CPU a nhn

CPU a nhn
CPU a nhn, CPU a li (ting Anh: multi-core) l b vi x l trung tm (Central Processing Unit) c nhiu n v vi x l c tch hp trn cng mt CPU vt l duy nht. Mt cch khc, chng ging nh s ghp ni nhiu CPU thng thng trc y tr thnh mt CPU duy nht. CPU a nhn nhn c gii thiu ln u tin vo nm 2001 bi hng IBM vi loi CPU Power4 dnh ring cho cc my ch. Bt u t cc hng sn xut CPU khc bt u ch n th loi CPU a nhn v nh hng pht trin sn phm ca mnh theo theo th loi ny. Hai nh sn xut CPU cho PC ln l AMD v Intel cng c cc phn ng khc nhau: AMD bt u c nh hng ngay cho CPU a nhn, Intel cn d dt trong giai on u, nhng cng bt u vo cuc.[1] K t c mt s cnh tranh gia hai hng chim lnh th phn CPU my tnh trn phng din a nhn, hiu nng x l v gi bn, s cnh tranh ny vn cn tn ti cho n thi im hin nay v cha c du hiu kt thc.

Nhu cu v x l a nhim
Phn loi my tnh v chc nng
Khng nh nhiu ngi hiu rng my tnh ch n gin l nhng chic my ging nh h bit v tng lm vic hng ngy (hoc mt s rt t ngi hiu chng nh nhng chic my tnh cm tay dng cho cc php tnh cng tr n gin dnh cho hc sinh), chng c lm nhiu loi phc v cho cc nhu cu ca nhng ngi s dng khc nhau hoc cho nhiu ngi s dng. Phn phn loi di y s lc gip bn hiu thm v ngha rng hn ca my tnh quen dng: Phn ln cc my tnh trn th gii hin nay thuc th loi my tnh c nhn, mt cch hiu n gin l chng dnh cho mt ngi s dng (c nhn) v lm vic vi chng trong duy nht mt thi im. My tnh c nhn c th thc hin nhiu chng trnh khc nhau cc thi im khc nhau, chng c th c s dng rng ri bi nhng ngi s dng vn phng nh mt cng c tr gip cho cng vic, hoc c s dng ngoi ni lm vic ( nh) vi mc ch ch yu cho gii tr, truy cp thng tin thng qua mng Internet ton cu hoc cc nhu cu ring khc. Phn t hn l cc my tnh c thit k cho cc k s, k thut vin, cc nh khoa hc hoc nhng ngi s dng vn phng vi cc ng dng khng thng thng thc hin cc phn mm i hi n nng lc ln hn v s n nh, cc my ny thng c gi l my trm (workstation)[2]. Phn cn li c s lng t nht, c thit k ring bit ch thc hin mt vi nhim v m c th khng cn n s iu khin ca con ngi mt cch lin tc theo thi gian: v d cc my ch phc v cc mc ch khc nhau trong mt mng nh hoc cc mng Internet rng ln. Khc vi cc loi cc my tnh c lit k trn l cc loi my tnh chuyn dng c bit, chng thng thit k ring cho mt mc ch, ch s dng mt vi phn mm chuyn dng: v d cc my tnh cng nghip hoc cc my tnh mt dng nh hn s dng h iu hnh nhng cho cc mc ch khc. Tr cc my tnh trong nhng giai on pht trin u tin (thng ch thit k cho mt vi chc nng) hoc mt s my tnh ln phc v ring bit cho cc mc ch khoa hc ngy nay, cc my tnh cn li trong thi gian gn y (c phn loi nh trn) thng c th dng thc hin nhiu nhim v khc nhau. Ngi s dng c th ci t cc phn mm khc nhau (min l chng tng thch vi h iu hnh ci t trn my tnh ). Cc my ch thng c cho rng ch phc v chuyn cho mt mc ch, cung cp mt loi dch v nhng cng c th chuyn i, thit t li phc v cho cc nhim v khc.

CPU a nhn

Nhu cu x l a nhim
Phn trn mi cho thy tt c cc my tnh c th s dng cho cc mc ch khc nhau, tuy nhin trn thc t cc my tnh cn c th dng cho nhiu mc ch cho cng mt thi im. i vi my tnh c nhn (cho vn phng v gia nh), v d mt ngi s dng my tnh son tho mt vn bn bng ting Vit th cng c t nht hai phn mm hot ng: phn mm son tho vn bn v mt phn mm h tr b du ting Vit no . Trong v d ny nu ni c hai phn mm ng thi hot ng l cha chnh xc, bi xt rng ra th c rt nhiu phn mm ang hot ng ch nn (background) trong h iu hnh m nhiu ngi s dng khng nhn ra. i vi cc my trm vi s khc bit ch cc phn mm chuyn dng v i hi n nh nn cng tng t i vi my tnh c nhn. i vi cc my ch th ngay c mt s k thut vin hoc ngi qun tr mng cng cho rng chng ch phc v mt vi mc ch ring bit, tuy nhin trn thc t cc my ch c kt hp ng thi cung cp nhiu dch v nu nh chng mnh. Thc t mc s dng trong mt mng nh th c rt nhiu my ch c thit t cung cp nhiu dch v ng thi. Nhng ni dung cn x l ng thi trn thc hin trn mt my tnh s dng mt CPU n nhn c th tu thuc vo mc cn x l ca cc ng dng, s ng dng hot ng cng mt thi im m ngi s dng c th khng nhn thy khi s dng ng thi cc ng dng yu cu x l thp (chng hn ch son tho vn bn kt hp nghe nhc s dng nn) trn mt my tnh c mt dung lng b nh RAM khng qu thp so vi yu cu ca h iu hnh. Tuy nhin vi cc ng dng cn nhiu n x l nh thc hin mt trong cc ni dung: x l ho, bin tp video, chi game, nghe nhc v kt hp ng thi vi cc ng dng thng thng (duyt web, son tho...) cng vi mt phn mm dit virus bo v trc tip th ngi s dng s cm nhn r rng v s chm chp ca h thng. Cng s lng v mc ca cc ng dng , nu c x l trn mt my tnh c hai CPU c lp th h thng s thc hin nhanh hn v him khi xy ra cc hin tng chm chp x l ng dng, li h thng, treo my... Khi m cc h iu hnh v cc ng dng ngy nay ch tm hn nhiu n giao din, s n nh, kh nng bo mt... p ng mi nhu cu ca ngi s dng my tnh th cng i hi n nng lc ca CPU cn ln ln. Nu nh cc CPU thng dng trong cc my tnh c nhn bn hin nay c th hot ng trn cc h iu hnh li thi nh Windows 95, Windows 98 kh nhanh v tt th n cc h iu hnh Windows XP hin ti cng tr ln chm chm v c th cn chm hn na nu s dng h iu hnh Windows Vista gn y nht ca hng Microsoft trong thi im u nm 2008.

Lung x l ca CPU
Cc CPU c h iu hnh yu cu x l ng thi cc phn mm mt cch gin on v xen k nhau khi ngi s dng thc hin ng thi nhiu phn mm (nh trong cc v d nu trn). Mi phn mm nu khng i hi mt s x l lin tc th chng c p ng tng phn. a s cc phn mm s dng trong vn phng mt cch thng thng nht u c x l nh vy. V d: khi bn ang duyt web v cng son tho mt vn bn s c cc khong thi gian m bn phi c mt trang web hoc lc bn ang son tho vn bn th c ngha l trnh duyt web lc c th khng cn thit phi x l bi chng ti xung (download) thng tin phc v hin th ni dung trang web . y ch l mt v d n gin vi nhng ng dng n gin cho thy vic cc CPU c th phn tch x l cc nhim v mt cch ng thi. Nu nh ngi s dng thc thi cc phn mm ng dng yu cu n x l ln mt cch ng u th d nhn thy rng h thng c th tr nn chm chp bi mi ng dng li ch c x l ln lt xen k nhau. Nu nh c hai b x l ng thi trong cng mt my tnh th c hai ng dng ln ny u c th thc hin c tt hn hay khng. Hoc nh c mt CPU nhng ng thi p ng yu cu ca hai hoc nhiu hn cc ng dng trong cng mt thi im th c ci thin c tc lm vic chung ca my tnh hay khng ? Hy xem mt v d sau: Nu c mt nhm ngi ch trc cng mt phng khm da liu, phng ch cch ca vo mt khong xa.

CPU a nhn CPU n nhn, n lung: ging nh vic ch c mt ca vo, v trong c mt bc s ch khm ln lt tng ngi vi iu kin mi ngi ht 10 pht, trong u tin khm ht n gii sau mi n lt nam gii - thi gian khm ht nhm ngi s rt lu v nam gii phi ch lu hn mc d n sm. CPU n nhn, a lung: ging nh vic c mt ca, mi ngi khm 10 pht, khm xen k c nam gii v n gii. Gii quyt c vic ngi no n trc th xong trc. CPU n nhn, a lung, c cng ngh phn lung o: Ging nh c mt ca, ai khm xong trc th ra trc (c th di 10 pht), c hai bc s ph nhau chia theo tng cng on lc ny thi gian nhanh hn nhiu cho vic khm tt c nhm ngi. CPU a nhn: Ging nh phng khm c hai ca, trong c hai nhm bc s c lp v ng thi c th khm hai ngi mt thi im. CPU c lng cache L2 ln hoc c thm cache L3: Tng ng vi phng ch ngay ca ca phng khm (ngi c yu cu vo khm i vo nhanh hn). Qua v d trn ta thy rng CPU c kh nng x l nhiu lung, a nhn, c cng ngh siu phn lung...th s x l cng vic nhanh hn. y l lc m ngi c c th tr li cu hi pha trn mt cch t tin rng c, n ci thin c tc lm vic chung. Hnh thc s dng nhiu CPU trn cng mt my tnh hoc nhiu my tnh kt ni vi nhau tr thnh mt h thng my tnh ln hn cng thc hin mt nhim v hoc ng thi nhiu nhim v c lin quan n nhau c p dng t trc khi xut hin cc CPU hai nhn. Cc my trm hoc my ch trc y thng c gn nhiu hn mt CPU trn cng mt bo mch ch c th thc hin cng vic ti u hn, tc nhanh hn. y c th l nhng l do u tin cc nh sn xut phn cng bt tay vo nghin cu cho ra i cc CPU a nhn sau ny.

Cu to vt l ca CPU a nhn
Nu nh CPU ch c mt cm b x l bn trong lng n ging nh cc b x l thng thng: cc b x l t th h u tin cho n th h th 7 gn y (nh Pentium 4 n nhn) c gi l cc CPU ch c mt nhn - hay gi cch khc l mt li (cch gi theo thi quen, tuy nhin t li c th gy nhm ln vi cu trc core ca Intel nn bi ny hn ch dng). Nhng CPU hai nhn u tin c Intel v AMD sn xut khi t hai nhn x l trong cng mt tm [3]. C ngha trong mt CPU nhn b ngoi nh mt CPU thng thng nhng bn trong n cha cc phn mch in ca c hai CPU, im chung ca n l cc chn cm tip xc vi socket ca bo mch ch. Nu nh ch nhn hnh dng m khng nhn vo cc thng s trn v CPU th cc loi CPU hai nhn ny khng khc so vi cc CPU n nhn s dng cng loi socket.

Mt CPU hai nhn ca Intel c hnh dng bn ngoi nh mt CPU n nhn thng thng

Nhiu ngi c th thc mc: Bn trong mt CPU liu c cn khong khng gian trng no khng cho nhn th hai, th t hoc nhiu hn na trong khi tm ca CPU vn gi nguyn din tch nh vy. Thc t th kch thc cc nhn hin ti ca CPU rt nh, phn ca mi CPU c kch thc nh hin ti bi chng cn c cc v tr c th kt ni vi cc socket. Thng thng th

CPU a nhn

cc k hiu ca socket hin nay c cha ngha v s v tr tip xc gia CPU v bo mch ch, nu nh mt CPU hin ti ca Intel s dng socket T (LGA775) hay nh AMD s dng socket 939 th cng c ngha rng chng c 775 hay 939 v tr tip xc. Vi mt s lng kt ni nhiu nh vy th cc CPU nu thit k tm qu nh s khng th p ng c s kt ni gia CPU vi bo mch ch theo kiu cm d dng thay th (nu khng mun hn chc vo bo mch ch).
Hai nhn cng c cha trong mt phn din tch nh th ny (phn bi kem tn nhit)

Th h CPU a nhn thng dng u tin

CPU hai nhn ca Intel
Hng Intel gii thiu nhng CPU hai nhn Pentium Extreme Edition v Pentium D u tin vo thng 4 nm 2005 pht trin trn nn Pentium 4 Prescott. Thc cht s ra i ca nhng CPU hai nhn u tin ny ca Intel mong mun gii thiu ra th trng cng nhanh cng tt nn cc CPU hai nhn u tin: Pentium D, Pentium Extreme Edition (thng gi tt l Pentium EE) cha trong lng n hai nhn ca Pentium 4 m Prescott[4]. Mi mt nhn c giao tip vi mt ng khc nhau vi chipset cu bc trn bo mch ch. Chnh v vy m cc chipset ca hng Intel nh i915, i925 hoc cc chipset ca cc hng khc dnh cho cc CPU Pentium 4 thng thng khng th s dng cho CPU hai nhn Pentium D (hoc Pentium Extreme Edition). Cc chipset dng i945, i955X, i975X cho dng my tnh c nhn bn v E7230 cho dng my trm l nhng chipset u tin h tr cho nhng CPU hai nhn ny. CPU Pentium D c cc c tnh di y: Tc x l CPU t 2,8 GHz n 3,2 GHz FSB: 800MHz M rng EM64T 64-bit H tr Execute Disable Bit Sn xut trn cng ngh 90 nm (nanomet) C 2 MB L2 cache (1 MB mi nhn ring bit v c lp) S dng Socket T (LGA775)

Vi nhng CPU c s hiu 830 v 840 cn bao gm cng ngh mi ca Intel l: EISS (Enhanced Intel Speed Step), chng c th t ng thay i tc lm vic ca CPU theo nhu cu x l ca h thng gim cng sut tiu th. Phin bn Pentium Extreme Edition 840 c tnh nng ging nh Pentium D, nhng c mt s khc bit thm nh sau: H tr cng ngh Siu phn lung (HT Technology)[1]. Nh vy vi mi nhn bn trong s tr thnh 2 nhn o (h iu hnh s nhn bit v s dng nh c 4 nhn ng thi). Khng h tr cng ngh EISS. Cho php thay i h s nhn ca CPU, iu ny gip cc ngi s dng hiu bit d dng p xung vi CPU m khng phi thay i bus h thng. y l cch l gii ti sao Pentium EE li khng h tr cng ngh EISS bi cng ngh ny mu thun vi cc hnh ng p xung khi chng t ng gim h s nhn gim tc lm vic ca h thng khi nhu cu x l thp. Bng thng s CPU hai nhn th h u tin ca hng Intel l Pentium D v Pentium Extreme Edition.

CPU a nhn

CPU

Model Tc Bus Bng H Number Speed thng tr Bus HT ?

Boxed S-spec

OEM S-spec

Stepping CPUID

L2 L3 nhit Cng Socket Cng s Cache Cache sut ngh transistor max tiu sx th max 2 MB 64,1 C 64,1 C 69,8 C 69,8 C 69,8 C 69,8 C 69,8 C 95W 775 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm 230 triu

Pentium 820 D Pentium 820 D Pentium 830 D Pentium 830 D Pentium 840 D Pentium 840 D Pentium 840 Extreme Edition

2,8 800 GHz Mhz 2,8 800 GHz Mhz 3,0 800 GHz Mhz 3,0 800 GHz Mhz 3,2 800 GHz Mhz 3,2 800 GHz Mhz 3,2 800 GHz Mhz

6,4 Khng SL88T GBps 6,4 Khng GBps 6,4 Khng GBps

SL88T

A0

0F44h

SL8CP

B0

0F47h

2 MB

95 W 130 W 130 W 130 W 130 W 130 W

775

230 triu

SL88S

A0

0F44h

2 MB

775

230 triu

6,4 Khng SL8CM SL8CM B0 GBps 6,4 Khng SL8CM SL8CM B0 GBps 6,4 Khng GBps 6,4 C GBps SL88R A0

0F47h

2 MB

775

230 triu

0F47h

2 MB

775

230 triu

0F44h

2 MB

775

230 triu

SL8FK

A0

0F44h

2 MB

775

230 triu

CPU hai nhn ca AMD

Nhng CPU hai nhn ca AMD c gii thiu sau so vi cc CPU hai nhn ca Intel. Trc khi cc CPU a nhn ca AMD xut hin th dng sn phm Athlon 64 ca AMD kh thnh cng, phin bn Athlon 64 FX c tp ch PC World M bnh chn gii thng World Class 2004 dnh cho sn phm xut sc nht trong nm 2004[5]. AMD bt u pht trin cc CPU 64 bit bt u t nm 2003 trn nn cu trc 32 bit-x86 v c s dng rng ri trn cc my ch, my trm v my tnh c nhn bn. Vo thng 5 nm 2005 nhng CPU Athlon 64 X2 hai nhn u tin ca AMD xut hin[6]. Althlon 64 X2 c hai loi theo tng m ring nh sau: Cache L2 dung lng 1 MB (ng vi 512 KB cho mi nhn) m: Manchester Cache L2 dung lng 2 MB (ng vi 1 MB cho mi nhn) m: Toledo Cng vi cc c tnh khc bao gm: Tc x l thc t CPU t 2,2 GHz n 2,4 GHz Sn xut trn cng ngh 90 nm (nanomet) 1 GHz HyperTransport S dng Socket 939.

Bng thng s CPU hai nhn th h u tin ca hng AMD l Althon 64 X2

CPU a nhn

Part Number

Model CPU Speed Number

Bus Speed (GBps) 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0

Stepping L2 Cache Max. Temp.

Voltage

Power Socket Process

ADA3800DAA5BV 3800+ ADA3800DAA5CD 3800+ ADA4200DAA5BV 4200+ ADA4400DAA5CD 4200+ ADA4400DAA6CD 4400+ ADV4400DAA6CD 4400+ ADA4600DAA5BV 4600+ ADA4600DAA5CD 4600+ ADA4800DAA6CD 4800+

2,0 GHz 2,0 GHz 2,2 GHz 2,2 GHz 2,2 GHz 2,2 GHz 2,4 GHz 2,4 GHz 2,4 GHz

E4 E6 E4 E6 E6 E6 E4 E6 E6

1 MB 1 MB 1 MB 1 MB 2 MB 2 MB 1 MB 1 MB 2 MB

71 C 71 C 65 C 65 C 65 C 71 C 65 C 65 C 65 C

1,35V-1,4V 89 W 1,35V-1,4V 89 W 1,35V-1,4V 89 W 1,35V-1,4V 89 W

939 939 939 939

90 nm 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm

1,35V-1,4V 110 W 939 1,35V-1,4V 89 W 939

1,35V-1,4V 110 W 939 1,35V-1,4V 110 W 939 1,35V-1,4V 110 W 939

So snh cng ngh

Mc d AMD khng phi l hng u tin gii thiu CPU hai nhn, nhng cu trc ca CPU hai nhn ca AMD c nhiu tin b hn so vi cc CPU hai nhn ban u ca Intel (Pentium D). Cu to bn trong ca AMD cho php cc nhn c th trc tip lin kt vi nhau m khng phi thng qua chipset cu bc. hn ch nhc im ny, Intel tng FSB gia tng bng thng gia CPU v chipset cu bc. Tuy nhin trong giai on ny thit k CPU a nhn ca AMD vn u th hn Intel cc im sau: 1. Khc vi s thay i cu trc ca Intel trong CPU hai nhn khin cho khi nng cp h thng cn phi thay th bo mch ch do cc chipset c khng h tr CPU hai nhn mi. H thng ca AMD c th tng thch vi h thng c, ngi s dng c th cn nng cp BIOS c th tng thch vi CPU hai nhn mi. Socket 939 cho Athlon 64 v Socket 940 cho Opteron vn gi nguyn cho cc CPU AMD hai nhn, cng vi cc chipset c vn h tr bi s giao tip vi CPU khng tr thnh hai dng ring bit cho mi nhn. y l u im th nht ca CPU hai nhn AMD th h u vi Intel. 2. Khi thit k cc CPU dng Athlon 64/Opteron AMD c mt s chun b sn cho cc thit k a nhn theo nh hng ban u ca AMD, nn khi cc dng CPU a nhn ra i chng hon ton thch ng vi cc tnh ton v nhit ca CPU. S tc ng v nhit khi tng thm mt nhn nh hng khng nhiu. V d a s cc CPU hai nhn Athlon 64 X2 ca AMD chy vi tn s 2,2 GHz tiu th cng sut 89 W cng bng vi vi Athlon 64 n nhn hot ng tn s 2,4 GHz. So snh gia mt CPU hai nhn nng nht ca AMD khi hot ng tc 2,2 n 2,4 GHz tiu th cng sut 110 W vi mt CPU hai nhn ca Intel nh Pentium Extreme Edition tiu th cng sut 130 W s thy mt u im th hai ca CPU hai nhn hng AMD so vi Intel (xem cc bng trn). 3. Mc d tc x l thc ca cc CPU hai nhn AMD thng thp hn CPU Intel, tuy nhin mt s kt qu kim tra, nh gi hiu nng bng cc phn mm chuyn dng (phn mm benchmark) cho thy hiu nng ca cc CPU hai nhn hng AMD cao hn hiu nng cc CPU hai nhn ca Intel nhng phin bn u tin[6]. Nhiu overclocker v ngi dng thng thng tng s dng hai loi CPU ca cc hng ny cng c nhn xt nh vy.

CPU a nhn

Cc th h k tip
Cc loi CPU a nhn nu trn ch giai on u tin pht trin ca hai hng chim th phn ln trn th trng CPU cho PC. Hin ti thi im vit bi th Intel ra i dng CPU Core Duo, v Core 2 Duo s dng vi kin trc core[4] vi nhiu u th hn hn so vi dng CPU hai nhn ca hng AMD. Khng ch dng li hai nhn, hai hng sn xut ny ang tip tc cho ra i cc loi CPU nhiu nhn hn vi cc cng ngh mi[7][8]

Core Duo v Core 2 Duo ca Intel

Core Duo l cng ngh tip theo ca cc CPU hai nhn u tin (Pentium D, Pentium EE) ca Intel s dng vi cu trc core[4] mang li nhiu ci tin hn. CPU Core Duo c sn xut khng c bao lu th Intel chuyn sang sn xut dng Core 2 Duo vi thm cc ci tin mi m c nh gi l mt bc ngot trong ngnh ch to b vi x l[9][10] Vi cu trc core c cc ci tin sau: M rng thc thi ng (Wide Dynamic Execution): c s dng cc CPU th h th 6 (Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III...) c ci tin gip tin on nhanh v su, chnh xc hn. Qun l in nng thng minh (Intelligent Power Capability) cho php tt cc h thng con trong CPU khi khng s dng n tit kim nng lng, tuy nhin chng c th ngay lp tc c kch hot hot ng tr li khi c cc yu cu v x l ln v cn thit n chng. M rng b nh m thng minh tin tin (Advanced Smart Cache) l mt ci tin ng k trong vi cu trc core, thay v mi nhn s dng mt cache ring bit trong cu trc ca Pentium D th nay Intel ci tin c hai nhn u c th dng chung cache L2 (xem hnh). Cc th h CPU hai nhn u tin ca Intel s dng mi nhn mt cache L2 ring bit, gia cc nhn v cc cache khng c mt kt ni no vi nhau nn phi thng qua chipset cu bc, s ci tin mi gip cho hiu nng x l tng ln do chng c th s dng chung chim nhiu hn i vi cc nhn phi thc thi x l nhiu hn. Truy xut b nh thng minh (Smart Memory Access) Tng tc phng tin s tin tin (Advanced Digital Media Boost) gip tng tc thc thi tp lnh SEE (Streaming SIMD Extension), cho php h tr cc php ton 128 bit, tc l gp i so vi cc CPU c cng hng. Ngay sau khi ra i th Core 2 Duo ca Intel nh bi i th cnh tranh truyn thng ca mnh l AMD. Cng vi l trnh gim gi cc loi sn phm Pentium D, Core Duo, Intel ly li uy tn v dnh li th phn ca mnh sau lot sn phm CPU hai nhn th h u yu th hn so vi cc CPU hai nhn Althon 64 X2 ca AMD[9]. Cho n u nm 2008, AMD vn cha c cc bc ci tin ng k no vt ln so vi Intel nh thi k CPU a nhn u tin dng x86 xut hin. Bng di y cho thy thng s mt s CPU a nhn Core 2 Duo ca hng Intel dnh ring cho cc my tnh c nhn bn (cp nht n u nm 2008).

Vi cu trc core cho php c hai nhn s dng chung cache L2

CPU a nhn

sSpec# CPU Speed Processor # PCG Bus Speed Mfg Tech Stepping Cache Size Package Type SLAPK 3,16 GHz SLAPL 3 GHz SLA9U 3 GHz SL9ZF SL9S7 2,66 GHz 2,66 GHz E8500 E8400 E6850 E6700 E6700 E6750 E8200 E4600 E6600 E6600 E6540 E6550 E4500 E6400 E6400 E6420 E4400 E4400 E6300 E6300 E6320 E4300 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 1333 MHz 45 nm 1333 MHz 45 nm 1333 MHz 65 nm 1066 MHz 65 nm 1066 MHz 65 nm 1333 MHz 65 nm 1333 MHz 45 nm 800 MHz 65 nm C0 C0 G0 B2 B2 G0 C0 M0 B2 B2 G0 G0 M0 B2 L2 B2 L2 M0 B2 L2 B2 L2 6 MB 6 MB 4 MB 4 MB 4 MB 4 MB 6 MB 2 MB 4 MB 4 MB 4 MB 4 MB 2 MB 2 MB 2 MB 4 MB 2 MB 2 MB 2 MB 2 MB 4 MB 2 MB LGA775 LGA775 LGA775 LGA775 LGA775 LGA775 LGA775 LGA775 LGA775 LGA775 LGA775 LGA775 LGA775 LGA775 LGA775 LGA775 LGA775 LGA775 LGA775 LGA775 LGA775 LGA775

SLA9V 2,66 GHz SLAPP 2,66 GHz SLA94 2,40 GHz SL9ZL 2,40 GHz SL9S8 2,40 GHz

1066 MHz 65 nm 1066 MHz 65 nm 1333 MHz 65 nm 1333 MHz 65 nm 800 MHz 65 nm

SLAA5 2,33 GHz SLA9X 2,33 GHz SLA95 2,20 GHz SL9S9 SL9T9 2,13 GHz 2,13 GHz

1066 MHz 65 nm 1066 MHz 65 nm 1066 MHz 65 nm 800 MHz 800 MHz 65 nm 65 nm

SLA4T 2,13 GHz SLA3F 2 GHz SLA98 2 GHz SL9SA 1,86 GHz SL9TA 1,86 GHz SLA4U 1,86 GHz SL9TB 1,80 GHz

1066 MHz 65 nm 1066 MHz 65 nm 1066 MHz 65 nm 800 MHz 65 nm

Athlon 64 X2 ca AMD
AMD cng a ra cc chin lc ca mnh cnh tranh vi Intel trn c hai phng din, cng ngh v gi thnh CPU. Trc khi cho ra dng Phenom vo thng 12 nm 2007, thng 9 nm 2007 AMD tung ra th trng sn phm CPU Black Edition nh mt bc m. CPU Black Edition bao gm hai phin bn Athlon 64 X2 6400+ sn xut trn cng ngh 90 nm v Athlon 64 X2 5000+ trn cng ngh 65 nm. Vi cng ngh 65 nm, Althon 64 X2 5000+ c mt s thay i: Hot ng vi xung nhp 2,6 GHz. 256 KB cache L1, 1 MB cache L2 chia u cho hai nhn. Cho php thay i h s nhn. Thit k Athlon 64 X2 5000+ thay i cho php ngi s dng d dng p xung chng, theo AMD th mc tiu th cng sut ca CPU ny ch n 75 W khi p xung 3,1 Ghz v 85 W khi p xung 3,4 Ghz[11]. Trn thc t th nhm Test Lab ca tp ch PC World Vietnam th nghim p xung vi CPU ny th c th p xung n nh mc 3,1 Ghz (tng 16% so vi thit k) in p 1,3 V[12].

CPU a nhn

CPU ba nhn
C th c CPU ba nhn hay khng ? Thc t ngoi CPU n nhn cc hng thng sn xut loi a nhn vi s nhn l s chn, iu ny dng nh logic hn khi m thit t cc nhn c tnh cht i xng mt tm hnh vung. Trn thc t AMD c nh thit k mt CPU c ba nhn tung ra th trng vo u nm 2008 nhm cnh tranh vi Intel khi gip ngi s dng c nhiu la chn hn[13]. iu th v l cng b ny ca AMD trc ng mt ngy trc din n nhng nh pht trin Intel. CPU ba nhn u tin trn th gii ny c m hiu Toliman, chng khng phi l mt thit k mi ba nhn trn mt , m l mt CPU bn nhn c ct bt i mt nhn. N s tch hp mt iu khin DDR2, giao din Hypertransport 3.0, mi nhn s dng mt cache L2 ring bit vi 512 KB dung lng. CPU cache L3 vi dung lng 2 MB. Cho n thi im cui nm 2007 th AMD vn cha cng b v xung nhp, in nng, gi c...ca CPU ny.

CPU bn nhn
Thng s cc CPU Intel Xeon Cp nht n thng 2 nm 2008 S hiu CPU Cache L2 L3 Clock Speed FSB ST Cng S sut nhn 2 4

Intel Xeon lot 7000 - Dnh cho my ch Cng ngh 65 nm X7350 8 MB L7345 8 MB E7340 8 MB E7330 6 MB E7320 4 MB E7310 4 MB E7220 8 MB E7210 8 MB 7150N 8 MB 2,93 GHz 1,86 GHz 2,40 GHz 2,40 GHz 2,13 GHz 1,60 GHz 2,93 GHz 2,40 GHz 1066 MHz MP 130 W 1066 MHz MP 50 W 1066 MHz MP 80 W 1066 MHz MP 80 W 1066 MHz MP 80 W 1066 MHz MP 80 W 1066 MHz MP 80 W 1066 MHz MP 80 W 667 MHz 800 MHz 667 MHz 800 MHz 667 MHz 800 MHz 667 MHz 800 MHz 667 MHz X X X X X X X X

16 MB 3,50 GHz

MP 150 W X MP 150 W X MP 150 W X MP 150 W X MP 150 W X MP 95 W MP 95 W MP 95 W MP 95 W X X X X

7140M 2x1 MB 16 MB 3,40 GHz 7140N 2x1 MB 16 MB 3,33 GHz 7130M 2x1 MB 8 MB 7130N 2x1 MB 8 MB 7120M 2x1 MB 4 MB 7120N 2x1 MB 4 MB 7110M 2x1 MB 4 MB 7110N 2x1 MB 4 MB Cng ngh 90 nm 7041 7040 7030 2x2 MB 2x2 MB 2x1 MB 3 GHz 3 GHz 2,80 GHz 3,20 GHz 3,16 GHz 3 GHz 3 GHz 2,60 GHz 2,50 GHz

800 MHz 667 MHz 800 MHz

MP 165 W X MP 165 W X MP 165 W X

CPU a nhn

10
7020 2x1 MB 2,66 GHz 667 MHz MP 165 W X

Intel Xeon Lot 5000. Dnh cho my trm Cng ngh 45 nm X5482 12MB X5472 12MB X5460 12MB X5450 12MB E5472 12MB E5462 12MB E5450 12MB E5440 12MB E5430 12MB E5420 12MB E5410 12MB E5405 12MB X5272 6MB X5260 6MB E5205 6MB Cng ngh 65 nm X5365 8MB X5355 8MB L5335 8MB L5320 8MB L5310 8MB E5345 8MB E5335 8MB E5320 8MB E5310 8MB 5160 5150 5148 5140 5130 5120 5110 5080 5063 5060 5050 4MB 4MB 4MB 4MB 4MB 4MB 4MB 4MB 4MB 4MB 4MB 3 GHz 2,66 GHz 2 GHz 1,86 GHz 1,60 GHz 2,33 GHz 2 GHz 1,86 GHz 1,60 GHz 3 GHz 1333 MHz DP 120 W 1333 MHz DP 120 W 1333 MHz DP 50 W 1066 MHz DP 50 W 1066 MHz DP 50 W 1333 MHz DP 80 W 1333 MHz DP 80 W 1066 MHz DP 80 W 1066 MHz DP 80 W 1333 MHz DP 80 W X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 3,20 GHz 3,00 GHz 3,16 GHz 3,00 GHz 3,00 GHz 2,80 GHz 3,00 GHz 2,83 GHz 2,66 GHz 2,50 GHz 2,33 GHz 2,00 GHz 3,40 GHz 3,33 GHz 1,86 GHz 1600 MHz DP 150 W 1600 MHz DP 120 W 1333 MHz DP 120 W 1333 MHz DP 120 W 1600 MHz DP 80 W 1600 MHz DP 80 W 1333 MHz DP 80 W 1333 MHz DP 80 W 1333 MHz DP 80 W 1333 MHz DP 80 W 1333 MHz DP 80 W 1333 MHz DP 80 W 1600 MHz DP 80 W 1333 MHz DP 80 W 1066 MHz DP 65 W X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

2,667 GHz 1333 MHz DP 65 W 2,333 GHz 1333 MHz DP 40 W 2,333 GHz 1333 MHz DP 65 W 2 GHz 1333 MHz DP 65 W

1,866 GHz 1066 MHz DP 65 W 1,60 GHz 3,73 GHz 3,20 GHz 3,20 GHz 3 GHz 1066 MHz DP 65 W

1066 MHz DP 130 W X 1066 MHz DP 95 W X

1066 MHz DP 130 W X 667 MHz DP 95 W X

CPU a nhn

11
5030 4MB 2,67 GHz 667 MHz DP 95 W X

Intel Xeon Lot 3000 Cng ngh 45 nm X3360 12 MB X3350 12 MB X3320 6 MB E3110 6 MB Cng ngh 65 nm X3230 8 MB X3220 8 MB X3210 8 MB 3085 3075 3070 3065 3060 3050 3040 4 MB 4 MB 4 MB 4 MB 4 MB 2 MB 2 MB 2,66 GHz 2,40 GHz 2,13 GHz 3,00 GHz 2,66 GHz 2,66 GHz 2,33 GHz 2,40 GHz 2,13 GHz 1,86 GHz 1066 MHz UP 95 W 1066 MHz UP 95 W 1066 MHz UP 95 W 1333 MHz UP 65 W 1333 MHz UP 65 W 1066 MHz UP 65 W 1333 MHz UP 65 W 1066 MHz UP 65 W 1066 MHz UP 65 W 1066 MHz UP 65 W X X X X X X X X X X 2,83 GHz 2,66 GHz 2,50 GHz 3,00 GHz 1333 MHz UP 95 W 1333 MHz UP 95 W 1333 MHz UP 95 W 1333 MHz UP 65 W X X X X

Ngun tham kho: [14] All Intel Xeon processors 7000 sequence feature [15] All Intel Xeon processors 5000 sequence feature [16] All Intel Xeon processors 3000 sequence feature

Vi s pht trin rt nhanh ca cng ngh, ch mt thi gian ngn, cc hng sn xut CPU cho ra i loi bn nhn dnh cho c dng my tnh c nhn bn v cc my trm, my ch[17][18]. Tuy hin nay cc phn mm h tr cha nhiu, a phn ngi s dng cn cha nng cp ln loi CPU hai nhn th cc hng bt u gim gi thnh sn phm cnh tranh v hp dn ngi s dng[19] Vi s ra i ca 6 b vi x l bn nhn Quad-Core Xeon dng 7300, cho n thi im qu IV nm 2007, Intel hon chnh k hoch chuyn cc CPU ca mnh sang vi kin trc core ch sau cha y 15 thng xut hin.[20] Hin nay cc nh my v tinh sn xut CPU ca Intel s khng cn sn xut cc loi CPU th h c (Pentium D, Pentium EE), do vy cc sn phm ny hon ton ch cn li di dng tn kho. Nhng CPU bn nhn u tin ca Intel li c ghp ni hai CPU hai nhn thnh mt CPU bn nhn v AMD li vn pht trin theo hng bn nhn c lp. Trong cuc cnh tranh gia hai hng sn xut CPU cho my tnh c nhn gia hai hng sn xut hng u Intel v AMD th cho n nay Intel ang tm dn trc, b ri i th AMD sau khi ng dng vi kin trc core v cc loi CPU sau - c bit l pht trin n cc dng CPU bn nhn[21]. Kt qu so snh gia cc CPU ca hai hng trn phn mm benchmark bng PCMark 05 so snh bn loi CPU bn nhn ca c hai hng cho thy vi cng cp th cc cp CPU ca Intel c im s cao hn so vi cp CPU ca AMD[22]. Cc kt qu th nghim mi nht trong thi im hin ti (u nm 2008) cng cha cho thy AMD c s bt ph nh tng thnh cng vi cc loi CPU hai nhn th h u tin[23][24]. Cui thng 12 nm 2007, AMD gii thiu nn tng Spider[25] bao gm: b x l bn nhn AMD Phenom b x l ha dng ATI Radeon HD 3800 vi h tr Microsoft DirectX 10.1, b chipset AMD 7-series v phn mm AMD OverDriver. Nn tng mi ny ca AMD c cho l h tr cho vic tri nghim hnh nh mc tuyt i[26]. Nn tng da trn tng hp cc sn phm ca cng mt hng ny c th c coi l mt hnh ng p tr cho nn tng Centrino[27][28][29] cho my tnh xch tay ca Intel m trc y AMD khng th no t tiu chun (v cng l

CPU a nhn mt trong cc l do AMD quyt nh mua li ATI). Thng s cc CPU bn nhn ca AMD Cho n cui nm 2007, AMD a ra th trng hai CPU bn nhn dng Phenom c s hiu 9500 v 9600. Hai CPU ny ch khc nhau tn s lm vic (tng ng vi 2,2 Ghz v 2,3 Ghz), cn li cc thng s nh sau:
Cng ngh AMD64 Simultaneous 32- & 64-bit computing L1 Cache (Instruction + Data) mi nhn L2 Cache (512KB mi nhn) L3 Cache Cng ngh HyperTransport C C 128 KB (64 KB + 64 KB) 2 MB 2 MB Cng ngh HyperTransport ti 3600MT/s full duplex, hoc ti 14.4GB/sbng thng I/O Integrated DDR2 Memory Controller Memory Controller Width H tr loi RAM c 128-bit PC2-8500(DDR2-1066) PC2 6400(DDR2-800), PC2 5300(DDR2-667), PC2 4200(DDR2-533), v PC2 3200(DDR2-400) unbuffered memory Bng thng b nh Total Processor-to-system Bandwidth (HyperTransport plus memory bandwidth) Cng ngh sn xut cm Cng sut thit k Kch thc CPU S transistor 65 nm, SOI (silicon-on-insulator) Technology socket AM2+ (940-pin) organic micro PGA 95 W 285 mm2 450 triu ti 12.8 GB/s (b nh knh i) ti 27.2 GB/s

12

Thng s cc CPU bn nhn ca Intel Loi dnh cho my tnh c nhn bn

sSpec# Clock Speed S hiu CPU PCG FSB Mfg Tech Stepping Cache Package Size Type

SLAWQ 2.83 GHz Q9550 05A SLACQ 2.66 GHz Q6700 05A

1333 MHz 45 nm 1066 MHz 65 nm 1333 MHz 45 nm 1333 MHz 45 nm 1066 MHz 65 nm 1066 MHz 65 nm

C0 G0 C0 C0 B3 G0

12 MB LGA775 8 MB LGA775

SLAWR 2.66 GHz Q9450 05A SLAWE 2.50 GHz Q9300 05A SL9UM SLACR 2.40 GHz Q6600 05B 2.40 GHz Q6600 05A

12 MB LGA775 6 MB 8 MB 8 MB LGA775 LGA775 LGA775

Loi CPU dnh cho my trm v my ch, xem bng bn phi

CPU a nhn

13

CPU tm nhn
Khi m hai hng AMD v Intel ang cnh tranh nhau cung cp cc CPU cho nhiu loi my tnh thng dng th cc hng khc nh Sun Microsystems cng tp trung vo cc sn phm CPU a nhn dnh cho th trng my ch v thit b vin thng (router, switch v cc thit b h tng vin thng khc). Sun gii thiu CPU UltraSPARC T2 tn m l Niagara II vi 8 nhn m theo nh qung co ca h rng b x l ny c kh nng dnh cho nhng h thng my ch trn mt chip.[30] Sun Microsystems tr li nhng khch hng phn nn v s yu km trong thit k cc CPU bng mt sn phm c th ng thi x l 64 tp lnh trn 8 nhn vi mi nhn c th x l tm tp lnh ng thi, tc l ci tin gp i s tp lnh so vi th h Niagara I[31] Tuy nhin cc th nghim cho thy rng CPU ny khng phi l mnh nht so vi cc CPU hng u hin nay ngay thi im qu III nm 2007.[32] Hai hng AMD v Intel cha ra mt cc CPU 8 nhn ca mnh cho n thi im u nm 2008, nhng nhiu ngi vn cho rng hai hng ny ang tch cc chun b cho n. Mt s nh phn tch nhn nh rng rt c th AMD s chm ch trong cuc ua thi im gii thiu b x l tm nhn so vi Intel trong qu trnh cnh tranh gia hai hng[33]

...v nhiu nhn hn na

Trc y th ch c cc siu my tnh hoc cc h thng my tnh ln s dng nhiu CPU mi c kh nng x l mnh m vi hng nghn t php tnh mi giy. Ngi s dng my tnh c nhn bn hin nay c th hon ton chm ti cc tc tnh ton khi m Intel a ra cc CPU a nhn trong tng lai. Hin ti Intel ang th nghim ch to cc CPU c cha n 80 nhn nhng cha c k hoch tung chng ra th trng[34] Cc chuyn gia nghin cu ti i hc Tokyo (Nht Bn) cn cng b mt CPU cha n 512 nhn c xung nhp 500 Mhz vi kch thc 17x17 mm vi 300 triu transistor, tiu th cng sut ch 60 W phc v d phng cho cc my ch[35]. Nhng iu ny cho thy rng cng ngh CPU a nhn trong tng lai s rt c trin vng. Tr ngi ln nht ca s pht trin CPU a nhn l cc kch thc vt l ca cc linh kin cha trong lng n. Kch thc transistor, tit din dy dn ni b l nhng thnh phn c bn gy cn tr s pht trin ca cc CPU a nhn, mi hng u c cc cng ngh sn xut ring lm nh kch thc ca chng. Nhng cng ngh mi gn y c th gip tch hp trn 2 t transistor trong cng mt CPU.[36] Cng ngh ch to CPU tin n mc 32 nm (c cng b bi Intel[37]) v cn tip tc nh hn na (tuy hin nay nhiu hng sn xut vn mi p dng rng ri cng ngh 65 nm v ch mt s CPU sn xut trn cng ngh 45 nm).

a nhn v ng dng
Bn quyn phn mm
Trc khi xut hin cc CPU a nhn th c nhiu ngi s dng lo ngi rng khi s dng mt my tnh a nhn th cc hng vit h iu hnh s tng gi bn cc phin bn h iu hnh hoc cc phn mm[38]. Nhng ng thi lo ngi ny khng phi thiu cn c bi c nhng tin l tng t. Cc phin bn h iu hnh cho cc my ch thng c phn bit s dng cho mt hoc nhiu hn mt CPU m tu theo s lng CPU m c gi bn khc nhau. Tuy nhin, hng phn mm Microsoft khng yu cu ngi s dng tr thm chi ph cho cc h iu hnh Windows cc phin bn c s dng cc b x l a nhn cho n u nm 2008[39]. Cch tnh s lng CPU ca hng ny vn tnh trn s lng CPU vt l, nh vy cho d mt my ch s dng duy nht mt CPU c bn nhn, tm nhn hay nhiu hn na th cng ch phi tr chi ph cho h iu hnh bng mc nh vi mt CPU n nhn. Mc d cc b x l a nhn xut hin t rt lu, nhng n nay cha thy cc phn mm thng dng (phc v a s ngi s dng hoc chim th phn tng i) c s chnh lch nhau v gi bn gia cc phin bn s dng cho CPU n nhn v a nhn. Tuy nhin, trong nhng thi gian k tip c th mt s hng phn mm s lin kt vi nhau cng tng gi cc phn mm s dng trn nhng h thng my tnh s dng CPU a nhn trong vng mt vi

CPU a nhn nm ti[40]. C th iu ny s tr thnh tt yu khi m cng ngh CPU a nhn pht trin n mi mt CPU vt l cha rt nhiu nhn trong n, v cc phn mm c thit k ti u cho chng.

14

Tng thch vi phn cng

Trong mc CPU a nhn th h u tin ta nhn thy vn tng thch ca cc CPU a nhn vi h thng phn cng khng h n gin. Mt s CPU a nhn th h u ca AMD c th tng thch vi bo mch ch c dnh cho cc CPU mt nhn trc khi chng ra i, cc CPU a nhn ca Intel th hon ton khng tng thch vi cc bo mch ch s dng chipset c nu chng khng c thit k li hoc cho ra i phin bn khc. Cc th h hai nhn, bn nhn k tip ra i th AMD khng cn gi c li th v s nng cp h thng m khng cn thay i bo mch ch na. Ngi s dng mun nng cp ln CPU a nhn cn phi thay th nhiu thit b phn cng khc ph hp vi chng. Bo mch ch l thit b phi thay th u tin bi cc cu trc mi khng cn c s h tr ca chipset th h c. B nh RAM cng c s thay i khi thay th sang loi CPU a nhn, chng thng l loi DDR2 thay th cho th h DDR u tin p ng v tc cho cc th h CPU mi. Thng thng th ngi s dng CPU Intel lun phi i mt vi s thay th bo mch ch v RAM bi s pht trin CPU a nhn ca Intel lun cn tng tc RAM do cu trc hin thi ca Intel c xu hng tng tc b nh. Ngun my tnh cng l thit b cn phi thay th bi cc h thng mi thng s dng ngun my tnh theo chun ATX loi 24 chn phn cung cp in nng cho bo mch ch. Ring phn cung cp ngun cho CPU trc y thng s dng mt kt ni 4 chn th vi cc h thng mi c th i hi kt ni 8 chn. Bo mch ho phi thay i nu h thng c s dng giao tip AGP. Ton b cc bo mch ch th h mi u s dng khe PCI Express X16. Nu nh khng chi game 3D mnh hoc thit k ho th ngi s dng c th la chn mt bo mch ch c tch hp sn chc nng ho gim chi ph (tuy nhin s kt hp CPU a nhn vi chc nng ho tch hp thng l mt s cc cch i vi ngi chi game v x l ho, ch c th chp nhn chng nh mt bc m trc khi nng cp nn cc bo mch ho ri trn mt bo mch ch va tch hp chc nng ho trn bo mch ch, va c sn khe cm PCI Express X16).

a nhn trn my tnh xch tay

Ngay t khi cc CPU hai nhn u tin xut hin trn th trng, cc nh sn xut my tnh xch tay ng dng chng trong cc sn phm ca mnh. Nhng CPU a nhn u tin cc my tnh xch tay ci thin hiu nng tng khong 30% so vi cc CPU mt nhn cng tc trong cc th nghim benchmark. Ngay cc th h CPU a nhn k tip cc phin bn CPU di ng cng khng ci thin c hiu nng v kh nng tit kim pin nh mt s nh sn xut CPU tuyn b. Bi v my tnh xch tay thng thit k cho cc mc ch s dng di ng vi cc ng dng khng i hi nhiu nng lc CPU nn c v chng khng ci thin c tc nhiu. Tr cc loi my tnh xch tay chuyn dng cho game, x l ho th cc dng my tnh xch tay thng thng dnh cho hc sinh, sinh vin, doanh nhn n thi im u nm 2008 vn cha l mt bc t ph so vi cc dng my tnh xch tay s dng CPU hai nhn ca th h u tin.

Khai thc hiu nng a nhn

a nhn v phn mm CPU a nhn ra i nhng hu ht cc phn mm hin nay u cha c chun b sn sng cho chng[41]. Mc d hiu mt cch n gin th cc phn mm vn hot ng trn chu trn cc my tnh c trang b CPU a nhn, nhng thc s chng cn c th hot ng tt hn na nu khai thc c ht kh nng ca a nhn[42]. Hu ht cc phn mm hin ti ang c vit cho cc CPU n lung, mi hnh ng x l ca chng u do h iu hnh phn phi n cc lung trong CPU a nhn. Cc hng phn mm cng c l do cha vi vng bin dch li chng ti

CPU a nhn u vi cc CPU a nhn bi hin ti (u nm 2008) cha phi tt c cc my tnh c th s dng phn mm c trang b b x l a nhn v cha phi cc b x l a nhn u h tr kh nng x l 64 bit (s tr thnh thng dng v sau ny). Mt khc, vic chuyn i c th cn phi xy dng li cc th vin lp trnh sn c v cn c cc khon chi ph ln. Vy th cch thc pht trin phn mm truyn thng vn l mt s la chn an ton hn vi h.[43] Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc hng phn mm u cha c ng thi v h tr CPU a nhn. Cc phn mm s dng cho my ch, my trm h tr x l a lung t trc y, bi chng mt lnh vc ring nn t c ngi s dng my tnh thng thng bit n[2]. i vi my tnh c nhn bn s xut hin nhiu phn mm h tr a lung hn m trc ht l t nhng phn mm cn n kh nng x l ln nh: x l ho, x l video... Cc tr chi trn my tnh (game) 3D hin nay cng cha c thit k ti u cho hot ng vi cc CPU a nhn, ch nhm ti hin nay ca chng thng l h tr DX10 v DX10.1 (vi kh nng ho tuyt p h tr trn Windows Vista[44]) nhiu hn, do chng vn thng ch chim mt nhn khi x l CPU a nhn[45]. Tng lai phn mm vn s phi pht trin theo hng ph hp vi CPU a nhn, nht l vi cc phn mm chim ti nguyn ca CPU nhiu khi thc thi phn mm . y l mt nh hng tt yu bi khi s dng mt phn mm ln, chng ch chim mt nhn trn CPU th cc nhn cn li s ch c s dng cho cc phn mm, dch v chy ch nn gy lng ph nng lc x l trong khi c kh nng khai thc ton b cc nhn cng hot ng nh vy. Bn hy th quan st biu hot ng thc ti ca cc nhn trong CPU khi s dng phn mm chim nhiu ti nguyn s nhn thy s lng ph ny.[45] Ngc li vi cc phn mm chim ti nguyn thp c th khng nht thit phi vit li ph hp cho cc CPU a nhn bi iu l khng cn thit khi chng khng th chim n trn 10% nng lc x l trn mt nhn (v d nh cc phn mm tr gip b du ting Vit trong son tho vn bn ch yu cu x l thp). a nhn v h iu hnh Khc vi phn mm th h iu hnh cn thit phi h tr cc CPU a nhn a nhn v c th tn dng mi cng ngh ca CPU. Nu nh h iu hnh khng h tr cc CPU a nhn th chng ch nhn dng duy nht mt b x l v c th dn n lm vic khng n nh. Hy th s dng h iu hnh MS-DOS vi cc ng dng c s nhn thy chng hon ton c th khng ph hp v hot ng nhanh hn i vi cc CPU th h trc y bi DOS v cc h iu hnh Windows 3.X thng ph hp hn vi cc CPU 16 bit. Cc h iu hnh cn c s dng trong nhng nm 2008 thng h tr tt i vi cc CPU a nhn bi chng c th nhn dng cc CPU a nhn v phn cc lung x l ti tng nhn phn chia v cn bng gia cc ng dng n lung ti tng nhn ca CPU. t c s h tr a nhn, ngi s dng c th cn n cc bn nng cp hon chnh (service pack, thng vit tt l SP v mt con s ch th t) hoc cc bn nng cp n l. V d vi Windows 2000 cn nng cp ln SP4, Windows XP cn SP2, i khi c cc bn nng cp ring l dnh ring cho mt vi loi CPU ring bit (v d nh cho dng Core 2 Duo ca Intel bng bn KB936357-x86 Windows XP SP2 ca Microsoft). Nhng h iu hnh mi ra mt gn y dnh cho my tnh c nhn tt yu phi h tr CPU a nhn, v d nh Windows Vista ca Microsoft. Chng cng c cc phin bn ring dnh cho nhng nhm ngi s dng (ngi s dng gia nh, s dng trong doanh nghip...) v cc phin bn h tr x l 64 bit vi gi bn khc nhau tit kim hn cho tng i tng s dng.

15

CPU a nhn

16

i nghch vi a nhn: Th trng PC gi thp

Khi m cc hng sn xut CPU c xu hng pht trin cc sn phm CPU a nhn nh mt tt yu trong lch s pht trin ca my tnh th vn cn mt th trng khng km si ng cho cc vi x l mt nhn. Cc b x l cho my tnh r tin vn cn trong vng ngm ca cc hng sn xut thit b phn cng. C hai hng AMD v Intel vn c nhng k hoch sn xut CPU cho cc my tnh r tin, dnh cho ngi thu nhp thp (loi my tnh low-cost PC vi gi d nh thp hn 350 USD). Hng Intel vi chin lc 5 nm, mt t ngi nhm gip thc y s ngi s dng Internet trong nm nm ti thm mt t my tnh na kt ni c vi mng ton cu (hin nay s lng ngi s dng Internet trn th gii c tnh l 1 t ngi sau 30 nm pht trin). Nhng k hoch ca Intel khng phi l qu xa vi khi hng ny chun b tung ra b CPU Diamond View cng vi chipset i km di dng OEM vi gi khong 30 USD vi sc mnh tng ng vi CPU Pentium M m hng sn xut trc y. Mc tiu ca gi CPU-chipset ny nhm ti cc my tnh xch tay gi r v cc thit b Internet di ng (mobile Internet device) ca Intel[46]. Cc hng khc hoc cc d n khc cng ch n th trng PC gi r t trc : D n Mi tr em mt my tnh OLPC (One Laptop Per Child) cng c khi ng lu vi gi thnh d nh di 100 USD cng dn h gi thnh nhng chic my tnh xch tay theo d n t mc gi d nh. Ngoi ra, cc thng hiu my tnh gi r nh Asus EEPC, Intel Classmate cng ang c trin khai[46]. Ngoi cc CPU phc v cho cc my tnh c nhn, my ch, my trm th b vi x l nhng li l mt th trng cn ln hn na. Rt t ngi s dng hiu c rng vi x l nhng c s dng n tng thit b gia dng trong i sng: t nhng chic ti vi, my git, my pht a CD/DVD, u thu truyn hnh s, in thoi di ng...u s dng cc b vi x l nhng. Chng ch l cc vi x l c tc thp v cha cn thit n a nhn nhng theo thng k nhng nm 2000 th chng chim n 96% trn tng s cc vi x l nhng[47], (cho n nay chng c th cn ln hn na do s pht trin ca sn phm dn dng lun ln hn so vi nhng chic PC).

Nhn thc ca ngi s dng

Nhn thc v tc Ch c mt s t nhng ngi s dng my tnh c th hiu c ng v cc th loi CPU cng nh v phn cng my tnh ni chung c th nhn r cc cng ngh trong cc b x l cng nh cc thnh phn khc lin quan mt h thng c th vn hnh ti u nht. Phn ng s ngi s dng cn li thng cho rng tc x l ca CPU l yu t hng u nh gi mc c chy nhanh hay khng mt my tnh. Chnh v vy m h thng chn mt b x l c tc cao m khng ch n cc yu t cn li nh cng ngh ca b x l hoc ton b cc thnh phn khc cu thnh ln mt chic my tnh. Mt s cn la chn cc CPU hon ton da trn cm tnh, chng hn chn loi Celeron ca Intel thay cho cc b x l Pentium vi mt lp lun rt n gin l tc cao v gi r, hoc chn mt CPU Pentium D thay v chn Core 2 Duo bi chng cng gm hai nhn v c tc cao hn. y l cc nhn thc khng ng bi hiu nng thc t mi l vn ng quan tm nht ca cc CPU. Cc kt qu ca qu trnh benchmark[48] thng phn nh ng hn cc hiu qu lm vic khi so snh gia cc CPU. Mt s ngi s dng li cho rng hai nhn gip cho tc CPU c tng gp i. V d mt CPU Core 2 Duo s hiu E6420 c tc 2,13 GHz (mi nhn) th c hai nhn s hot ng vi tc 4,26 GHz (tng gp i). iu ny cng khng ng bi c hai nhn khng ng thi cng x l mt ng dng v hai nhn khng gia tc vic x l cng mt yu cu mt cch ni tip nhau. Nhiu kt qu benchmark cho thy hiu nng ca CPU hai nhn i vi cc ng dng bnh thng (khng c vit li cho cc CPU a nhn) tng ln gp i m chng ch tng thm hiu nng khong 30%[49]. Nhiu ng dng nng nh cc phn mm x l ho, bin tp video, game 3D ch hot ng trn mt nhn ca CPU a nhn[45]. Nhn thc v tn gi Mt s ngi s dng li nhn thc nhm v thng s t tn ca cc CPU. Hai hng sn xut phn cng gn y thay i k hiu cc CPU ca h theo cc cch khc nhau.

CPU a nhn Intel t tn cc sn phm ca mnh bng mt con s thay v ch mt s thng s chnh v FSB v tc x l. V d cc CPU c s hiu 830, 540, 640...cc con s ny thng lm ngi s dng so snh gia cc con s hiu v nng lc ca CPU, nhng thc cht khng phi nh vy bi c cc CPU c s hiu thp li c hiu nm cao hn CPU c s hiu cao. AMD t tn theo cc con s c mt quy lut khc hn m c mt s ngi cho rng nhng thng s tng ng vi hiu nng ca mt CPU ca hng khc c cng cu trc x86. V d 3800+, 4200+ nhm hm nhng CPU tng ng vi mt CPU ca Intel c tc x l 3800 Mhz, 4200 Mhz. Thc cht iu ny cha c c s v cng khng c gii thch chnh thc bi c th gy ra tranh ci, kin tng gia cc hng sn xut. Nng cp vi vng Trc s ra i t ca cc b x l a nhn trong hai nm gn y, mt s ngi s dng vi v nng cp CPU cho d nhng cng vic thng ngy ca h t cn n x l a lung: chng hn ch duyt web c tin tc, son tho vn bn, s dng vi cc bng tnh v chi cc game n gin hoc cc game th h c, khng cn x l 3D nhiu m h thng c vn c th p ng c[50]. Trong trng hp ny tuy my tnh ca h cng c ci thin v tc , tuy nhin thi im u nm 2008 th vn cha phi l thi im nng cp hp l khi m cc hng phn cng ang cnh tranh v s xut hin nhiu th h chipset mi m ch chng mi h tr cc cng ngh CPU a nhn sp ti[51]. Nhng s cnh tranh nh vy lun lun thun li hn cho ngi s dng bi c th s hu nhng CPU a nhn vi gi thnh h hn trc[52][53][54]

17

Ch thch
Nhm trnh phi xem cc qung co, mt s trang lin kt ngoi di y dng phin bn trang web in, xin vui lng hu b lnh in nu chng xut hin.
[1] [2] [3] [4] B x l a nhn DE Kaleidoscope (13/11/2007) (http:/ / deviet. info/ index. php?p=news& area=1& newsid=284& print=1) PC ca bn s l workstation?. PC World VN (2004) (http:/ / www. pcworld. com. vn/ pcworld/ printArticle. asp?atcl_id=5f5e5c565c5d5c) Dual Processor hay Dual Core. ICTnews (27/3/2007) (http:/ / www. ictnews. vn/ tianyon/ PrintView. aspx?ArticleID=673& ChannelID=4) Intel Core vi kin trc hai nhn chung m. PC World VN (http:/ / www. pcworld. com. vn/ pcworld/ printArticle. asp?atcl_id=5f5e5d5e5a565f) [5] Chip AMD Athlon 64 FX c bnh chn Sn phm ca nm. VnExpress (08/06/2004) (http:/ / vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ San-pham-moi/ 2004/ 06/ 3B9D35A7/ ?q=1) [6] AMD chnh thc nh ngy pht hnh Athlon 64. VnExpress (21/5/2005) (http:/ / vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ 2005/ 05/ 3B9DE6F2/ ?q=1) [7] B x l - cha ht hai ln bn PC World VN (http:/ / www. pcworld. com. vn/ pcworld/ printArticle. asp?atcl_id=5f5e5d5f5a5b57) [8] Mt s chi tit v b vi x l tng lai ca Intel l Penryn c tit l. T vn tin hc ton quc (30/3/2007) (http:/ / tuvantinhoc1088. com/ index. asp?fref=news& ChannelID=6& ArticleID=3912) [9] Core 2 Duo to bc ngot ca ngnh ch to b vi x l. VietnamExpress (31/7/2006) (http:/ / vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ 2006/ 07/ 3B9EC8C6/ ?q=1) [10] Core 2 Duo ta sng. VnMedia (20/9/2006) (http:/ / www. vnmedia. vn/ print. asp?newsid=65471) [11] Black Edition - u l gii hn. PCWorld VN (A-11/07-tr.54) [12] B x l bn nhn - Mi nht, mnh m nht. PC World VN (183-01/2008) (http:/ / www. pcworld. com. vn/ pcworld/ printArticle. asp?atcl_id=5f5e5d5d5d5e5b) [13] AMD u vi Intel bng chp 3 li ? VnExpress (18/9/2007) (http:/ / vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ 2007/ 09/ 3B9FA5D2/ ?q=1) [14] All Intel Xeon processors 7000 sequence feature (http:/ / www. intel. com/ products/ processor/ xeon7000/ specifications. htm?iid=products_xeon7000+ tab_specs)(ting Anh) [15] All Intel Xeon processors 5000 sequence feature (http:/ / www. intel. com/ products/ processor/ xeon5000/ specifications. htm?iid=products_xeon5000+ tab_specs)(ting Anh) [16] All Intel Xeon processors 3000 sequence feature (http:/ / www. intel. com/ products/ processor/ xeon3000/ specifications. htm)(ting

Anh)
[17] Intel cng b vi x l 'hng nng' Core 2 Extreme QX6800. VnExpress (11/4/2007) (http:/ / vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ San-pham-moi/ 2007/ 04/ 3B9F4EE0/ ?q=1) [18] Chip li t u tin t tc 3 GHz. VnExpress (14/8/2007) (http:/ / vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ San-pham-moi/ 2007/ 08/ 3B9F92BA/ ?q=1) [19] Chip 4 li bt u cnh tranh c vi loi li kp. VnExpress (08/9/2007) (http:/ / www. vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ 2007/ 09/ 3B9FA009/ ?q=1)

CPU a nhn
[20] Intel hon thnh qu trnh chuyn sang vi kin trc core. VnExpress (07/9/2007) (http:/ / www. vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ 2007/ 09/ 3B9FA00A/ ?q=1) [21] AMD mong lp li lch s vi chip li t u tin VnExpress (11/9/2007) (http:/ / vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ 2007/ 09/ 3B9FA1C2/ ?q=1) [22] Intel b ri AMD trong cuc ua chip 4 li. VnExpress (02/12/2006) (http:/ / www. vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ 2006/ 12/ 3B9F0F87/ ?q=1) [23] B x l bn nhn - Mi nht, mnh m nht PCWorld VN (01/2008) (http:/ / www. pcworld. com. vn/ pcworld/ printArticle. asp?atcl_id=5f5e5d5d5d5e5b) [24] Chip AMD nhanh nht cng khng e da c Intel VnExpress (03/01/2008) (http:/ / vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ 2008/ 01/ 3B9FDFCC/ ?q=1) [25] SPIDER platform. Trang gii thiu ca hng AMD (http:/ / multicore. amd. com/ us-en/ AMD-Multi-Core/ Quad-Core-Advantage/ Spider. aspx)(ting Anh) [26] AMD v Intel tip tc kn ca nhau. Lao ng (13/12/2007) (http:/ / www. laodong. com. vn/ Utilities/ PrintView. aspx?ID=68836) [27] Intel cng b thng hiu cng ngh di ng Centrino. VnExpress (09/01/2003) (http:/ / vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ 2003/ 01/ 3B9C4224/ ?q=1) [28] Cng ngh Intel Centrino Duo tng lc 5 ln VnExpress (24/01/2007) (http:/ / vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ San-pham-moi/ 2007/ 01/ 3B9F2AB7/ ?q=1) [29] Intel cng b th h tip theo ca Core 2 Duo ti VN VnExpress (09/05/2007) (http:/ / vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ 2007/ 05/ 3B9F5D41/ ?q=1) [30] Niagara 2: B x l 8 li ca Sun. PCWorld VN (6/8/2007) (http:/ / www. pcworld. com. vn/ pcworld/ printArticle. asp?arid=7185) [31] Chip Niagara 2 th h mi ca Sun. VnMedia (24/8/2006) (http:/ / www. vnmedia. vn/ print. asp?newsid=62675) [32] Sun tuyn b: Chip 8 nhn Niagara II nhanh nht th gii! Vietnamnet (07/08/2007) (http:/ / vietnamnet. vn/ service/ printversion. vnn?article_id=967338) [33] Nhng gng mt CPU mi. Thi bo Vi tnh Si Gn (10/2/2007) (http:/ / www. tbvtsg. com. vn/ show_article. php?id=14219& ln_id=56) [34] Chip 80 li m ra k nguyn siu my tnh c nhn. VnExpress (12/2/2007) (http:/ / vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ San-pham-moi/ 2007/ 02/ 3B9F33D1/ ?q=1) [35] Nht gii thiu chip cha 512 li. VnExpress (07/11/2006) (http:/ / vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ San-pham-moi/ 2006/ 11/ 3B9F01E8/ ?q=1) [36] Cng ngh chip vt ngng 2 t bng bn dn. Qun tr mng (06/02/2008) (http:/ / www. quantrimang. com/ pop_print. asp?news_id=43612) [37] Intel cng b chip 32 nm u tin trn th gii. VnExpress (19/9/2007) (http:/ / vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ 2007/ 09/ 3B9FA649/ ?q=1) [38] S bng n my tnh chip li kp vo nm 2007. Vit Bo (30/4/2005) (http:/ / vietbao. vn/ index2. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=40076612& pop=1& page=0) [39] Chip li kp s thng tr vo nm 2007. VnExpress (30/4/2005) (http:/ / vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ 2005/ 04/ 3B9DDCCA/ ?q=1) [40] Gi bn quyn phn mm s tng gp i Vit Bo (24/11/2004) (http:/ / vietbao. vn/ index2. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=40057103& pop=1& page=0) [41] Tng quan chip li kp - Phn cng i phn mm. PC World VN (2006) (http:/ / www. pcworld. com. vn/ pcworld/ printArticle. asp?atcl_id=5f5e5d5e5d5856) [42] CPU a li: Hng ti tng lai. VN Media (30/10/2007) (http:/ / www. vnmedia. vn/ print. asp?newsid=107597) [43] Tm cch gip tit kim nng lng cho mt trung tm d liu. eec - VN (http:/ / www. eec. moi. gov. vn/ Index. aspx?NewID=2073E& CateID=110) [44] DX10 gp thm l do nng cp ln Vista. VnExpress (12/3/2007) (http:/ / vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ 2007/ 03/ 3B9F3F78/ ?q=1) [45] Bn d dng kim chng iu ny vi Windows h NT (NT, 2000, XP, Vista) bng cch xem mc x l ca tng nhn khi thc thi cc phn mm thng qua chc nng Task Manager, nu nh thy rng mt nhn x l khc bit nhiu so vi nhn cn li th c ngha rng phn mm yu cu x l cao khng h tr CPU a nhn [46] Vit Nam trong chin lc 5 nm, 1 t ngi ca Intel. PCWorld VN (A-01/08, tr.32) [47] B vi x l nhng. VnExpress (22/12/2000) (http:/ / vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ San-pham-moi/ 2000/ 12/ 3B9AD011/ ) [48] Benchmark l mt qu trnh dng phn mm thc thi nhiu ng dng gii nh khc nhau, kt qu v thi gian p ng xong ng dng, tc thc thi... tng hp li thnh mt con s dng so snh cc h thng phn cng khc nhau nh gi chung [49] B x l Core 2 Duo di ng: khng nhanh hn nhiu. PC World VN (2006) (http:/ / www. pcworld. com. vn/ pcworld/ printArticle. asp?atcl_id=5f5e5d5f5c565e) [50] Chip li n vn dng tt trn PC ph thng VnExpress (29/8/2007) (http:/ / www. vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ 2007/ 08/ 3B9F9B75/ ?q=1) [51] Li kp-Nng lc nhn i. S ho (06/01/2006) (http:/ / sohoa. net/ News/ Hinh-anh/ 2006/ 01/ 3B9ADBE1/ ?q=1) [52] My tnh bn - Tng lc bn nhn. PC World VN (http:/ / www. pcworld. com. vn/ pcworld/ printArticle. asp?atcl_id=5f5e5d5c595759) [53] Intel gim gi chip li t 50%. VnExpress (28/7/2007) (http:/ / vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ 2007/ 07/ 3B9F8923/ ?q=1) [54] Intel gim 40% chip li kp v li t. VnExpress (24/4/2007) (http:/ / vnexpress. net/ Vietnam/ Vi-tinh/ 2007/ 04/ 3B9F55B6/ ?q=1)

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Tham kho
Scott Mueller; Upgrading and Repairing Pcs, 17th Edition.

Xem thm
CPU

Article Sources and Contributors

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Article Sources and Contributors

CPU a nhn Source: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=5647939 Contributors: Binmaocom, Handyhuy, Lu Ly, Magnifier, Nguyn Hoi Phng, Nodulation, Triu Tin nhn, Trungda, 4 anonymous edits

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