Indefinite Integrals Some basic forms [Constants of integration are omitted, a and b are real constants ]

a dx = ax a
f ( x) dx = a f ( x ) dx

f ( x) + g ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx udv = uv vdu , where u and v are functions of x

x a +1 , where a 1 a +1 e ax e ax dx = a
a x dx =

(Integration by parts)

and and

dx = ln( x) b ax , where a 0, b > 0 aln(b)

ax b dx =

Mathematical Results [ a, b and r are real numbers and n is a positive integer] Binomial expansion: (a + b) n =

i a b
i =0

i n i

Summing geometric series (finite): a + ar + ar 2 + ... + ar n = ar i =

i =0

a (1 r n +1 ) , where r 1 1 r

Summing geometric series (infinite): a + ar + ar 2 + ... = ar i =

i =0

a , where | r | < 1 1 r

Series expansion of e :
+

a 2 a3 e = 1+ a + + + ... = 2! 3!
a
2b2

ai i! i =0

Normal integral:

0 1

( x a )2

dx = b 2 ,
x

b>0

Gamma integral:

x a 1e b dx = (a )b a ,

a > 0, b > 0

Beta integral:

x
0

a 1

(1 x)b 1 dx =

(a )(b) , a > 0, b > 0 ( a + b)