng BTS ny c th khc nhau gia cc nh sn xut v c th b gii hn bi dung lng, lu lng ca mi BTS hn l cc nhn t khc. BSC cha cc chc nng chuyn mch ng v hot ng nh mt im tp trung gia mng v tuyn v MSC. - BSC thc hin cc chc nng: Qun l v tuyn: chnh l qun l cc v cc knh logic ca chng. Cc s liu qun l nh: Lu lng thng tin mt , mi trng v tuyn, s lng cuc gi b mt, s ln chuyn giao thnh cng hay tht bi. p ng s thu bao ngy cng tng BSC phi c thit k sao cho d dng t trc li cu hnh c th qun l c s lng knh v tuyn ngy cng tng v tng c hiu qu s dng ca lu lng v tuyn cho php. Qun l trm v tuyn gc: Trc khi a vo khai thc, BSC lp cu hnh ca BTS (S my thu pht TRX, tn s cho mi trm) Nh vic qun l ny m BSC c sn mt tp cc knh dnh cho iu khin v ni thng cuc gi. iu khin ni thng cuc gi: BSC chu trch nhim thit lp v gii phng cc u ni ti my di ng. Trong qu trnh gi, s u ni c BSC gim st. Cng tn hiu, cht lng cuc ni o c my di ng v my thu pht c a ti BSC, da vo BSC quyt nh cng sut pht tt nht ca trm di ng (MS) v trm thu pht (TRX) gim nhiu v tng cht lng cuc gi. BSC cng iu khin qu trnh chuyn giao da vo cc kt qu o 26 Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng

Khoa in T - Vin Thng

Lp HT1

c trn chuyn giao MS sang khc, t cht lng cuc gi tt hn. Trong trng hp chuyn giao sang ca mt BSC khc th n phi nh s gip ca MSC. Bn cnh , BSC c th iu khin chuyn giao gia cc knh trong mt hoc sang knh khc trong trng hp ny b nghn nhiu. Qun l mng truyn dn: BSC c chc nng qun l cu hnh cc ng truyn dn ti MSC v BTS m bo cht lng thng tin. Trong trng hp xy ra s c mt tuyn no th BSC s iu khin chuyn mch sang mt tuyn d phng. Nh khai thc c th t trung tm bo dng (OMC) np phn mm mi v d liu xung BSC thc hin cc chc nng khai thc v bo dng hin th cu hnh ca BSC. B chuyn i m v thch ng tc TRAU ( Transcode Rate Adaption Unit). m bo b rng ca di tn, ting qua giao din v tuyn ca GSM c m ho vi tc 13Kbps nh vic s dng b m ho d on tuyn tnh LPC (Linear Prediction Code). Trong mng GSM, MSC kt ni vi tng i ISDN hot ng trn cc mch tc 64Kbs. Bi vy cn phi c s chuyn i gia tc 13Kbs (LPC) v tc 64Kbs (PCM) trong mng GSM gia MS v MSC. Vic chuyn i ny thc hin nh b chuyn i m v thch ng tc TRAU. Chc nng thch ng tc p ng tc truyn d liu l 9,6Kbps v thp hn. Sau n c chuyn thnh tc 64Kbps truyn qua MSC. V 2.2.1.3 H thng chuyn mch SS (Switching System). H thng chuyn mch bao gm cc chc nng chuyn mch chnh ca GSM cng nh cc d liu cn thit cho s liu thu bao v qun l di ng ca thu bao. Chc nng chnh ca SS l qun l trao i thng tin gia nhng ngi s dng mng GSM vi nhau v ngi dng mng vin thng khc. Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 27

Khoa in T - Vin Thng

Lp HT1

Trung tm chuyn mch dch v di ng MSC (Mobile Servise Switching Center). MSC l mt tng i thng thng, nhim v chnh ca MSC l iu phi v thit lp cuc gi n nhng ngi s dng mng GSM. Mt mt MSC giao tip vi BSS mt khc giao tip vi mng ngoi i hi cng thch ng giao thc vi cc b nh v HLR, VLR m bo thng tin cho nhng ngi s dng mng. MSC c giao din vi tt c cc phn t thuc mng (VLR, HLR, AVC) v vi cc mng khc PSTN, ISDN. B ghi nh v thng tr HLR (Home Location Register). B ghi nh v thng tr HLR l mt c s d liu quan trng GSM. N lu tr thng tin vmh cu v thng tin tm thi, nh nh v MS nhn dng thu bao, cc dch v s liu tnh cc v thu bao ng k trong mng nh: S hiu nhn dng thu bao IMSI, MSISDN. Cc dch v c quyn s dng ca thu bao. S hiu nhn dng VLR hin MS ang truyn v VLR . Trng thi ca thu bao ng k. Lu s nhn dng chuyn giao MSRN (Mobile Subcriber Roaming Number). B ghi nh v tm tr VLR (Visiter Location Regiter). B ghi nh v tm tr c kt hp trong phn cng ca MSC. VLR lu gi tm thi s liu thu bao ca cc thu bao hin ang nm trong vng phc v ca MSC tng ng, ng thi lu gi v v tr ca cc thu bao ni trn mc chnh xc hn HLR. Khi MS di chuyn vo vng qun l ca MSC th thng tin nh v thu bao c cp nht vo VLR ca vng nh: Nhn dng vng nh v LAI, trng thi bn hay ri ca thu bao, s chuyn giao MSRN, s nhn tm thi TMSI. 28

Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng

Khoa in T - Vin Thng Trung tm nhn thc AUC.

Lp HT1

Trung tm nhn thc c chc nng cung cp cho HLR cc thng s nhn thc v cc kho mt m to ra 3 b m kho nhn thc cho tng thu bao: Mt khu SRES. Kho mt m Ki. S ngu nhin RAND. Khi ng k thu bao, kho nhn dng thc Ki cng vi IMSI c dnh ring cho thu bao ny v c lu gi trung tm nhn thc AUC cung cp b 3 m ho. Trong qu trnh khi to cuc gi, h thng s dng b 3 m kho nhn thc xc nh quyn truy cp vo h thng ca thu bao. Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b EIR (Equipment Identification Regiter) Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b bo v mng PLMN khi s truy cp mng ca nhng thu bao tri php bng cch so snh s IMEI ca thu bao gi ti khi thit lp thng tin vi s IMEI lu gi trong EIR. Nu khng ng, th thu bao khng c truyn truy nhp mng. - Thu bao c phn loi 1 trong 3 danh sch sau: Danh sch trng ( White List ): Bt k thu bao no c danh sch trng th c truy cp vo mng m s dng dich v m mnh ng k. Danh sch xm (Gray List ): nhng thu bao truy cp c danh sch xm th phi kim tra. Danh sch en (Black List): Tt c cc thu bao c danh sch en u khng c truy cp vo mng. 2.2.1..4 Trung tm khai thc v bo dng OMC (Operation and Maintenance Center ).

Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng

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Khoa in T - Vin Thng

Lp HT1

OMC bao gm phn v tuyn (OMC-R) v phn chuyn mch (OMC-S), l mt mng my tnh cc b LAN s dng h iu hnh UNIX v cc phn mm ng dng cho GSM. H thng ny cng vi cc phn t khc ca mng nh: MSC,VLR, qua giao din X25 nhm gim st, iu hnh, bo dng mng v qun l thu bao mt cch tp trung, h thng ny l ni cung cp thng tin quan trong cho vic thit lp k hoch xy dng v m rng mng. 2.3 GPRS GPRS l mt h thng v tuyn thuc giai on trung gian, nhng vn l h thng 3G nu xt v mng li. GPRS cung cp cc kt ni s liu chuyn mch gi vi tc truyn ln ti 171,2Kbps (tc s liu nh) v h tr giao thc Internet TCP/IP v X25, nh vy tng cng ng k cc dch v s liu ca GSM. Cng vic tch hp GPRS vo mng GSM ang tn ti l mt qu trnh n gin. Mt phn cc khe trn giao din v tuyn dnh cho GPRS, cho php ghp knh s liu gi c lp lch trnh trc i vi mt s trm di ng. Phn h trm gc ch cn nng cp mt phn nh lin quan n khi iu khin gi (PCU- Packet Control Unit) cung cp kh nng nh tuyn gi gia cc u cui di ng cc nt cng (gateway). Mt nng cp nh v phn mm cng cn thit h tr cc h thng m ho knh khc nhau. Mng li GSM c to thnh t cc kt ni chuyn mch knh c m rng bng cch thm vo cc nt chuyn mch s liu v gateway mi, c gi l GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) v SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node). GPRS l mt gii php c chun ho hon ton vi cc giao din m rng v c th chuyn thng ln 3G v cu trc mng li.

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Khoa in T - Vin Thng

Lp HT1

2.4 EDGE EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution) l mt k thut truyn dn 3G c chp nhn v c th trin khai trong ph tn hin c ca cc nh khai thc TDMA v GSM. EDGE ti s dng bng tn sng mang v cu trc khe thi gian ca GSM, v c thit k nhm tng tc s liu ca ngi s dng trong mng GPRS hoc HSCSD bng cch s dng cc h thng cao cp v cng ngh tin tin khc. V vy, c s h tng v thit b u cui hon ton ph hp vi EDGE hon ton tng thch vi GSM v GRPS. 2.5 WCDMA hay UMTS/FDD WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) l mt cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn c pht trin mnh Chu u. H thng ny hot ng ch FDD v da trn k thut tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS- Direct Sequence Spectrum) s dng tc chip 3,84Mcps bn trong bng tn 5MHz. Bng tn rng hn v tc tri ph cao lm tng li x l v mt gii php thu a ng tt hn, l c im quyt nh chun b cho IMT-2000. WCDMA h tr trn vn c dch v chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi tc cao v m bo s hot ng ng thi cc dch v hn hp vi ch 31

Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng

Khoa in T - Vin Thng

Lp HT1

gi hot ng mc hiu qu cao nht. Hn na WCDMA c th h tr cc tc s liu khc nhau, da trn th tc iu chnh tc . Chun WCDMA hin thi s dng phng php iu ch QPSK, mt phng php iu ch tt hn 8-PSK, cung cp tc s liu nh l 2Mbps vi cht lng truyn tt trong vng ph rng. WCDMA l cng ngh truyn dn v tuyn mi vi mng truy nhp v tuyn mi, c gi l UTRAN, bao gm cc phn t mng mi nh RNC (Radio Network Controller) v NodeB (tn gi trm gc mi trong UMTS) Tuy nhin mng li GPRS/EDGE c th c s dng li v cc thit b u cui hot ng nhiu ch c kh nng h tr GSM/GPRS/EDGE v c WCDMA. 2.6 Hng pht trin ln 3G s dng cng ngh cdma2000. H thng cdma2000 gm mt s nhnh hoc giai on pht trin khc nhau h tr cc dch v ph c tng cng. Ni chung cdma2000 l mt cch tip cn a sng mang cho cc sng c rng n ln 1,25MHz hot ng ch FDD. Nhng cng vic chun ho tp trung vo gii php mt sng mang n 1,25MHz (1x) vi tc chip gn ging IS-95. cdma2000 c pht trin t cc mng IS-95 ca h thng thng tin di ng 2G, c th m t qu trnh pht trin trong hnh v sau:
IS-95A IS-95B
1999

Cdma2000 1x
2000

Cdma2000 Mx
2002

Hnh 23. Qu trnh pht trin ln 3G theo nhnh Cdma2000.

2.7 IS-95B. Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 32

Khoa in T - Vin Thng

Lp HT1

IS-95B, hay cdmaOne c coi l cng ngh thng tin di ng 2,5G thuc nhnh pht trin cdma2000, l mt tiu chun kh linh hot cho php cung cp dch v s liu tc ln n 115Kbps 2.8 CDMA 2000 1xRTT Giai on u ca cdma2000 c gi l 1xRTT hay ch l 1xEV-DO, c thit k nhm ci thin dung lng thoi cua IS-95B v h tr kh nng truyn s liu tc nh ln ti 307,2Kbps. Tuy nhin, cc thit b u cui thng mi ca 1x mi ch cho php tc s liu nh ln ti 153,6kbps. Nhng ci thin so vi IS-95 t c nh a vo mt s cng ngh tin tin nh iu ch QPSK v m ho Turbo cho cc dch v s liu cng vi kh nng iu khin cng sut nhanh ng xung v phn tp pht. 2.9 CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO, c hnh thnh t cng ngh HDR (High Data Rate) ca Qualcomm, c chp nhn vi tn ny nh l mt tiu chun thng tin di ng 3G vo thng 8 nm 2001 v bo hiu cho s pht trin ca gii php n sng mang i vi truyn s liu gi ring bit. Nguyn l c bn ca h thng ny l chia cc dch v thoi v dch v s liu tc cao vo cc sng mang khc nhau. 1xEV-DO c th c xem nh mt mng s liu xp chng, yu cu mt sng mang ring. tin hnh cc cuc gi va c thoi, va c s liu trn cu trc xp chng ny cn c cc thit b hot ng 2 ch 1x v 1xEV-DO. 2.10 CDMA2000 1xEV-DV Trong cng ngh 1xEV-DO c s d tha v ti nguyn do s phn bit c nh ti nguyn dnh cho thoi v ti nguyn dnh cho s liu. Do , CDG, nhm pht trin CDMA, khi u pha th ba ca cdma2000 a cc dch v thoi v s liu quay v ch dng mt sng mang 1,25MHz v tip tc duy tr s tng thch ngc vi 1xRTT. Tc s liu cc i ca ngi s dng ln ti 3,1Mbps tng ng vi kch thc gi d liu 3940 bit trong khong thi gian 1,25ms.

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Mc d k thut truyn dn c bn c nh hnh, vn c nhiu xut cng ngh cho cc thnh phn cha c quyt nh k c tiu chun cho ng xung ca 1xEV-DV. 2.11 CDMA2000 3x(MC- CDMA ) cdma2000 3x, hay 3xRTT, cp n s la chn a sng mang ban u trong cu hnh v tuyn cdma2000 v c gi l MC-CDMA (Multi carrier) thuc IMT-MC trong IMT-2000. Cng ngh ny lin quan n vic s dng 3 sng mang 1x tng tc s liu v c thit k cho di tn 5MHz (gm 3 knh 1,25Mhz). S la chn a sng mang ny ch p dng c trong truyn dn ng xung. ng ln tri ph trc tip, ging nh WCDMA vi tc chip hi thp hn mt cht 3,6864Mcps (3 ln 1,2288Mcps).

Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng

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Khoa in T - Vin Thng Chng 3 TNG QUAN MNG 3G WCDMA UMTS

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3.1. L TRNH PHT TRIN THNG TIN DI NG LN 4G

L trnh pht trin cc cng ngh thng tin di ng ln 4G c cho trn hnh 1.1 v l trnh nghin cu pht trin trong 3GPP c cho trn hnh 1.2..

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System TACS: Total Access Communication System GSM: Global System for Mobile Telecommucations WCDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access EVDO: Evolution Data Only IMT: International Mobile Telecommnications IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electtronics Engineers WiFi: Wireless Fidelitity WiMAX: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access LTE: Long Term Evolution UMB: Untra Mobile Broadband Hnh 2. L trnh pht trin cc cng ngh thng tin di ng ln 4G

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Hnh 1.2. Lch trnh nghin cu pht trin trong 3GPP Hnh 1.3. cho thy l trnh tng tc truyn s liu trong cc pht hnh ca 3GPP

Hnh 3. L trnh tng tc truyn s liu trong cc pht hnh ca 3GPP 3.2. KIN TRC CHUNG CA MT H THNG THNG TIN DI NG 3G Mng thng tin di ng (TTD) 3G lc u s l mng kt hp gia cc vng chuyn mch gi (PS) v chuyn mch knh (CS) truyn s liu gi v ting. Cc trung tm chuyn mch gi s l cc chuyn mch s dng cng ngh ATM. Trn ng pht trin n mng ton IP, chuyn mch knh s dn c thay th bng chuyn mch gi. Cc dch v k c s liu ln thi gian thc (nh ting v video) cui cng s c truyn trn cng mt mi trng IP bng cc chuyn mch gi. Hnh 1.4 di y cho thy th d v mt kin trc tng qut ca TTD 3G kt hp c CS v PS trong mng li.

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RAN: Radio Access Network: mng truy nhp v tuyn BTS: Base Transceiver Station: trm thu pht gc BSC: Base Station Controller: b iu khin trm gc RNC: Rado Network Controller: b iu khin trm gc CS: Circuit Switch: chuyn mch knh PS: Packet Switch: chuyn mch gi SMS: Short Message Servive: dch v nhn tin Server: my ch PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network: mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network: mang di ng cng cng mt t Hnh 4. Kin trc tng qut ca mt mng di ng kt hp c CS v PS Cc min chuyn mch knh (CS) v chuyn mch gi (PS) c th hin bng mt nhm cc n v chc nng lgic: trong thc hin thc t cc min chc nng ny c t vo cc thit b v cc nt vt l. Chng hn c th thc hin chc nng chuyn mch knh CS (MSC/GMSC) v chc nng chuyn mch gi (SGSN/GGSN) trong mt nt duy nht c mt h thng tch hp cho php chuyn mch v truyn dn cc kiu phng tin khc nhau: t lu lng ting n lu lng s liu dung lng ln. 3G UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System: H thng thng tin di ng ton cu) c th s dng hai kiu RAN. Kiu th nht s dng cng ngh a truy nhp WCDMA (Wide Band Code Devision Multiple Acces: a truy nhp phn chia theo m bng rng) c gi l UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Network: mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t ca UMTS). Kiu th hai s dng cng ngh a truy nhp TDMA c gi l GERAN (GSM EDGE Radio Access Network: mng truy nhp v tuyn da trn cng ngh EDGE ca GSM). Ti liu ch xt cp n cng ngh duy nht trong UMTS c gi l 3G WCDMA UMTS Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 37

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3.3. CHUYN MCH KNH (CS), CHUYN MCH GI (PS), DCH V CHUYN MCH KNH V DCH V CHUYN MCH GI. 3G cung cp cc dch v chuyn mch knh nh ting, video v cc dch v chuyn mch gi ch yu truy nhp internet. Chuyn mch knh (CS: Circuit Switch) l s chuyn mch trong thit b chuyn mch thc hin cc cuc truyn tin bng cch thit lp kt ni chim mt ti nguyn mng nht nh trong ton b cuc truyn tin. Kt ni ny l tm thi, lin tc v dnh ring. Tm thi v n ch c duy tr trong thi gian cuc gi. Lin tc v n c cung cp lin tc mt ti nguyn nht nh (bng thng hay dung lng v cng sut) trong sut thi gian cuc gi. Dnh ring v kt ni ny v ti nguyn ch dnh ring cho cuc gi ny. Thit b chuyn mch s dng cho CS trong cc tng i ca TTD 2G thc hin chuyn mch knh trn trn c s ghp knh theo thi gian trong mi knh c tc 64 kbps v v th ph hp cho vic truyn cc ng dng lm vic ti tc c nh 64 kbps (chng hn ting c m ho PCM). Chuyn mch gi (PS: Packet Switch) l s chuyn mch thc hin phn chia s liu ca mt kt ni thnh cc gi c di nht nh v chuyn mch cc gi ny theo thng tin v ni nhn c gn vi tng gi v PS ti nguyn mng ch b chim dng khi c gi cn truyn. Chuyn mch gi cho php nhm tt c cc s liu ca nhiu kt ni khc nhau ph thuc vo ni dung, kiu hay cu trc s liu thnh cc gi c kch thc ph hp v truyn chng trn mt knh chia s. Vic nhm cc s liu cn truyn c thc hin bng ghp knh thng k vi n nh ti nguyn ng. Cc cng ngh s dng cho chuyn mch gi c th l Frame Relay, ATM hoc IP.

Hnh 5. Chuyn mch knh (CS) v chuyn mch gi (PS). Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 38

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Dch v chuyn mch knh (CS Service) l dch v trong mi u cui c cp pht mt knh ring v n ton quyn s dng ti nguyn ca knh ny trong thi gian cuc gi tuy nhin phi tr tin cho ton b thi gian ny d c truyn tin hay khng. Dch v chuyn mch knh c th c thc hin trn chuyn mch knh (CS) hoc chuyn mch gi (PS). Thng thng dch v ny c p dng cho cc dch v thi gian thc (thoi). Dch v chuyn mch gi (PS Service) l dch v trong nhiu u cui cng chia s mt knh v mi u cui ch chim dng ti nguyn ca knh ny khi c thng tin cn truyn v n ch phi tr tin theo lng tin c truyn trn knh. Dch v chuyn mch gi ch c th c thc hin trn chuyn mch gi (PS). Dch v ny rt rt ph hp cho cc dch v phi thi gian thc (truyn s liu), tuy nhin nh s pht trin ca cng ngh dch v ny cng c p dng cho cc dch v thi gian thc (VoIP). Chuyn mch gi c th thc hin trn c s ATM hoc IP. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode: ch truyn d b) l cng ngh thc hin phn chia thng tin cn pht thnh cc t bo 53 byte truyn dn v chuyn mch. Mt t bo ATM gm 5 byte tiu (c cha thng tin nh tuyn) v 48 byte ti tin (cha s liu ca ngi s dng). Thit b chuyn mch ATM cho php chuyn mch nhanh trn c s chuyn mch phn cng tham chun theo thng tin nh tuyn tiu m khng thc hin pht hin li trong tng t bo. Thng tin nh tuyn trong tiu gm: ng dn o (VP) v knh o (VC). iu khin kt ni bng VC (tng ng vi knh ca ngi s dng) v VP (l mt b cc VC) cho php khai thc v qun l c kh nng m rng v c linh hot cao. Thng thng VP c thit lp trn c s s liu ca h thng ti thi im xy dng mng. Vic s dng ATM trong mng li cho ta nhiu ci li: c th qun l lu lng kt hp vi RAN, cho php thc hin cc chc nng CS v PS trong cng mt kin trc v thc hin khai thc cng nh iu khin cht lng lin kt. Chuyn mch hay Router IP (Internet Protocol) cng l mt cng ngh thc hin phn chia thng tin pht thnh cc gi c gi l ti tin (Payload). Sau mi gi c gn mt tiu cha cc thng tin a ch cn thit cho chuyn mch. Trong thng tin di ng do v tr ca u cui di ng thay i nn cn phi c thm tiu b sung nh tuyn theo v tr hin thi ca my di ng. Qu trnh nh tuyn ny c gi l truyn ng hm (Tunnel). C hai c ch thc hin iu ny: MIP (Mobile IP: IP di ng) v GTP (GPRS Tunnel Protocol: giao thc ng hm GPRS). Tunnel l mt ng truyn m ti u vo ca n gi IP c ng bao vo mt tiu mang a ch ni nhn (trong trng hp ny l a ch hin thi ca my di ng) v ti u ra gi IP c tho bao bng cch loi b tiu bc ngoi (hnh 1.6). Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 39

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Hnh 6. ng bao v tho bao cho gi IP trong qu trnh truyn tunnel Hnh 1.7 cho thy qu trnh nh tuyn tunnel (chuyn mch tunnel) trong h thng 3G UMTS t tng i gi cng (GGSN) cho mt my di ng (UE) khi n chuyn t vng phc v ca mt tng i gi ni ht (SGSN1) ny sang mt vng phc v ca mt tng i gi ni ht khc (SGSN2) thng qua giao thc GTP.

Hnh 7. Thit lp kt ni tunnel trong chuyn mch tunnel V 3G WCDMA UMTS c pht trin t nhng nm 1999 khi m ATM l cng ngh chuyn mch gi cn ng tr nn cc tiu chun cng c xy dng trn cng ngh ny. Tuy nhin hin nay v tng lai mng vin thng s c xy dng trn c s internet v th cc chuyn mch gi s l chuyn mch hoc router IP. 3.4. CC LOI LU LNG V DCH V C 3GWCDMA UMTS H TR V TTD 3G cho php truyn dn nhanh hn, nn truy nhp Internet v lu lng thng tin s liu khc s pht trin nhanh. Ngoi ra TTD 3G cng c s dng cho cc dch v ting. Ni chung TTD 3G h tr cc dch v tryn thng a phng tin. V th mi kiu lu lng cn m bo mt mc Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 40

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QoS nht nh tu theo ng dng ca dch v. QoS W-CDMA c phn loi nh sau: Loi hi thoi (Conversational, rt): Thng tin tng tc yu cu tr nh (thoi chng hn). Loi lung (Streaming, rt): Thng tin mt chiu i hi dch v lung vi tr nh (phn phi truyn hnh thi gian thc chng hn: Video Streaming) Loi tng tc (Interactive, nrt): i hi tr li trong mt thi gian nht nh v t l li thp (trnh duyt Web, truy nhp server chng hn). Loi nn (Background, nrt): i hi cc dch v n lc nht c thc hin trn nn c s (e-mail, ti xung file: Video Download) Mi trng hot ng ca 3WCDMA UMTS c chia thnh bn vng vi cc tc bit Rb phc v nh sau: Vng 1: trong nh, pico, Rb 2Mbps Vng 2: thnh ph, micro, Rb 384 kbps Vng 2: ngoi , macro, Rb 144 kbps Vng 4: Ton cu, Rb = 12,2 kbps C th tng kt cc dch v do 3GWCDMA UMTS cung cp bng 1.1. Bng 1.1. Phn loi cc dch v 3GWDCMA UMTS Kiu Phn loi Dch v chi tit

Dch v Dch v di ng di ng Dch v thng tin nh v Dch v m thanh

Di ng u cui/di ng c nhn/di ng dch v - Theo di di ng/ theo di di ng thng minh - Dch v m thanh cht lng cao (16-64 kbps) - Dch v truyn thanh AM (32-64 kbps) - Dch v truyn thanh FM (64-384 kbps) Dch v Dch v s liu - Dch v s liu tc trung bnh (64-144 vin kbps) thng - Dch v s liu tc tng i cao (144 kbps- 2Mbps) - Dch v s liu tc cao ( 2Mbps) Dch v a - Dch v Video (384 kbps) Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 41

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Dch v chi tit - Dch v hnh chuyn ng (384kbps- 2 Mbps) - Dch v hnh chuyn ng thi gian thc ( 2 Mbps) Dch v Internet Dch v truy nhp Web (384 kbps-2Mbps) n gin Dch v Dch v Internet Dch v Internet (384 kbps-2Mbps) Internet thi gian thc Dch v internet Dch v Website a phng tin thi gian a phng tin thc ( 2Mbps) 3G WCDMA UMTS c xy dng theo ba pht hnh chnh c gi l R3, R4, R5. Trong mng li R3 v R4 bao gm hai min: min CS (Circuit Switch: chuyn mch knh) v min PS (Packet Switch: chuyn mch gi). Vic kt hp ny ph hp cho giai on u khi PS cha p ng tt cc dch v thi gian thc nh thoi v hnh nh. Khi ny min CS s m nhim cc dch v thoi cn s liu c truyn trn min PS. R4 pht trin hn R3 ch min CS chuyn sang chuyn mch mm v th ton b mng truyn ti gia cc nt chuyn mch u trn IP. Di y ta xt ba kin trc 3G WCDMA UMTS ni trn. 3.5. KIN TRC 3G WCDMA UMTS R3 WCDMA UMTS R3 h tr c kt ni chuyn mch knh ln chuyn mch gi: n 384 Mbps trong min CS v 2Mbps trong min PS. Cc kt ni tc cao ny m bo cung cp mt tp cc dich v mi cho ngi s dng di ng ging nh trong cc mng in thoi c nh v Internet. Cc dch v ny gm: in thoi c hnh (Hi ngh video), m thanh cht lng cao (CD) v tc truyn cao ti u cui. Mt tnh nng khc cng c a ra cng vi GPRS l "lun lun kt ni" n Internet. UMTS cng cung cp thng tin v tr tt hn v v th h tr tt hn cc dch v da trn v tr. Mt mng UMTS bao gm ba phn: thit b di ng (UE: User Equipment), mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t UMTS (UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Network), mng li (CN: Core Network) (xem hnh 1.8). UE bao gm ba thit b: thit b u cui (TE), thit b di ng (ME) v module nhn dng thu bao UMTS (USIM: UMTS Subscriber Identity Module). UTRAN gm cc h thng mng v tuyn (RNS: Radio Network System) v mi RNS bao gm RNC (Radio Network Controller: b iu khin mng v Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 42

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tuyn) v cc nt B ni vi n. Mng li CN bao gm min chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch gi v HE (Home Environment: Mi trng nh). HE bao gm cc c s d liu: AuC (Authentication Center: Trung tm nhn thc), HLR (Home Location Register: B ghi nh v thng tr) v EIR (Equipment Identity Register: B ghi nhn dng thit b).

Hnh 8. Kin trc 3G WCDMA UMTS R3 3.5.1. Thit b ngi s dng (UE) UE (User Equipment: thit b ngi s dng) l u cui mng UMTS ca ngi s dng. C th ni y l phn h thng c nhiu thit b nht v s pht trin ca n s nh hng ln ln cc ng dng v cc dch v kh dng. Gi thnh gim nhanh chng s to iu kin cho ngi s dng mua thit b ca UMTS. iu ny t c nh tiu chun ha giao din v tuyn v ci t mi tr tu ti cc card thng minh. 3.5.1.1. Cc u cui (TE) V my u cui by gi khng ch n thun dnh cho in thoi m cn cung cp cc dch v s liu mi, nn tn ca n c chuyn thnh u cui. Cc nh sn xut chnh a ra rt nhiu u cui da trn cc khi nim mi, nhng trong thc t ch mt s t l c a vo sn xut. Mc d cc u cui d kin khc nhau v kch thc v thit k, tt c chng u c mn hnh ln v t phm hn so vi 2G. L do chnh l tng cng s dng u cui cho nhiu dch v s liu hn v v th u cui tr thnh t hp ca my thoi di ng, modem v my tnh bn tay. Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 43

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u cui h tr hai giao din. Giao din Uu nh ngha lin kt v tuyn (giao din WCDMA). N m nhim ton b kt ni vt l vi mng UMTS. Giao din th hai l giao din Cu gia UMTS IC card (UICC) v u cui. Giao din ny tun theo tiu chun cho cc card thng minh. Mc d cc nh sn xut u cui c rt nhiu tng v thit b, h phi tun theo mt tp ti thiu cc nh ngha tiu chun cc ngi s dng bng cc u cui khc nhau c th truy nhp n mt s cc chc nng c s theo cng mt cch. Cc tiu chun ny gm: Bn phm (cc phm vt l hay cc phm o trn mn hnh) ng k mt khu mi Thay i m PIN Gii chn PIN/PIN2 (PUK) Trnh by IMEI iu khin cuc gi Cc phn cn li ca giao din s dnh ring cho nh thit k v ngi s dng s chn cho mnh u cui da trn hai tiu chun (nu xu th 2G cn ko di) l thit k v giao din. Giao din l kt hp ca kch c v thng tin do mn hnh cung cp (mn hnh nt chm), cc phm v menu. 3.5.1.2. UICC UMTS IC card l mt card thng minh. iu m ta quan tm n n l dung lng nh v tc b x l do n cung cp. ng dng USIM chy trn UICC. 3.5.1.3. USIM Trong h thng GSM, SIM card lu gi thng tin c nhn (ng k thu bao) ci cng trn card. iu ny thay i trong UMTS, Modul nhn dng thu bao UMTS c ci nh mt ng dng trn UICC. iu ny cho php lu nhiu ng dng hn v nhiu ch k (kha) in t hn cng vi USIM cho cc mc ch khc (cc m truy nhp giao dch ngn hng an ninh). Ngoi ra c th c nhiu USIM trn cng mt UICC h tr truy nhp n nhiu mng. USIM cha cc hm v s liu cn nhn dng v nhn thc thu bao trong mng UMTS. N c th lu c bn sao h s ca thu bao. Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 44

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Ngi s dng phi t mnh nhn thc i vi USIM bng cch nhp m PIN. iu ny m bo rng ch ngi s dng ch thc mi c truy nhp mng UMTS. Mng s ch cung cp cc dch v cho ngi no s dng u cui da trn nhn dng USIM c ng k. 3.5.2. Mng truy nhp v tuyn UMTS UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network: Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t UMTS) l lin kt gia ngi s dng v CN. N gm cc phn t m bo cc cuc truyn thng UMTS trn v tuyn v iu khin chng. UTRAN c nh ngha gia hai giao din. Giao din Iu gia UTRAN v CN, gm hai phn: IuPS cho min chuyn mch gi v IuCS cho min chuyn mch knh; giao din Uu gia UTRAN v thit b ngi s dng. Gia hai giao din ny l hai nt, RNC v nt B. 3.5.2.1. RNC RNC (Radio Network Controller) chu trch nhim cho mt hay nhiu trm gc v iu khin cc ti nguyn ca chng. y cng chnh l im truy nhp dch v m UTRAN cung cp cho CN. N c ni n CN bng hai kt ni, mt cho min chuyn mch gi (n GPRS) v mt n min chuyn mch knh (MSC). Mt nhim v quan trng na ca RNC l bo v s b mt v ton vn. Sau th tc nhn thc v tha thun kha, cc kho bo mt v ton vn c t vo RNC. Sau cc kha ny c s dng bi cc hm an ninh f8 v f9. RNC c nhiu chc nng logic ty thuc vo vic n phc v nt no. Ngi s dng c kt ni vo mt RNC phc v (SRNC: Serving RNC). Khi ngi s dng chuyn vng n mt RNC khc nhng vn kt ni vi RNC c, mt RNC tri (DRNC: Drift RNC) s cung cp ti nguyn v tuyn cho ngi s dng, nhng RNC phc v vn qun l kt ni ca ngi s dng n CN. Vai tr logic ca SRNC v DRNC c m t trn hnh 1.9. Khi UE trong chuyn giao mm gia cc RNC, tn ti nhiu kt ni qua Iub v c t nht mt kt ni qua Iur. Ch mt trong s cc RNC ny (SRNC) l m bo giao din Iu kt ni vi mng li cn cc RNC khc (DRNC) ch lm nhim v nh tuyn thng tin gia cc Iub v Iur. Chc nng cui cng ca RNC l RNC iu khin (CRNC: Control RNC). Mi nt B c mt RNC iu khin chu trch nhim cho cc ti nguyn v tuyn ca n. Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 45

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Hnh 9. Vai tr logic ca SRNC v DRNC 3.5.2.2. Nt B Trong UMTS trm gc c gi l nt B v nhim v ca n l thc hin kt ni v tuyn vt l gia u cui vi n. N nhn tn hiu trn giao din Iub t RNC v chuyn n vo tn hiu v tuyn trn giao din Uu. N cng thc hin mt s thao tc qun l ti nguyn v tuyn c s nh "iu khin cng sut vng trong". Tnh nng ny phng nga vn gn xa; ngha l nu tt c cc u cui u pht cng mt cng sut, th cc u cui gn nt B nht s che lp tn hiu t cc u cui xa. Nt B kim tra cng sut thu t cc u cui khc nhau v thng bo cho chng gim cng sut hoc tng cng sut sao cho nt B lun thu c cng sut nh nhau t tt c cc u cui. 3.5.3. Mng li Mng li (CN) c chia thnh ba phn, min PS, min CS v HE. Min PS m bo cc dch v s liu cho ngi s dng bng cc kt ni n Internet v cc mng s liu khc v min CS m bo cc dch v in thoi n cc mng khc bng cc kt ni TDM. Cc nt B trong CN c kt ni vi nhau bng ng trc ca nh khai thc, thng s dng cc cng ngh mng tc cao nh ATM v IP. Mng ng trc trong min CS s dng TDM cn trong min PS s dng IP. 3.5.3.1. SGSN SGSN (SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node: nt h tr GPRS phc v) l nt chnh ca min chuyn mch gi. N ni n UTRAN thng qua giao din IuPS v n GGSN thng quan giao din Gn. SGSN chu trch nhim cho tt c kt ni PS ca tt c cc thu bao. N lu hai kiu d liu thu bao: thng tin ng k thu bao v thng tin v tr thu bao. Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 46

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S liu thu bao lu trong SGSN gm: IMSI (International Mobile Subsscriber Identity: s nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t) Cc nhn dng tm thi gi (P-TMSI: Packet- Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity: s nhn dng thu bao di ng tm thi gi) Cc a ch PDP (Packet Data Protocol: Giao thc s liu gi) S liu v tr lu trn SGSN: Vng nh tuyn thu bao (RA: Routing Area) S VLR Cc a ch GGSN ca tng GGSN c kt ni tch cc 3.5.3.2. GGSN GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node: Nt h tr GPRS cng) l mt SGSN kt ni vi cc mng s liu khc. Tt c cc cuc truyn thng s liu t thu bao n cc mng ngoi u qua GGSN. Cng nh SGSN, n lu c hai kiu s liu: thng tin thu bao v thng tin v tr. S liu thu bao lu trong GGSN: IMSI Cc a ch PDP S liu v tr lu trong GGSN: a ch SGSN hin thu bao ang ni n GGSN ni n Internet thng qua giao din Gi v n BG thng qua Gp. 3.5.3.3. BG BG (Border Gatway: Cng bin gii) l mt cng gia min PS ca PLMN vi cc mng khc. Chc nng ca nt ny ging nh tng la ca Internet: m bo mng an ninh chng li cc tn cng bn ngoi. 3.5.3.4. VLR Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 47

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VLR (Visitor Location Register: b ghi nh v tm tr) l bn sao ca HLR cho mng phc v (SN: Serving Network). D liu thu bao cn thit cung cp cc dch v thu bao c copy t HLR v lu y. C MSC v SGSN u c VLR ni vi chng. S liu sau y c lu trong VLR: IMSI MSISDN TMSI (nu c) LA hin thi ca thu bao MSC/SGSN hin thi m thu bao ni n Ngoi ra VLR c th lu gi thng tin v cc dch v m thu bao c cung cp. C SGSN v MSC u c thc hin trn cng mt nt vt l vi VLR v th c gi l VLR/SGSN v VLR/MSC.

3.5.3.5. MSC MSC thc hin cc kt ni CS gia u cui v mng. N thc hin cc chc nng bo hiu v chuyn mch cho cc thu bao trong vng qun l ca mnh. Chc nng ca MSC trong UMTS ging chc nng MSC trong GSM, nhng n c nhiu kh nng hn. Cc kt ni CS c thc hin trn giao din CS gia UTRAN v MSC. Cc MSC c ni n cc mng ngoi qua GMSC. 3.5.3.6. GMSC GMSC c th l mt trong s cc MSC. GMSC chu trch nhim thc hin cc chc nng nh tuyn n vng c MS. Khi mng ngoi tm cch kt ni n PLMN ca mt nh khai thc, GMSC nhn yu cu thit lp kt ni v hi HLR v MSC hin thi qun l MS. 3.5.3.7. Mi trng nh

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Mi trng nh (HE: Home Environment) lu cc h s thu bao ca hng khai thc. N cng cung cp cho cc mng phc v (SN: Serving Network) cc thng tin v thu bao v v cc cn thit nhn thc ngi s dng v tnh cc cho cc dch v cung cp. Tt c cc dch v c cung cp v cc dch v b cm u c lit k y.

B ghi nh v thng tr (HLR) HLR l mt c s d liu c nhim v qun l cc thu bao di ng. Mt mng di ng c th cha nhiu HLR ty thuc vo s lng thu bao, dung lng ca tng HLR v t chc bn trong mng. C s d liu ny cha IMSI (International Mobile Subsscriber Identity: s nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t), t nht mt MSISDN (Mobile Station ISDN: s thu bao c trong danh b in thoi) v t nht mt a ch PDP (Packet Data Protocol: Giao thc s liu gi). C IMSI v MSISDN c th s dng lm kho truy nhp n cc thng tin c lu khc. nh tuyn v tnh cc cc cuc gi, HLR cn lu gi thng tin v SGSN v VLR no hin ang chu trch nhim thu bao. Cc dch v khc nh chuyn hng cuc gi, tc s liu v th thoi cng c trong danh sch cng vi cc hn ch dch v nh cc hn ch chuyn mng. HLR v AuC l hai nt mng logic, nhng thng c thc hin trong cng mt nt vt l. HLR lu gi mi thng tin v ngi s dng v ng k thu bao. Nh: thng tin tnh cc, cc dch v no c cung cp v cc dch v no b t chi v thng tin chuyn hng cuc gi. Nhng thng tin quan trng nht l hin VLR v SGSN no ang ph trch ngi s dng. Trung tm nhn thc (AuC) AUC (Authentication Center) lu gi ton b s liu cn thit nhn thc, mt m ha v bo v s ton vn thng tin cho ngi s dng. N lin kt vi HLR v c thc hin cng vi HLR trong cng mt nt vt l. Tuy nhin cn m bo rng AuC ch cung cp thng tin v cc vect nhn thc (AV: Authetication Vector) cho HLR. AuC lu gi kha b mt chia s K cho tng thu bao cng vi tt c cc hm to kha t f0 n f5. N to ra cc AV, c trong thi gian thc khi SGSN/VLR yu cu hay khi ti x l thp, ln cc AV d tr. B ghi nhn dng thit b (EIR) Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 49

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EIR (Equipment Identity Register) chu trch nhim lu cc s nhn dng thit b di ng quc t (IMEI: International Mobile Equipment Identity). y l s nhn dng duy nht cho thit b u cui. C s d liu ny c chia thnh ba danh mc: danh mc trng, xm v en. Danh mc trng cha cc s IMEI c php truy nhp mng. Danh mc xm cha IMEI ca cc u cui ang b theo di cn danh mc en cha cc s IMEI ca cc u cui b cm truy nhp mng. Khi mt u cui c thng bo l b mt cp, IMEI ca n s b t vo danh mc en v th n b cm truy nhp mng. Danh mc ny cng c th c s dng cm cc seri my c bit khng c truy nhp mng khi chng khng hot ng theo tiu chun. 3.5.4. Cc mng ngoi Cc mng ngoi khng phi l b phn ca h thng UMTS, nhng chng cn thit m bo truyn thng gia cc nh khai thc. Cc mng ngoi c th l cc mng in thoi nh: PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network: mng di ng mt t cng cng), PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network: Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng), ISDN hay cc mng s liu nh Internet. Min PS kt ni n cc mng s liu cn min CS ni n cc mng in thoi. 3.5.5. Cc giao din Vai tr cc cc nt khc nhau ca mng ch c nh ngha thng qua cc giao din khc nhau. Cc giao din ny c nh ngha cht ch cc nh sn xut c th kt ni cc phn cng khc nhau ca h. Giao din Cu. Giao din Cu l giao din chun cho cc card thng minh. Trong UE y l ni kt ni gia USIM v UE Giao din Uu. Giao din Uu l giao din v tuyn ca WCDMA trong UMTS. y l giao din m qua UE truy nhp vo phn c nh ca mng. Giao din ny nm gia nt B v u cui. Giao din Iu. Giao din Iu kt ni UTRAN v CN. N gm hai phn, IuPS cho min chuyn mch gi, IuCS cho min chuyn mch knh. CN c th kt ni n nhiu UTRAN cho c giao din IuCS v IuPS. Nhng mt UTRAN ch c th kt ni n mt im truy nhp CN. Giao din Iur. y l giao din RNC-RNC. Ban u c thit k m bo chuyn giao mm gia cc RNC, nhng trong qu trnh pht trin nhiu tnh nng mi c b sung. Giao din ny m bo bn tnh nng ni bt sau: 1. Di ng gia cc RNC 2. Lu thng knh ring 3. Lu thng knh chung 50 Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng

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4. Qun l ti nguyn ton cc Giao din Iub. Giao din Iub ni nt B v RNC. Khc vi GSM y l giao din m. 3.6. KIN TRC 3G WCDMA UMTS R4 Hnh 1.10 cho thy kin trc c s ca 3G UMTS R4. S khc nhau c bn gia R3 v R4 l ch khi ny mng li l mng phn b v chuyn mch mm. Thay cho vic c cc MSC chuyn mch knh truyn thng nh kin trc trc, kin trc chuyn mch phn b v chuyn mch mm c a vo. V cn bn, MSC c chia thnh MSC server v cng cc phng tin (MGW: Media Gateway). MSC cha tt c cc phn mm iu khin cuc gi, qun l di ng c mt MSC tiu chun. Tuy nhin n khng cha ma trn chuyn mch. Ma trn chuyn mch nm trong MGW c MSC Server iu khin v c th t xa MSC Server.

Hnh 10. Kin trc mng phn b ca pht hnh 3GPP R4 Bo hiu iu khin cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh c thc hin gia RNC v MSC Server. ng truyn cho cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh c thc hin gia RNC v MGW. Thng thng MGW nhn cc cuc gi t RNC v nh tuyn cc cuc gi ny n ni nhn trn cc ng trc gi. Trong nhiu trng hp ng trc gi s dng Giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc (RTP: Real Time Transport Protocol) trn Giao thc Internet (IP). T hnh 1.10 Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 51

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ta thy lu lng s liu gi t RNC i qua SGSN v t SGSN n GGSN trn mng ng trc IP. C s liu v ting u c th s dng truyn ti IP bn trong mng li. y l mng truyn ti hon ton IP. Ti ni m mt cuc gi cn chuyn n mt mng khc, PSTN chng hn, s c mt cng cc phng tin khc (MGW) c iu khin bi MSC Server cng (GMSC server). MGW ny s chuyn ting thoi c ng gi thnh PCM tiu chun a n PSTN. Nh vy chuyn i m ch cn thc hin ti im ny. th d, ta gi thit rng nu ting giao din v tuyn c truyn ti tc 12,2 kbps, th tc ny ch phi chuyn vo 64 kbps MGW giao tip vi PSTN. Truyn ti kiu ny cho php tit kim ng k rng bng tn nht l khi cc MGW cch xa nhau. Giao thc iu khin gia MSC Server hoc GMSC Server vi MGW l giao thc ITU H.248. Giao thc ny c ITU v IETF cng tc pht trin. N c tn l iu khin cng cc phng tin (MEGACO: Media Gateway Control). Giao thc iu khin cuc gi gia MSC Server v GMSC Server c th l mt giao thc iu khin cuc gi bt k. 3GPP ngh s dng (khng bt buc) giao thc iu khin cuc gi c lp vt mang (BICC: Bearer Independent Call Control) c xy dng trn c s khuyn ngh Q.1902 ca ITU. Trong nhiu trng hp MSC Server h tr c cc chc nng ca GMSC Server. Ngoi ra MGW c kh nng giao din vi c RAN v PSTN. Khi ny cuc gi n hoc t PSTN c th chuyn ni ht, nh vy c th tit kim ng k u t. lm th d ta xt trng hp khi mt RNC c t ti thnh ph A v c iu khin bi mt MSC t ti thnh ph B. Gi s thu bao thnh ph A thc hin cuc gi ni ht. Nu khng c cu trc phn b, cuc gi cn chuyn t thnh ph A n thnh ph B (ni c MSC) u ni vi thu bao PSTN ti chnh thnh ph A. Vi cu trc phn b, cuc gi c th c iu khin ti MSC Server thnh ph B nhng ng truyn cc phng tin thc t c th vn thnh ph A, nh vy gim ng k yu cu truyn dn v gi thnh khai thc mng. T hnh 1.10 ta cng thy rng HLR cng c th c gi l Server thu bao ti nh (HSS: Home Subscriber Server). HSS v HLR c chc nng tng ng, ngoi tr giao din vi HSS l giao din trn c s truyn ti gi (IP chng hn) trong khi HLR s dng giao din trn c s bo hiu s 7. Ngoi ra cn c cc giao din (khng c trn hnh v) gia SGSN vi HLR/HSS v gia GGSN vi HLR/HSS. Rt nhiu giao thc c s dng bn trong mng li l cc giao thc trn c s gi s dng hoc IP hoc ATM. Tuy nhin mng phi giao din vi cc mng truyn thng qua vic s dng cc cng cc phng tin. Ngoi ra mng cng phi giao din vi cc mng SS7 tiu chun. Giao din ny c thc hin thng qua cng SS7 (SS7 GW). y l cng m mt pha n h tr truyn ti Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 52

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bn tin SS7 trn ng truyn ti SS7 tiu chun, pha kia n truyn ti cc bn tin ng dng SS7 trn mng gi (IP chng hn). Cc thc th nh MSC Server, GMSC Server v HSS lin lc vi cng SS7 bng cch s dng cc giao thc truyn ti c thit k c bit mang cc bn tin SS7 mng IP. B giao thc ny c gi l Sigtran. 3.7. KIN TRC 3G WCDMA UMTS R5 v R6 Bc pht trin tip theo ca UMTS l a ra kin trc mng a phng tin IP (hnh 1.11). Bc pht trin ny th hin s thay i ton b m hnh cuc gi. y c ting v s liu c x l ging nhau trn ton b ng truyn t u cui ca ngi s dng n ni nhn cui cng. C th coi kin trc ny l s hi t ton din ca ting v s liu.

Hnh 11. Kin trc mng 3GPP R5 v R6 im mi ca R5 v R6 l n a ra mt min mi c gi l phn h a phng tin IP (IMS: IP Multimedia Subsystem). y l mt min mng IP c thit k h tr cc dch v a phng tin thi gian thc IP. T hnh 1.11 ta thy ting v s liu khng cn cc giao din cch bit; ch c mt giao din Iu duy nht mang tt c phng tin. Trong mng li giao din ny kt cui ti SGSN v khng c MGW ring. Phn h a phng tin IP (IMS) cha cc phn t sau: Chc nng iu khin trng thi kt ni (CSCF: Connection State Control Function), Chc nng Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 53

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ti nguyn a phng tin (MRF: Multimedia Resource Function), chc nng iu khin cng cc phng tin (MGCF: Media Gateway Control Function), Cng bo hiu truyn ti (T-SGW: Transport Signalling Gateway) v Cng bo hiu chuyn mng (R-SGW: Roaming Signalling Gateway). Mt nt quan trng ca kin trc ton IP l thit b ca ngi s dng c tng cng rt nhiu. Nhiu phn mm c ci t UE. Trong thc t, UE h tr giao thc khi u phin (SIP: Session Initiation Protocol). UE tr thnh mt tc nhn ca ngi s dng SIP. Nh vy, UE c kh nng iu khin cc dch v ln hn trc rt nhiu. CSCF qun l vic thit lp , duy tr v gii phng cc phin a phng tin n v t ngi s dng. N bao gm cc chc nng nh: phin dch v nh tuyn. CSCF hot ng nh mt i din Server /h tch vin. SGSN v GGSN l cc phin bn tng cng ca cc nt c s dng GPRS v UMTS R3 v R4. im khc nhau duy nht l ch cc nt ny khng ch h tr dch v s liu gi m c dch v chuyn mch knh (ting chng hn). V th cn h tr cc kh nng cht lng dch v (QoS) hoc bn trong SGSN v GGSN hoc t nht cc Router kt ni trc tip vi chng. Chc nng ti nguyn a phng tin (MRF) l chc nng lp cu hi nghi c s dng h tr cc tnh nng nh t chc cuc gi nhiu pha v dch v hi ngh . Cng bo hiu truyn ti (T-SGW) l mt cng bo hiu SS7 m bo tng tc SS7 vi cc mng tiu chun ngoi nh PSTN. T-SGW h tr cc giao thc Sigtran. Cng bo hiu chuyn mng (R-SGW) l mt nt m bo tng tc bo hiu vi cc mng di ng hin c s dng SS7 tiu chun. Trong nhiu trng hp T-SGW v R-SGW cng tn ti trn cng mt nn tng. MGW thc hin tng tc vi cc mng ngoi mc ng truyn a phng tin. MGW kin trc mng ca UMTS R5 c chc nng ging nh R4. MGW c iu khin bi Chc nng cng iu khin cc phng tin (MGCF). Giao thc iu khin gia cc thc th ny l ITU-T H.248. MGCF cng lin lc vi CSCF. Giao thc c chn cho giao din ny l SIP. Tuy nhin c th nhiu nh khai thc vn s dng n kt hp vi cc min chuyn mch knh trong R3 v R4. iu ny cho php chuyn i dn dn t cc phin bn R3 v R4 sang R5. Mt s cc cuc gi thoi c th vn s dng min CS mt s cc dch v khc chng hn video c th c thc hin qua R5 IMS. Cu hnh lai ghp c th hin trn hnh 1.12.

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Hnh 12. Chuyn i dn t R4 sang R5 3.8. CHIN LC DCH CHUYN T GSM SANG UMTS Trong phn ny ta s xt chin lc dch chuyn t GSM sang UMTS ca hng Alcatel. Alcatel d kin pht trin RAN t GSM ln 3G UMTS theo ba pht hnh: 3GR1, 3GR2 v 3GR3. Vi mi pht hnh, cc sn phm mi v cc tnh nng mi c a ra. 3.8.1. 3GR1 : Kin trc mng UMTS chng ln Pht hnh 3GP1 da trn pht hnh ca 3GPP vo thng 3 v cc c t k thut vo thng 6 nm 2000. Pht hnh u ca 3GR1 ch h tr UTRA-FDD v s c trin khai chng ln ln GSM. Chin lc dch chuyn t GSM sang UMTS pht hnh 3GR1 c chia thnh ba giai on c k hiu l R1.1, R1.2 v R1.3 (R: Release: pht hnh). Trong cc pht hnh ny cc phn cng v cc tnh nng mi c a ra. Cc nt B c gi l MBS (Multistandard Base Station: trm gc a tiu chun). Tuy nhin MBS V1 ch n thun l nt B, ch MBS V2 mi thc s a tiu chun v cha cc chc nng ca c nt B v BTS trong cng mt hp my. Tng t RNC V2 v OMC-R V2 c a ra phc v cho c UMTS v GSM. Hnh 1.13 cho thy kin trc ng tn ti GSM v UMTS c pht trin trong giai on trin khai UMTS ban u (3GR1.1).

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Hnh 13. Kin trc ng tn ti GSM v UMTS (pht hnh 3GR1.1) 3.8.2. 3GR2 : Tch hp cc mng UMTS v GSM Trong giai on trin khai UMTS th hai s tch hp u tin gia hai mng s c thc hin bng cch a ra cc thit b a tiu chun nh: Nt B kt hp BTS (MBS V2) v RNC kt hp BSC (RNC V2). Cc chc nng khai thc v bo dng mng v tuyn cng c th c thc hin chung bi cng mt OMC-R (V2). Hnh 1.14 m t kin trc mng RAN tch hp ca giai on hai.

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Hnh 14. Kin trc mng RAN tch hp pht hnh 3GR2 (R2.1). 3.8.3. 3GR3 : Kin trc RAN thng nht Trong kin trc RAN ca pht hnh ny c xy dng trn c s pht hnh R5 vo thng 9 nm 2000 ca 3GPP. Trong pht hnh ny RAN chung cho c h thng UMTS v GSM. C UTRA-FDD v UTRA-TDD u c h tr. Giao thc truyn ti c thng nht cho GSM, E-GPRS v UMTS, ngoi ra c th ATM kt hp IP. GERAN (GSM/EDGE RAN) cng s c h tr bi pht hnh ny ca mng. Kin trc RAN ca 3GR1.3 c th hin trn hnh 1.15.

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Hnh 15. Kin trc RAN thng nht ca 3GR3.1 3.9. CU HNH A L CA H THNG THNG TIN DI NG 3G Do tnh cht di ng ca thu bao di ng nn mng di ng phi c t chc theo mt cu trc a l nht nh mng c th theo di c v tr ca thu bao. 3.9.1. Phn chia theo vng mng Trong mt quc gia c th c nhiu vng mng vin thng, vic gi vo mt vng mng no phi c thc hin thng qua tng i cng. Cc vng mng di ng 3G c i din bng tng i cng GMSC hoc GGSN. Tt c cc cuc gi n mt mng di ng t mt mng khc u c nh tuyn n GMSC hoc GGSN. Tng i ny lm vic nh mt tng i trung k vo cho mng 3G. y l ni thc hin chc nng hi nh tuyn cuc gi kt cui trm di ng. GMSC/GGSN cho php h thng nh tuyn cc cuc gi vo t mng ngoi n ni nhn cui cng: cc trm di ng b gi. 3.9.2. Phn chia theo vng phc v MSC/VLR v SGSN Mt mng thng tin di ng c phn chia thnh nhiu vng nh hn, mi vng nh ny c phc v bi mt MSC/VLR (hnh 1.16a). hay SGSN (1.16b) Ta gi y l vng phc v ca MSC/VLR hay SGSN.

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Hnh 16. Phn chia mng thnh cc vng phc v ca MSC/VLR v SGSN nh tuyn mt cuc gi n mt thu bao di ng, ng truyn qua mng s c ni n MSC ang phc v thu bao di ng cn gi. mi vng phc v MSC/VLR thng tin v thu bao c ghi li tm thi VLR. Thng tin ny bao gm hai loi: Thng tin v ng k v cc dch v ca thu bao. Thng tin v v tr ca thu bao (thu bao ang vng nh v hoc vng nh tuyn no). 3.9.3. Phn chia theo vng nh v v vng nh tuyn Mi vng phc v MSC/VLR c chia thnh mt s vng nh v: LA (Location Area) (hnh 1.17a). Mi vng phc v ca SGSN c chia thnh cc vng nh tuyn (RA: Routing Area) (1.17b).

Hnh 17. Phn chia vng phc v ca MSC/VLR v SGSN thnh cc vng nh v (LA: Location Area) v nh tuyn (RA: Routing Area)

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Vng nh v (hay vng nh tuyn l mt phn ca vng phc v MSC/VLR (hay SGSN) m mt trm di ng c th chuyn ng t do v khng cn cp nht thng tin v v tr cho MSC/VLR (hay SGSN) qun l v tr ny. C th ni vng nh v (hay vng nh tuyn) l v tr c th nht ca trm di ng m mng cn bit nh tuyn cho mt cuc gi n n. vng nh v ny thng bo tm s c pht qung b tm thu bao di ng b gi. H thng c th nhn dng vng nh v bng cch s dng nhn dng vng nh v (LAI: Location Area Identity) hay nhn dng vng nh tuyn (RAI Routing Area Identity). Vng nh v (hay vng nh tuyn) c th bao gm mt s v thuc mt hay nhiu RNC, nhng ch thuc mt MSC (hay mt SGSN). 3.9.4. Phn chia theo Vng nh v hay vng nh tuyn c chia thnh mt s (hnh 1.18).

Hnh 18. Phn chia LA v RA l mt vng ph v tuyn c mng nhn dng bng nhn dng ton cu (CGI: Cell Global Identity). Trm di ng nhn dng bng m nhn dng trm gc (BSIC: Base Station Identity Code). Vng ph ca cc thng c m phng bng hnh lc gic tin cho vic tnh ton thit k. 3.9.5. Mu Mu c hai kiu: v hng ngang (omnidirectional) v phn on (sectorized). Cc mu ny c cho trn hnh 1.19.

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Hnh 19. Cc kiu mu v hng ngang (hnh 1.19a) nhn c t pht x ca mt anten c bp sng trn trong mt ngang (mt phng song song vi mt t) v bp sng c hng chc xung mt t trong mt ng (mt phng vung gc vi mt t). phn on (hnh 1.19b) l nhn c t pht x ca ba anten vi hng pht x cc i lch nhau 120 0. Cc anten ny c bp sng dng na s 8 trong mt ngang v trong mt ng bp sng ca chng chc xung mt t. Trong mt s trng hp phn on c th c to ra t pht x ca nhiu hn ba anten. Trong thc t mu c th rt a dng ty vo a hnh cn ph sng. Tuy nhin cc mu nh trn hnh 1.19 thng c s dng thit k cho s ph sng chun. 3.9.6. Tng kt phn chia vng a l trong cc h thng thng tin di ng 3G Trong cc kin trc mng bao gm c min chuyn mch knh v min chuyn mch gi, vng phc mng khng ch c phn chia thnh cc vng nh v (LA) m cn c phn chia thnh cc vng nh tuyn (RA: Routing Area). Cc vng nh v (LA: Location Area) l khi nim qun l di ng ca min CS k tha t mng GSM. Cc vng nh tuyn (RA: Routing Area) l cc thc th ca min PS. Mng li PS s dng RA tm gi. Nhn dng thu bao P-TMSI (Packet- Temporary Mobile Subsscriber Identity: nhn dng thu bao di ng gi tm thi) l duy nht trong mt RA. Trong mng truy nhp v tuyn, RA li c chia tip thnh cc vng ng k UTRAN (URA: UTRAN Registration Area). Tm gi khi xng UTRAN s dng URA khi knh bo hiu u cui c thit lp. URA khng th nhn thy c bn ngoi UTRAN. Quan h gia cc vng c phn cp nh cho hnh 1.20 ( khng c th hin). LA thuc 3G MSC v RA thuc 3G SGSN. URA thuc RNC. Theo di v tr theo URA v trong UTRAN c thc hin khi c kt ni RRC Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 61

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(Radio Resource Control: iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn) cho knh bo hiu u cui. Nu khng c kt ni RRC, 3G SGSN thc hin tm gi v cp nht thng tin v tr c thc hin theo RA.

Hnh 20. Cc khi nim phn chia vng a l trong 3G WCDMA UMTS.

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Hin nay thut ng 3G khng cn xa l trn vi nhng t chc c nhn lin quan n lnh vc vin thng v thm ch c nhng ngi s dng dch v vin thng di ng trn ton th gii. L mt trong hai phng n k thut c coi l c kh nng trin khai rng ri khi pht trin h thng thng tin di ng ln 3G (WCDMA, v cdma2000), WCDMA c coi l cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn c th p ng nhng ch tiu ca h thng thng tin di ng th h 3: l h thng truyn thng a phng tin; giao tip gia ngi-vi-ngi c th tng cng bng cc hnh nh m thanh c cht lng cao, kh nng truy cp thng tin v dch v cc mng cng cng, mng c nhn h tr tc d liu cao v x l linh hot. Nghin cu cc kha cnh k thut ca cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn WCDMA trong h thng thng tin di ng UMTS l mt cng vic rt quan trng trc khi trin khai h thng vo thc t.: - Bi ging trnh by c khi qut cc xu hng pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng trn th gii, cc t chc chun ho 3G, cc con ng tin ln 3G. - Trnh by kin trc ca WCDMA. Tuy nhin y l mt ti tng i rng, ang c trin khai mt s nc trn th gii, Vit Nam cn rt mi m v ang c nghin cu trin khai sao cho ph hp vi iu kin thc t. Hng pht trin ca ti: - Nghin cu cc gii php cng ngh quy hoch mi nh anten thng minh, cc thut ton pht hin nhiu ngi s dng ti trm gc tng cng dung lng mng, v vng ph sng ca mng - Nghin cu cc gii php trin khai h thng 3G s dng cng ngh WCDMA ti Vit Nam. Bi tp ln mn Thng Tin Di ng 63

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