Hinh11c2 3

Tran Thanh Minh Phan Lu Bien - Tran Quang Ngha
H NH H OC 11 Ch ng 2.
QUAN HE SONG SONG
www.saosangsong.com.vn
Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song
MUC LUC 1. AI CNG VE NG THANG VA MAT PHANG

A.Tom tat giao khoa B.Giai toan Dang 1 : Xac nh mat phang :dung 3 ieu kien xac nh mat phang Dang 2 : Xac nh giao tuyen cua hai mat phang Dang 3 : Xac nh giao iem cua ng thang vi mat phang Dang 4 : Chng minh ba iem A,B,C thang hang Dang 5 : Chng minh ba ng thang ong qui Dang 6 : Tap hp cac giao iem M cua 2 ng thang a va b di ong. Dang 7: Thiet dien ( mat cat) cua hnh (H) khi cat bi mp(P). C.Bai tap ren luyen D.Hng dan giai
4
4 5 5 5 7 8 8 9 10 10 11
2. HAI NG THANG SONG SONG

A. Tom tat giao khoa B.Giai toan C.Bai tap ren luyen D. Hng dan giai
14
14 14 15 15
3. NG THANG SONG SONG VI MAT PHANG

A.Tom tat giao khoa B. Giai toan C. Bai tap ren luyen D. Hng dan giai
16
16 17 18 19
4 . HAI MAT PHANG SONG SONG

A .Tom tat giao khoa B.Giai toan C. Bai tap ren luyen D. Hng dan giai
19
19 22 24 25
3 26
26 27 28 28
5. PHEP CHIEU SONG SONG

A. Tom tat giao khoa B. Giai toan C. Bai tap ren luyen D.Hng dan giai
CAU HOI TRAC NGHIEM CUOI CHNG 2

Bang tra li Hng dan giai
29
31 31
CHNG II. NG THANG VA MAT PHANG TRONG KHONG GIAN QUAN HE SONG SONG 1. ai cng ve ng thang va mat phang
A.Tom tat giao khoa 2. M au ve hnh hoc khong gian Hnh hoc khong gian la mon hoc nghien cu cac tnh chat cua nhng hnh co the khong cung nam trong mot mat phang . oi tng c ban cua hnh hoc khong gian la :iem ,ng thang ,mat phang
a A P
iem A thuoc mp(P) : A mp(P) iem A khong thuoc mp(P) : A mp(P) 2. Cac tnh chat tha nhan cua hnh hoc khong gian Tnh chat tha nhan 1 : Co mot va ch mot ng thang i qua hai iem phan biet cho trc Tnh chat tha nhan 2 : Co mot va ch mot mat phang i qua ba iem khong thang hang cho trc Tnh chat tha nhan 3 : Ton tai bon iem khong cung nam tren mot mat phang Tnh chat tha nhan 4 : Neu hai mat phang phan biet co mot iem chung th chung co mot ng thang chung duy nhat cha tat ca cac iem chung cua hai mat phang o,ng thang nay goi la giao tuyen cua hai mat phang Tnh chat tha nhan 5 : Tren moi mat phang ,cac ket qua a biet trong hnh hoc phang eu ung nh l : Neu mot ng thang i qua hai iem phan biet cua mot mat phang th moi iem cua ng thang eu nam tren mat phang o 3. ieu kien xac nh mat phang a) Mot mat phang c xac nh neu biet no i qua ba iem khong thang hang b) Mot mat phang c xac nh neu biet no i qua mot ng thang va mot iem khong thuoc ng thang o c) Mot mat phang c xac nh neu biet no i qua hai ng thang cat nhau
b A C P B P a P A O a
4. Hnh chop va hnh t dien Hnh chop : Cho a giac phang A1A2 . . .An va mot iem S khong thuoc mat phang a giac. Hnh gom n tam giac SA1A2 , . . . , SAnA1 va a giac phang A1A2 . . An goi la hnh chop va c k hieu S.A1A2. . .An S la nh . a giac A1A2 . . An la mat ay. Cac canh cua mat ay la canh ay
Cac oan thang SA1, SA2 , . . ,SAn la canh ben Cac tam giac SA1A2 , . . . , SAnA1 la mat ben
S S S
A5 A B C B A D A1 A4 A2 A3
Hnh chop tam giac
Hnh chop t giac
Hnh chop ngu giac
Hnh t dien : Cho bon iem A,B,C,D khong ong phang.Hnh gom bon tam giac ABC,ACD,ABD va BCD goi la hnh t dien hay t dien k hieu ABCD. T dien co the coi la hnh chop tam giac bang bon cach,mat nao cung co the la mat ay T dien co bon mat la nhng tam giac eu goi la t dien eu B.Giai toan Dang 1 : Xac nh mat phang :dung 3 ieu kien xac nh mat phang V du 1: Cho 4 iem A,B,C,D khong ong phang. Chng minh 3 trong 4 iem nay khong thang hang Giai Neu 3 trong 4 iem chang han A,B,C thang hang th iem D va ng thangABC xac nh mot mat phang ,ieu nay trai vi gia thiet 4 iem A,B,C va D khong ong phang V du 2 : Cho ba ung thang a,b,c khong ong phang va cat nhau tng oi mot .Chng minh chung ong qui. Giai Goi O la giao iem cua hai ng thang a va b .ng thang c phai qua O v neu c khong qua O th c cat a tai A khac O va cat b tai B khac O do o c nam trong mp(a,b)v c co hai iem A va B thuoc mp(a,b).ieu nay trai vi gia thiet a,b,c khong ong phang. Dang 2 : Xac nh giao tuyen cua hai mat phang Ta tm hai iem chung A, B. Giao tuyen la ng thang AB. e tm iem chung cua A cua va , ta chon mot ng thang a cua
b a
va mot ng thang b cua sao cho a va b cat nhau tai A. (ieu kien can la a va b cung nam trong mot mat phang th ba)
V du 3 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD trong o ay ABCD la t giac co cac cap canh oi khong song song Tm giao tuyen cua : a) Hai mat phang (SAC) va (SBD) b) Hai mat phang (SAB) va (SCD) c) Hai mat phang (MBC ) va (SAN) vi M la trung iem cua SA va N la trung iem cua BC. Giai a) Goi O la giao iem cua hai ng cheo AC va BD cua mat ay ABCD th : O thuoc AC nen O thuoc mp(SAC) O thuoc BD nen O thuoc mp(SAD) Do o hai mat phang (SAC) va (SBD) co hai iem chung S va O Vay SO = (SAC) (SBD) b) Theo gia thiet hai canh oi AB va CD cat nhau tai E .Do o hai mat phang (SAB) va (SCD) co hai iem chung S va E Vay SE = (SAB) (SCD) c) M la trung iem cua SA nen M mp(SAN) va M mp(MBC) N la trung iem cua BC nen N mp(MBC) va N mp(SAN) Vay MN = (MBC) (SAN)
S A M
M B A O D C E N B
N O C E
V du 4 : Cho th dien ABCD .Lay iem M tren canh AB va iem N tren canh canh AC sao cho ng thang MN cat ng thang BC tai E.Goi O la iem trong tam giac BCD. a) Tm giao tuyen cua hai mp(OMN) va mp(BCD) b) Tm giao tuyen cua hai mp(OMN) va mp(ACD) Giai a) E BC nen E mp(BCD) E MN nen E mp(OMN) O la iem chung th hai cua hai mat phang nay Vay OE = mp(OMN) mp(BCD) b) Hai mat phang (OMN) va mp(ACD) co N chung v N AC ng thang OE cat BD tai F . ng thang MF cat AD tai I v nam trong mp(ABD) va gia s khong song song. I MF nen I mp(OMN) va I AD nen I mp(ACD) Vay NI = mp(OMN) mp(ACD)
Hoac : OE cat CD tai K th NK = mp(OMN) mp(ACD)

Dang 3 : Xac nh giao iem cua ng thang vi mat phang
Muon tm giao iem cua ng thang a vi mat phang (P) ta tm giao iem cua ng thang a vi ng thang b nam trong mp(P) ng thang b phai tm thng la giao tuyen cua (P) va mat phang (Q) nao o cha a.
(P)
V du 5 : Cho t dien ABCD . Goi M va N lan lt la trung iem cua AC va BC va O la iem trong tam giac BCD.Tm giao iem cua : a) CD va mp(OMN) b) AD va mp(OMN) Giai a) NO va CD cung nam trong mp(BCD) va gia s cat nhau tai E . Vay CD mp(OMN) = { E}
b) Ta co mp(OMN) mp(ACD) = ME Trong mp(ACD) , AD va ME cat nhau tai F Vay AD mp(OMN) = { F }

A S
M M
F E D I C O A C N B
B O N
V du 6 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh bnh hanh.Goi M la trung iem cua SC ,
a) Tm giao iem I cua AM vi mp(SBD) va tnh
IA IM
b) Goi N la trung iem cua AB .Tm giao iem E cua MN vi mp(SBD). Chng minh EM = EN c) Tm giao iem cua SD vi mp(ABM)
Giai a) Goi O la tam hnh bnh hanh ABCD.Trong tam giac SAC hai trung tuyen AM va SO giao nhau tai I . Ma I SO va SO nam trong mat phang SBD nen I mp(SBD) Vay AM mp(SBD) = { I }
I la trong tam tam giac SBD nen
b) Ta thay BI = mp(SBD) mp(ABM) .Do o BI cat MN tai F Vay MN mp(SBD) = { E}
IA =2 IM
Xet tam giac AMN ta co IA = 2 IM (chng minh tren) Do o goi F la trung iem cua AI th NF song song vi BI (ng trung cua tam giac ABI.Trong tam giac MNI ta co EI song song vi NF va I la trung iem cua MF nen E la trung iem cua MN c) Trong tam giac SBD ng thang BI cat SD tai H th H mp(ABM) Vay SD mp(ABM) tai H
Dang 4 : Chng minh ba iem A,B,C thang hang
Ta chng minh chung la ba iem chung cua hai mat phang phan biet cat nhau
V du 7 : Cho t dien ABCD.Lan lt lay tren cac canh AB,AC,AD cac iem M,N,P sao cho ng thang MN cat ng thang BC tai A, ng thang NP cat ng thang CD tai B va ng thang MP cat ng thang BD tai C Chng minh ba iem A,B,C thang hang Giai Ta co A MN nen A mp(MNP) va A BC nen A mp(BCD) Tng t B va C la iem chung cua hai mp(MNP) va mp(BCD) Vay ba iem A,B,C thang hang tren giao tuyen cua hai mat phang MNP va BCD
A A
M P
D B C B' N
C'
Gb D
B A' Ga C M
Dang 5 : Chng minh ba ng thang ong qui
Co 2 cach :
chng minh 3 ng thang nay khong ong phang va cat nhau tng oi mot chng minh 2 trong 3 ng thang nay cat nhau va giao iem cua chung tren ng thang th ba
V du 8: Cho t dien ABCD . Goi Ga , Gb , Gc lan lt la trong tam cac tam giac BCD, ACD, ABC. Chng minh AGa va BGb cat nhau .Suy ra ba ng thang AGa , BGb va CGc ong qui Giai Goi M la trung iem cua CD . BM la trung tuyen cua tam giac BCD nen trong tam Ga BM . AM cung la trung tuyen cua tam giac ACD nen trong tam Gb AM .Trong tam giac ABM hai oan AGa va BGb cat nhau tai G Chng minh tng t ba ng thang AGa , BGb va CGc khong ong phang va cat nhau tng oi mot ,vay chung ong qui tai G
V du 9 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD .Mot mat phang (P) lan lt cat SA, SB, SC, SD tai A, B ,C, D. Goi O la giao iem cua AC va BD .Chng minh ba ng thang AC, BD va SO ong qui. Giai Trong mat phang (P) hai ng cheo AC va BD cat nhau tai O Ta co : (SAC) (SBD) = SO Ma O AC va AC nam trong mp(SAC) nen O mp(SAC) va O BD va BD nam trong mp(SBD) nen O mp(SBD) Vay O SO giao tuyen cua hai mat phang nay Suy ra AC , BD va So ong qui Dang 6 : Tap hp cac giao iem M cua 2 ng thang a va b di ong.
Tm mat phang (P) co nh cha a va mat phang (Q) co nh cha b. M di ong tren giao tuyen d cua (P) v a (Q). Xet gii han. neu co.
V du 10: Trong mat phang (P) cho hai ng thang d1 va d2 cat nhau tai O.iem M di ong tren ng thang d khong nam trong mat phang (P) va khong quaO .Tap hp cac ng thang OM lamat phang co nh nao? Giai iem O co nh va ng thang d co nh khong qua O xac nh mat phang (O,d) .iem M d nen OM nam trong mat phang co nh (O,d)
A
MM
d
D E
O P
D B F C I M
V du 11 : Cho t dien ABCD . Goi E va F lan lt la hai iem co nh tren cac canh AB va AC sao cho EF khong song song vi BC.iem M di ong tren canh CD a) Xac nh giao iem N cua mp(MEF) vi BD b) Tm tap hp giao iem I cua EM va FN Giai a) EF khong song song vi BC nen cat BC tai K.Trong tam giac BCD ng thang KM cat BD tai N.Vay N la giao iem cua mp(MEF) vi BD
b) Ta co I EM va EM nam trong mp(ECD) co nh nen I mp(ECD) I FN va FN nam trong mp(FBD) co nh nen I mp(FBD) Vay I giao tuyen cua hai mp(ECD) va (FBD) Goi G la giao iem cua BF va CE th I DK giao tuyen cua hai mp(ECD) vamp(FBD) Gii han : khi M di ong tren oan CD th I di ong tren oan DG Phan ao : Goi I la iem tuy y tren oan DG .EI cat CD tai M va FI cat BD tai N .Vay I la giao
10
iem cua EM va FN
Dang 7: Thiet dien ( mat cat) cua hnh (H) khi cat bi mp(P).
P L
Thiet dien la phan chung cua mp(P) va hnh (H) Xac nh thiet dien la xac nh giao tuyen cua mp(P) vi cac mat cua hnh (H). Thng ta xac nh giao tuyen au tien cua (P) va mot mat nao o ( tm 2 iem chung). Sau o keo dai giao tuyen nay ta tm c cac iem chung khac vi cac mat khac. T o tm c cac giao tuyen tiep theo. a giac gii han bi cac oan giao tuyen nay khep km thanh thiet dien can tm..
Trong hnh ben, tam giac MNL la thiet dien cua mat phang (P) va hnh chop.
V du 12 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD. Lay iem A tren canh SA Xac nh thiet dien cua mp(ACD) vi hnh chop Giai Goi O la giao iem cua hai ng cheo AC va BD cua mat ay .Trong tam giac SAC, SO cat AC tai O.Trong tam giac SBD , DO cat SB tai B. Vay thiet dien cua hnh chop vi mp(ACD) la t giac ABCD C.Bai tap ren luyen 2.1 Hnh chop co ay la luc giac th co bao nhieu mat ben va bao nhieu canh 2.2 Cho t dien ABCD.Lan lt lay tren cac canh AB,AC va BD cac iem M.N,P sao cho MN cat BC tai E va AD cat MP tai F a) Xac nh giao tuyen cua hai mp(MNP) va mp(BCD) Xac nh giao tuyen cua hai mp(MNP) va mp(ACD) b) Chng minh CD, EP va NF ong qui
S
A'
B' A O B
2.3 Cho hnh chop S.ABCD ,gia s AD va BC cat nhau tai E .Goi I va J lan lt la trung iem cua SA va SB , iem M lu ong tren canh SD a) Tm giao tuyen cua hai mp(SAD) va mp(SBC) Tm giao tuyen cua hai mp(SAC) va (SBD) b) Tm giao iem N cua SC vi mp(MIJ) c) Tm tap hp giao iem H cua IN va JM 2.4 Cho t dien ABCD .Lay iem M tren canh AB va N tren canh AD sao cho MN va BD khong song song .Goi O la iem trong tam giac BCD.Tm giao tuyen cua mp(OMN) vi cac mp(BCD), mp(ABC) va mp(ACD) 2.5 Cho t dien ABCD .Lay iem P tren ng thang BD khong thuoc oan BD. Trong mp(ABD) ng thang qua P cat hai canh AB va AD lan lt tai E va F .Trong mp(BCD) ng thang qua P cat hai canh BC va CD lan lt tai M va N . a) Bon iem E,F,M,N co thuoc mat phang khong?
11
b) Goi O la giao iem cua BN va DM , I la giao iem cua BF va DE , J la giao iem cua EN va FM .Chng mimh ba iem A,O,J thang hang va ba iem C,I,J thang hang c) Gia s EM va FN cat nhau tai K.Chng minh A,K,C thang hang
2.6 Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh bnh hanh.Lay iem M tren canh SC, iem N tren canh SD va goi O la giao iem cua hai ng cheo AC va BD. a) Tm giao iem cua SO vi mat phang (BMN) b) Xac nh giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (SAD) va (BMN) c) Xac nh giao iem cua MN vi mat phang (SAB) 2.7 Cho t dien ABCD.Lay iem M trong tam giac BCD va iem N trong tam giac ACD . Xac nh giao tuyen cua mat phang (AMN) vi cac mat phang (BCD). (ABC) 2.8 Cho hnh chop S.ABCD .Gia s AD va BC khong song song .Goi O la giao iem cua AC va BD,E va F lan lt la trung iem cua SA va SB.iem M di ong tren canh SC. a) Xac nh giao iem N cua SD vi mp(EFM) b) Tm tap hp giao iem I cua EM va FN c) Tm tap hp giao iem J cua EN va FM 2.9 Cho t dien eu ABCD co cac canh eu bang a.Keo dai BC mot oan CE = a va keo dai BD mot oan DF = a.Goi M la trung iem cua AB.Xac nh va tnh dien tch cua thiet dien cua t dien vi mp(MEF) 2.10 Cho hnh chop S.ABCD va iem O trong tam giac SAB.Xac nh thiet dien cua hnh chop khi cat bi mat phang (CDO) D.Hng dan giai
2.1 12 canh va 6 mat ben 2.2 a) Hai mat phang (MNP) va (BCD) co hai iem chung E va P .Vay giao tuyen cua chung la EP Hai mat phang (MN) va (ACD) co hai iem chung la N va F .Vay giao tuyen cua chung la NF b) Goi I la giao iem cua EP va NF th I thuoc hai mat phang (BCD) va (ACD) Vay I thuoc giao tuyen CD cua hai mat phang nay.Suy ra CD,EP va NF ong qui
S A M I J P B N C E I F A D E B O C N D
2.3 a) Hai mat phang (SAD) va (SBC) co hai iem chung S va E .Vay giao tuyen cua chung la SE Hai mat phang (SAC) va (SBD) co hai iem chung S va O .Vay giao tuyen cua chung la SO b) Trong tam giac SBD , SO va MJ cat nhau tai H.Trong tam giac SAC , IH cat SC tai N .Vay N la giao iem cua SC vi mat phang (MIJ) a) Ta co H IN nen thuoc mat phang (SAC) H MJ nen H thuoc mat phang (SBD)
12
Vay H SO giao tuyen cua hai mat phang nay Gii han : khi M en S th H en S va khi M en D th H en H la giao iem cua SO vi JD ao lai , lay iem H tren oan SH.JH cat SD tai M va IH cat SC tai N Vay tap hp cac iem H la oan SH 2.4.Trong mat phang ABD , MN va AD khong song song nen cat nhau taiE. Hai mat phang (OMN) va (BCD) co hai iem chung O va E nen giao tuyen cua chung la OE Gia s EO cat BC tai F .Hai mat phang (OMN) va (ABC) co hai iem chung M va F .Vay giao tuyen cua chung la MF Gia s OE cat CD tai H .Hai mat phang (OMN) va (ACD) co hai iem chung N va H .Vay giao tuyen cua chung la NH 2.5 a) Hai ng thang PEF va PMN ong qui nen xac nh mat phang .Vay 4 iem E,F,M,N thuoc mat phang b) Ba iem A,O,J la ba iem chung cua hai mat phang phan biet (ABN) va (ADM) .Vay chung thang hang tren giao tuyen cua hai mat phang nay Ba iem C,I,J la ba iem chung cua hai mat phang phan biet (CDE) va (CBF) .Vay chung thang hang tren giao tuyen cua hai mat phang nay c) Ba iem A,K,C la ba iem chung cua hai mat phang phan biet (ABC) va (ADC) .Vay chung thang hang tren giao tuyen cua hai mat phang nay
A A
N F D E E I J B C P M O C N D
B F
a) SO va BN nam trong tam giac SBD nen cat nhau tai I.Vay I la giao iem cua SO vi mp(BMN). b) Trong tam giac SAC, MI cat SA tai P .Vay PN la giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (BMN) va( SAD) c) Trong mp(BMN) gia s MN va BP cat nhau tai H th MN (SAB) = { H }
S A
D N M O B D M C
2.6. N thuoc mp(ACD) nen AN noi dai cat CD tai E .Hai mat phang (AMN) va (BCD) co hai iem chung M va E nen giao tuyen cua chung la ME
13
Gia s ME cat BC tai F .Hai mat phang (AMN) va (ABC) co hai iem chung A va F nen giao tuyen cua chung la AF 2.8 a) Trong mp(SAC) , EM cat SO tai I.Trong mp(SBD) , FI cat SD tai N.Vay N la giao iem cua SD vi mp(EFM) b) I thuoc giao tuyen SO cua hai mat phang (SAC) va (SBD). Gii han : Khi M en S th I en S va khi M en C th I en I la giao iem cua SO vi CE.Xet phan ao c) J thuoc giao tuyen SH cua hai mat phang (SBC) va(SAD).Gii han : khi M en S th J en S va khi M en C th J en J giao iem cua SH vi MF.Xet phan ao 2.9 ME cat AC tai N va MF cat AD tai P .Thiet dien cua t dien vi mp(MEF) la tam giac MNP. Trong tam giac ABE,AC va EM la hai trung tuyen giao nhau tai trong tam N Trong tam giac ABF,AD va FM la hai trung tuyen giao nhau tai trong tam P
S N J E I F H A O B C C E B M N D M P A
2a a , AN = AP = NP = .Tam giac MNP can tai M nen ng cao MH cung la trung 3 2 a tuyen ,do o NH = 3 a 2 a 2 5a 2 2 2 2 Tam giac vuong MNH cho MH = MN NH = = 4 9 36 a 5 . Vay SMNP = Do o MH = S 6
Ta co AM =
1 1 2a a 5 a 2 5 NP MH = . = 2 2 3 6 18
2.10 Gia s ng thang CD cat ng thang AB tai E.ng thang EO cat SA tai F va cat SB tai H ( v iem O trong tam giac SAB).Hai mat phang (CDO) va (SBC) co hai iem chung C va H nen cat nhau theo giao tuyen CH .Hai mat (CDO) va (SDA) co hai iem chung D va F nen cat nhau theo giao tuyen DF Vay thiet dien cua hnh chop cat bi mat (CDO) la t giac CDFH
O H E B
C D
14
2. Hai ng thang song song

A. Tom tat giao khoa 1..V tr tng oi gia hai ng thang phan biet Cho hai ng thang phan biet a va b trong khong gian : a) Khong co mat phang nao cha ca a va b, ta noi hai ng thang a va b cheo nhau b) Co mat phang cha ca a va b ,ta noi chung ong phang neu a va b khong co iem chung th ta noi chung song song vi nhau va k hieu a // b neu a va b co mot iem chung duy nhat th ta noi chung cat nhau Neu iem chung cua chung la I , ta noi chung cat nhau tai I hoac I la giao iem cua chung va viet a b = { I }
nh ngha : Hai ng thang goi la cheo nhau neu chung khong ong phang Hai ng thang goi la song song neu chung ong phang va khong co iem chung. 2. Hai ng thang song song Tnh chat 1 : Trong khong gian, qua mot iem nam ngoai mot ng thang ,co mot va ch mot ng thang song song vi ng thang o Tnh chat 2 : Hai ng thang phan biet cung song song vi mot ng thang th ba th song song nhau nh l : Neu ba mat phang cat nhau theo ba giao tuyen phan biet th ba giao tuyen ay hoac ong qui hoac song song He qua : Neu hai mat phang phan biet lan lt i qua hai ng thang song song th giao tuyen cua chung (neu co) song song vi hai ng thang o (hoac trung vi mot trong hai ng thang o)
B.Giai toan V du 1 : Cho t dien ABCD.Goi M,N,P,Q,R,S lan lt la trung iem cua cac oan thang AB, BC, DA, AC, BD. a) Chng minh ba oan thang MN,PQ va RS ong qui tai trung iem G cua moi oan.
b) Goi Ga la trong tam tam giac BCD.Chng minh ba iem A,G,Ga thang hang va tnh
Giai a) MP la ng trung bnh tam giac ABC va NQng trung bnh
GA GGa
tam giac ACD nen ta co : MP//NQ//AC va MP = NQ =
Vay t giac MPNQ la hnh bnh hanh nen hai ng cheo MN va PQ giao nhau tai trung iem G moi ng. Chng minh tng t t giac PRQS la hnh bnh hanh nen hai ng cheo PQ va RS giao nhau tai trung iem moi ng. Vay ba oan thang MN,PQ va RS ong qui tai trung iem G
AC 2
M R G S k P C Ga
b) Ga la trong tam cua tam giac BCD nen Ga thuoc trung tuyen BN va B trung tuyen DP ,do o Ga thuoc hai mat phang (ABN) va mat phang (ADP). Ba iem A, G, Ga la ba iem chung cua hai mat phang phan biet (ABN) va (ADP) .Vay chung thang hang tren giao tuyen AGa Goi I la trung iem cua BN th GI // BM (ng trung bnh cua tam giac BMN)
D N
15
Ta co GI =
1 1 BM = AB 2 4
G G IG 1 Hai tam giac GaGI va GaAB ong dang nen a = = Ga A AB 4 GA =3 Vay GGa
V du 2 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh bnh hanh a) Tm giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (SAD) va (SBC) b) Lay iem E tren canh SC . Mat phang (ABE) cat SD tai F .T giac ABEF la hnh g?
A
F D E
Giai a) Hai mat phang (SAD) va (SBC) co iem S chung va lan lt cha hai ng thang AD va BC song song nen chung cat nhau theo giao tuyen d i qua S va song song vi AD va BC
b) Hai mat phang (ABE) va (SCD) co iem E chung va lan lt cha hai ng thang AB va CD song song nen chung cat nhau theo giao tuyen EF song song vi AB.Vay t giac ABEF la hnh thang
C.Bai tap ren luyen
2.11 Cho hai ng thang cheo nhau a va b .Lay tren a hai iem A va B .Lay tren b hai iem C va D.Hai ng thang AB va CD co the song song nhau khong? 2.12 Cho t dien ABCD .Goi E va F lan lt la trong tam cac tam giac BCD va ACD .Chng minh EF song song vi CD 2.13 Cho t dien ABCD . Goi M va N lan lt la trung iem cua AC va BC.P la iem di ong tren oan CD.Mat phang (MNP) cat AD tai Q. a) T giac MNPQ la hnh g? b) Tm tap hp giao iem I cua MQ va NP khi M di ong tren oan CD 2.14 Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh bnh hanh.Goi E va F la trung iem cua SA va SB a) Lay iem M tren canh SC.Mat phang (EFM) cat hnh chop theo hnh g? b) Lay iem I tren BC.Mat phang EFI cat hnh chop theo hnh g?
D. Hng dan giai
2.11 Neu AB // CD th AB va CD ong phang , khi ay a va b nam trong mat phang (ABCD).ieu nay trai gia thiet a va b cheo nhau. Vay AB va CD khong the song song 2.12 Goi M la trung iem cua CD . E la trong tam tam giac BCD nen E thuoc trung tuyen BM F la trong tam tam giac ACD nen F thuoc trung tuyen AM . Trong mp(ABM) ta co :
A
Vay EF//AB
ME MF 1 = = (tnh chat trong tam) MB MA 3

B C E
F D M
16
2.13 a) Ta co MN // AB (ng trung bnh cua tam giac ABC) Hai mat phang (MNP) va (ABD) co P chung va lan lt cha MN va AB song song nen chung cat nhau theo giao tuyen PQ // MN Vay t giac MNPQ la hnh thang A b) I la iem chung cua hai mat phang (ACD) va (BCD) . Vay I thuoc giao tuyen CD cua hai mat phang nay . Goi E la trung iem cua BD. Khi P di ong tren oan DE th PQ < MN nen I thuoc tia Dt noi dai cua CD Khi P trung vi E th PQ = MN ,khi o t giac MNPQ la hnh bnh hanh nen I chay xa ra vo tan tren tia Dt Khi P di ong tren oan EB th PQ > MN nen I thuoc tia Ct noi dai cua DC Vay iem I di ong tren ng thang CD ngoai tr oan CD Xet phan ao. 2.14 a) Ta co EF // AB // CD ( ng trung bnh cua tam giac SAB) .Hai mat phang (EFM) va( SCD) co M chung va lan lt ch EF va CDsong song nen giao tuyen cua chung la MN // EF Vay thiet dien la hnh thang EFMN b) Tng t mat (EFI) cat AD tai J va thiet dien EFIJ la hnh thang
Q I P D
B N C
E N F A M J D
3. ng thang song song vi mat phang

A.Tom tat giao khoa 1. V tr tng oi gia ng thang va mat phang Cho ng thang a va mat phang (P).Ta co ba trng hp : a) ng thang a va mp(P) co hai iem chung phan biet th ng thang a nam tren mp(P),tc la a mp(P) b) ng thang a va mp(P) co mot iem chung duy nhat A th ta noi a va (P) cat nhau tai A va viet a (P) = { A}
c) ng thang a va mp(P) khong co iem chung nao th ta noi ng thang a song song vi mat phang (P), hoac mat phang (P) song song vi ng thang a ,hoac a va (P) song song vi nhau va viet a // mp(P) nh ngha : Mot ng thang va mot mat phang goi la song song vi nhau neu chung khong co iem chung
17
a D A a P P P D
a D
2. ieu kien e mot ng thang song song vi mot mat phang nh l 1 : Neu ng thang a khong nam trong mat phang (P) va song song vi mot ng thang nao o nam tren (P) th a song song vi (P) 3. Tnh chat a nh l 2 : a Neu ng thang a song song vi mot mat phang (P) th moi mat phang b D (Q) cha a ma cat (P) th cat (P) theo b Q giao tuyen song song vi a
P P
He qua 1 : Neu mot ng thang song song vi mot mat phang th no song song vi mot ng thang nao o cua mat phang He qua 2 : Neu hai mat phang phan biet cung song song vi mot ng thang th giao tuyen cua chung (neu co) cung song song vi ng thang o nh l 3 : Neu a va b la hai ng thang cheo nhau th qua a , co mot va ch mot mat phang song song vi b
b'
b Q P
a b P a
B. Giai toan Chng minh ng thang song song vi mat phang ta co the chng minh ng thang o song song vi mot ng thang nam trong mat phang. V du 1 : Cho t dien ABCD.Goi M la trung iem cua CD,E la trung iem cua AM va F la trung iem cua BM. a) Chng minh rang EF song song vi cac mat phang (ABC) va ABD) b) Lay diem N tren canh AC .Xac nh thiet dien cua hnh chop vi mp(NEF) Thiet dien la hnh g? Giai

A
18
a) EF // AB ( ng trung bnh cua tam giac ABM ) Vay EF //mp(ABC) va EF // mp(ABD)

N E
I B K F C M L D
b) Ta co EF // mp(ABC) nen mp(NEF) cat mp(ABC) theo giao tuyen NK //AB//EF Gia s KF cat BD tai L.Hai mp(NEF) va (ABD) co L chung va EF // AB nen giao tuyen cua chung la LI // AB// NK Vay thiet dien la hnh thangNKLI
V du 2 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh bnh tam O.Goi M , N va P lan lt la trung iem cua BC ,AD va SA. a) Chng minh SC va SD song song vi mp(MNP) b) Xac nh thiet dien cua hnh chop vi mat phang (R ) qua O va song song vi CD va SA Giai a) Ta co NP // SD (ng trung bnh cua tam giac SAD .Do o SD // mp(MNP) .Hai mat phang (MNP) va (SAB) co iem P chung va lan lt cha MN va AB song song nen giao tuyen laPQ // AB . Do o Q la trung iem cua SB . Khi o ta co MQ // SC (ng trung bnh cua tam giac SBC .Vay SC // mp(MNPQ)
S
b) Ta co MN // CD nen mp(R) qua O va // CD th mp( R) cha MN.Hai mat (R) va (SAD) co N chung va (R ) // SA ,do o ( R) cat (SAD) theo giao tuyen NK // SA . V mp(R ) // CD nen (R ) (SCD) = HK // CD // MN Vay thiet dien la thnh thang MNKH.
C. Bai tap ren luyen
Q A
H N O D
2.15 Cho t dien ABCD .Goi E va F la trong tam cac tam giac ACD va BCD. a) Chng minh EF song song vi cac mp(ABC) va mp(ABD) b) Mat phang (P) qua EF cat t dien ABCD theo hnh g?
2.16 Cho t dien ABCD .Lay iem M tren canh BC. Mat phang (P) qua M va song song vi AB va CD cat t dien ABCD theo hnh g? 2. 17 Cho hnh thang ABCD (AB//CD) va iem S ngoai mat phang hnh thang. Lay iem M tren canh CD .Mat phang (P) qua M va song song vi SA va BC a) Mat phang (P) cat hnh chop SABCD theo hnh g? b) Tm giao tuyen cua mp(P) vi mp(SAD)
2.18 Cho hai hnh bnh hanh ABCD va ABEF co canh chung AB va khong cung nam tren mot mat phang. a) Goi O va O lan lt la tam cua ABCD va ABEF .Chng minh OO song song vi cac mp(ADF) va (BCE)
19
b) Goi M va N lan lt la trong tam cac tam giac ABD va ABE.Chng minh MN song song vi mp(CEF)
D. Hng dan giai 2.15 a) Goi M la trung iem cua CD th E AM va F BM Theo tnh chat trong tam ta co :
A
Suy ra EF song song vi cac mp(ABD) va mp(ABC) b) Mat phang (P) qua EF // mp(ABC) nen (P) (ABC) = HJ // AB // EF . Tng t (P) (ABD) = IK // AB// EF. Vay thiet dien la hnh thang HIKJ 2.16 Mat phang (P) qua M va song song vi AB nen (P) (ABC) = MN//AB A (P) (ABD) = HK // AB Mat phang (P) // CD nen (P) (BCD) = MK // CD H (P) (ACD) = NH // CD Vay MN // HK // AB va N MK // NH //CD Suy ra thiet dien MNHK la hnh D K bnh hanh B
M C B J
ME MF 1 = = Vay EF // AB MA MB 3
E K F C M
I D
H N B
2.17 a) mp(P) // BC nen mp(P) cat hai mat phang (ABCD) va (SBC) theo hai giao tuyen MN va HK song song vi BC.Mat phang (P) // SA nen (P) (SAB) = NH // SA Thiet dien la hnh thang MNHK
b) ng thang MN cat ng thang AD tai E .Hai mat phang (P) va (SAD) co E chung va SA // mp(P) nen giao tuyen la ng thang d qua E va song song vi SA
2.18 a) OO la ng trung bnh cua tam giac BDF nen OO//DF Vay OO // mp(ADF) CDFE la hnh bnh hanh nen CE // DF do o OO // CE Vay OO // mp(BCE) b) Goi H la trung iem cua AB M la trong tam tam giac ABD nen M DH va N la trong tam tam giac ABE nen N EH va ta co :
F O' N A M O D C H B E
Vay MN // mp(CEF)
HM FN 1 = = .Do o MN // DE ma DE nam tren mp(CEF) HD FE 3
4 . Hai mat phang song song

A .Tom tat giao khoa 1. V tr tng oi cua hai mat phang phan biet Cho hai mat phang phan biet ta co hai trng hp :
20
a) (P) va (Q) co iem chung th chung cat nhau theo mot ng thang b) (P) va (Q) khong co iem chung th ta noi chung song song vi nhau (hoac song song) ,k hieu (P) // (Q) hay (Q) // (P) nh ngha : Hai mat phang goi la song song neu chung khong co iem chung
P Q
2. ieu kien e hai mat phang song song nh l 1 : Neu mat phang (P) cha hai ng thang a va b cat nhau va cung song song vi mat phang (Q) th (P) song song vi (Q)
b a P
b a P
b' a'
3. Tnh chat Tnh chat 1 : Qua mot iem nam ngoai mot mat phang,co mot va ch mot mat phang song song vi mat phang o He qua 1 : Neu ng thang a song song vi mat phang (Q) th qua a co mot va ch mot mat phang (P) song song vi mat phang (Q) He qua 2 : Hai mat phang phan biet cung song song vi mat phang th ba th song song vi nhau Tnh chat 2 : Neu hai mat phang (P) va (Q) song song th moi mat phang (R ) a cat (P) th phai cat (Q) va cac giao tuyen cua chung song song
a
R
a'
a"
A
P a P
A'
B Q
Q b Q
B1
B'
C
R
C1
C'
Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song 4. nh l Ta-let (Thales) trong khong gian nh l 2 (nh l Ta-let) Ba mat phang oi mot song song chan ra tren hai cat tuyen bat k cac oan thang tng ng t le
21
nh l 3 : (nh l Ta-let ao) Gia s tren hai ng thang cheo nhau a va a lan lt lay cac iem A,B,C va A,B,C sao cho
song,tc la chung cung song song vi mot mat phang.
AB BC CA .Khi o ba ng thang AA,BB,CC lan lt nam tren ba mat phang song = = A ' B ' B 'C ' C ' A '
5. Hnh lang tru va hnh hop nh ngha hnh lang tru : Cho hai mat phang (P) va (P) song song.Tren (P) cho a giac AB . .D.. Qua cac nh A , B , . . . , D , ta ve cac ng thang song song vi nhau, lan lt cat mp(P) tai A, B, . . ., D. Ta c hnh lang tru , k hieu AB . . .D. AB. . .D. Neu ay cua hnh lang tru la tam giac ,t giac,ngu giac v.v. . .th lang tru tng ng goi la lang tru tam giac,lang tru t giac , lang tru ngu giac v.v
A B
C B Lang tru tam giac
Trong lang tru , cac canh ben AA, BB . . .song song va bang nhau Cac mat ben ABBA, BCCB. . . la hnh bnh hanh Hai ay AB . . .D va AB. . D bang nhau va co cac canh tng ng bang nhau.
Lang tru t giac
Hnh hop : Hnh lang tru co ay la hnh bnh hanh c goi la hnh hop. Hnh hop co: 6 mat eu la nhng hnh bnh hanh, cac mat oi dien th song song va bang nhau. 12 canh chia lam 4 nhom, moi nhom 4 canh song song va bang nhau. 4 ng cheo cat nhau tai trung iem cua moi ng.
A D S
B O A'
D' A' B' C'
D'
B'
C'
A B C
6. Hnh chop cut nh ngha : Cho mat phang (P) khong qua nh hnh chop va song song vi mat phang ay va cat cac canh ben hnh chop . Hnh gii han bi (P) va mat phang ay goi la hnh chop cut. Tnh chat : Hai ay la hai a giac co cac canh tng ng song song va t so cac cap canh tng ng bang nhau
22

B.Giai toan
Cac mat ben la nhng hnh thang Cac ng thang cha cac canh ben ong qui tai mot iem
Chng minh hai mat phang song song ta chng minh mat phang nay cha hai ng thang cat nhau song song vi mat phang kia V du 1 : Trong mat phang (P) cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD .Qua A,B,C,D lan lt ve cac na ng thang Ax, By, Cz, Dt song song vi nhau va nam ve mot pha oi vi mat phang (P).Mat phang (Q) lan lt cat Ax, By, Cz, Dt tai A, B, C, D. a) Chng minh mp(Ax,By) song song vi mp(Cz,t) b) Chng minh t giac ABCD la hnh bnh hanh c) Chng minh AA + CC = BB + DD Giai a) Ta co Ax // Cz (gia thiet) va AB // CD ( canh oi hnh bnh hanh) Vay mp(Ax,By) // mp(Cz,Dt) b) mp(Q) cat hai mat phang songsong (Ax,By) va (Cz,Dt) theo hai x D' tuyen AB // CD z Tng t mp(By,Cz) // mp(Ax.Dt) .Do o mp(Q) cat hai mat nay y A' t O' theo hai giao tuyen BC // AD C' Vay t giac ABCD la hnh bnh hanh B' c) Goi O va O la tam hai hnh bnh hanhABCD va ABCD .Ta
A D O B C
co : OO =
Vay AA + CC = BB + DD.
AA '+ CC ' (ng trung bnh cua hnh thang ACCA) 2 BB '+ DD ' va OO = (ng trung bnh cua hnh thang BDDB). 2
V du 2 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh bnh hanh tam O .Goi E va F lan lt la trung iem cua SA va CD. a) Chng minh mp(OEF) song song vi mp(SBC) b) Goi M la trung iem cua SD va N la trung iem cua OE . Chng minh MN song song vi mat phang (SBC) Giai
S
M E
a) Ta co OF // BC ( ng trung bnh cua tam giac BCD) va OE // SC ( ng trung bnh cua tam giac SAC) Vay mp(OEF) // mp(SBC) b) Ta co EM // AD (ng trung bnh cua tam giac SAD) do o EM//OF .Suy ra MN nam tren mat phang (OEMF) Ma mp(OEMF) // mp(SBC) Vay MN // mp(SBC)
O B C
23
V du 3 : Cho hai na ng thang Ax va By cheo nhau .Hai iem C va D lan lt di ong tren Ax va By sao cho AC = BD . a) Chng minh rang CD luon luon song song vi mat phang co nh b) Trung iem M cua CD chay tren ng nao? Giai a) Ke Bt // Ax va lay iem H tren Bt sao cho BH = AC Ta co AC // BH va AC = BH nen t giac ABHC la hnh bnh hanh Do o CH // AB Mat khac BH = BD nen tam giac BDH can tai B, do o DH song song vi phan giac ngoai Bz .Vay mp(CDH) // mp(ABz) Ma CD nam tren mat phang (CDH) nen CD // mp(ABz) co nh
x C
O M B N z D y H t
b) Goi O la trung iem cua AB va N la la trung iem cua DH .Ta co MN // OB va MN = OB nen OMNB la hnh bnh hanh, suy ra OM // BN. V tam giac BDH can nen trung tuyen BNcung la phan giac cua goc yBt , do o N di ong tren tia phan giac trong Bzcua goc yBt co nh .Vay M di ong tren tia Ou // Bz
V du 4 : Cho lang tru tam giac ABC.ABC.Goi M la trung iem cua BC a) Chng to mp(AAM) cat BC tai N va AN//AM b) Chng minh rang ng thang AC song song vi mp(BAM) c) Tm giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (ABC) va (ABC) Giai
A N B O' O C' M B' C
a) Hai mat phang (ABC) va (ABC) song song cat bi mat phang (AAM) theo hai giao tuyen AN // AM , do o N la trung iem cua BC. b) Ta co AN // AM va NC // BM. Do o mp(ANC) // mp(BAM) Vay AC // mp(BAM) c) Goi O la tam hnh bnh hanh ABBA va O la tam hnh bnh hanh ACCA Hai mat phang (ABC) va (ABC) co hai iem chung O va O nen giao tuyen cua chung la OO
A'
V du 5 : Cho hnh hop ABCD.ABCD. a) Chng minh rang bon ng cheo cua hnh hop cat nhau tai trung iem cua moi ng b) Chng minh rang tong bnh phng cac ng cheo cua mot hnh hop bang tong bnh phng tat ca cac canh cua hnh hop o. Giai a) Ta co AA // CC va AA = CC nen t giac ACCA la hnh bnh hanh, do hai ng cheo AC va AC cat nhau tai trung iem moi ng Tng t cac t giac ABCD va ADCB la hnh bnh hanh.
24
Vay bon ng cheo AC, AC, BD va BD giao nhau tai trung iem O cua moi ng b) Ta chng minh tnh chat : Trong hnh bnh hanh tong bnh phng hai ng cheo bang tong bng phng cac canh A Xet hnh bnh hanh ABCD, theo nh l ham cos ta co : 2 2 2 AC = AB + BC 2AB.BC.cosB BD2 = AB2 + AD2 2AB.AD.cos A ma goc A va goc B bu nhau nen cosA = - cosB B C Vay AC2 + BD2 = 2(AB2 + BC2 ) Ap dung tnh chat nay vao cac hnh hanh: A' ACCA AC2 + AC2 = 2(AC2 + AA2) D' 2 2 2 2 BDDB BD + BD = 2(BD + BB ) Vay AC2 + AC2 + BD2 + BD2 = 4AA2 + 2(AC2 + BD2 ) C' (v AA = BB) B' 2 2 2 = 4AA + 4( AB + BC )
V du 6 : Cho hnh chop cut tam giac ABC.ABC.Goi S la giao iem cac ng thang cha cac canh ben va G va G la trong tam cac tam giac ABC va ABC. Chng to AG // AG Giai Goi M va M la trung iem cua BC va BC th trong tam G thuoc AM va trong tam G thuoc AM.Hai mat phang song song (ABC) va (ABC) cat bi mat phang AGA theo hai giao tuyn AG // AG C. Bai tap ren luyen 2.19 Cho hai hnh bnh hanh ABCD va ABEF co canh chung AB va khong nam trong cung mat phang . a) Chng minh mp(CBE) // mp(ADF) b) Lay iem M tren ng cheo AC vi MC = 2AM va iem N tren ng cheo BF vi NF = 2BN .Cac ng song song vi AB ke t M,N lan lt cat AD va AF tai M va N.Chng minh mp(DEF) // mp(MNNM) 2.20 Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh bnh hanh.Goi O la tam cua hnh bnh hanh , M va N lan lt la trung iem cua SC va SD . a) Chng minh mp(OMN) song song vi mp(SAB) b) Goi E va F la trung iem cua CD va ON .Chng minh EF song song vi mp(SBC) 2..21. Cho t dien ABCD.Goi M va N la hai iem di ong tren hai ng thang AB va CD. Chng to iem I nam trong mat phang co nh 2.22 Cho hnh lang tru tam giac ABC.ABC. Goi M va N lan lt la trung iem cua cac canh AA va AC a) Dng thiet dien cua hnh lang tru vi mat phang (MNB) b) Dng thiet dien cua lang tru vi mp(MNP) vi P la trung iem cua BC 2..23 Cho hnh hop ABCD.ABCD a) Chng minh mp(BDA) song song vi mp(BDC) b) Chng minh ng cheo AC i qua trong tam G1 va G2 cua hai tam giac BDA va BDC va AG1 = G1G2 = G2C
S
A'
G' M' B'
C'
A G B M
Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song D. Hng dan giai
25
2.19 a) Ta co BC // AD va BE // AF Vay mp(CBE) // mp(DAF) b)MM // DC nen theo nh l Ta-let trong tam giac ACD ta co
N' A
N B M' M C
AM ' AM 1 : = = AD AC 3 AN ' BN 1 NN // AB nen ta co : = = AF BF 3 AM ' AN ' Do o : MN // DF = AD AF

D
Ta co EF // NN ( cung song song vi AB) va DF // MN Vay mp(DEF) // mp(MNNM). 2.20 a) Ta co MN // CD va AB // CD nen MN // AB Ta co MO // SA Vay mp(OMN) // mp(SAB) b) Ta co OE // BC va ON // SB Vay mp(OEN) // mp(SBC) Suy ra EF // mp(SBC) 2.21 Goi E va F lan lt la trung iem cua AD va BC .
A M E y B x F C N I D
M F A D
O B C
IM EA Ta co : = =1 IN ED IM IN hay = EA ED
Do o theo nh l Ta-let ao th ba ng thang EI , AM , DN cung song song vi mot mat phang. Neu ke Ex // AB va Ey // DC th EI nam trong mat phang (xEy) co nh
2.22
K
N A Q B M HC
a) ng thang MN cat ng thang CC tai K .ng thang BK cat BC tai Q . Vay thiet dien cua hnh lang tru vi mat phang (MNB) la t giac MNQB b) ng thang PK cat BC tai H va ng thang MN AC tai E .ng thang PE AB tai R . Vay thiet dien cua lang tru vi mat phang (MNP) la ngu giac MNHPR .
A' R B' P
C'
26
2.23 a) Ta co BD // BD va BA // CD Vay mp(BDA) // mp(BDC) b) Goi O . O va M la tam cac hnh bnh hanhABCD,ABCD va ACCA. Trong hnh bnh hanh ACCA,ng cheo AC cat AO tai G1 va cat CO tai G2 .Ta co AO // AC va AC = 2AO A Do o hai tam giac G1AC ong dang vi tam giac G1OA ,ta co :
G1 A ' A ' C ' = = 2 .Vay G1 la trong tam cua tam giac BDA v G1O AO
AO la trung tuyen cua tam giac nay. Tng t
B
G2C AC = = 2 nen G2 la trong tam tam giac BDC G2O ' C ' O '
G1 A' O' M G2
Mat khac ta co OG1 // CG2 va O la trung iem cua AC nen AG1 = G1G2 Tng t OG2 // AG1 nen CG2 = G1G2
B'
D'
C'
5. Phep chieu song song

A. Tom tat giao khoa 1. nh ngha phep chieu song songTrong khong gian cho mot mat phang (P) va ng thang d cat mp(P). Vi moi iem M trong khong gian ,ve ng thang qua M va song song vi d hoac trung vi d. ng thang nay cat mp(P) tai M . Phep at tng ng moi iem M trong khong gian vi iem M cua mp(P) nh tren goi la phep chieu song song len mp(P) theo d M phng d, mp(P) goi la mat phang chieu, ng thang d goi la D phng chieu M goi la hnh chieu song song (hoac anh) cua iem M qua phep chieu song song Neu M vach mot hnh (H) va hnh chieu M cua no vach hnh M' (H) th (H) goi la hnh chieu song song cua hnh (H). P
Neu M thuoc mat phang chieu (P) th hnh chieu song song cua M la M.
2. Tnh chat Tnh chat 1 : Hnh chieu song song cua mot ng thang la mot ng thang He qua : Hnh chieu song song cua mot oan thang la mot oan thang, cua mot tia la mot tia
a Q d a M d Q R a' M' P P b' b M N
a'
M' N'
Tnh chat 2 : Hnh chieu song song cua hai ng thang song song la hai ng thang song song hoac trung nhau
27
Tnh chat 3 : Phep chieu song song khong lam thay oi t so cua hai oan thang nam tren hai ng thang song song
A B d C D d C D D A' B' C' A' D' P C' D' B' D B A
3. Hnh bieu dien cua mot hnh khong gian nh ngha : Hnh bieu dien cua mot hnh (H) trong khong gian la hnh chieu song song cua hnh (H) tren mot mat phang hoac hnh ong dang vi hnh chieu o Ngi ta chng minh rang :Hnh chieu song song cua mot ng tron la mot ng elip hoac la ng tron (ac biet co the la mot oan thang).V vay ta thng dung ng elip lam hnh bieu dien cua ng tron ,tam cua elip bieu dien cho tam cua ng tron B. Giai toan V du 1 : Cho t dien ABCD.Goi G la trong tam tam giac ACD. a) Chng minh rang hnh chieu song song Gcua iem G tren mat phang (BCD) theo phng AB la trong tam cua tam giac BCD b) Goi E,F,H lan lt la trung iem cua AB,AC,AD.Hnh chieu cua tam giac EFH la hnh g? Giai a) Goi M la trung iem cua CD th G AM va GA = 2GM .Hnh chieu song song cua AM theo phng AB tren mp(BCD) la BM .Do o hnh chieu song song cua iem G A tren mp(BCD) theo phng AB la iem G BM va GB = 2GM (tnh chat 3) Vay G la trong tam tam giac BCD Hnh chieu cua iem E theo phng AB tren mp(BCD) la B .Hnh H E chieu cua trung iem F cua AC theo phng AB tren mp(BCD) la trung iem K cua BC va hnh chieu cua trung iem H cua AD la trung F G iem N cua BD.Vay hnh chieu cua tam giac EFH theo phng AB N D tren mp(BCD) la tam giac BKN B
G' K C M
V du 2 : Cho oan AB song song vi mp(P) .Goi A va B lan lt la hnh chieu song song cua A va B tren mp(P) theo phng cua ng thang d cho trc .Chng minh rang AB = AB.Phan ao co ung khong? Giai Ta co AB // mp(P) va AB = (ABBA) (P)
28
do o AB // AB Ta co AA // BB // d Vay ABBA la hnh bnh hanh Suy ra AB = AB Phan ao sai v neu lay iem C tren ng thang BB vi AC = AB th hnh chieu cua AC van la AB = AC nhng AC khong song song vi mp(P)
C. Bai tap ren luyen
A d
D A' P B'
2.24 Chng minh rang hnh chieu song song cua hnh bnh hanh tren mp(P) theo mot phng d cho trc thng la hnh bnh hanh 2.25 Cho ng thang a cat mat phang (P) tai A .Goi a la hnh chieu song song cua a tren mp(P) theo phng d cho trc. a) Chng to a qua A b) Lay hai iem B va C tren a va goi B , C lan lt la hnh chieu song song cua B va C tren mp(P) theo phong d .Chon phng d sao cho BC = BC 2.26 Cho tam giac ABC nam ngoai mat phang (P).Gia s BC song song vi (P) va AB va AC lan lt cat (P) tai D va E.Hay chon phng chieu d sao cho hnh chieu cua tam giac ABC tren (P) theo phng d la mot tam giac eu D.Hng dan giai
2.24 Theo tnh chat 2 th hnh chieu song song cua hai ng thang song song la hai ng thang song song hoac trung nhau.Hnh bnh hanh la t giac co cac cap canh oi song song nen hnh chieu song song cua no tren mat phang chieu (P) thng la hnh bnh hanh .Neu phng chieu d song song vi mat phang cua hnh bnh hanh th hnh chieu cua hnh bnh hanh la mot oan
A C d D B' A' D' P C' P a' A B' C' d B B a C
2.25 a) Ta co iem A a va iem A mp(P) ,do o hnh chieu song song cua A tren mp(P) theo phng d nao o cung la iem A.Ma hnh chieu song song cua ng trang a tren mp(P) la a ,Vay A a b) Neu BC = BC th t giac BCCB la hnh thang can canh ay BBva CC.Do o AB = AB .Lay iem B tren mp(P) sao cho AB = AB va chon phng d song song vi BB 2.26 Ta co BC // mp(P) nen BC //DE // BC Do o neu tam giac ABC la tam giac eu th tam giac ADE cung la tam giac eu. Vay trong mat phang (P) ta dng tam giac eu ADE biet canh DE cho trc. Chon phng d // AA
A
B A' B' D C'
29
Cau hoi trac nghiem cuoi chng 2

Cau 1 : Trong cac menh e sau menh e nao ung? a) Hai ng thang khong co iem chung th cheo nhau b) Hai ng thang khong song song th cheo nhau c) Khong co ng thang nao cat ca hai ng thang cheo nhau d) Hai ng thang cheo nhau neu chung khong cung nam trong mot mat phang Cau 2 : Trong cac menh e sau menh e nao ung ? a) Cho ng thang a // mp(P) va ng thang b bat ky nam trong mp(P) th a song song vi b b) Hai ng thang phan biet cung song song vi mot mat phang th chung song song c) Co duy nhat mot mat phang i qua mot iem va mot ng thang khong cha iem o d) Ca ba cau tren eu sai Cau 3 : Cho t dien ABCD.Cac menh e sau menh e nao ung: a) Co ba cap ng thang cheo nhau la AB va CD, AD va BC ,AC va BD b) Cac oan thang noi trung iem cac cap canh oi th ong qui c) Cac oan noi t nh en trong tam mat oi dien th ong qui d) Ca ba cau tren eu ung Cau 4 : Cho t dien ABCD .Tren cac canh AB va AC lan lt lay cac iem M va N sao cho ng thang MN cat ng thang BC tai E .Lay iem O bat ky trong tam giac BCD.Cac ket luan sau ket luan nao ung? (I) mp(OMN) mp(BCD) = OE (II) Giao iem cua mp(OMN) vi ng thang BD la giao iem cua BD vi ng thang OE (III) Giao iem cua mp(OMN) vi ng thang CD la giao iem cua CD vi ng thang ON a) ch (I) b) ch (I) va (II) c) ch (II) d) ca ba (I) (II) (III) Cau 5 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la hnh bnh hanh ABCD tam O.Goi M la trung iem cua SC.Cac ket luan sau ket luan nao ung? (I) Giao iem I cua ng thang AM vi mp(SBD) thuoc SO IA = 2IM (II) (III) Giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (SAB) va mp(SCD) la ng thang qua S va song song vi AB a) ba cau (I),(II),(III) eu ung b) ch (I) c) ch (I) va (III) d) ch (I) va (II) Cau 6 : Cho t dien ABCD .Goi E va F lan lt la trung iem cua AB va CD va G la trong tam tam giac BCD.Giao iem cua ng thang EG va mp(ACD) la : a) iem F b) Giao iem cua ng thang EG va ng thang AF c) Giao iem cua ng thang EG va ng thang AC d) Giao iem cua ng thang EG va ng thang CD Cau 7 : Cho t dien ABCD .Goi M va N lan lt la trung iem cua AB va AC.iem P tuy y tren canh AD. Thiet dien cua hnh t dien ABCD vi mp(MNP) la : a) Thng la hnh bnh hanh b) Mot tam giac c) Mot hnh thang d) Mot ngu giac Cau 8 : Cho t dien ABCD co cac canh eu bang a.Lay iem M tren AB vi AM =
mp(BCD) la :
a .Dien tch cua thiet dien cua hnh t dien khi cat bi mat phang qua M va song song vi 3
30
a2 3 a) 12
a2 3 b) 18
a2 3 c) 24
a2 3 d) 36
Cau 9 : Cho t dien ABCD co cac canh eu bang a.Goi G1 va G2 lan lt la trong tam cac tam giac BCD va ACD th oan G1G2 bang bao nhieu? a)
a 4
b)
a 3
c)
2a 3
d) ap so khac
Cau 10 : Cho hai tia Ax va By nam tren hai ng thang cheo nhau.iem M di ong tren Ax va iem N di ong tren By sao cho BN = AM.Tren tia Bz // Ax lay iem M sao cho BM = AM Goi I la trung iem cua MN.Cau nao sau ay ung? a) MN song song vi mot ng thang co nh b) MN song song vi mot mat phang co nh c) I chay tren tia Ot vi O la trung iem cua AB d) Ca ba cau tren eu ung Cau 11 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh thang (AD//BC).Giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (SAD) va (SBC) la : a) ng thang qua S va trung iem cua AB b) ng thang qua S va song song vi AD c) ng thang qua S va song song vi AB d) ng thang qua S va giao iem O cua AC va BD Cau 12 : Cho lang tru tam giac ABC.ABC.Goi M va N lan lt la trung iem cua BC va CC.Mat phang (AMN) cat AB tai H th a) 2 b) 3
c)
HA bang : HB
d) t so khac
Cau 13 : Cho lang tru tam giac ABC.ABC.Goi H la trung iem cua AB.Mat phang (BCH) cat AC tai K th t so a) 2
A' K bang : A 'C '

b) c)
1 4
d)
3 4
Cau 14 : Cho hnh lang tru tam giac ABC.ABC .Goi H la trung iem cua AB.Mat phang (BCH) cat AC tai E th t so a)
2 3
AE bang : AC ' 1 1 b) c) 2 4
d)
3 4
Cau 15 : Cho t dien ABCD co cac canh eu bang a.Goi G la trong tam tam giac BCD.Cat t dien bi mat phang (ABG) th dien tch cua thiet dien bang : a)
a2 3 4
b)
a2 2 2
c)
a2 2 4
d)
a2 3 2
Cau 16 : Cho t dien ABCD va M la trung iem cua CD.Lay iem O tren BM vi BO = 3 OM.ng song song vi AB ke t O cat mp(ACD) tai A th t so
OO ' bang : AB
31
a)
1 3
b)
1 4
c)
1 2
d)
2 3
Cau 17 : Cho hnh chop SABCD co ay la hnh thang ABCD (AD//BC) .Goi M va N lan lt la trung iem cua SB va SC .Giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (SAD) va (SBC) la : a) ng thang AD b) ng thang song song vi MN c) ng thang AM d) ng thang BN Cau 18 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la hnh bnh hanh .Mot mat phang (P) qua iem M tren canh SA va song song vi AC va SB lan lt cat AB, BC, SC , BD va SD tai N,Q,R,E va F.Cac menh e sau ay menh e nao ung? a) MNPR la hnh bnh hanh b) MN,QR va EF cung song song vi SB c) MQ, NR va EF ong qui d) Ca ba cau tren eu ung Cau 19 : Cho hnh hop ABCD.ABCD.Lay iem M tren AB vi AB = 4AM, iem N tren DD vi ND = 3ND va iem P tren BC vi BC = 4 BP. Cac menh e sau menh e nao ung ? a) mp(MNP) song song vi mp(ABD) b) mp(MNP) song song vi mp(ACD) c) MN song song vi AP d) Ca ba cau tren eu sai Cau 20 : Trong cac menh e sau menh e nao ung? (I) Mot ng thang co the trung vi hnh chieu song song cua no (II) Tam giac ABC co hnh chieu song song la tam giac ABC th trong tam cua tam giac ABC co hnh chieu la trong tam tam giac ABC (III) Mot ng thang luon cat hnh chieu cua no a) Ch (I) b) ch (I) va (II) c) ch (III) d) ca ba (I) (II) (III)
Bang tra li 1d 11b 2c 12a 3d 13b 4b 14a 5a 15c 6b 16b 7c 17b 8d 18d 9b 19a 10d 20b
A
Hng dan giai 1d 2c 3d 4b (I) ung v hai mat phang (OMN) va (BCD) co hai iem chung O va E Vay mp(OMN) mp(BCD) = OE (II) ung v OE va BD nam trong mat phang (BCD) nen cat nhau tai F th F la giao iem cua BD vi mp(OMN) (III) sai v CD va ON khong cat nhau 5a
N C
32
M I A D
ung v AM va SO la hai trung tuyen cua tam giac SAC giao nhau tai trong tam I ,ma SO nam trong mp(SBD) nen AM cat mp(SBD)tai I tren SO (II) ung v I la trong tam tam giacSAC (III) ung v hai mat phang (SAB) (SCD) co S chung va AB//CD
O B C
6 b F la trung iem cua CD nen BF la trung tuyen cua tam giac BCD.Do o G thuoc BF.Vay trong tam giac ABF, EG va AF cat nhau tai H th H la giao iem cua EG va mp(ACD) 7c MN // BC ,do o mp(MNP) cat mp(BCD) theo giao tuyen PQ // BC// MN Vay thiet dien MNPQ la hnh thang
a a2 3 .Vay dien tch cua thiet dien la S = 3 36 9b Goi M la trung iem cua CD th G1 BM va G2 AM. MG1 MG2 1 Ta co : = = Do o G1G2 // AB MB MA 3 GG a 1 Vay 1 2 = Suy ra G1G2 = AB 3 3
8d Thiet dien la tam giac eu canh bang 10d Ta co BN = BM = AM .Do o tam giac BNM can nen canh NM // vi phan giac ngoai Bu cua goc yBz. Ta co MM // AB va NM // Bu nen mp(MNM) // mp(ABu) E Vay MN // mp(ABu) co nh A Goi O la trung iem cua AB va J la trung iem cua NM th OI // BJ Vay I thuoc tia Ot // pnan giac trong Bv cua goc yBz M 11b Hai mat phang (SAD) va (SBC) co iem S chung va lan lt cha AD va BC song song . Vay giao tuyen cua chung la ng thang qua S va song song vi AD 12a ng thang MN cat ng thang BB tai E ng thang AE cat AB tai H th H la giao iem cua mp(AMN) vi AB. M la
H B N
trung diem cua BC nen BE = CN = Vay
1 CCma BB = CC va AB = AB 2
A
A' B'
C
C'
HB EB 1 = = A ' B ' EB ' 3
Suy ra HA = 2 HB
B
13c Ta co BC // BC . Do o mp(BCH) cat mp(ABC) theo giao tuyen HK // BC.
A' H B'
C'
33
H la trung iem cua AB.Vay K la trung iem AC. Suy ra
A'K 1 = A 'C ' 2
14a AC cat CK tai E th E la giao iem cua mp(BCH) vi AC
Vay
AE 2 = AC ' 3 a 3 a 2 ,ng cao MH cua tam giac bang . 2 2

A
15c Mat phang (ABG) cat CD tai trung iem M.Vay thiet dien la tam giac
ABM can tai M vi AB = a va MA= MB = Vay S =
a2 2 4
16b Trong tam giac ABM, ng song song vi AB ke t O cat AM tai A
Ta co :
OA ' MO 1 = = AB MB 4
A' B O C M D
17b Ta co MN // BC (ng trung bnh cua tam giac SBC Hai mat phang (SAD) va (SBC) co S chung va lan lt cha AD // BC //MN Vay giao tuyen cua chung la ng thang qua S va song song vi MN 18d
S
M F R
A N E B Q C
mp(P) qua M va // vi SB va AC nen mp(P) (SAB) = MN //SB. mp(P) mp(ABC) = NQ // AC mp(P) mp(MAC) = MR // AC mp(P) mp(SBC) = QR // SB mp(P) mp(SBD) = EF // SB Vay t giac MNQR la hnh bnh hanh Ta co MN // QR // EF // SB V NQ // AC nen E la trung iem cua NQ va EF // MN .Vay EF qua giao iem cua hai ng cheo MQ va NR
19a. Ta co :
MA ND ' 1 = = MB ND 3
B
A M D
Do o theo nh l Ta-let ao th MN, ADva BD cung song song vi mot mat phang hay MN // mp(ABD) Ta cung co
C N A' D'
mot mat phang hay MP // mp(ABD) Vay mp(MNP) // mp(ABD)

20b (I) va (II) ung
MA PB ' 1 = = nen MP , AB va BC cung song song vi MB PC 3
B'
C'
Tran Thanh Minh Phan Lu Bien - Tran Quang Ngha
H NH H OC 11 Ch ng 3.
QUAN HE vuong Goc
Chng 3..Quan h vung gc trong khng gian
Chng III : QUAN HE VUONG GOC TRONG KHONG GIAN 1 . Vect trong khong gian
A . Tom tat giao khoa . Vect , cac phep toan vect trong khong gian c nh ngha hoan toan giong nh trong hnh hoc phang va chung cung co cac tnh chat tng t . Ta ch xet mot so tinh chat cua vect trong khong gian . 1 . S ong phang cua cac vect . nh ngha : Ba vect goi la ong phang khi ba ng thang cha ba vect nay cung song song vi mot mat phang . 2 . ieu kien e ba vect ong phang : nh ly 1 : Ba vect a , b , c ong phang khi va ch khi co cac so m , n sao cho c = m a + nb . Cac so m , n la duy nhat . He qua 1 : Neu ta co : ma + nb + pc = 0 va mot trong ba so m , n , p khac 0 th ba vect a , b , c ong phang . He qua 2 : Neu a , b , c la ba vect khong ong phang va ma + nb + pc = 0 th ta suy ra c m = n = p =0. nh ly 2 : Neu a , b , c la ba vect khong ong phang va d la mot vect bat ky th ta luon luon co :
d = ma + nb + pc va cac so m , n , p la duy nhat .

B . Giai toan . Dang toan 1 : S dung cac phep toan ve vect va cac tnh chat . Can nh : Quy tac ba iem : Vi moi ba diem A , B , C ta co : AC = AB + BC ; AC = BC BA I la trung iem cua oan MN IM + IN = 0 OM + ON = 2OI , O . Ba iem A , B , C thang hang AB = k AC . Cac cong thc ve tch vo hng :
AB 2 = AB ; a.b = a . b cos(a, b) ; a b a.b = 0 a (b + c) = ab + ac ...
V du 1 : Cho t dien ABCD . I , J lan lt la trung iem cua AB va CD . Chng minh rang :
IJ =
Giai :
1 ( AC + AD AB ) 2
A
Ta co : IJ = AJ AI ( quy tac ba iem ) ma :
1 1 ( AC + AD ); AI = AB ( quy tac trung iem ) nen 2 2 1 IJ = ( AC + AD AB ) . 2 AJ =
D B C J
www.saosangcong.com.vn
V du 2 : Cho hnh hop ABCD.ABCD . ng cheo AC cat mat phang (ABD) tai G1 . Chng minh rang G1 la trong tam cua tagiac ABD . Giai : Goi G la trong tam tam giac ABD , ta ch can chng minh A , G , C thang hang th G1 se trung vi G ( v cung la giao iem cua ng thang AC vi mat phang ( ABD)) va bai toan c chng minh . Ta co : GA ' + GB + GD = 0 AG =
A D
1 ( AA ' + AB + AD ) ma 3
G'
AB + AD = AC nen AA ' + AB + AD = AA ' + AC = AA ' + A ' C ' = AC ' . Vay : 1 AG = AC ' hay ba iem A , G , C thang hang . 3
A'
D'
B'
C'
V du 3 : Cho t dien ABCD . E , F la nhng iem xac nh bi : BE = k BC ; AF = k AD . Chng minh rang trung iem cua cac oan AB , CD , EF thang hang . Giai : Goi I , J , K lan lt la trung iem cua AB , CD , EF .Ta co
1 ID + IC 2 1 1 IK = IE + IF = IB + BE + IA + AF 2 2 1 = k BC + k AD ( do IA + IB = 0) 2 k = IC IB + ID IA 2 k = IC + ID ( do IA + IB = 0) 2 = k IJ IJ =
) ( )
)
B
F I K E C J D
Vay I , J , K thang hang . V du 4 : Cho t dien ABCD co : AB = 2a ; CD = 2b ; I , J lan lt la trung iem cua AB , CD va IJ = 2c . M la mot iem bat ky . Chng minh rang : a) MA2 + MB2 = 2MI2 + 2a2 . b) MA2 + MB2 + MC2 + MD2 = 4MG2 + 2( a2+ b2+2 c2 ) G la trong tam cua t dien ). Suy ra v tr cua iem M e ( MA2+ MB2+ MC2+ MD2) at gia tr nho nhat . Giai : a) Ta co :
MA2 = MA = ( MI + IA) 2 = MI 2 + IA2 + 2 MI .IA MB 2 = MB = ( MI + IB ) 2 = MI 2 + IB 2 + 2MI .IB MA2 + MB 2 = 2 MI 2 + 2a 2 + 2MI ( IA + IB) (do IA = IB = a ) = 2MI 2 + 2a 2 ( do IA + IB = 0 )
b) Tng t : MC2+ MD2 = 2MJ2 + 2b2 . www.saosangcong.com.vn
2
Chng 3..Quan h vung gc trong khng gian Suy ra : MA2+ MB2+ MC2+ MD2 = 2( MI2 + MJ2 ) + 2( a2 + b2 ) . Ma MI2 + MJ2 = 2MG2+2c2 ( chng minh tng t nh cau a) . Vay : MA2+ MB2+ MC2+ MD2 = 2( 2MG2+ 2c2 ) + 2( a2 + b2 ) = 4MG2 + 2( a2 + b2 + 2c2 ) . Do o : MA2+ MB2+ MC2+ MD2 2(a 2 + b 2 + 2c 2 ) . Dau = xay ra khi MG = 0 hay M trung vi G . Tom lai ( MA2+ MB2+ MC2+MD2 ) at gia tr nho nhat khi iem M trung vi trong tam cua t dien .
A
A D N
A'
I E
D B C J
B' M
D'
C'
V du 5 : Cho hnh hop ABCD.ABCD, co BC = CD . M , N la hai iem lu ong lan lt tren hai canh BC va CD sao cho BM = CN . E la tam cua mat BCCB va I la trung iem cua MN . Bieu th vect EI theo hai vec t B ' C ', CD . Suy ra rang iem I lu ong tren mot ng thang co nh . Giai : Ta co : B ' M = k B ' C ' ; CN = kCD ( vect cung phng va do BM = CN ; BC = CD )
1 1 1 ( EM + EN ) = ( EB ' + B ' M + EC + CN ) = ( B ' M + CN ) ( do EB ' + EC = 0) 2 2 2 1 1 = (k B ' C ' + kCD) = k ( B ' C ' + CD) 2 2 1 Ma : B ' C ' + CD = BC + CD = BD EI = k BD , nen iem I lu ong tren ng thang qua E va 2 EI =
song song vi BD . Dang toan 2 : Chng minh ba vect ong phang . S dng nh l 1. V du 1 : Cho hnh hop ABCD.ABCD . M , N lan lt la trung iem cua AD va CD . Chng minh rang ba vect MN , AC ', DD ' ong phang . Giai :Ta co :
A M D
1 1 1 1 DD ' = AD ' AD ; MN = AN AM = ( AC ' + AD ') AD = AC ' DD ' 2 2 2 B2 Theo nh ly 1 , ba vect MN , AC ', DD ' ong phang
V du 2 : Cho 4 vect a , b , c , d thoa :
A' N B' C'
D'
a + 2b + 3c + 2d = 0 (1) 2a 5b 7c + 7d = 0 (2)
Chng 3..Quan h vung gc trong khng gian . Chng minh rang ba vect b , c , d ong phang . Giai :
(1) cho : 2a = 4b 6c 4d ; (2) cho :2a = 5b + 7c 7 d Suy ra : 4b 6c 4d = 5b + 7c 7 d b =

Vay ba vect b , c , d ong phang . V du 3 : Cho hai na ng thang Ax , By cheo nhau . M , N la hai iem lu ong lan lt tren Ax va By ; E , I lan lt la trung iem cua AB va MN . Chng minh rang iem I nam trong mot mat phang co nh . Giai : Goi a , b lan lt la cac vect ch phng cua Ax , By , Ta co :
A M E I B y x
13 1 c+ d 9 3
EI = =
1 1 ( EM + EN ) = ( EA + AM + EB + BN ) 2 2
1 ( AM + BN ) ( do EA + EB = 0) 2 k k' ma : AM = k a ; BN = k ' b EI = a + b . Vay ba vect 2 2 EI , a , b ong phang hay ba ng thang E I , Ax , By cung song song
vi mot mat phang hay ng thang EI nam trong mat phang ( P ) qua E va song song vi hai dng thang Ax , By . Vay iem I nam trong mat phang ( P ) co nh .
V du 4 : Cho t dien ABCD va cac iem M , N nh bi : AM = 2 AB 3 AC (1); DN = DB + xDC ( 2) . a) Cac iem M , N thuoc cac mat phang nao cua t dien ? b) nh x e cac ng thang AD , BC , MN cung song song vi mot mat phang . Giai : a) ( 1) cho : 3 vect AM , AB , AC ong phang . Vay M thuoc mat phang (ABC) . (2) cho : 3vect DN , DB , DC ong phang . Vay N thuoc mat phang (BDC) . b) Ta can nh x e 3 vect MN , AD , BC ong phang . ( 1 ) cho :
AM = 2 AB 3 AB + BC = AB 3BC (2) cho : AN AD = AB AD + x( DA + AB + BC ) AN = (1 + x) AB (1 + x) AD + xBC Suy ra MN = AN AM = (2 + x) AB (1 + x) AD + ( x + 3) BC

Vay 3 vect MN , AD , BC ong phang khi 2 + x = 0 hay x = - 2 . C . Bai tap ren luyen . 3.1 .Cho hai t dien ABCD , ABCD co trong tam lan lt la G , G . Chng minh rang :
AA ' + BB ' + CC ' + DD ' = 4GG ' . Suy ra ieu kien e hai t dien tren co cung trong tam .
Chng 3..Quan h vung gc trong khng gian 3.2 . Cho t dien ABCD . Tm quy tch nhng iem M thoa ieu kien :
MA + MB + MC + MD = AB + AC
3.3 . Cho t den ABCD . Goi G la trong tam tam giac BCD . va O la trung iem cua AG . a) Chng minh he thc : 3OA + OB + OC + OD = 0 b) M la mot iem bat ky, chng minh rang : thc ( 3MA2+ MB2 + MC2 + MD2 ) at gia tr nho nhat .
3MA2 + MB 2 + MC 2 + MD 2 = 6 MO 2 + 3OA2 + OB 2 + OC 2 + OD 2 . Suy ra v tr cua iem M e bieu
3.4 . Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la mot hnh bnh hanh , tam la O . I la trung iem cua SO va iem E thoa SE = xSC . nh x e ba iem A , E , I thang hang . 3.5 . Cho t dien ABCD . M , N lan lt la trung iem cua AB va CD . P , Q la cac iem nh bi : BP = k BC ; AQ = k AD . Chng minh rang ba vect MN , MP, MQ ong phang . 3.6 . Cho hnh hop ABCD.ABCD. M , N lan lt la trung iem cua CD va DD ; G , G lan lt la trong tam cua cac t dien ADMN va BCCD . Chng minh rang GG song song vi mat phang (ABBA) Hng dan ap so . 3.1 . VT = AG + GG ' + G ' A ' + .. = 4GG ' + (G ' A ' + ..) (GA + ..) = 4GG ' 3.2 . Goi G la trong tam cua t dien va E la iem thoa : AE = AB + AC , G , E co nh . Ta co :
4 MG = AE GM =
AE .
1 AE . Vay quy tch cua M la mat cau tam G ban knh bang mot phan t oan 4
3.3 . a) VT = 3 (OA + OG ) = 0 b)
MA2 = MA = ( MO + OA) 2 = MO 2 + OA2 + 2MO.OA . VT = 6 MO 2 + 3OA2 + OB 2 + OC 2 + OD 2 + 2 MO(3OA + OB + OC + OD) = VP 1 1 1 1 AS + AO = AS + AC 2 2 2 4 SE = xSC AE AS = x( AC AS ) AE = (1 x) AS + x AC
3.4. AI =
4 k 2 = 1 x k = 3 AE = k AI k =x x = 1 4 3 1 3.5.MN = ( MC + MD) 2 BP = k BC MP MB = k ( MC MB) MP = (1 k ) MB + k MC

. MQ = (1 k ) MA + k MD
MP + MQ = (1 k )( MA + MB) + k ( MC + MD) = k ( MC + MD) (do MA + MB = 0) 2 2 Suy ra : MN = MP + MQ k k
1 3.6.GG ' = AG ' AG = ( AM + AN + AA ' + AD ' AB AC ' AC AD ') 4 1 1 = ( AC + AD + AD + AD ') + AA ' AB AB + AD + AA ' AC 4 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 = 2 AB + ( AD ' AC ) = AB + CD ' = AB + BA ' 2 2 2 8 4 2

Vay ba dng thang GG , AB , BA cung song song vi mot mat phang . Ma G khong thuoc mat phang ( ABBA ) nen GG song song vi mat phang nay .
2 . Hai ng thang vuong goc vi nhau .

A . Tom tat giao khoa . 1 . Goc cua hai ng thang : Goc cua hai ng thang D , D la goc gia hai ng thang d , d cung i qua mot iem va lan lt song song vi D va D .
d D d' O
Nh the , e co goc cua D , D ta co the lay O thuoc D va qua O ve d song song vi D. Goc ( D , D ) = goc ( D , d )
D'
2 . Hai ng thang vuong goc vi nhau : Hai ng thang goi la vuong goc vi nhau khi goc cua chung bang 90o . B . Giai toan . V du 1 : Cho t dien ABCD co AB = CD ; E , F lan lt la trung iem BC va AD . Chng minh rang : goc (AB , EF) = goc (CD , EF) . Giai : Ve EG song song vi AB , ta co : G la trung iem cua AC ( v EG la ng trung bnh cua tam giac ABC ) va goc (AB , EF) = goc (EG , EF ) . Ta cung co : goc (CD , EF) = goc (FG , EF) ( v FG song song vi CD ) .
A F G B E C D
1 1 Ta lai co : EG = FG ( cung bang AB = CD ) . Suy ra : tam giac GEF 2 2

V du 2 : Cho t dien ABCD co : AB = 5cm ; AC = 7cm ; BD = hai ng thang BC va AD vuong goc . Giai : Ta co : BC . AD = BC ( BD BA) = BC.BD BC .BA . Ma :
can , do o : goc (EG , EF) = goc (FG , EF) . Vay goc (AB , EF) = goc (CD , EF) .
57cm ; CD = 9cm .Chng minh rang
CD 2 = CD = BD BC
= BD 2 + BC 2 2 BC.BD BC.BD =
1 ( BC 2 + BD 2 CD 2 ) 2
Tng t : BC.BA =
1 ( BC 2 + BA2 CA2 ) . Suy ra : 2 1 1 BC. AD = ( BD 2 + BC 2 CD 2 ) ( BA2 + BC 2 CA2 ) 2 2 1 1 = ( BD 2 + AC 2 CD 2 AB 2 ) = ( 57 + 49 81 25 ) = 0 2 2

V du 3 : Cho t dien eu ABCD ( t dien co tat ca cac canh bang nhau ) , G la tam cua tam giac BCD . a) Chng minh rang AG vuong goc vi CD . b) M la trung iem cua CD , tnh goc cua AC va BM ,
Vay hai ng thang BC va AD vuong goc .
Giai : a) G cung la trong tam cua tam giac BCD nen : AG =
( a la canh cua t dien eu ) . Vay AG vuong goc vi CD .
2 2 1 AG.CD = AG. AD AC = ( AB. AD + AC. AD + AD AB. AC AC AD. AC ) = 0 3 2 2 a2 ( do AB. AD = AC. AD = AB. AC = a.a.cos 60o = ; AD = AC = a 2 ) 2
1 AB + AC + AD . 3
A N B G C M D
b) Ve MN song song vi AC , ta co : N la trung iem cua AD ( v MN la ng trung bnh cua tam giac ACD) va goc (AC , BM) = goc (MN , BM) . Trong tam giac BMN , ta co :
MN =
cosin cho :
a a 3 ( ng cao tam giac eu ) . nh ly ; BM = BN = 2 2
cos BMN =
BM + MN BN MN a 3 = = = 2 BM .MN 2 BM 2.a 3 6
2 2 2
BMN = 73o13'
Vay goc cua hai ng thang AC va BM bang 73o13 . C . Bai tap ren luyen . 3.7 . Cho t dien ABCD co : AB CD ; AC BD . Chng minh rang : AD BC . 3.8 . Cho hnh lang tru tam giac ABC.ABC co tat ca cac canh eu bang a va : B ' BA = B ' BC = 60o . Chng minh rang : AB vuong goc vi BC .
o o 3.9 Cho t dien ABCD co : AB = AC = AD = a ; BAC = BAD = 60 ; CAD = 90 .Tnh goc cua hai
ng thang AB va DM ( M la trung iem cua BC ) . D . Hng dan ap so .
3.7 AB.CD + AC.DB + AD.BC = AB. AD AB. AC + AC. AB AC. AD + AD. AC AD. AB = 0 ma : AB.CD = 0; AC .DB = 0. Suy ra : AD.BC = 0 . Vay AD vuong goc vi BC .
Chng 3..Quan h vung gc trong khng gian 3.8 . Tam giac ABB la tam giac eu ( tam giac can co mot goc bang 60o) . Tng t , tam giac BBC
o o cung la tam giac eu . Ta co : CB '. AB = CB '.CB CB '.CA = a.a cos 60 a.a cos 60 = 0 . Vay AB vuong goc vi BC .
3.9 . Cac tam giac ABC , ABD la tam giac eu .Cac tam giac ADC , BDC lan lt vuong tai A va B . Ve MN song song vi AB , ta co : N la trung iem cua AC . B goc ( AB , DM) = goc ( MN , DM) va
a a2 a 5 MN = ; DM = DN = + a2 = . nh ly cosin cho : 2 4 2
DN2= DM2+MN2 2DM. MN cosDMN hay
M C
cos DMN =
MN a 5 = = 2 DM 2a 5 10
N D
DMN = 77o 4 '
3. ng thang vuong goc vi mat phang .

A . Tom tat giao khoa . 1 . nh ngha : Mot ng thang goi la vuong goc vi mot mat phang khi no vuong goc vi moi ng thang nam trong mat phang o 2 . nh ly 1 : Neu mot ng thang vuong goc vi hai ng thang cat nhau nam trong mot mat phang th no se vuong goc vi mat phang o . He qua 1 : Qua mot iem cho trc , co va ch co mot mat phang vuong goc vi mot ng thang cho san . He qua 2 : Qua mot iem cho trc , co va ch co mot ng thang vuong goc vi mot mat phang cho san .
3 . Lien he gia quan he song song va quan he vuong goc cua ng thang va mat phang . nh ly 2 : Co hai ng thang song song , Mat phang nao vuong goc vi mot trong hai ng thang th cung vuong goc vi ng thang kia . nh ly 3 : Co hai mat phang song song . ng thang nao vuong goc vi mot trong hai mat phang th cung vuong goc vi mat phang kia nh ly 4 : Hai ng thang phan biet cung vuong goc vi mot mat phang th song song vi nhau . nh ly 5 : Hai mat phang phan biet cung vuong goc vi mot ng thang th song song vi nhau . nh ly 6 : Co mot ng thang a va mot mat phang (P) song song vi nhau . ng thang d nao vuong goc vi mat phang (P) th cung vuong goc vi ng thang a . nh ly 7 : Co mot ng thang a va mot mat phang (P) khong cha a . Neu a va (P) cung vuong goc vi mot ng thang th a va (P) song song vi nhau .
a d
P
Chng 3..Quan h vung gc trong khng gian 4 . nh ly ba ng vuong goc . a) Phep chieu vuong goc : Phep chieu len mat phang (P) theo phng d vuong goc vi (P) goi la phep chieu vuong goc . b) nh ly ba ng vuong goc : Cho ng thang a co hnh chieu len mat phang (P) la ng thang ava b la mot ng thang nam trong (P) . b vuong vi a khi va ch khi b vuong goc vi a . 5 . Goc gia ng thang va mat phang : Goc gia ng thang d va mat phang (P) la goc gia ng thang d va ng thang d la hnh chieu vuong goc cua d len (P) . Neu d vuong goc vi (P) th goc gia d va (P) bang 90o-. 6 . Mat phang trung trc : Mat phang trung trc cua mot oan thang la mat phang qua trung iem cua oan thang nay va vuong goc vi oan thang o . Mat phang trung trc cua oan thang AB la tap hp cac iem cach eu hai iem A , B
A
10
a
a' b P
a' P A
A
M P
7 . Truc cua mot ng tron : Truc cua ng tron la ng thang vuong goc vi mat phang cha ng tron tai tam cua ng tron o Truc cua ng tron (ABC) la tap hp cac iem cach eu ba iem A , B , C . B . Giai toan . Dang toan 1 : Chng minh mot ng thang vuong goc vi mot mat phang . Ta ch can chng minh ng thang nay vuong goc vi hai ng thang cat nhau va nam trong mat phang ay . V du 1 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD , ay la hnh thoi co tam la O va SA = SC ; SB = SD . Chng minh rang SO vuong goc vi mat phang (ABCD) va AC vuong goc vi mat phang (SBD) . Giai : \Ta co : SO AC (1) ( tam giac SAC can , trung tuyen SO cung la ng cao)
SO BD (2) ( Tam giac SBD can , trung tuyen SO cung la
ng cao) ( 1 ) va ( 2 ) cho : SO ( ABCD ) . Ta cung co : BD AC (3) ( ng cheo cua hnh thoi) ( 1 ) va ( 3 ) cho : AC ( SBD )
D O A B
10
11
V du 2 : Cho t dien ABCD co : AB CD ; AC BD . Chng minh rang chan ng vuong goc ve t A xuong mat phang ( BCD ) la trc tam cua tam giac BCD . Giai : Ve AH ( BCD ) ; H mp ( BCD ) , ta co : AH CD (1); AB CD (2) ( gt ) ( 1 ) va ( 2 ) cho : CD ( ABH ) CD BH . Tng t : BD CH . Vay H la trc tam cua tam giac BCD . V du 3 : Cho t dien ABCD co : ABC va DBC la cac tam giac eu canh bang a , AD =
A H B
A
a 6 . 2
Chng minh rang AI vuong goc vi mat phang (BCD) , I la trung iem cua BC . Giai :
a 3 ( ng cao tam giac eu ) . 2 6a 2 2 2 2 . Vay tam giac Trong tam giac ADI ta co : AI + DI = AD = 4 ADI vuong tai I hay AI DI (2) .
Ta co :
AI BC (1) ; AI = DI =
B I C
( 1 ) va ( 2 ) cho : AI vuong goc vi mat phang (BCD) .
Dang toan 2 : Chng minh mot ng thang vuong goc vi mot ng thang Ta ch can chng minh ng thang nay vuong goc vi mot mat phang cha ng thang kia . V du 1 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD , ay la hnh vuong . SA vuong goc vi ABCD . a) Chng minh rang BD vuong goc vi SC . b) AH la ng cao cua tam giac SAB , chng minh rang AH vuong goc vi BC . Giai : a) Ta co :
SA BD (do SA ( ABCD ) AC BD Suy ra BD ( SAC ) BD SC
b) Ta co :
H A D
BC SA BC AB
Suy ra : BC ( SAB ) BC AH ( SAB )
V du 2 : Cho t dien ABCD co : AB vuong goc vi mat phang (BCD) . Goi H va K lan lt la trc tam cua tam giac BCD va ACD . Chng minh rang HK vuong goc vi CD . Giai : Ta co :
11
12
A
AB CD ( do AB ( BCD ) BH CD Suy ra : CD ( ABH )

Goi E la giao iem cua CD va mat phang (ABH) , ta co : CD vuong goc vi AE hay AE la ng cao cua tam giac ACD . Vay K thuoc AE , do o HK nam trong mat phang (ABE) . Ma CD vuong goc vi (ABE) nen CD vuong goc vi HK .
K B H C E
V du 3 : Cho t dien OABC co : cac canh OA , OB , OC oi mot vuong goc . a) Chng minh rang tam giac ABC co ba goc nhon . b) Ve OH vuong goc vi mat phang (ABC) , ( H thuoc mat phang (ABC) ) . Chng minh rang : Giai : a)Ta co : BC2 = OB2 + OC2 . CA2 = OC2 + OA2 . AB2 = OA2 + OB2 . nh ly cosin trong tam giac ABC cho :
1 1 1 1 . = + + 2 2 2 OH OA OB OC 2
H O E C B
cos BAC =
AC 2 + AB 2 BC 2 2 AB. AC 2 OA + OC 2 + OA2 + OB 2 OB 2 OC 2 = 2 AB. AC 2 OA = >0 AB. AC
Vay goc BAC nhon . Tng t : goc ABC , goc ACB nhon . Do o , ba goc cua tam giac ABC nhon . b)Ta co : OA (OBC ) ( do OA OB ; OA OC ) OA BC ( 1 ) . Ma
OH BC (2) ( do OH ( ABC ) ) . ( 1 ) va ( 2 ) cho : BC (AOH) . Goi E la giao em cua BC va mat

phang (AOH) , ta co : OE , AE lan lt la ng cao cua tam giac OBC va tam giac ABC . Tam giac vuong OBC cho :
1 1 1 . = + 2 2 OE OB OC 2 1 1 1 . = + 2 2 OH OA OE 2
Tam giac AOE vuong tai O va co ng cao la AH cho : Vay :
1 1 1 1 . = + + 2 2 2 OH OA OB OC 2
Dang toan 3 : S dung nh ly ba ng vuong goc . Ta co the s dung nh ly nay e chng minh hai ng thang vuong goc . V du 1 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co : ABCD la hnh vuong va SA vuong goc vi mat phang (ABCD) . Chng minh : tam giac SBC va tam giac SOD la nhng tam giac vuong . ( O la tam cua hnh vuong ) Giai :
12
Chng 3..Quan h vung gc trong khng gian Ta co: AB la hnh chieu cua SB xuong mat phang (ABCD) , ma BC vuong goc vi AB nen BC vuong goc vi SB . Vay tam giac SBC vuong tai B . Tng t : AO la hnh chieu cua SO xuong mat phang (ABCD) , ma BD vuong goc vi AO nen BD vuong goc vi SO . Vay tam giac SOD vuong tai O .
13
A O B C
V du 2 : Cho ba tia Ox , Oy , Oz khong cung nam trong mot mat phang va oi mot tao vi nhau mot goc bang 60o . A thuoc Oz va OA =a. a) Chng minh rang hnh chieu cua Oz xuong mat phang (Oxy) la phan giac cua goc xOy b) A la hnh chieu cua A xuong mat phang (Oxy) , tnh oan AA. Giai : a) Ve
z
AA ' (Oxy ); A ' H Ox ; A ' I Oy Suy ra : AH Ox ; AI Oy a 3 a ; OH = OI = . 2 2
A y I O H x A'
( nh ly ba ng vuong goc ) . Tam giac AOH va tam giac AOI la na tam giac eu : AH = AI =
Suy ra : hai tam giac vuong AAH va AAI bang nhau ( tam gac vuong co canh huyen va mot canh goc vuong bang nhau) Do o : AI = AH . Vay OA la ng phan giac cua goc xOy , ngha la hnh chieu cua Oz xuong (Oxy) la phan giac cua goc (Oxy) .
b)Tam giac OAH va tam giac OAI la na tam giac eu ( tam giac vuong co mot goc bang 30o-) . Suy ra :
OH =
OA ' 3 2OH a OA ' = = . 2 3 3

2 2 2
a2 2a 2 a 6 = = Tam giac vuong OAAcho : AA ' = OA OA ' = a 3 3 3

Dang toan 4 : Tnh goc cua mot ng thang d va mat phang (P). Ta phai xac nh ng vuong goc vi mat phang (P), hnh chieu d cua d xuong (P) . V du 1 : Cho t dien ABCD co : BCD la tam giac eu canh bang a , AB vuong goc vi (BCD) va AB = 2a . a) Tnh goc cua CM vi mat phang (BCD) , M la trung diem cua AD . b) Tnh goc cua AI vi mat phang (ABC) , I la trung iem cua BD . Giai : a)Ta co : MI song song vi AB , do o :
A M
1 AB = a . Do o CI la hnh chieu cua CM 2 xuong mat phang (BCD) . Vay : MCI la goc cua ng thang CM MI ( BCD ); MI =
vi mat phang (BCD) . Tam giac vuong MCI co:
CI =
a 3 MI 2a 2 3 ; tg MCI = = = . Vay MCI = 49o 6 ' 2 CI a 3 3
B N C
13
Chng 3..Quan h vung gc trong khng gian b) Ve IN BC ( N BC ) ma IN AB ( do AB ( BCD )) nen : IN vuong goc vi (ABC) .
14
Suy ra AN la hnh chieu cua AI xuong mat phang (ABC) va goc IAN la goc cua ng thang AI vi mat phang (ABC) .
BI 3 a 3 1 a = ; BN = BI = . 2 4 2 4 IN a 3 3 Tam giac vuong AIN cho : tg IAN = . Vay goc IAN bang 22o46. = = 2 2 AN 4 AB + BN 17
Tam giac IBN la na tam giac eu : IN = V du 2 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co : ABCD la hnh vuong canh bang a , SI vuong goc vi (ABCD) va SAB la tam giac eu ( I la trung iem cua AB ) . a) Chng minh rang SC va SD tao vi mat phang (SAB) hai goc bang nhau . b) Tnh goc cua ng thang CM vi mat phang (SAB) ( M la trung iem cua SD ) . Giai : a) Ta co : AD AB (1) (ABCD la hnh vuong) AD SI (2) ( do SI vuong goc vi (ABCD).
(1) va (2) cho : AD ( SAB ) . Suy ra : SA la hnh chieu cua SD xuong mat phang (SAB) va goc DSA la goc cua ng thang SD va mat phang (SAB) Ta lai co : tam giac SAD vuong can nen goc DSA bang 45o- .
Tng t : goc cua ng thang SC vi mat phang (SAB) la goc CSB cung bang 45o . Vay SC va SD tao vi mat phang (SAB) hai goc bang nhau ( cung bang 45o) .
N B I A
M K D C
b) Hnh chieu cua iem C xuong mat phang (SAB) la iem B . Hnh chieu cua iem M xuong mat phang (SAB) la iem N , trung iem cua SA ( v MN song song vi AD nen cung vuong goc vi (SAB)) . Vay goc cua CM vi (SAB) la goc cua hai ng thang CM va BN . Goi K la trung iem cua BC , ta co MN song song va bang BK nen MK song song vi BN . Do o : goc ( CM , BN ) = goc CMK . Tam giac vuong CMK co : MK = BN =
Tom lai , goc cua dng thang CM vi mat phang (SAB) bang 30o .
a 3 a ; CK = nen la na tam giac eu . Vay : CMK = 30o . 2 2
Dang toan 5 : Xac nh thiet dien cua mat phang (P) vi mot hnh chop ( hay mot hnh lang tru ) trong o (P) vuong goc vi mot ng thang d . Ta thng tm mot ng thang a thuoc mot mat cua hnh chop va a vuong goc vi d : khi o a song song vi (P) va giao tuyen cua (P) vi mat nay la mot ng song song vi a . V du 1 : Cho t dien ABCD co : BCD la tam giac eu canh bang a , AB vuong goc vi (BCD) va AB = b . G va O lan lt la trong tam cua cac tam giac ABC va BCD . (P) la mar phang qua G va vuong goc vi BO . Xac nh thiet dien cua (P) va t dien va tnh dien tch cua thiet dien nay . Giai : Ta co AB vuong goc vi BO nen AB song song vi (P) , Suy ra : giao tuyen cua (P) vi mat (ABC) la oan MN qua G va song song vi AB .
14
15
Tng t , CD vuong goc vi BO nen song song vi (P) : giao tuyen cua (P) vi mat (BCD) la oan MR song song vi CD ; giao tuyen cua (P) vi mat (ACD) la oan NQ song song vi CD ; giao tuyen cua (P) vi mat (ABD) la oan QR song song vi AB . Vay thiet dien MNQR la hnh bnh hanh . A Ma AB vuong goc vi CD ( v AB vuong goc vi (BCD) nen MN vuong goc vi MR . Vay thiet dien la mot hnh ch nhat . Q Ta lai co :
trung iem cua AB ) . Tng t :
MN CM CG 2 2 2b ( I la = = = MN = AB = AB CB CI 3 3 3
I B G
N R O C D
MR BM IG 1 1 a = = = MR = CD = . 3 CD BC IC 3 3 2b a 2ab . . = 3 3 9
Suy ra : S MNQR = MN .MR =
V du 2 : Cho hnh lang tru ABC.ABC co ABC la tam giac vuong can ( AB = AC = a ) ; AA vuong goc vi (ABC) va AA = a . (P) la mat phang qua trung iem M cua BC va vuong goc vi AB . Xac nh thiet dien cua (P) va hnh lang tru . Tnh dien tch cua thiet dien nay . Giai : Ta co :
AC AB AC ( ABB ' A ') AC AB ' . AC AA '
A N B M
Suy ra AC song song vi (P) .Do o : giao tuyen cua (P) va mat (ABC) la R Q oan MN song song vi AC ( N la trung iem cua AB ) . Tng t , BA song song vi (P) ( v BA vuong goc vi AB ) nen giao tuyen cua (P) vi mat (ABBA) la oan NQ song song vi BA ( Q la A' C' trung iem cua AA) . Giao tuyen cua (P) vi mat (ACCA) la oan QR song song vi AC . Giao tuyen cua (P) vi mat (BCCB) la oan MR . B' Vay MNQR la hnh thang . Ma MN vuong goc vi (ABBA) nen MN vuong goc vi NQ ( V MN song song vi AC va AC vuong goc vi(ABBA) ) . Do o : thiet dien cua (P) vi hnh lang tru ABC,ABC la mot hnh thang vuong . Ta cung co :
MN = S MNQR
1 a 1 a 2 ; QR = AC = a . AC = ; NQ = BA ' = 2 2 2 2 MN + NQ a + 2a a 2 3a 2 2 .NQ = . = = 2 4 2 8
Dang toan 6 : nh tam va ban knh mat cau qua cac nh cua hnh chop . Cach 1 : Ta chng minh cac nh cua hnh chop nhn mot oan thang di mot goc vuong khi o tam cua mat cau la trung iem cua oan thang va ban knh bang na oan thang o . Cach 2 : Goi O la tam mat cau qua cac nh cua hnh chop S.ABCD , ta co : OA = OB = OC = OD O thuoc truc d cua ng tron (ABCD) . OA = OS O thuoc mat phang trung trc (P) cua oan SA . Vay O la giao iem cua d va (P) .
15
Chng 3..Quan h vung gc trong khng gian V du 1 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co : ABCD la hnh ch nhat ( AB = a ; AD = 2a ) SA vuong goc vi (ABCD) va SA = b . nh tam va tnh ban knh mat cau ngoai tiep hnh chop S.ABCD . Giai : Ta co : AB la hnh chieu cua SB xuong (ABCD) ma AB vuong goc vi BC nen SB vuong goc vi BC . Tng t : SD vuong goc vi CD .
16
Vay : SAC = SBC = SDC = 90o . Mat cau ng knh SC la mat cau ngoai tiep hnh chop S.ABCD . Ta co :
A B C
SC = SA2 + AC 2 = SA2 + AB 2 + AD 2 = b2 + 5a 2 .
Vay tam cua mat cau ngoai tiep hnh chop la trung iem cua SC va ban knh mat cau bang na SC .
V du 2 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co : ABCD la hnh vuong canh bang a , SI vuong goc vi (ABCD) va SAB la tam giac eu ( I la trung iem cua AB ) . nh tam va tnh ban knh cua mat cau qua nam nh S ,A,B,C,D. Giai : Goi K la tam hnh vuong ABCD va d qua K va vuong goc vi (ABCD) ( d song song vi SI ) : d chnh la truc cua ng tron (ABCD) . Goi M la trung iem cua SA va ve MJ song song vi AD , ta co :
S d
AD ( SAB ) ( do AD AB ; AD SI ) MJ ( SAB ) ( do MJ AD ) MJ SA (1)
M G I A B
J O K D
x C
BM SA (2) (1) , (2) cho : SA ( BMJ )

Vay (BMJ) la mat phang trung trc cua SA . Goi O la tam mat cau qua S , A , B , C , D , ta co : OA = OB = OC = OD O d
OA = OS O ( BMJ ) . Vay O la giao iem cua d va (BMJ) .

* Xac nh O : Mat phang (BMJ) cat SI tai G la tam cung la trong tam ) cua tam giac SAB . Ma MJ song song vi IK ( cung song song vi AD ) nen mat phang (BMJ) cat mat phang ( SI , d ) theo giao tuyen Gx song song vi IK . Giao diem cua Gx vi d chnh la tam O . * Tnh ban knh R = OA : Tam giac vuong OAK cho : OA2 = OK2 + KA2 .
Cach khac : Sau khi a xac nh O thuoc d , ta con co the xac nh O va tnh ban knh theo cach sau : at KO = x ( O va S nam cung ben oi vi (ABCD) ) , ta co :
1 a 3 1 a 2 OK = GI = SI = ; KA = AC = 3 6 2 2 2 2 2 3a 2a 21a a 21 OA2 = + = R = OA = 36 4 36 6
a 2 2 a a 3 x) 2 ) ; OS 2 = OG '2 + SG '2 = ( ) 2 + ( 2 2 2 2 2 2 2a a 3a a 3 OA2 = OS 2 x 2 + = + + x 2 ax 3 x = 4 4 4 6 OA2 = OK 2 + KA2 = x 2 + (

16
Chng 3..Quan h vung gc trong khng gian ( OG song song vi IK ) Ta nh c tam O va tnh c ban knh R . C . Bai tap ren luyen . 3.10 . Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co : ABCD la hnh thang vuong tai A va B ( AB =BC = a ; AD = 2a ) ; SA vuong goc vi (ABCD) . Chng minh : CD vuong goc vi (SAC) . 3.11 . Cho t dien ABCD co : AB = AC ; DB = DC . I la trung iem cua BC . a) Chng minh rang : BC ( AID ) . b) AH la ng cao cua tam giac AID , chng minh rang AH vuong goc vi BD .
17
3.12 . Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co : ABCD la hnh ch nhat ; tam giac SBC vuong tai Bva tam giac SCD vuong tai D . Chng minh rang SA vuong goc vi mat phang (ABCD) . 3.13 . Cho t dien ABCD co : AB vuong goc vi mat phang (BCD) ; BCD la tam giac vuong tai C va BC = a ; CD = 2a . H la iem tren canh BD vi BH = x . nh x e AD vuong goc vi CH . 3.14 . Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co : ABCD la hnh vuong canh bang a ; SA vuong goc vi (ABCD) va SA = a. a) Tnh goc cua SB vi mat phang (SAC) . b) Tnh goc cua CA vi mat phang (SCD) va goc cua DB vi mat phang (SDC) . 3.15 . Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co : ABCD la hnh thang vuong tai A va D ( AB = AD = a ; BC = 2a ) ; SD vuong goc vi (ABCD) . T trung diem E cua CD , ve EK vuong goc vi SC ( K thuoc SC ) a) Chng minh rang SC vuong goc vi mat phang (EBK) . b) Chng minh rang 6 iem S , A , B , D , E , K nam tren mot mat cau . 3.16* . Cho hai hnh ch nhat ABCD va ABEF khong cung nam trong mot mat phang( AB = a ; AD = AF = a 2 ) va hai ng cheo AC , BF vuong goc vi nhau . a) Tnh oan CE . b) M la trung iem cua BE va (P) la mat phang qua M , vuong goc vi AC . Xac nh thiet dien cua (P) vi hnh lang tru ADF.BCE . 3.17. Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co : ABCD la hnh ch nhat ; SA vuong goc vi (ABCD) ; BC = a ; SC tao vi (SAB) mot goc va SC tao vi (ABCD) mot goc . Chng minh rang :
AB =
a cos( + ) cos( ) sin
3.18 . Trong mat phang (P) cho na ng tron ( C ) ng knh AC = a . B la mot iem thuoc ( C ) va BC = x . Tren tia Ax vu6ng goc vi (P) lay iem S sao cho : AS = a . Goi H , K lan lt la chan ng vuong goc ve t A xuong SB , SC . a) Chng minh rang cac tam giac SBC va AHK la tam giac vuong b) Chng minh rang t giac BCKH noi tiep c . Tnh o dai HK theo a va x . 3.19 . Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co : ABCD la hnh vuong canh bang a ; SA vuong goc vi (ABCD) va SA = a . I thuoc SC va 4SI = SC . (P) la mat phang qua I va vuong goc vi AC . nh thiet dien cua (P) va hnh chop . Tnh dien tch cua thiet dien nay . D . Hng dan ap so . 3.10 . CD vuong goc vi SA ; CD vuong goc vi AC . 3.11 . a) BC vuong goc vi AI ; BC vuong goc vi DI . b) AH vuong goc vi BC ; AH vuong goc vi DI .
A B C
17
Chng 3..Quan h vung gc trong khng gian Suy ra : AH vuong goc vi (BCD) . D o o AH vuong goc vi BD . 3.12 . BC vuong goc vi (SAB) . Suy ra : BC vuong goc vi SA . Tng t CD vuong goc vi SA . Vay SA vuong goc vi (ABCD) .
18
A B C
H B C
3.13 . BD la hnh chieu cua AD xuong mat phang (BCD) . Do o : CH vuong goc vi AD khi va ch khi CH vuong goc vi BD . Tam giac vuong CBD co ng cao la CH cho :
BC 2 a2 a 5 BH.BD = BC hay x = BH = = = BD a 5 5
2
S H
3.14 . a) BD vuong goc vi (SAC) . SO la hnh chieu cua SB xuong ( SAC) . Goc BSO la goc cua SB vi (SAC) . BSO = 30o b) CD vuong goc vi (SAD) . Ve AH vuong goc vi SD ( H la trung iem cua SD ) , AH vuong goc vi (SCD) va CH la hnh chieu cua AC xuong (SCD) . Goc ACH la goc cua AC vi (SCD) . ACH = 30o Ve OK vuong goc vi (SCD) ( OK song song va bang na AH ) . DK la hnh chieu cua BD xuong (SCD) . Goc ODK la goc cua BD vi (SCD) .
A B
S
K K O C
ODK = 30
3.15 . a) ABED la hnh vuong . BE vuong goc vi (SDC) . SC vuong goc vi EB va EK . b) Cac goc : SAB , SDB , SEB , SKB la goc vuong nen 6 iem S , B , A , D , E , K nam tren mat cau ng knh SB . 3.16 .a) AB vuong goc (ADF) ( do AD vuong goc vi AD , AF ) . Ve FI vuong goc vi AD ( I thuoc AD ) , FI vuong goc vi (ABCD) . BI la hnh chieu cua BF xuong (ABCD) nen BI vuong goc vi AC . Hai tam giac vuong ABI va BCA ong dang :
D A B
K C
AI AB AB 2 a2 a 2 . = AI = = = AB BC BC a 2 2
Vay I la trung iem cua AD . Tam giac AFD can nh F . Do o : FD = AF = a . Do o : CE = FD = a .
N M E
O K I F L D
b) (P) song song vi (BFI) ( v cung vuong goc vi AC ) . Do o : (P) cat (BEC) theo MN ( N la trung iem cua BJ vi J la trung A iem cua BC ) ; (P) cat (ABCD) theo NK (K la trung iem cua ID) .(P) cat (ADF) theo KL ( L la trung iem cua DF ) . (P) cat (CDFE) theo LO ( O la trung iem cua EF ) . (P) cat (ABEF) theo MO . Thiet dien la hnh ngu giac MNKLO .
18
19
3.17. BSC = ; ASC = a a cos SC = ; AC = sin sin a 2 (cos 2 sin 2 ) 2 2 2 AB = AC BC = sin 2 a 2 (cos 2 + cos 2 ) = 2sin 2 a cos( + ) cos( ) AB = sin
A B C
3.18 . a) AB la hnh chieu cua SB xuong (P) , AB vuong goc vi BC nen BC vuong goc vi SB . Tam giac SBC vuong tai B AH vuong goc vi (SBC) ( v AH vuong goc vi SB va BC ) . Suy ra : tam giac AHK vuong tai H . b) SC vuong goc vi (AHK) ( v SC vuong goc vi AH , AK ) . suy ra SC vuong goc vi HK . T giac BCKH noi tiep c v co hai goc CKH , CBH vuong . S Tam giac vuong AHK co : HK2 = AK2AH2 ma :
AC a 2 = ; AH .SB = AS . AB 2 2 AS 2 . AB 2 a 2 (a 2 x 2 ) 2 AH = = 2 SB 2 a + a2 x2 a2 x2 2a 2 a 2 ( a 2 x 2 ) = HK 2 = 4 2a 2 x 2 2(2a 2 x 2 ) ax HK = 2(2a 2 x 2 ) AK =
K H C B
3.19 . SA song song vi (P) nen (P) cat (SAC) theo IH song song vi SA ( H la trung iem cua AO , O la tam hnh vuong ) ; (P) cat (ABCD) theo MR song song vi BD ; (P) cat (SAB) theo MNsong song vi SA ; (P) cat (SAD) theo RQ song song vi SA . S Thiet dien la hnh ngu giac MNIQR gom hai hnh thang vuong bang nhau .
S MNIH =
MN + IH .MH 2 a 3a + a 2 5a 2 2 ; = 2 4 . = 2 2 16 5a 2 2 S MNIQR = 2 S MNIH = 8
I N A M B H O
Q R D
4. Mat phang vuong goc .

A . Tom tat giao khoa . 1 . Goc gia hai mat phang : Goc gia hai mat phang la goc gia hai ng thang lan lt vuong goc vi hai mat phang o. Nh the goc gia hai mat phang song song se bang 0 .
19
20
Cach xac nh goc gia hai mat phang : T mot iem tren giao tuyen cua hai mat phang , ta ve hai ng thang lan lt nam trong hai mat phang va cung vuong goc vi giao tuyen nay . Goc cua hai ng thang nay chnh la goc cua hai mat phang .
a ( P); a d = ( P) (Q) ( a , b) = ( P, Q ) b (Q); b d

2. nh ly ve dien tch hnh chieu : S = S cos S la dien tch a giac ( H ) S la dien tch a giac ( H ) , hnh chieu cua a giac ( H ) xuong mat phang ( P ) . la goc gia mat phang cha a giac ( H ) va mat phang ( P ) 2 . Mat phang vuong goc . a) nh ngha : Hai mat phang goi la vuong goc khi goc cua chung bang 90o . b) ieu kien e hai mat phang vuong goc . nh ly : Hai mat phang vuong goc vi nhau khi va ch khi mat phang nay cha mot ng thang vuong goc vi mat phang kia .
Q b d P a O P
(H)
(H') P
Q b d a
He qua 1 : Co hai mat phang vuong goc . Neu t mot iem trong mat phang th nhat ta ve mot ng thang vuong goc vi mat phang th hai th ng thang nay se hoan toan nam trong mat phang th nhat .
( P ) (Q) A ( P ); A a a ( P ) a (Q)
P A a Q P Q d
He qua 2 : Co hai mat phang vuong goc . Neu mot ng thang nam trong mat nay va vuong goc vi giao tuyen th no se vuong goc vi mat phang kia .
a ( P) a (Q) a d = ( P) (Q)
He qua 3 : Neu hai mat phang cung vuong goc vi mot mat phang th ba th giao tuyen cua chung se vuong goc vi mat phang nay .
( P) (Q)
(Q) ( P) ( R) ( P) d ( P) (Q) ( R) = d
He qua 4 : Qua mot ng thang a khong vuong goc vi (P) , co va ch co mot mat phang (Q) vuong goc vi (P) . 3 Hnh lang tru ng . Hnh hop ch nhat . Hnh lap phng . www.saosangcong.com.vn
20
21
a) Hnh lang tru ng la hnh lang tru co canh ben vuong goc vi ay . Hnh lang tru eu la hnh lang tru ng co ay la mot a giac eu . ( v du : hnh lang tru tam giac eu la hnh lang tru ng co ay la tam giac eu ) b) Hnh hop ng la hnh lang tru ng co ay la mot hnh bnh hanh . Hnh hop ch nhat la hnh hop ng co ay la hnh ch nhat : tat ca cac mat cua hnh hop ch nhat eu la hnh ch nhat . Hnh lap phng la hnh hop ch nhat co ay la hnh vuong : tat ca cac mat cua hnh lap phng eu la hnh vuong .
4 . Hnh chop eu . Hnh chop cut eu . a) Hnh chop eu la hnh chop co ay la a giac eu va tat ca canh ben bang nhau : chan ng cao cua hnh chop eu la tam cua a giac ay . b) Hnh chop cut eu la phan cua hnh chop eu nam gia ay va mot mat phang song song vi ay cat cac canh ben . B . Giai toan : Dang toan 1 : Chng minh hai mat phang vuong goc . Ta ch can chng minh mat phang nay cha mot ng thang vuong goc vi mat phang kia . V du 1 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co : ABCD la hnh ch nhat ; SA vuong goc vi (ABCD) . a) Chng minh rang hai mat phang (SAB) va (SBC) vuong goc . b) Ve AH , AK lan lt la ng cao cua cac tam giac SAB , SAD . Chng minh rang hai mat phang (AHK) va (SAC) vuong goc . Giai : a) Ta co :
S K H A B C D
BC ( SAB ) ( do BC AB ; BC SA)
Suy ra :( SBC ) ( SAB ).

b) Ta cung co :
AH ( SBC ) ( do AH BC ; AH SB )
Suy ra : AH SC (1) Tng t : AK SC (2)
( 1 ) va ( 2 ) cho : SC vuong goc vi (AHK) . Vay hai mat phang (AHK) va (SAC) vuong goc . V du 2 : Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.ABCD canh bang a . Chng minh rang hai mat phang (ACCA) va (CBD) vuong goc .
21
22
Giai : Ta co : AC = AB = AD = a 2 ( ng cheo hnh vuong CC = CB = CD = a Vay AC la truc cua ng tron (CBD) ngha la AC vuong goc vi (CBD) . Vay hai mat phang (ACCA) va (CBD) vuong goc vi nhau ( v mat phang (ACCA) cha AC vuong goc vi (CBD)
D C
B A'
D'
C' Dang toan 2 : Chng minh mot ng thang vuong goc vi mot mat B' phang ( trng hp a co 2 mat phang vuong goc ) . Ta ch can chng minh ng thang nay nam trong mot mat va vuong goc vi giao tuyen .
V du 1 : Cho hai hnh vuong ABCD va ABEF canh bang a , nam trong hai mat phang vuong goc . Tnh DE va chng minh rang DE vuong goc vi AC va BF . Giai : Ta co : AD vuong goc vi AB ( la giao tuyen cua 2 mat phang vuong goc (ABCD) va (ABEF) ) ; AD hien nhien nam (ABCD) nen AD vuong goc vi (ABEF) . C Tam giac ADE vuong tai A cho : D
DE 2 = AD 2 + AE 2 = a 2 + a 2 DE = a 3
= 3a 2
A
Ta cung co : AE la hnh chieu cua DE xuong (ABEF), ma AE vuong goc vi BF nen DE vuong goc vi BF. Tng t , EB vuong goc vi (ABCD) ; BD la hnh chieu cua DE xuong (ABCD) : BD vuong goc vi AC nen DE vuong goc vi AC.
V du 2 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co : ABCD la hnh vuong canh bang a ; SAB la tam giac eu va hai mat nay nam trong 2 mat phang vuong goc . a) Xac nh va tnh ng cao SH cua hnh chop nay. b) (P) la mat phang qua trung iem M cua BC va vuong goc vi BC . Xac nh va tnh dien tch cua thiet dien nay. Giai : a) Trong tam giac SAB , ve ng cao SH , ta co : SH vuong goc vi (ABCD) ( v (SAB) vuong goc vi (ABCD) ) . Vay SH la ng cao cua hnh chop S.ABCD va
SH =
b) (SAB) vuong goc vi BC ( v BC vuong goc vi AB va 2 mat phang (SAB) va (ABCD) vuong goc (P) song song vi (SAB) ( v cung vuong goc vi BC) Do o : (P) cat (ABCD) theo MJ song song vi AB . (P) cat (SBC) theo MN song song vi SB . (P) cat (SCD) theo NQ song song vi CD . (P) cat (SAD) theo QJ song song vi SA . Vay thiet dien cua (P) vi hnh chop la hnh thang MNQJ * Tnh dien tch :
a 3 2
S Q N A H K B M C J D
22
Chng 3..Quan h vung gc trong khng gian (NK la giao tuyen cua (P) va (SHC) nen NK song song vi SH . Suy ra : NK vuong goc vi (ABCD) => NK vuong goc vi MJ nen la ng cao cua hnh thang MNQJ .
23
S MNQJ =
NQ + MJ a + 2a a 3 3a 2 3 .NK = . = 2 4 4 16
Chu y : Ta con co the s dung he qua 3 e chng minh mot ng thang vuong goc vi mot mat phang . V du 3 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co : ABCD la hnh vuong canh bang a , ng cao cua hnh chop bang
a 2 ; hai mat (SBD) va (SAI) cung vuong goc vi (ABCD) ( I la trung iem cua BC ) . Goi , lan lt la goc cua SB , SD vi (ABCD) . Chng minh rang : cot + cot = 1 .
Giai : Goi H la giao iem cua AI va BD , ta co :
( SAI ) ( ABCD) SH ( ABCD) (do SH = ( SAI ) ( SBD) ) . ( SBD) ( ABCD)

Vay SH la ng cao cua hnh chop . Ta cung co : HB , HD la hnh chieu cua SB , SD xuong (ABCD) nen :
SBH = ; SDH = lan lt la goc cua SB , SD vi (ABCD) va :

cot + cot = BH DH BD a 2 + = = =1 SH SH SH a 2
C
D H I
P A
Dang toan 3 : Xac nh goc cua 2 mat phang (P) va (Q) Ngoai viec s dung nh ngha goc cua 2 mat phang , ta thng s dung cach sau : Bc 1: Lay A thuoc (P) , ve AH vuong goc vi (Q) ( H thuoc (Q) ) . Bc 2: Ve HO vuong goc vi giao tuyen d cua (P) va (Q) ( O thuoc d ) , suy ra : AO vuong goc vi d . Vay AOH la goc cua hai mat phang (P) va (Q) . V du 1 : Cho hnh chop t giac eu S.ABCD co : goc gia mat ben va ay bang ; goc gia canh ben va ay bang . Tm mot he thc gia hai goc nay .
Giai : Ve SO vuong goc vi (ABCD) . Suy ra : OA = OB = OC = OD ( v cac tam giac vuong SOA , SOB , SOC , SOD bang nhau ) . Vay O la tam hnh vuong . S Ve OH vuong goc vi AD ( H thuoc AD ) th H la trung iem cua AD . Suy ra : SH cung vuong goc vi AD ( v OH la hnh chieu cua SI xuong (ABCD) ) . Do o : SHO = la goc gia mat ben va ay . Ta cung co : OA la hnh chieu cua canh ben SA xuong (ABCD) . Vay :
B O C D H
SAO = la goc cua canh ben va ay . OH a Tam giac vuong SOH cho : cot = = SO 2 SO
23
24
Tam giac vuong SAO cho : cot = Suy ra :
OA a 2 = SO 2 SO
2 cot = cot
V du 2 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co : ABCD la hnh ch nhat ; hai mat ben (SAB) , (SAD) cung vuong goc vi ay ; (SBC) tao vi ay mot goc va SC = a tao vi mat (SAB) mot goc . Tnh ng cao cua hnh chop . Giai : Ta co :
( SAB) ( ABCD) = AB BC ( SAB) BC AB ( BC ( ABCD) )

Suy ra : SB la hnh chieu cua SC xuong (SAB) . Vay BSC = la goc cua SC vi (SAB) . Ta cung co :
( SAB) ( ABCD)
( SAB) ( ABCD) ( SAD) ( ABCD) SA ( ABCD) SA = ( SAB) ( SAD)

Ma AB vuong goc vi BC nen SB vuong goc vi BC ( nh ly 3 ng vuong goc ) . Vay SBA = la goc cua (SBC) tao vi ay . Tam giac vuong SBC cho : cos =
SB SB = SC cos = a cos SC SA Tam giac vuong SAB cho : sin = SA = SB sin = a cos sin . SB Vay ng cao cua hnh chop bang : SA = a sin cos .
V du 3 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co : SA vuong goc vi (ABCD) va SA = a ; ABCD la hnh vuong canh bang a . Tnh goc cua hai mat phang (SBC) va (SCD) . Giai : Ta co : BC vuong goc vi (SAB) ( v BC vuong goc vi AB va SA ) . Ve AH vuong goc vi SB ( H la trung iem cua SB V tam giac SAB can ) th AH vuong goc vi (SBC) S ( v AH vuong goc vi SB va BC ) . Tng t , AK vuong goc vi (SCD) . Vay goc cua 2 mat phang (SBC) va (SCD) la goc cua 2 ng thang AH K va AK . H Tam giac AHK la tam giac eu( v cac canh eu bang
Vay goc cua 2 mat phang (SBC) va (SCD) bang 60o .
a 2 ). 2
D A B C
Dang toan 4 : Tnh dien tch cua mot a giac hay goc cua 2 mat phang .
24
25
Trong mot so trng hp , ta co the dung nh ly ve dien tch hnh chieu e tnh dien tch mot a giac hay tnh goc cua 2 mat phang . V du 1 : Cho tam giac ABC eu canh bang 2a . Tren CB keo dai , lay iem E sao cho BE = 2a . Cac tia Bx , Cy cung vuong goc vi (ABC) ; lay iem B tren Bx sao cho : BB = a . EB cat Cy tai C . a) Tnh goc cua 2 mat phang (ABC) va (ABC) y b) Tnh dien tch cua tam giac ABC . Giai : a) Ta co : BA = BC = BE = 2a nen tam giac ACE vuong tai A . Ve BI vuong goc vi AE ( BI song song vi AC ) th: BI = a ( BI la ng trung bnh cua tam giac ACE ) va BI cung vuong goc vi AE ( nh ly 3 ng vuong goc ) . Vay goc BIB la goc cua 2 mat phang (ABC) va (ABC) va : B ' IB = 450 ( v tam giac BBI vuong can ) b) Tam giac ABC co hnh chieu xuong (ABC) la tam giac ABC nen :
C' x B' B I A
S AB 'C '
2 ( 2a ) 3 2 a 2 6 = S ABC cos 45 S AB 'C ' . = . = 2 4 2 2

2 0
V du 2 : Cho hnh lang tru tam giac eu ABC.ABC , canh ay bang a . Tren cac canh AA , BB , CC lan lt lay cac iem M , N , P sao cho dien tch tam giac MNP bang 2a2 . Tnh goc cua 2 mat phang (ABC) va (MNP) . Giai : Tam giac MNP co hnh chieu xuong mat phang (ABC) la tam giac ABC nen :
S ABC = S MNP cos cos =
S ABC a 2 3 3 = = = 77 0 29 ' 2 S MNP 4.2a 8
Vay goc gia 2 mat phang (ABC) va (MNP) bang 77029. V du 3* : Cho hnh lang tru eu ABC.ABC co : canh ay va canh ben eu bang a . (P) la mat phang qua trung iem I cua BC va vuong goc vi AB . a) Xac nh thiet dien cua (P) va hnh lang tru . b) Tnh dien tch cua thiet dien nay . Giai : a) Goi CH la ng cao cua tam giac eu ABC , ta co : CH vuong goc vi (ABBA) ( v CH vuong goc vi AB va BB) . Suy ra : CH vuong goc vi AB . Do o : CH song song vi (P) . Tng t , AB vuong goc vi AB ( v ABBA la hnh vuong ) nen AB song song vi (P) . Vay : (P) cat (ABC) theo IE song song vi CH ; (P) cat (ABBA) theo EF song song vi AB ; EI cat AC tai M va FM cat CC tai L nen:
B' A' F B E H A I
C'
L M C
25
Chng 3..Quan h vung gc trong khng gian (P) cat mat (ACCA) theo oan FL ; (P) cat mat (BCCB) theo oan IL . Thiet dien cua (P) va hnh lang tru la t giac EFLI .
26
b) F va L co hnh chieu xuong (ABC) lan lt la A va C nen t giac EFLI co hnh chieu xuong (ABC) la t giac EACI . Ta lai co : AAva AB lan lt vuong goc vi (ABC) va (P) nen : C Goc ( (P) , (ABC) ) = goc ( AB , AA ) = 450 ( v ABBA la hnh vuong ) . Suy ra:
S EACI = S EFLI cos 450 S EFLI = S EACI = S ABC S BIE = S EFLI
S EACI 2S = EACI 0 cos 45 2

B
I A E H
a 2 3 a 2 3 7a 2 3 = 4 32 32 7a 2 3 7a 2 6 = = 32 16 2
C .Bai tap ren luen . 3.20 . Cho hnh vuong ABCD . M la mot iem khong namtrong mat phang (ABCD) sao cho cac goc AMB va AMD vuong . Chng minh rang hai mat phang (MAC) va (ABCD) vuong goc . 3.21 . Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co : ABCD la hnh ch nhat ; SH , SK la ng cao cua cac tam giac SAB va SCD ( H thuoc AB ; K thuoc CD ) , Chng minh rang hai mat phang (SHK) va (ABCD) vu6ng goc . 3.22 . Cho hnh chop eu S.ABCD , canh ay bang a ; ng cao cua hnh chop bang x . a) O la tam cua ay , ve OH vuong goc vi SC ( H thuoc SC ) . Chng minh rang hai mat phang (SAC) va (HBD) vuong goc . b) nh x e hai mat phang (SBC) va (SCD) tao vi nhau mot goc bang 120o . 3.23 . Cho hnh chop S.ABC co : SA vuong goc vi (ABC) ; hai mat phang (SBC) va (SAB) vuong goc vi nhau . Chng minh hai tam giac ABC va SBC la tam giac vuong . 3.24 . Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.ABCD canh bang a . Tren cac oan AB va AC lan lt lay cac iem M va N sao cho : AM = CN = x 2 ( 0 < x < a ) . a) Tnh oan MN theo a va x . nh x e oan MN nho nhat . b) Khi oan MN nho nhat , chng minh rang MN vuong goc vi AB va AC. 3.25. Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.ABCD canh bang a . a) S dung nh ly ba ng vuong goc , chng minh rang AC vuong goc vi BA va BD . b) (P) la mat phang qua trung iem M cua BC va vuong goc vi AC . Xac nh thiet dien cua (P) vi hnh lap phng . Chng minh rang thiet dien nay qua tam O cua hnh lap phng va tnh dien tch cua thiet dien . 3.26 . Cho hnh lang tru eu ABC.ABC co canh ay bang a , canh ben bang 2a . M , N , P lan lt nam tren AA , BB , CC . Tnh dien tch cua tam giac MNP biet rang a) Mat phang (MNP) tao vi (ABC) mot goc bang 600. b) Mat phang (MNP) vuong goc vi AB . 3.27 . Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.ABCD canh bang a . Lay M , N , P lan lt tren cac canh AB , CC , AD sao cho : AM = CN = DP =
a) Chng minh rang tam giac MNP la tam giac eu . b) Tnh goc cua 2 mat phang (ABCD) va (MNP) .
3a . 4
26
Chng 3..Quan h vung gc trong khng gian D . Hng dan ap so .
27
3.20 . Goi I , J la trung iem cua AB , AD , ta co : MI = MJ : AI = AJ ; CI = CJ . Vay (MAC) la mat phang trung trc cua IJ . Do o (MAC) vuong goc vi (ABCD) . 3.21 . SH vuong goc vi CD ( v SH vuong goc vi AB va CD song song viAB). Do o CD vuong goc vi (SHK) ( v CD vuong goc viSH va SK) . Vay hai mat phang (AHK) va (SAC) vuong goc . 3.22 . a) BD vuong goc vi AC ; BD vuong goc vi SO nen BD vuong goc vi (SAC) . SC vuong goc vi BD ; OH vuong goc vi SC nen SC vuong goc vi (HBD) . Vay hai mat phang (SAC) va (HBD) vuong goc . b) HB vuong goc vi SC ( HB trong (SBC) ) HD vuong goc vi SC ( HD trong (SCD) ). Vay Goc cua HB , HD la goc cua 2 mat phang (SBC) va (SCD) Tam giac HBD can nen HO la phan giac goc BHD . Do o :
1 BHD = 120 BHO = 60 cot g BHO = 3

o o
A O B
OH a 2 1 = OH = OB 3 2 3
Tam giac vuong SOC cho :
1 1 1 1 4 2 x2 + a2 a2 x2 = + = 2+ 2 = OH 2 = 2 OH 2 OS 2 OC 2 x 2a a2 x2 2x + a2 a2 a2 x2 a2 a = 2 x2 = x= 2 6 2x + a 4 2
3.23. (ABC) vuong goc vi (SAB) ; (SBC) vuong goc vi (SAB) . Suy ra : BC vuong goc vi (SAB) . Vay hai tam giac ABC va SBC vuong tai B 3.24 . a) Ve MK song song vi AA ( K thuoc AB) Suy ra : MK vuong goc vi (ABCD) , ta co : AK = x ; AN = ( a x ) 2 ; KN2 = AK2 + AN2 2AK.AN cos45o.
2 2 = x 2 + ( a x ) 2 2 x. ( a x ) 2. 2
A M B' K O' N A'
= x + 2 ( a x ) + 2 x 2ax
2 2 2
C'
MN = MK + KN
= 5 x 2 6ax + 2a 2
2 2
= ( a x) + 5x 6ax + 2a
2 2
= 6x 8ax + 3a .
D'
(O la tam hnh vuong ABCD ) . Do o : KN song song vi BO nen KN vuong goc vi AC . Ma KN la hnh chieu cua MN xuong (ABCD) nen MNvuong goc vi AB .
2a 2 a a ) + ( dau = xay ra khi x = 3 3 3 a 2 A' N 2a A ' K 2 2a = ; A ' N = (a ) 2 = = b) x = ; ; 3 A' B ' 3 3 3 A'O ' A' K A' N Suy ra : = A ' B ' A 'O ' = 6( x
2a 3 a 2 a 2 2 : = 3 2 3
27
Chng 3..Quan h vung gc trong khng gian Ta cung co :
28
B M N A D T B' S A' R D' Q C' C
AN 2 = AA '2 + A ' N 2 = a 2 + ( MN 2 + AM 2 =
a 2 2 11a 2 ) = 3 9
2
a 2 2a 2 11a 2 + = 3 3 9 Suy ra : AN 2 = AM 2 + MN 2
Vay : MN vuong goc vi AB.
3.25 . a) AC la hnh chieu cua AC xuong (ABCD) AC vuong goc vi BD nen AC vuong goc vi BD . Tng t , AC vuong goc vi BA . Suy ra : AC vuong goc vi (ABD) .
b) (P) song song vi (ABD) . Tng t : (P) song song vi (CBD) . Suy ra : (P) cat (ABCD) theo MNsong song vi BD ; (P) cat CCDD) theo NQ song song vi CD ; (P) cat (AADD) theo QR song song vi DA; (P) cat (ABCD) theo RS song song vi BD ; (P) cat (ABBA) theo ST song song vi BA ; (P) cat (BCCB) theo TM song song vi CB. Thiet dien la luc giac MNQRST . T giac MCRA la hnh bnh hanh nen MR cat AC tai trung iem O cua AC ( la tam hnh lap phng ) . Tng t NS , QT qua O va 6 tam giac OMN , ONQ , OQR , ORS , OST . OTM la 6 tam giac eu canh bang
Vay thiet dien la hnh luc giac eu . qua tam O cua hnh lap phng va co dien tch bang :
a 2 . 2
2
a 2 3 3a 2 3 6 . 2 4 = 4 .
3.26 . a) Tam giac MNP co hnh chieu xuong mat phang (ABC) la tam giac ABC nen :
S ABC = S MNP cos 600 S MNP = AA ' = AB ' 2a a 2 + 4a 2
b) goc ( ABC , MNP ) = goc ( AA , AB)
S ABC a2 3 = cos 600 2 = 2 5 A ' AB ' = 26034 ' 5
cos A ' AB ' =
3.27 . a) MN 2 = NP 2 = MP 2 =
a2 9a 2 26a 2 + a2 + = 16 16 16
P A'
b) P co hnh chieu la P tren AD va AP= 0,25a . Tam giac MNP co hnh chieu xuong (ABCD) la tam giac MCP.
D'
C' N B'
SCMP ' = S ABCD
1 ( S AMP ' + S BCM + SCDP ' ) 2 1 a 3a a 3a 13a 2 = a 2 . + .a + .a = 2 4 4 4 4 32

2 2
D P' A M B
MN 3 26a 3 = 4 4.16 2 S 13a 64 3 = x = 540 45' cos x = CMP ' = . 2 S MNP 32 26a 3 3 S MNP =
28
29
5. Khoang cach .
A . Tom tat giao khoa . 1 . Khoang cach t mot iem en mot ng thang la oan vuong goc ve t iem o en ng thang . d (O , a ) = OH 2 . Khoang cach t mot iem en mot mat phang la oan vuong goc ve t iem o en mat phang . d (O , (P) ) = OH
O O H P
a H
3 . Khoang cach gia mot ng thang va mot mat phang song song la khoang cach t mot iem bat ky tren ng thang en mat phang . d ( a , (P) ) = d( O , (P) ) = OH ( a song song vi (P) , O thuoc a ) 4 . Khong cach gia hai mat phang song song la khoang cach t mot iem bat ky tren mat phang nay en mat phang kia . d ((P) , (Q) ) = d( O , (P) ) = OH ( (P) song song vi (Q) . O thuoc (Q)) .
a O Q
H P H P
5 . Khoang cach gia hai ng thang cheo nhau la oan vuong goc chung cua hai ng thang o .
b F F
a P b'
d ( a , b ) = EF = d ( b , (P) ) ( (P) cha a va song song vi b ) EF la oan vuong goc chung cua a va b . oan vuong goc chung cua 2 ng thang la duy nhat va la oan ngan nhat noi 2 iem lan lt nam tren 2 ng thang o . www.saosangcong.com.vn
29
30
B . Giai toan . V du 1 : Cho hnh chop S.ABC co : tam giac ABC vuong tai B va BC = a ; AC = 2a ; SA vuong goc vi (ABC) va SA = a . a) Tnh khoang cach t A en (SBC) . b) D la iem sao cho ACBD la hnh thang ( AC song song vi BD va BD = 3a ) . Tnh khoang cach t D en (SBC) va khoang cach t C en (SBD) . Giai : a) Ta co : BC vuong goc vi (SAB) ( v BC vuong goc vi AB va SA ) . Suy ra : BC vuong goc vi AH la ng cao cua tam giac SAB ( H thuoc SB). Do o: AH vuong goc vi (SBC) ( v AH vuong goc vi BC va SB ) . Vay AH la khoang cach t A en (SBC) . Tam giac vuong SAB cho :
S E H
A D M B
SB = SA2 + AB 2 = a 2 + (4a 2 a 2 ) = 2a AH .SB = AS . AB AH = AS . AB a 2 3 a 3 = = 2a 2 SB
b) AD cat BC tai E . Ve DK vuong goc vi (SBC) th DK song song vi AH va E , K , H thang hang ( la hnh chieu cua EDA xuong (SBC) ) . Ta co :
Xac nh va tnh khoang cach t C en (SBD) : Ve AM vuong goc BD ( M thuoc BD ) roi ve AL vuong goc SM ( L thuoc SM ) . Chng minh tng t , AL la khoang cach t A en (SBD) . Ma AC song song vi (SBD) ( v AC song song vi BD ) nen khoang cach t C en (SBD) bang AL . Tam giac vuong SAM cho :
DK ED BD 3a 3 3 3a 3 = = = = DK = AH = AH EA AC 2a 2 2 4 3a 3 Vay khoang cach t D en (SBC) la DK = 4
AM =
1 a 3 AB = ( do BAM = 60o ) 2 2 a.
a 3 AS . AM a 3 a 21 2 AL.SM = AS . AM AL = = = = 2 SM 7 7 3a 2 a + 4
V du 2 : Cho hnh lang tru ng ABC.ABC co tam giac ABC vuong tai A ; AB = a ; AC = 2a ; canh ben AA = 2a . a) Tnh khoang cach gia BC va AA. b) * Goi EF la oan vuong goc chung cua AAva BC, ch ro cach ve E , F . Giai :
30
31
a) Ta co : AA song song vi (BBCC) ( v AA song song vi BB ) Suy ra : d ( AA, BC) = d ( AA, (BBCC) ) = d ( A, (BBCC ) . Ve AH vuong goc vi BC ( H thuoc BC) th AHvuong goc vi ( BBCC) ( v AH vuong goc vi BBva BC ) . Vay AH la khoang cach t A en (BBCC) . Tam giac vuong ABC cho :
B ' C ' = A ' B '2 + A ' C '2 = a 2 + ( 2a ) = a 5.

2
A'
H' B' E F
C'
A b) Ta co : EF vuong goc vi BB ( v EF vuong goc vi AA va AA song song vi BB ) . Suy ra EF vuong goc vi (BBCC) ( v EF vuong goc BB va BC) B Ta cung co : EF song song vi (ABC) ( v EF va (ABC) cung vuong goc vi AA) Goi F la hnh chieu cua F xuong (ABC) th hnh cheu AF cua EF se song song vi EF . Suy ra : AFvuong goc vi (BBCC) nen trung vi AH hay F trung vi H . * Suy ra cach xac nh E va F : Ve ng cao AH cua tam giac ABC . Ve ng thang d qua H vuong goc vi (ABC) (d song song vi BB ) ; d cat BC tai F ; ve FE song vi AH ta c v tr cua E
V du 3 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co : ay la hnh vuong canh bang a ; SA vuong goc vi ay va SA = a ; MN lan lt la trung iem cua AB va SC . Chng minh rang MN la oan vuong goc chung cua AB va SC . Tnh khoang cach gia AB va SC . Giai : Goi O la tam hnh vuong , ta co : NO song song vi SA ( NO la ng trung bnh cua tam giac SAC ) . Suy ra : NO vuong goc vi (ABCD) . Do o : MO la hnh chieu cua MN xuong (ABCD) . Ma MO vuong goc vi AB ( MO song song vi BC ) nen MN vuong goc vi AB ( nh ly 3 ng vuong goc ) . S Tam giac vuong MON cho : MN2 = MO2 + ON2 = ( ) 2 + Tam giac vuong SAM cho :
2 a 5a SM 2 = SA2 + AM 2 = a 2 + = 4 2 2
A ' B '. A ' C ' 2a 2 2a 5 A ' H '.B ' C ' = A ' B '. A ' C ' A ' H ' = = = 5 B 'C ' a 5 2a 5 Vay : d( AA, BC ) = 5
a 2
2a 2 a = 4 2
N A D O C
SA + AC SC SN 2 = = = 4 2
2 2 2
a2 + a 2 4
3a . 4
2
Suy ra : SM2 = SN2 + MN2 . Vay tam giac SMN vuong tai N . Do o : MN la oan vuong goc chung cua AB va SC . Khoang cach gia AB va SC chnh la oan MN va MN =
2a 2 a 2 = 4 2
31
32
4a 3 . (P) la mat phang 3
V du 4* : Cho hnh chop eu S.ABCD co : canh ay bang 2a ; canh ben bang cha AB va khoang cach gia CD va (P) bang a . a) Tnh goc gia 2 mat phang (P) va (ABCD) . b) Xac nh thiet dien cua (P) va hnh chop . Tnh dien tch cua thiet dien nay .
Giai : a) Xac nh khoang cach gia CD va (P) : Goi I , J lan lt la trung iem cua AB va CD , ta co : AB vuong goc vi SI va AB vuong goc vi IJ . Suy ra : AB vuong goc vi (SIJ) . Ve JH vuong goc vi giao tuyen Ix cua (P) va (SIJ) ( H thuoc Ix) th JH vuong goc vi (P) ( v (P) vuong goc vi (SIJ) ) . S Vay JH = a la khoang cach t J en (P) cung la khoang cach gia CD va (P) . Ta cung co : IJ vuong goc vi AB ; HI cung vuong goc vi AB M (HI trong(P) ; IJ trong (ABCD) ) . Do o : JIH = 30o la goc cua 2 mat phang (P) va (ABCD) ( tam giac IJH co JH = a ; LJ = AD = 2a nen la na tam giac eu ) b) CD song song vi (P) ( v CD song song viAB ) nen (P) cat (SCD) theo giao tuyen MN song song vi CD . Tam giac vuong SIA cho :
N C J D
H I A
SI = SA IA = ( a 5) a = 4a SI = 2a
2 2 2 2 2 2
Ma SI = SJ ; IJ = 2a nen SIJ la tam giac eu . Suy ra : goc SIJ bang 60o nen IH la phan giac cua goc SIJ nen IH cung la trung tuyen , ng cao cua tam giac SIJ . Do o : IH qua trung iem K cua SJ va MN qua trung iem nay nen la ng trung bnh cua tam giac SCD . Vay MN = a . e y rang ng cao IK cua tam giac SIJ cung la ng cao cua hnh thang ABMN nen
2a 3 = a 3 . Vay dien tch cua thiet dien la : 2 AB + MN a + 2a 3a 2 3 S ABMN = .IK = .a 3 = 2 2 2

IK = C . Bai tap ren luyen . 3.28 . Cho t dien eu ABCD canh bang a . Chng minh rang AB vuong goc vi CD va tnh khoang cach gia AB va CD . 3.29 . Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co : ay la hnh vuong canh bang 2a ; SA vuong goc vi ay va SA = 3a . a) Tnh khoang cach t C en (SBD) . b) G la trong tam tam giac SAB va (P) la mat phang qua G va song song vi (SBD) . Tnh khoang gia 2 mat phang (P) va (SBD) . 3.30 . Cho hnh chop eu S.ABCD co : canh ay va canh ben eu bang a . a) Tnh khoang cach gia AB va SC . b)* Goi EF la oan vuong goc chung cua AB va SC , xac nh ro v tr cua E , F .
32
33
3.31 . Cho t dien ABCD co AB vuong goc vi AD va BC ( AB = a ; BC = b ; AD = c ) . Goc cua AD va BC bang 60o . a) Tnh cac canh cha biet cua t dien va tnh khoang cach gia AB va CD . b)* Goi EF la oan vuong goc chung cua AB va CD . Xac nh cac iem E , F . D . Hng dan ap so . 3.28 . Goi E , F lan lt la trung iem cua AB va CD , ta co : AB vuong goc vi (DEC) ( v AB vuong goc voi ED, EC ) . Suy ra : AB vuong goc vi CD . Ta lai co: ED = EC nen EF vuong goc vi CD . Vay EF la doan vuong goc chung cua AB va CD . EF2 = DE2 DF2 = ( AB2 AE2 ) DF2 = (a 2
D F A E B S C
a a 2a a 2 ) = EF = 4 4 4 2
2 2 2
3.29 . a) BD vuong goc vi (SAC) . Ve AH , CK vuong goc vi SO ( H , K thuoc SO ) th AH = CK la khoang cach t A , C en (SBD) . Tam giac vuong SAO cho :
E E' M G A H O K C D
1 1 1 1 1 3a 22 = + = 2 + 2 AH = 2 2 2 AH AS AO 9a 2a 11
b) (P) cat (SAB) theo GE song song vi SB ( E thuoc SA ) . Ve EE vuong goc vi SO ( E thuoc SO ) th EE la khoang cach t E en (SBD) cung la khoang cach gia 2 mat phang (P) va (SBD) .
EE ' SE MG 1 1 a 22 = = = EE ' = AH = AH SA MA 3 3 11
3.30 . a) Goi I , J lan lt la trung iem cua AB va CD , ta co : AB vuong goc vi (SIJ) . Ve IK vuong goc vi SJ th IK vuong goc vi (SCD) ( K thuoc SJ ) . IK = d ( I , (SCD) ) = d ( AB , SC ) . Ta cung co :
F K C J D A
D A
B E I
SI = SJ =
a 3 ; SO = SA2 OA2 = 2 SO.IJ a.a = IK .SJ = SO.IJ IK = SJ a
a 2 2 2 a 6 = 3 3
b) EF vuong goc vi (SCD) EF song song vi (SIJ) nen hnh chieu cua EF xuong (SIJ) se song song vi EF . Ma hnh chieu cua E xuong (SIJ) la I nen hnh chieu cua F xuong (SIJ) se la K . Suy ra cach xac nh E , F : Qua K ve d song song vi CD ( d vuong goc vi (SIJ) ) ; d cat SC tai F . Ve FE song song vi IK ( E thuoc AB ) th EF la ng vuong goc chung cua AB va SC . 3.31 . Ve BD song song va bang AD th : goc CBD bang 600 ; DD vuong www.saosangcong.com.vn
E B
F H C
D'
33
Chng 3..Quan h vung gc trong khng gian goc vi (BCD)
34
a ) AC = AB 2 + BC 2 = a 2 + b 2 BD = AB 2 + AD 2 = a 2 + c 2 CD '2 = BC 2 + BD '2 2 BC.BD 'cos 60o = b 2 + c 2 bc

CD2 = CD2 + DD2 = a2 + b2 + c2 bc . d ( AB , CD ) = d ( AB , (CDD) ) = d ( B , (CDD) ) = BH vi BH vuong goc vi CD va H thuoc CD . BH . CD = BC . BD sin60o ( = 2SBCD ) => BH =
bc 3 2 b + c 2 bc
2
b) Ly luan tng t bai 3 , ta xac nh c E , F : ve HF song song AB ( F thuoc CD ) ; ve FE song song BH ( E thuoc AB ) . EF la oan vuong goc chung cua AB va CD .
TRAC NGHIEM CUOI CHNG 3

A. Cau hoi . 1 . Cho hnh lang tru ABC.ABC ; O la tam cua mat ben BCCB . Neu ta co : AO = x AB + y AC + z AA ' th x bang : a) 0,5 b) 1 c) 1 d) mot ap so khac .
2 . Cho t dien ABCD , G la trong tam cua tam giac BCD va I la trung iem cua BG . Neu ta co : AI = x AB + y AC + z AD th ( x + y + z ) bang : a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) mot ap so khac .
3 . Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.ABCD , canh bang a . G la trong tam tam giac ABC . The th ( 3AG2 ) bang : a) a2 b) 2a2 c) 4a2 d) mot ap so khac . 4 . Cho t dien ABCD va iem M nh bi : AM = x AB + 2 AC + 3 AD . iem M thuoc mat phang (BCD) khi va ch khi x bang : a) 1 b) 4 c) 4 d) mot ap so khac . 5 . Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.ABCDcanh bang a ; I la trung iem BC va M la iem nh bi : A' M = x A ' B ' + y A ' D . Neu 2 ng thang AI va AM vuong goc th x , y thoa he thc nao di ay ? a) 2x + y = 0 b) x + 2y = 0 c) 2x y = 0 d) x 2y = 0
6 . Cho t dien ABCD co : AB = AC = BD = a ; tam giac BCD vuong tai B . Neu goc cua AC va BD bang 60o th goc cua AB va BD bang bao nhieu o ? a) 30o b) 60o c) 90o d) mot ap so khac . 7 . Cho hnh chop S.ABC co : SA vuong goc vi (ABC) ; AB = x ; AC = x + 1 ; BC = x+2 ( cung mot n v chieu dai ) . AB vuong goc vi (SAC) khi va ch khi x bang : a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) mot ap so khac .
34
Chng 3..Quan h vung gc trong khng gian 8 . Cho t dien ABCD co : AB. AC = AB. AD 0 . Cau nao di ay ung ? a) AC va BD vuong goc b) AD va BC vuong goc c) AB va CD vuong goc d) khong co cap canh t dien nao vuong goc
35
9 . Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.ABCD. Trong cac ng thang di ay , ng thang nao vuong goc vi mat phang (ABD) ? a) AD b) AD c) AB d) AC 10 . Cho hnh chop S.ABC co : Hai mat phang (SAB) va (ABC) vuong goc . Chan ng cao cua hnh chop nam au ? a) tren ng thang BC b) tren ng thang AC c) tren ng thang AB d) mien trong tam giac ABC 11 . Cho t dien ABCD co : hai mat phang (ABC) va (ABD) cung vuong goc vi (BCD) . He thc nao di ay luon luon ung ? b) AC2 + BD2 = AB2 + CD2 a) AC2 + BD2 = AD2 + BC2 2 2 2 2 c) AD + BC = AB + CD d) BC2 + BD2 = CD2 . 12 . Mot hnh chop t giac eu co : canh ay bang a ; canh ben bang b ; ng cao cua hnh chop bang h . He thc nao gia a , b , h di ay ung ? a) b2 = 2h2 + a2 b) 2b2 = 2h2 + a2 c) b2 = h2 + 2a2 d) b2 = h2 + a2 13 .Cho hnh chop S.ABC co : ABC la tam giac vuong tai A ; SA = SB = SC = 3a ; ng cao hnh chop bang a . Canh ln nhat cua tam giac ABC gan bang gia tr nao di ay nhat ? a) 2,8a b) 5,2a c) 5,4a d) 5,6a 14 . Cho hnh hop ch nhat ABCD.ABCD co : ABCD la hnh vuong ; ng cheo AC= 20cm ; AC tao vi ay (ABCD) mot goc bang 30o . Dien tch hnh vuong ABCD bang : b) 100cm2 c) 125cm2 d) mot ap so khac . a) 75cm2 15 . Cho hnh chop tam giac eu S.ABC co mat ben tao vi ay mot goc bang 300. Neu dien tch cua mot mat ben hnh chop bang 30cm2 th dien tch ay gan bang gia tr nao di ay nhat ? b) 72cm2 c) 75cm2 d) 78cm2 a) 26cm2 16 . Cho hnh lang tru ABC.ABC co : ABC la tam giac eu canh bang a ; tam giac AAB cung la tam giac eu ; 2 mat phang (ABC) va (AABB) vu6ng goc . Khoang cach gia 2 mat phang (ABC) va (ABC) gan bang gia tr nao di ay nhat ? a) 0,5a b) 0,75a c) 0,85a d) 0,90a 17 . Hnh chop S.ABCD co : ABCD la hnh vuong canh bang 2a ; SA vuong goc vi (ABCD) va SA = x ; M , N lan lt la trung iem cua AB va SC . Neu MN la oan vuong goc chung cua AB va SC th x bang : a) 0,5a b) a c) 1,5a d) mot ap so khac 18 . Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.ABCD . Trong 4 mat phang di ay , mat phang nao vuong goc vi mat phang (ABD) ? a) (ABCD) b) (CBD) c) (ACB) d) (ACCA) 19 . Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.ABCD va M la trung iem cua AA . Goc gia 2 mat phang (ABCD) va (MBD) gan bang goc nao di ay nhat ? www.saosangcong.com.vn
35
Chng 3..Quan h vung gc trong khng gian a) 35o b) 42o c) 50o d) 60o
36
20 . Cho hnh chop cut ABC.ABC. M, N , P lan lt la trung iem cua AA , BB , CC. Neu dien tch cua cac tam giac ABC , ABC lan lt bang 36cm2 , 16cm2 th dien tch cua tam giac MNP bang : b) 26cm2 c) 27cm2 d) mot ap so khac a) 25cm2 21 . Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.ABCD , canh bang a . Khoang cach gia 2 ng thang AD va AB gan bang ga tr nao di ay nhat ? a) 0,68a b) 0,70a c) 0,72a d) 0,73a 22 . Cho hnh chop t giac eu S.ABCD , canh ay bang a , dien tch mot mat ben bang 0,75a2 . Goc cua mat ben tao vi ay gan bang goc nao di ay nhat ? a) 700 30 b) 710 c) 71030 d) 720 23 . Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.ABCD, canh bang a , M, N , P lan lt la trung iem cua BC , CC , AD. Biet rang dien tch tam giac MNP bang bang goc nao di ay nhat ? a) 500 b) 520
a2 3 th goc gia 2 mat phang (MNP) va (ABCD) gan 4

d) 560
c) 540
24 . Cho hnh lang tru eu ABC.ABC co canh ay va canh ben eu bang a . M , N lan lt la trung iem cua AC va CC . Hnh chieu cua tam giac BMN xuong mat phang (BCCB) co dien tch bang bao nhieu ? a)
a2 8
b)
3a 2 16
c)
3a 2 8
d) mot ap so khac
25 . Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.ABCD , canh bang a . M , N , P lan lt la trung iem cua AB , AD , DD . Biet rang goc gia 2 mat phang (MNP) va (ABCD) co cosin bang bang bao nhieu ?
3 , dien tch cua tam giac MNP 3
a)
a2 4
b)
a2 3 4
c)
a2 3 6
d) mot ap so khac .
B . ap an . 1a 11a 21b 2b 12b 22a 3b 13d 23c 4c 14d 24b 5a 6b 15d 16c 25d 7b 17b 8c 18d 9d 19a 10c 20a
C . Hng dan . 1(a) . AO =
1 1 1 AB + AC ' = AB + AC + AA ' x = 2 2 2 1 1 4 1 1 2(b) . AG = AB + AC + AD ; AI = AB + AG = AB + AC + AD . 3 2 3 3 3
( (
( )
Vay :( x + y + z ) = 2
36
37
1 1 AA ' + AB + AC = AA ' + AB + AB + AD 3 3 2 1 AG 2 = AG = ( AA '2 + 4 AB 2 + AD 2 ) (do AA '. AB = AA '. AD = AB. AD = 0) 9 1 2 2 = ( a + 4a 2 + a 2 ) = a 2 3 AG 2 = 2a 2 9 3 4( c) . iem M thuoc (BCD) khi 3 vect BM , BC , BD ong phang hay : 3(b). AG =
) (
BM = mBC + nBD . Theo he thc xac nh M , ta co : BM BA = x AB + 2 BC BA + 3 BD BA
) (
BM = 2 BC + 3BD + ( x 4) BA
Vay M thuoc (BCD) khi x 4 = 0 hay x = -- 4 .
5(a). AI =
1 1 1 AB + AC = AB + AB + AD = AB + AD 2 2 2 A ' M = x A ' B ' + y A ' D = x AB + y ( A ' A + A ' D ')
) (
AI . A ' M = xa 2 +
2 1 2 ya ( do AB. AD = AB. A ' A = AD. A ' D ' = 0; AB = AD. A ' D ' = AB 2 = a 2 ) 2 AI A ' M AI . A ' M = 0 2 x + y = 0
6(b) Goi x la goc cua 2 vect AC , BD Ta lai co :
AC.BD = ( AB + BC ).BD = AB.BD ( do BC.BD = 0) cos x = AC.BD AB.BD a.a cos( AB, BD) 1 1 = = = cos( AB, BD) = (hay ) AC.BD AC.BD a.a 2 2
Vay goc cua 2 ng thang AB va BD bang 60o .( v x = 600 hay x = 1200 ) 7(b) . AB vuong goc vi SA nen AB vuong goc vi (SAC) khi va ch khi AB vuong goc vi AC hay AC2 + AB2 = BC2 hay x2 + ( x + 1 )2 = ( x + 2 ) 2 . Suy ra : x2 2x 3 = 0 . Vay x = 3 ( v x = AB > 0) 8( c) . AB. AC = AB. AD AB.( AD AC ) = 0 AB.CD = 0 Vay : AB vuong goc vi CD . 9(d ) .AD la hnh chieu cua AC xuong (ADDA) , AD vuong goc vi AD nen AC vuong goc vi AD . Tng t AC vuong goc vi AB . Vay AC vuong goc vi (ABD). 10(c ) . Ve SH vuong goc vi AB ( H thuoc AB) th SH vuong goc vi (ABC) ( v (SAB) vuong goc vi (ABC) ) . Vay SH la ng cao cua hnh chop . Do o chan ng cao cua hnh chop thuoc ng thang AB . 11(a) . AB vuong goc vi (BCD) ( giao tuyen cua 2 mat phang cung vuong goc vi (BCD) Do o : AC2 BC2 = AB2 = AD2 BD2 hay : AC2 + BD2 = AD2 + BC2 12(b) . Goi O la tam hnh vuong ay ABCD va S la nh hnh chop ,
37
38
a 2 2 ) 2b 2 = 2h 2 + a 2 2
Tam giac vuong SOA cho : SO2 = SA2 OA2 h 2 = b 2 (
13(d) . Ve ng cao SH cua hnh chop : SH vuong goc vi (ABC) . Ta co : HA = HB = HC ( cac tam giac vuong SHA , SHB , SHC bang nhau ) nen H la tam ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac ABC , ngha la H la trung iem cua BC . Ma BC la canh ln nhat va
BC = 2 HB = 2 SB 2 SH 2 = 2 9a 2 a 2 = 4a 2
5, 65a
A'
D'
14(d) . AC la hnh chieu cua AC xuong mat phang ay (ABCD) nen goc CAC la goc tao bi AC va ay (ABCD) :
B' A
C'
C ' AC = 30o 3 AC = AC 'cos 30 = 20. = 10 3 2 2 AB = AC. =5 6 2 S ABCD = AB 2 = 150cm 2

o
15(d) . Goi I la trung iem cua BC , ta co : SI vuong goc vi BC ; AI vuong goc vi BC ( O thuoc AI ) . Goc SIO la goc cua mat ben tao vi ay .
SIO = 30o SOBC = S SBC cos 300 = S ABC = 3SOBC 30 3 = 15 3 2 = 45 3cm 2 77,9cm 2
A O B
C' A'
C I
16(c ). VeAI vuong goc viAB ( I thuoc AB ) th AI vuong goc vi (ABC) . Suy ra AI la khoang cach t A en (ABC) , cung la khoang cach gia 2 mat phang (ABC) va (ABC) . AI la ng cao cua tam giac eu AAB nen :
B'
A' I =
17(b) . ( xem hnh v du 3 , phan khoang cach ) MN2 = MO2 + ON2 = a2 + x2 . SM2 = SA2 + AM2 = 4x2 + a2
2 4 x 2 + 2a 2 SC SN = = x 2 + 2a 2 = 4 2 2 2 2 SM = SN + MN 4 x 2 + a 2 = a 2 + x 2 + x 2 + 2a 2 x = a 2
a 3 2
0,866a gan nhat vi 0,85a .
C I A
18(d) Ta co: AC vuong goc (ABD) nen 2 mat phang (ACCA) va (ABD) vuong goc. 19(a). Ta co : MO va AO cung vuong goc vi BD ( MO trong (MBD) AO trong (ABCD) ) nen goc MOA la goc gia 2 mat phang (MBD) va (ABCD) .
tan MOA =
MA a = AO a 2
=>MOA = 35o15'
(gan bang goc 35o nhat )
38
39
20(a) . Goi a , b , x lan lt la dien tch cua cac tam giac ABC , ABC , MNP va S la nh hnh chop cha hnh chop cut ABC.ABC , ta co:
2 2 2 x SM SA + SA ' 1 SA 1 a = = = 1 + = 1 + b SA ' 2 SA ' 4 SA ' 4 b x 1 a + b 1 1 = a+ b = 36 + 16 = 5 x = 25cm 2 x = b 2 2 2 b 2
) (
( do t so dien tch cua 2 tam giac ong dang bang bnh phng t so ong dang ) . 21(b) .Ta co : AOva vuong goc vi AD va AB nen la oan vuong goc chung cua AD va AB.
A'
D'
C'
B' O' D C
A 'O ' =
Ta con co the nhan nh rang : d (AD, AB) = d( AB, (ABCD) ) = AO
a 2 2
0, 707 a
A
22(a) . Hnh chieu cua mot mat ben xuong mat ay la mot tam giac bang mot phan t hnh vuong . Goi x la goc hp bi mat ben va ay , ta co :
1 SD 0, 25a 2 1 4 cos x = = = x S MB 0, 75a 2 3
70031' ( theo nh ly ve dien tch chieu ) .

D' P B' A'
540 45'
23(c ) . Tam giac MNP co hnh chieu xuong mat phang (ABCD) la tam giac MCP.
C'
1 1 a a2 S MCP ' = MP '.MC = a. = 2 2 2 4 2 2 S a a 3 1 cos x = MCP ' = : = x S MNP 4 4 3
( x la goc tao bi (MNP) va (ABCD) ) 24 (b ) . Ve AH vuong goc vi BC ( H thuoc BC ) th AH vuong goc vi (BCCB) ( v AH vuong goc vi BC va BB) . Ve MK vuong A goc vi BC ( K thuoc BC ) th MK vuong goc vi (BCCB) : K la hnh chieu cua M xuong ( BCCB) .Vay hnh chieu cua tam giac BMN B A xuong mat phang (BCCB) la tam
D P' B M
A M B
N C
giac BNK . 1 1 a 3a 3a 2 S BNK = NC.BK = . . = 2 2 2 4 16 25(d) .Tam giac MNP co hnh chieu xuong mat phang (ABCD) la tam giac DMN .
M C
P A' N D' C'
A'
B' B' C'
39
40
1 1 a a a2 S DMN = .MA.DN = . . = 2 2 2 2 8 S MNP . 3 a2 3 = S DMN S MNP = S DMN . 3 = 3 8
40

Hinh11c2 3

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Hinh11c2 3

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Tran Thanh Minh Phan Lu Bien - Tran Quang Ngha

QUAN HE SONG SONG

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

MUC LUC 1. AI CNG VE NG THANG VA MAT PHANG

2. HAI NG THANG SONG SONG

3. NG THANG SONG SONG VI MAT PHANG

4 . HAI MAT PHANG SONG SONG

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

5. PHEP CHIEU SONG SONG

CAU HOI TRAC NGHIEM CUOI CHNG 2

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

Hnh chop tam giac

Hnh chop t giac

Hnh chop ngu giac

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

Hoac : OE cat CD tai K th NK = mp(OMN) mp(ACD)

b) Ta co mp(OMN) mp(ACD) = ME Trong mp(ACD) , AD va ME cat nhau tai F Vay AD mp(OMN) = { F }

a) Tm giao iem I cua AM vi mp(SBD) va tnh

I la trong tam tam giac SBD nen

b) Ta thay BI = mp(SBD) mp(ABM) .Do o BI cat MN tai F Vay MN mp(SBD) = { E}

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

Dang 5 : Chng minh ba ng thang ong qui

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

2. Hai ng thang song song

tam giac ACD nen ta co : MP//NQ//AC va MP = NQ =

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

ME MF 1 = = (tnh chat trong tam) MB MA 3

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

3. ng thang song song vi mat phang

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

a) EF // AB ( ng trung bnh cua tam giac ABM ) Vay EF //mp(ABC) va EF // mp(ABD)

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

HM FN 1 = = .Do o MN // DE ma DE nam tren mp(CEF) HD FE 3

4 . Hai mat phang song song

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

song,tc la chung cung song song vi mot mat phang.

C B Lang tru tam giac

Lang tru t giac

D' A' B' C'

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

G' M' B'

AM ' AM 1 : = = AD AC 3 AN ' BN 1 NN // AB nen ta co : = = AF BF 3 AM ' AN ' Do o : MN // DF = AD AF

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

5. Phep chieu song song

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

B A' B' D C'

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

Cau hoi trac nghiem cuoi chng 2

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

A' K bang : A 'C '

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song