www.kutub.

info

,

,
. .

:1.1 ) ( Optical Fibers .

:2.1 .
:3.1 ) ( Optical Fibers .

 :1.1 ) ( Optical Fibers .

.
1791
200
15 . 1854

1880


.
1960
1966
1970
20 1000
. .,20
1550 .
:2.1 .
25


.

) (Photo phone .

1958 .
1970
20 B/km

Corning Inc
.

850 nm
) ( First Window 3 dB/Km
. ( Second
) Window 1300
nm .0.5 dB/Km 1977
) ( NTT

Third Window

1550 nm
0.2 Db/Km
.
.

) (Airborne Light Optical Fiber Technology 1976

AT&T GTE
1977 .
) ( Bell 1980
611 .


1300 nm 1550 nm


) (WDM
)(Sol tons Transmission

) (Bell Labs

1990 2.5 Gbit/s 7500 Km

) (EDFA
) . (Regenerators 1998
100 )400 Km
(10 Gbit/s WDM

) ( Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

). (DWDM
:3.1 ) ( Optical Fibers .
) (Optical Fibers

.

)(Wavelength Division Mull) ( WDM ) telexing

) (Er.

1550

( Erbium
) Doped) (Fiber Amplifiers) ( EDFAs


. ) (EDFAs

) (Sol tons . .


.


.


, , .

:1.2
:2.2 Types of Optical Fibers
:3.2 Advantages of Optical Fibers
:4.2 .
:5.2 .
:6.2 .
:7.2

 :1.2 .
:
:1.1.2 ) (Core .
:2.1.2 ) :(Cladding
.
:3.1.2 ) :(Buffer Coating
.
1.2 .

:2.2 . Types of Optical Fibers

:
)( Multimode Step Index Fibers

.

9

.
:1.2.2 .
Multimode Graded Index Fibres.



. .




.
:2.2.2 .Single Mode Fibres


.
.

) (evanescent

10

 2.2
.

:3.2 . Advantages of Optical Fibers

,

, ,
, ,
, ,

11

 :1.3.2
.
.
10 ) ( SEA-ME-WE3,FLAG

2,64
120 .
10
100
.

) .( Information Carrying Capacity
:2.3.2 .



125 6
8 . 900
1 : 10
230

46

7
18 2,5 .

12

 :3.3.2
) (CROSSTALK
.
:4.3.2 )(dielectrics



.
:5.3.2

3.2
.
:6.3.2




.

13

:7.3.2

25

.
:8.3.2

.
:9.3.2 ) ( Repeaters 100


4 6.
:4.2 .

)(Core
)(Cladding
.

14

 3.2 .

15

 :5.2 .
:
:1.5.2 ) ( Optical Fibers
.
:2.5.2 ). (Optical Regenerator

16


.




.


) (
.
:3.5.2 .Transmitter

.
:4.5.2 .Receiver
)( Photocell
)(Photodiode

....
:6.2 .


17

 :7.2 ) (Optical Fibers System

.
.

.

) (Snells Law
90


). (Total Internal Reflection
18


, , .

:1.3 )(System Components

:2.3 ) .( Optical Fiber Applications
:3.3
:4.3 .
:5.3 .
:6.3 ) . ( Fiber Modes

19

 :1.3 System Components

, .



). (Laser Diodes


.


i

ii

iii

.

.
) (PIN . APD
: 1.1.3 .Attenuation

20

 : 2.1.3 .Dispersion

:
i

) (Intermeddle dispersion

.

ii

.
9 . material dispersion
9 ) ( waveguide dispersion

21

 : 3.1.3 Numerical Aperture

) (Sine .
:2.3 . Optical Fiber Applications




.
:1.2.3 . Telephone Communications





22 1977
3.6
) (Light Emitting Diodes
) (avalanche photodiodes
24

22

 :2.2.3 .TV communications

) (Cable television
116


.

23

 :3.3
1.3 .

. :
i

ii

iii

) (modified chemical vapour deposition

24

 9

9


.
2.3

-1,900
2,200
.

. .m/s20

25

.
:

.
:4.3 .
.Light and geometric optics optical fibres
.
) (Carrier
Electromagnetic radiation
:

)(Waves Theory

)(Geometric Optics

)(Quantum Theory


....... (.

26

 :1.4.3 . Ray Theory Transmission

.
) .( n

n = Co / Cn
Cn Co

) CO = ( 3108 m/s 1.3

.
:1.3 .

1
1.33
1.5
3.5
4
1.36
1.59

:2.4.3 . Snell's Law

.
) (3.3 .

27

 3.3

(1) n1=sin1= n2.sin2
n1 n2
:
sin 1 n2
=
sin 2 n1

(2) ..................

n1> n2 .(1<2) .
:5.3 .

.
:1.5.3 ) : ( Critical Angle
:
90
28

 4.3 .

c
n1 .sin1 = n2.sin 2
n1 .sin 1= n2.sin 90
n1.sinc= n2
Sinc = n2 / n1
)(3) . c= sin-1(n2 / n1
1

n2
n1

1 n2 : .n1
:2.5.3 .Total Internal Reflection

. ) 2
< ( 1 ) (
. :
29

30

 5.3

) (3.5.3

.

31

 6.3 .

:3.5.3 ) .( Acceptance Angle

) (a

. 7.3
7.3 .

32

 A (
) a c
) (
B
) ( a c


.




.

.a
:4.5.3 . Numerical Aperture

) (a

n1 n2 ) ( NA
:
= (4) NA = n0.sina
n0 )
( n0=1 :
(5) ................ a =sin-1 NA
33

 ) (NA n1 n2
(6). NA n12
:
(7).. = (n1 n2) / 2 n12
:
) (a 90
) (NA

)( < 1

.
:6.3 ) . ( Fiber Modes

) (Beams ) (Rays .

(Propagation

) Modes .
) (Modes Index .





:

34

 9 ) (Transverse Electric Modes

.TE modes
9 )(Transverse Magnetic Modes
. TE mode
9 ) ( Hybrid
. HE
9 ) ( Hybrid
. EH
HE11, EH12 , TE01 , :
.... TM02

) ( Normalized Frequency (V-
number)V :
(8) ........................ V= 2 aNA

(9) 2 an2

a .
V ) ( 7.3
.

35

 8.3 V
.

36

:1.4 . Optical Fiber Types

:2.4 .
:3.4
:4.4 Operating Wavelengths
:5.4
:6.4 . Fiber Optic Installation

37

 :1.4 . Optical Fiber Types

:
:1.1.4 ) ( Step-Index Fibers
.

) (n1
) (n2
) n( r
) ( r d a

]. [m
1.4

38

 n2
n1 "
" . ) (Ms
:
V2
2

= (10).. Ms

(11) ........................ v = c
n

n )
) n = n1
) (11

) (2.4
) ( .
2.4 .

39

 :2.1.4 ) ( Graded-Index Fibers

.
:
9 Multimode Fibers
) (


) ( n = n1
:
) ( n = n2
Triangular Parabolic
) . ( n2

) n( r .
) n( r :
r<a

n1 (1 2) (r/a)

).(12
ra

= )n(r

n1 (1 2) = n2

40

 a )
( ... :
a=1
a=2
= a ) (
a
a = 1.98
Near Parabolic Profile
Mg :
)Mg = ( / +2) (V2 / 2

(13)...

. a

41

 3.4 .

) ( 4.1.4
) (
) ( 11
n
) ( n
) ( .

.
42





) ( 4.4

) 100
( .


.
:3.1.4 ) ( single Mode Fibers
.HE11
) ( Single Mode
HE11 ) (

43

 ) (Fundamental Mode .
:
X . Y

) ( V
) . ( 2.405 ) ( V = 2.405
) ( Cutoff V- Number
Vc .



.
:
0 V 2.405

(14) .......................

:
) . ( a
) (
Vc :
(15) .. Vc = 2.405 1 + 2/
) ( a
) ( 10 -1
(16) ........................ V = 2/an12
) ( V = Vc = 2.405
:
a = 2.405 / 2n12

)(17

44

 Vc

a= (2.4051+2/ ) / 2 n1 2

)(18

.
5.4 .

Cutoff Wavelength
,

) (Cutoff Wavelength c
:
(19).. c = 2 a n1/Vc 2
:
:
(20).. c = V / 2.405
.
(21) c = V / 2.405 1+2/

. c
45

 :2.4 .
9 ) ( Plastic Optical Fibers
.
9 ) ( Glass Optical Fibers
.

.
:1.2.4 ) . ( Plastic Optical Fiber
) ( POF

. 650nm
:
9 .
9 ) ( 1000 m .
9 ) ( NA ) .( 0.5
9 .
:
9 ) ( Attenuation ) . ( 200 Db/Km
9 ) ( Bandwidth ) .( 5 MHz
9 )
(
.

46

 :3.4 .
.Light Sources and Optical Photometers

.
:1.3.4 ) .( Light Sources


.


.
:2.3.4

) . ( Source Requirements

:
9 ) (
.
9 )
( mw .
9 ) (
.
9 ) ( Source Emitting Area
( Fiber Core
) Area .

47

 9
.
9
) (Modulation Ability .
9 ) ( Modulation Rate
.
9
.
9 .
:4.4 ) .( Operating Wavelengths

.


:
= 850 nm 9

.
= 1300 n 9
.
= 1550 nm 9

.
= 650 nm 9

48

 :5.4
.Fiber-Optic Measurements and testing


.
:
9 Power Meter Measurements
9
Fiber Optic Link Loss Measurement
9
Optical Return Loss Measurement
9 ( OTDR Measurements ) OTDR
6.4 .

49

 :6.4 . Fiber Optic Installation

) ( Outdoor ) : ( Indoor
i

Outdoor Fiber Optic

Cable) (Installation

ii

)(Buried Cable Installation

:
(d2 / D2) < 50 d D .

7.4 .

50

:1.5 .

51

 :1.5 .

:
-1
.
-2
.
-3
8 (
) .8000 Km
-4
.
-5 )
( .
-6
.
) (6) (3) (2) (1 ) (5 .

52

 1.5 .

53



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55



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9
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9
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9
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9
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56

9 : .
9 : .
9:
Optical Fibre Communication Principles and Practice - Second
edition

9 .
9 .

57