Grammar English 13-24

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American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-
American Language Course Placement Test
HANDBOOK
Alcpt1Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

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Book 13 lesson 1 DO YOU IMAGINE THEYLL WIN THE GAME? I GUESS SO! Juimagjinoni se ata do tfitojnndeshjen? Unmendojkshtu! We use so after some some verbs as a substitute for a that-noun clause. The most common verbs followed by so are think, believe, guess, hope, imagine, and suppose.
Will Jack come to the party? I think so. (I think that Jack will come.) Has Bill finished his work? I hope so. (I hope that Bill has finished his work.) _____________________________________________________________________________________ The negative depends on the verb: I I I I I I think so. ------------I don t think so.Une/nukmendojkeshtu believe so. ---------- I don t believe so.besoj imagine so.----------I don t imagine so.imagjinoj suppose so.--------- I don t suppose so.supozoj guess so.-------------I guess not. hope so.--------------I hope not.shpresoj
mendoj
We use a that-clause after the adjectives certain, sure, and positive to express an opinion about someone or something. I am certain that I can go this weekend. He s sure that we ll pass the test.

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We re positive that we ll have enough money for the car. The conjunction that is many times omitted in conversation.
-ER AND EST FORMS OF ADVERBS The er and est forms are used with one-syllable adverbs. hert larg shpejte rnd i lart von ult pran ngadal shpejte drejt Early Far Fast hard high late low near slow soon straight Earlier (than) Farther Further Faster Harder Higher Later Lower Nearer Slower Sooner straighter The earliest The farthest The furthest The fastest The hardest The highest The latest The lowest The nearest The slowest The soonest The straightest
early is an exception to the rule. Could I leave earlytoday ? Yes, you can. Can I borrow your car Friday night? No, you cant. I need it. Could I take some leave next week? Yes. You can. Can I go to Saras house after school? Yes, you can. May I leave a little early today? No. you cant. Your shoes might be under the bed. It could be real gold Alcpt3Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force
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Jane may go to college next year. Jimmy can run ten miles. He isnt able to move that heavy table. Nancy couldnt read all of book in one night. Could is frequently used to request permission. It is like may and can. Could I borrow your book, please? May I ask you a question? Can I leave early today? Can or cant are usually used as responses to a request for permission with could. Could I borrow your book, please? Yes, of course you can. REVIEW Could I leave early today? OF MODALS Im sorry. You cant. We have a meeting at 1500.
May, might, and could are used to express possibility. Wheres Joe? He may be in his office. He might be eating lunch. He could be at home. Can and is/am/are able to are used to express ability in the present or future. Could and was/were able to are used for the past. She can speak three languages. They are able to speak French and Spanish. I couldnt swim when I was young. My grandfather was able to speak Russian. May, can, and could are used to request permission. May I come in? NOUN ADJUNCTS Can I swim here? Could I use your phone?
Nouns can also modify nouns. They are called noun adjuncts. A store that sells shoes is a shoe store. Alcpt4Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force When a noun modifies. They are called noun adjuncts. A store that sells shoes is a shoe store. Base, Texas When a noun modifies another noun, the first noun is stressed. a can opener a wedding ring some paint brushes
Kerkese
Adjectives usually modify or describe nouns A nice day A cold winter
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Book 13 lesson 3 Jim is going to hang up his clothes. Jim is going to hang his clothes up. Jim is going to hang his clothes up. Jim is going to hang them up. What did Captain Rogers tell you? He told me that he could see me at 1430. Jack Smith drives a bus. Hes a bus driver. PHRASAL VERBS
The term phrasal verbsrefers to a verb and an adverb that are together. This verb and adverb have a special meaning. He put on his hat. She wrote down the telephone number. They threw away the old newspapers. Many times a phrasal verb will have an object. There are two possible for the object. If the object is a noun, it can come before the adverb or after it. If the object is a noun, it can come before the adverb or after it. He turned on the radio He turned the radio on Shell look up the word in the dictionary. Shell look the word up in the dictionary. If the object of a phrasal verb is a pronoun ( me, you, him, her, etc.) the pronoun must be between the verb and the adverb. English Language CenterLockland Air Force Alcpt5Defense Language Institute I like the hat. Try in on. Base, Texas Ill give you the money, but you must pay it back.
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MODALS IN REPORTED SPEECH
When a modal is used in direct speech, it is frequently changed in reported speech. DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH (presenttense) (past tense) May (mund)might Might Can Could Am/is/are/able to might could could was/where/able to
SUFFIX ER AND OR The suffix er and or can be added to some verbs to make nouns to express the meaning of one who He teaches students to read. Hes a teacher. She collects stamps Shes a stamp collector Book 13 lesson 4 HOW + ADJECTIVES Sasi +mbiemer

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The question word how has many uses. It is often used with adjectives to ask questions. How long asks about length. How high asks about height How tall asks about height. How far asks about distance. How wide asks about depth. How old asks about age.
How heavy asks about weight How hot/cold asks about temperature. A question with what can be used for a question with how. How long is it? Whats its length? Tall is used to refer to someone or something from the ground up; high is used when talking at point above the ground. IF CLAUSESES Certain if-conditional sentences express something that is true. The simple present tense can be used in the if-clause and the imperative or present tense in the main clause. IF-CLAUSE (condition) MAIN CLAUSE (result)
If the TV doesnt work, push this button. If I get up at 0600, I get to work on time. If I don/t eat lunch, I become hungry by 2:00 p.m. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS LARGE QUANTITIES Many is used to refer to count nouns. Much is used to refer tononcount nouns. Its usually used in negative sentences. A lot is used to refer to both count and noncount nouns. _______________________________________________________________________________ SMALL QUANTITIES A few is used to refer to count nouns. A little is used to refer to noncount nouns. Alcpt7Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force
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_________________________________________________________________________________ GENERAL QUANTITIES Some, any, and none are used to refer to both count and noncount nouns. Use some in an affirmative statement and questions. Use any in a negative statement and question. Use none in an affirmative statement only.
Book 14 lesson 1 Count nouns are nouns that may be preceded by a or an the singular. A book An apple a man a fish

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Count nouns can be made plural Regular plurals are formed by adding -es, changing the y -s to words ending -es to word to i to words ending in a vowel +y and ending in these in a consonant +y other words. Letters s, z, x ch, and zh Boxes Families Books Sandwiches Duties Chairs Dresses Cities Tables Inches Libraries Words wishes Boys Faces Pages Irregular plurals have different forms Fish Deer Children Feet Men Women knives
The esthat is added to count nouns to form the plural has three different pronunciations. /iz/ /s/ /z/ Boxes Books Tables Dresses Suits Sons Sandwiches Cooks Words Dishes Cups Windows Pages Boots Boys Quizzes Crops Duties Horses Recruits Jobs Chances Ranks Times Classes basics Caves services eggs
JUST/SUN

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Just andSoon are adverbs of time. Just is used to indicate recent completion in the past. Soon is used to indicate expected completion in the near future. John just arrived from New York. His brother will arrive from Los Angeles soon.
ASAS {aq}.{sa}
COMPARISONS
We use an as as construction with adjectives and adverbs to make comparisons. Look at the examples. 1. Jack is twenty years old. Bill is twenty years old. Jack is as old as Bill. [= They are the same age.] 2. Fred is rich. He is richer than his brother John. John isnt as rich as his brother Fred. [= Fred is richer.] 3. Linda finished her work in two hours. Betty finished in the same time. Betty worked as fast as Linda worked. [=Betty and Linda worked at the same speed.] 4. Bob studies hard every night. Mary sometimes studies. Mary doesnt study as hard as Bob does. [=Bob studies harder than Mary.]
FUTURE
PROGRESIVE
The future in progressive is formed with Alcpt10Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force Will + be + Verb ing
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It is used to express an action that will be in progress at or up to a particular time in the future. Well be leaving at noon on Friday. Tom wont be leavinguntil midnight tonight.
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Book 14 lesson 2
ADVERBS OF DEGREE We can use certain adverbs before adjectives and other adverbs to make the meaning stronger . These adverbs have the general meaning of very. For example: Extremely cheep {adverb + adjective} Really interesting {adverb + adjective} Rather good {adverb + adjective} Terriblynoisy {adverb + adjective} Quitefast So well Veryquickly {adverb + adverb} {adverb + adverb} {adverb + adverb}

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ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH WHERE AND WHEN
Where is used in an adjective clause to modify a place.It comes right after the place. We found a restaurant. The food was good {at the restaurant} We found a restaurant where the food was good. {Whererefers torestaurant, a place}. When is used in an adjective clause to modify noun of time. It comes right after the noun. The summer was hot. We went to San Francisco {during that summer}. The summer when we went to San Francisco was hot. {when refers to summer, a noun of time}.
IF
CONDITIONAL
Certain if conditional sentences express something that is true.The present progressive or the present perfect can be used in the if clause, and the future, a modal, or the imperative can be used in the main clause. IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE {Condition} {Result} Present ProgressiveFuture\Modal\Imperative If youre looking for Bill, youll find him in the library. You can find him in the library. Go to the library. Present Perfect Future\Modal\Imperative If you havent been to the park, were going to go this Sunday. You should go this Sunday. Go this Sunday. Alcpt12Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force
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Book 14 lesson 3 GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS A gerund is the -ing form of a verb. Examples: eating, playing, sleeping. A gerund is used as a noun .The most common noun function of a gerund is the object of a verb. The gerund plus the words that go with it is called a gerund phrase. He enjoys teaching English. We finished working about an hour ago.
A gerund or gerund phrase can also be used as the subject of a sentence. Driving on wet roads can be dangerous. Learning a second language is fun. A gerund or gerund phrase can be used as the object of a preposition. You can turn off the radio by pushing this button. Are you interested in learning German? He apologized for being late.
The following is a list of common preposition combinations with verbs and adjectives that gerund can follow: verb + preposition apologize for believe in decide on finish with look forward to plan on talk about hank someone for think of
adjective + preposition afraid of nervous about bored with proud of excited about scared of fond of tired of frightened of Alcpt13Defense Languageworried about Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force happy about Base, Texas interested in
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MUST AS PROBABILITY
Must is used with the simple present tense of the present progressive to express probability. Steve is smiling. He must be happy. I smell smoke. Something must be burning. Must not is used for the negative. Johns lights are off. He must not be at home. Betty isnt eating. She must not be hungry.
MAKING DEDUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS We use the modals must, may, might,and could to make deductions and conclusions from the information that we receive. Must is used when we are very sure of very certain about something. May, might,and could are used when we are less sure or certain. must very sure may might could less sure
REVIEW OF MODALS Must and have\has to both expressnecessity and obligation. You must have money to buy a car. I cant go. I have to study for a test. Alcpt14Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force Must not is used to express prohibition. You {Dont smoke in the building.} Base, Texas must not smoke.in the building. You must not drive through a red light. {Dont drive through a red light.} Not have\has to is used to express lack of necessity. Tomorrow is Saturday. We dont have to go to class. We have a lot of time.We dont have to study.
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Will and be going to are both used to express future time. Frank will finish packing tonight. He is going to finish packing tonight. Could and would are used to make requests. Would you close the window, please? Could you please hand me the sugar?
Book 14 lesson 4
OUGHT TO AS ADVICE
Should and ought toare both used to give advice. You dont look good. You should see a doctor. You dont look good. You ought to see a doctor
INDIRECT/REPORTER
SPEECH
When a modal is used in direct speech,it is frequently changed in reported speech. DIRECT SPEECH REPOTED SPEECH {present tense} {past tense} will would present-BE going topast-BE going to Alcpt15Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force must {necessity} had to* have/has to had to Base, Texas have to didnt have to not must not {prohibition} must not *Notice that had tois used instead of must in past tense repotted speech when must means necessity.
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IRREGULAR
ADVERBS
Some adverbs have irregular comparisons . ADVERB COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE Well better than the best badly worse than the worst The comparative form is used when referring to two people or things. The superlative form is used when referring to three or more people or things
Book 15 lesson 1
NEVER EVER SELDOM ALWAYS USUALLY OFTEN FREQUENTLY Asnjehere, ndonjehere,rralle here, OCCASIONALLY SOMETIMES Ndonjehere, gjithmone, sakonisht, shpesh, vazhdimisht

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There are some adverbs that are called adverbs of frequency. Notice where they are in the sentences. The most common position is before the verb, but after Be. They can also come at the beginning or end of the sentence. _________________________________________________________________________ She is seldom on time. Is usually on time? HOW OFTEN . . . ? She never comes here. Does she always come here?
Usually frequently Ever never occasionally sometimes
seldom always often
More and most are used with adverbs of 2 or more syllables for the comparative and superlative forms.
ADVERB
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
Slowly more slowly than the most slowly Carefully more carefully than the most carefully Frequently more frequently than the most frequently
These are some examples of adverbs formed by adding ly to adjectives.*Note the spelling changes. Correct correctly careful carefully Alcpt17Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force Beautiful beautifully cautious cautiously natural naturally slow slowly Base, Texas soft softly nervous nervously quiet quietly quick quickly easy easily angry angrily reasonable reasonably.
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Book 15 lesson 2
PROMOTE
PROMOTIO
The suffix ion may be added to some verbs to form nouns. Note the spelling changes. WOULD YOU LIKE TO COME TO OUR PARTY. Collect collection confuse- confusion educate-education instruct-instruction locate-location select-selection operate-operation promote-promotion We use will and would to say what we want or want to do. Can I help you please? Yes, Idlike a cheese sandwich. {=I want a cheese sandwich} Were having a party next weekend. Can you come? Yes, Idlove to. {=Yes, I want to come.} That box looks heavy. Illhelp you with it. {=I want to help you with it.} REVIEW OF MODALS Should, ought to, and be supposed tohave the same meaning. They are used to give advice. You should study more. You ought to do better. Were supposed to take off our hats inside. Used to is used to express an activity, situation, or a habit that existed in Alcpt18Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force the past but which no longer exists. I used to smoke ten years ago, but I dont any longer. Base, Texas Would is used to express an action that was repeated regularly in the past. Used to can also be used this way. When I was a boy, my father would play baseball with us. When I was a boy, my father used to play baseball with us.
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WHAT CAN WE DO Can is used to say that something is possible. We can see the lake from the living room. You can walk to the pool. Its very close. dangerous. Flying in an airplane can be
LETS GO SOMEWHERE
To express an indefinite place or location we use the adverbs somewhere, anywhere, and nowhere. This is how they are used: somewhere in affirmative question/statements, anywhere in affirmative question/negative statements, nowhere in short answers Are you going somewhere? Are you going anywhere? Yes, Im going somewhere.
No ,Im not going anywhere. Where are you going? WAS/WHERE GOING TO Nowhere The word else is used with adverb and pronoun compounds of some-, any-, no-, and every-: Someone else/somebody else = some other person Anyone else /anybody else = any other person Was/where going to is used to say what someone intended to do in the past, but No one else/nobody else = no other person didnt. Everyone19Defense fly to else Institute English his mind. My sister was going to = every other person JohnAlcpt else/everybody Paris, but he changed Language CenterLockland Air Force was going to Language meet me for dinner, but she forgot.
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something else = some other thing somewhere else = in/at/to some other place anything else = any other thing anywhere else = in/at/to any other place nothing else = no other thing nowhere else = in/at/to no other place
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ELSE DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH
Book 15 lesson 4 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
When a modal is used in direct speech. Notice will/would. DIRECT SPEECH {present tense} REPORTED SPEECH {past tense} Ought to {advice} Should {advice} Used to/would {past routine} Used to {discontinued past habit} Must {deduction} Must not {deduction} Was/where going to Would like to {desire} Will*/would {willingness} ought to should used to/would used to must must not was/where going to would like to would

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He looked at himself in the mirror She injured herself during the game. The children went to the movies by themselves. Sometimes reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis. The following words are reflexive pronouns: Myself ourselves LINKING VERBS yourself yourselves himself themselves. herself itself A reflexive pronoun is used as an object and refers to the subject of the sentence or clause.
We use adjectives after certain verbs called linking verbs. When an adjective is used after a linking verb, the adjective modifies the subject of the sentence. The most common linking verbs are: Appear, get smell Be keep sound become remain stay feel seem taste. Alcpt21Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force Example: Your friend is very nice. Base, Texas tastes strong. The coffee Tom appeared calm during the storm. The food will remain cold on the ice. Bill seems nervous about his operation.
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SUFFIX
-LY
The suffix -LY can be added to nouns of time to make adjectives and adverbs. The most common nouns are: Day + -LY daily Hour + -LY hourly Month + -LY monthly Night + -LY nightly Week + - LY weekly Year + -LY yearly The - LY words above can be used as both adjectives and adverbs.
Book 16 Lesson 1
ITS SAFER TO JOG DURING THE DAY A good plan to savemoney every month. Its expensive to take a taxi. Not healthy to skip meals. Alcpt22Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force
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Fun
to swim
YOU BETTER PAY THE RENT.
pay the rent today. You had better get to class on time. d better stop at the red light.
forget to pay the rent. You had better not d better not be late for class.
run the red light.
YOU SHOULD GET MORE REST.=WHY DONT YOU GET MORE REST? =WHY NOT GET MORE REST? Use the infinitive of the verb [without to] after why dont you and why not. I whyDont you call him? We watch the news? Not start jogging ? ask for a drink?
Open it now? AFTER THEY HAD CLEANED THE APARTMENT, MUVED INTO IT. The past perfect tense expresses an activity that was completed before another activity occurred in the past. Hi started the car after theyd fastened their seat belts. I hadnt met him before he came to our class. Alcpt23Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force
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She had gone inside by the time he thought to ask her. The past perfect tense is formed by using had with the past participle of the verb. It is used when you are talking about two things that have already happened. Had asked, caused, dropped, hoped, lived, moved, bought, eaten, heard, seen, thought.
I had You had We had They had He had She had Had + not
= = = = = = =
Id Youd Wed Theyd Hed Shed Hadnt Book 16 Lesson 2
PASSIVE VOICE: SUBJECT AGENT ATIVE VOICE: PASSIVE VOICE: The secretary The letters
BE-PASSIVE VERB types OBJECT the letters.
are typed{by the secretary}.
To form the Be-Passive: Add be + -ed {past participle} to the verb. Move the object of the sentence to the subject position. Add by to the original subject and move it to the agent position. The agent may be omitted.
DAN HAD BEEN DRIVING FOR 10 YEARS BEFORE HE GOT A TICKET. The soldiers had been marching for hours before dinner.

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The tourists Ted and Bob
napping hadnt been watching
during the rain storm. TV while I was shoping. Book 16 Lesson3
WHICH DO YOU PREFER? I You He She We They meat to chicken. boating to skiing. prefer{s} tea rather than coffee. to ride rather than walk.
THE ROADS WERE DANGEROUS TO DRIVE ON. He was Its I am easy impossible {for me} difficult to understand. to eat ice cream on cold days. to be with when Im mad!
IS IT SAFETO DRINK WATER FROM THIS LAKE? Be Is Was Were easy safe difficult impossible to walk to speak to carry to finish

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Book 16 Lesson 4 WE WERE UNABLE TO FIX. I Sue, he You Bill and I, They am, was is wasunable to are were install the battery. be here last night. fix it.
Sue cant wasnt able to Frank is unable to cant
Isnt able to is unable to
HES OLD ENOUGHTO DRIVE A CAR. Im dirty enoughto take a shower. Jim couldnt jogfast enoughto catch Bill. Do you swim regularly enoughto keep fit?
HE WATCHES TOO MANY MOVIES ON TV. Count nouns are things that can be counted. No count nouns are things that cant be counted.

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Lessons Showers Dollars Spoons Cups Glasses Minutes people Too many is used to express more than enough. Use too many with count nouns.
Information Rain Money Sugar Coffee Water Time News Too much also means more than enough. Use too much with nocount nouns.
I IMAGINE WRITERS HAVE GOOD IMAGINATIONS. Apply Cancel Continue Examine Imagine invite recommen d + action application cancellation continuation examination imagination invitation recommendatio n
Book 17 Lesson 1 The linking verbs in the list are used to express a state or condition. They also reflect a point of view. John is his father.

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It
Tastes Sounds Looks Smells Feels Seems appears
{ to me*}
like
the cake we had in Paris. a good idea. a nice place to stay. smoke in this room. another cold evening. the right thing to do.
*This can also be placed at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.
To be often follows the verbs appear and seem in this pattern: angry. seems He appears me*} { to To be a nice person. in a hurry. interested in books.
*This is sometimes placed at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.
INDIRECT SPEECH: YES/NO QUESTIONS Direct Speech Indirect Speech Direct Speech John asked {Sam} John : whether if Jack: Jack asked {me Whether if Can we go fishing?
they could go fishing. Do you want I wanted to go to Europe? to go to Europe.
Alcpt28Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force }

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Indirect Speech Note that the present tense verbs change to past tense, the order of the verb and the subject changes, and the pronouns and possessive adjectives change from one person to another. Decide Destroy Divide Intend Introduce Prescribe Reduce solve Decision Destruction Division Intention Introduction Prescription Reduction solution
Book 17 Lesson 2 EMBEDDED YES/NO QUESTIONS AS NOUN CLAUSES {Statements} Is it supposed to rain? I dont know I wonder If Its supposed to rain {or not}. I cant remember whether Ive forgotten Im not sure I have no idea When a yes/no question is changed to a noun clause, whether or if is used to introduce the clause.
EMBEDDED YES/NO QUESTIONS AS NOUN CLAUSES {questions} Is Major Simms in?

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Do you know Can you tell me Could you tell me Could you please tell me Do you have any idea Do you by any chance know
If whether
Major Simms is in
{or not}?
EMBEDDED QUESTION-WORD QUESTIONS AS NOUN CLAUSES {statements} Where When Who I wonder I dont know I cant remember Ive forgotten Im not sure I have no idea where when who is the library? will he leave? can help me? the library is. he will leave. can help me.
JANET PREFERS HER HAIR LONG SUBJECT VERB DIRECT OBJECT my coffee ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENTS
prefer like
Hot. Black. Strong.
Note that in this type of sentence, the noun or pronoun comes before the adjective.

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EMBEDDED QUESTION-WORD QUESTIONS AS NOUN CLAUSES {questions} Whe n what Do you know Can you tell me Could you tell me Could you please tell me Do you have any idea Do you by any chance know does the library open? time is it?
when the library opens? what time is it?
When a question-word question is changed to a noun clause, the same question work is used to introduce the clause.
Book 17 Lesson 3 PASSIVE VOICE WITH MODALS
SUBJECT will must ought to should can may might could have to dont have to
VERB
OBJECT
They
put on wear remove take off
shoes. hats. gloves.
ACTIVE VOICE SUBJECT
VERB
AGENT
will must Alcpt31Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force ought to put on should Base, Texas wear Shoes can {by them}. Hats may b remove Gloves might e take off could have to dont have to
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PASSIVE VOICE
RELATIVE PRONOUNS/ADJ/ADV + INFINITIVES decide find out forget know learn remember show tell teach ask MANY PEOPLE DRIVE 65 MPH EVEN THOUGH THE SPEED LIMIT IS 55. {her} {him } {the m} {you}
I didnt
when to leave. which to buy. how to cook. who to ask. where to go. what to do.
Al though my apartment is quite small, I like it a lot. I like my apartment a lot al though it is quite small. Though that restaurant is very expensive, its always full. That restaurant is always full though it is very expensive. Even though the parade was long, many people stayed. Alcpt32Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force
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Many people stayed even though the parade was long.
Book 17 Lesson 4 HIS DEATH SADDENED THEM ALL. The fire I You soft weak black hard dark short wide deep tight sharp loose sad -en{s} -ened the pots. the dishes.
We The workers Bill
the pool. the lake.
the screw. the children.
The death
TAG QUESTIONS doesnt study every day, He hasnt written his family, does has he?
isnt leaving tomorrow, is Alcpt33Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force
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should do your homework, have a large family, are a student here,
shouldnt dont arent you?
You
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WE HAVE TO READ THESE DIALOGS, DONT WE?
HE LOVES THIS BOOK, AND SO DO I. He went downtown He went downtown, and I went downtown I did too. so did I. She doesnt like fish. She doesnt like fish, and They dont like fish. Neither do they. They dont either.

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Book 18 Lesson 1 PAST PASIVE VOICE WITH BE SUBJECT Lt Hill The plane VERB flew was flown DIRECT OBJECT The plane. _____________ AGENT
By Lt Hill.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs to join nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, phrases, and clauses. Bothand{ dhedhe} and not onlybut also{jo vetempor dhe} indicate addition. Eitheror{oseose} indicates choice/alternative. Neithernor {asas} indicates negative choice/addition. Each conjunction should be placed immediately in front of the word, phrases, or clause it connects. EXSAMPLES: Both Janet and her sister arrived last night. You can either go with me or stay here. Hes not only intelligent but also wealthy. Roy drives neither carelessly nor fast.
When the compound subjects of a sentence are joined by eitheror/neithernor, the general rule is that the number of the verb is determined by the number of the noun phrase closest to it. EXSAMPLES: meeting. accident. Either Mr. Reynolds or his sons always attend the companys annual Neither the passengers nor the bus driver was injured in the

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INDIRECT SPEECH When a question is reported in indirect speech, the question word or words remain the same. However, some of the other words in the original question do not. 1. Present tense verbs change to the past tense. 2. Pronouns and possessive adjectives change from first or second person to third person {unless someone is reporting his own words}. DIRECT SPEECH {present tense} INDIRECT SPEECH Ann: matter, Tom? late? Ann asked {Tom} matter was. was so late. What Why the he What Why is the are you so
Book 18 ANTICIPATORY IT
Lesson 2

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In some sentences the pronoun it comes before, or anticipates, the subject of a sentence. It does not refer to a particular person or thing ; it only takes the position before the verb usually filled by the subject. An anticipatory it is often used in the pattern below. IT BEVERB is IT wa s clear ADJECTIVES possible {that } THAT NOUN CLAUSE Someone made a mistake.
The party was over.
IF - CLAUSES {UNREAL PRESENT CONDITIONAL} If clauses that refer to an unreal, or hypothetical, situation*in the present use verbs in the subjunctive mood. Their forms are the same as those of the past tense, except for the verb be. Were, not was, is used with singular nouns and I, he, she, and it. CONDITIONAL CLAUSE {CAUSE} If he exercised regularly, If you called Steve now , If we left earlier, If I were you, MAIN CLAUSE {EFFECT} he would probably feel better. you might be able to reach him. we could get home before dark. Id follow the doctors advice.
The if-clause can also follow the main clause. In this pattern there is no comma between the clauses. MAIN CLAUSE {EFFECT} Sam wouldnt get so confused You could get your money back CONDITIONAL CLAUSE {CAUSE} if he followed instructions. if you had your sales slip.

Base, Texas
Grammar.
24ST F
I might understand her better This would be a better movie
if she spoke more slowly. if it werent so long.
WISH + THAT NOUN CLAUSE
{PRESENT UNREAL SITUATIONS}
When wed like to be able to change the present situation, we often use the pattern below to express the way that we feel. Since the situation presented in the noun clause is not real, past subjunctive verb forms are used in it. WISH The students wish My instructor wishes Captain Wilson wishes The trainees often wish Jim often wishes THAT NOUN CLAUSE they graduated sooner. she could retire next year. he were a four-star general. they werent in the service. he were living in Europe.
[that}
BE USED TO / ACCOSTUMED TO VERSUS USED TO Used to can indicate a discontinued past habitsomething that was once done regularly but is not anymore. When it is used in this way, it is followed by an infinitive without to {the simple form of the verb}. USED TO Harry Janet to They used work teach ride INFINITIVE WITHAUT TO in an office downtown. classes at the university. to work together every day.
Used to can also express the same meaning as accustomed to. Then, like accustomed to, it is followed by a noun or a gerund.

Base, Texas
Grammar.
24ST F
BE USED TO / BE ACCOSTUMED TO They are used to Jean isnt used to We were accustomed to I wasnt accustomed to
NOUN / GERUND beef and potatoes for dinner. eating supper at six oclock. dry weather in Arizona. carrying an umbrella everywhere.
Book 18
Lesson 3
VERB + DIRECT OBJECT + TO INFINITIVE
SUBJECT I We They
VERB advice expect requir e
DIRECT OBJECT you everyone their customers
TO - INFINITIVE to make a reservation. to leave the meeting. to pay in advance.
These are some of the verbs which can appear in this pattern : Ask Advise Allow cause convince expect help instruct invite need order permit require select teach tell want warn would like
NEGATIVE QUESTIONS Alcpt39Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force
Base, Texas
Grammar.
24ST F
Negative question are formed by adding the word after the verb or modal. EXAMPLE: Were you not at the meeting? Did the secretary not notify you? Why was everyone not told about it? However, a contraction of not and the verb or modal is almost always used in informal speech and writing. EXAMPLE: Werent you at the meeting? Didnt the secretary notify you? Why wasnt everyone told about it? The use of a negative yes-no question indicates that the speaker things he already knows the answer. He hopes for or expects an affirmative response from the listener, even though he does not always receive one. EXAMPLE: Wasnt the game postponed? Yes, it was put off until next weekend. Havent we meet somewhere before? No, I dont believe so. A negative question that begins with a question word is simply a request for information. EXAMPLE: Why wasnt the game held today? The coach had to be out of town. Who hasnt met the new commander yet? No one in our office has.
TAG QUESTION STATEME NT Youre a pilot, They study a lot, We can leave now, Hes not a pilot, They dont study a lot, We cant leave now, TAG arent you? dont they? cant we? is he? do they? can we?

Base, Texas
Grammar.
24ST F
Tag questions are statements with a short question attached. The short question, or tag, asks the listener to agree with or confirm the speakers statement. If the verb in the statement is affirmative, the verb in the tag is negative. EXAMPLE: You were there, werent you? If the verb in the statement is negative, the verb in the tag is affirmative. EXAMPLE: The captain wasnt there, was she? The contracted forms of negative verbs are almost always used in both the statement and the tag.
CANT /COULDNT AS LOGICAL IMPOSSIBILITY Cant and couldnt are often used to mean its not possible that or its impossible that.. EXAMPLE: Its not possible for the car to be out of gas. Its impossible for the car to be out of gas. The car cant/couldnt be out of gas.
Book 18 Lesson 4 HAVE, MAKE, AND GET Have, make, and get are often used to indicate that one person has the power to force another to do something. EXAMPLE: If the major cant attend the meeting, hell have the captain go instead. When the Jacksons work in their house or yard, they make their children help. Ive been calling the store for an hour, but I cant get anyone there to answer the phone. Get is followed by a noun or pronoun and a to-infinitive. Have and make are followed by a noun or pronoun and an infinitive without to. He had made fix the car

Base, Texas
Grammar.
24ST F
got
the mechanic
to fix
PERFECT MODALS Modals in the perfect tense have the following meanings: May have, might have, and could have express possibility about a past action or condition. EXAMPLE: The secretary may have gone to lunch. They might have taken a different flight. You could have cashed a check at the BX.
Must have indicates that a deduction is being made about a past action or condition. EXAMPLE: eaten. Theyre not hungry. They must have already
Should have and ought to have indicate that a past obligation wasnt fulfilled. They also express the idea that a sensible action was not taken. EXAMPLE: We should have asked Ted to eat dinner with us. I ought to have studied more for the test.
Should not have is used to indicate that a past action or condition was not wise. EXAMPLE: He shouldnt have changed lanes without signaling.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES MAIN CLAUSE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Shes a person {who Id like to meet. Alcpt42Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force Is that the m} the teacher gave you? book {which I borrowed from you. Base, Texas Heres the } money {that}
Grammar.
24ST F
Adjective clauses, like adjectives, describe nouns, pronouns, or words serving as nouns. They are often introduced by the relative pronouns who or whom, which, and that. When these pronouns are the objects of verbs or prepositions, they can be omitted. EXAMPLES: The book which I wanted was not available. --- The book I wanted was not available. That is the man whom*I was talking about. --- That is the man I was talking about. There is the car that I want to buy. --- There is the car I want to buy.
THE SUFFIX -MENT VERB advertis e agree appoint SUFIX + -ment = NOUN Advertisement Agreement appointment
The suffix ment can be added to certain verbs to form a noun that means the act or result of something. EXAMPLES: retirement = the act or result of retiring enlistment = the act or result enlisting government = the act or result governing

Base, Texas
Grammar.
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Book 19 Lesson 1 POSSESSIVE NOUNS To show that people own or posses something, we add an apostrophe and s {s} to a singular noun or irregular plural noun. The pronunciation is the same as with plural nouns. When the final sound is voiced { words that and with the letters m, n, b, v, l, r, g, or a vowel} , we pronounce s as /z/. EXAMPLES: Sally rents this apartment. This is Sallys apartment. The women own that car. Thats the womens car. The restroom for men is next to the elevator. The mens restroom is next to the elevator. When the final sound is voiceless { words that and with the letters s, t, p, f, k }, we pronounce s as /s/. EXAMPLES: The report the lieutenant made was long. The lieutenants report was long.
When the final sound ends in the letters s, sh, ch, ge, x, or z, we pronounce s as /ez/. EXAMPLE: This book belongs to Les. This is Less book.
When we have a plural noun, we add only the apostrophe {}after the final s. The pronunciation doesnt change. Example: The students have books. Those are the students books. The lunchroom for the employees is closed. The employees lunchroom is closed.

Base, Texas
Grammar.
24ST F
SUBJECT AND OBJECT PRONOUNS SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS
I me
you you
He him
she her
it it
we us
they them
POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES my your his her its our their POSSESIVE PRONOUNS mine yours his hers Its* ours theirs
Possessive adjectives are used before nouns. This is my pen. Thats your book. These are her papers. Possessive pronouns are used alone without nouns. This pen is mine. That book is yours. These papers are hers. *The pronoun its is not commonly used. Whose book is this? Its my book. This book is mine. or
Its mine.

Base, Texas
Grammar.
24ST F
I own this notebook. This notebook belongs to me. This is my notebook. This is mine.
INSEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS AND PHRASAL PREPOSITIONAL VERBS Many phrasal verbs and phrasal prepositional verbs are inseparable. That is, they cannot be separated by an object. Some, however, can be either separable or inseparablethey often have an meaning when they are separable and a different one when they are inseparable. These verbs are included in the list and are marked with an asterisk {*}. Be back = to return Be up for = to be eligible for Blow out* = to burst or explode Check in = to register; to report your arrival Check out* = to leave; to report your departure Clear up* = to become clear, speaking of the weather Come back = to return Come in = to arrive as expected Come over = to make a short informal visit Cut down on = to reduce in quantity or amount Drop by = to visit unexpectedly or informally Drop in = to pay a visit informally Drop off* = to fall asleep Drop over = to visit unexpectedly or informally End up = to finish in a certain place/way Fall in = to line up in information Get along with = to be in agreement Get in = to arrive Get off = to leave a vehicle; to leave work Get on = to enter a vehicle Get rid of = to free oneself from; to throw away; to give away something Get up* = to rise from a sitting or lying position Go back = to return Go out = to leave the house, especially for fun; to stop burning/shining Alcpt46Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force
Base, Texas
Grammar.
24ST F
Go over = to review; to make a short, informal visit Hold on = to wait; to wait on the phone Look forward to = to anticipate pleasurably Look out {for} = to take care/be careful of Put up with = to tolerate without complaining Run into = to encounter; collide with Run out of = to use the entire supply Sign in/out* = to write ones name on roll for recordkeeping purposes Sit down = to take a seat/occupy a chair Stand up* = to rise to upright position on your feet Take care of = to assume responsibility for Take part in = to participate in Take off* = to depart Watch out for = to take care/be careful of Work on = to repair Work out = to exercise Book 19 Lesson 2
COULDNT HAVE We use couldnt have + past participle to express logical impossibility about a past action. EXAMPLES: Mark couldnt have quit the job. I saw him at work just this morning. Lt Rice couldnt have been promoted jet. He only recently became a lieutenant. George couldnt have been in school the 25th. It was a Sunday. COULD HAVE We use could have + past participle to express past unfulfilled ability. EXAMPLES: Curtis could have gone to college. He decided to get a job instead. Molly could have been a supervisor, but she turned down the offer. Alcpt47Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force
Base, Texas
Grammar.
24ST F
FEW/LITTLE VS. A FEW/A LITTLE Few/a few and little/a little can be used as adjectives and as pronouns. When we use them as adjectives, we use a few/few with count nouns and a little/little with non count nouns. EXAMPLES: Michelle has a few friends. Michelle has few friends. {Friends can be counted.} Jan likes a little sugar in her coffee. Jan likes little sugar in her coffee. {Sugar cannot be counted.} A few and a little express, in a positive way, the presence of something even though in a small quantity. EXAMPLES: A few people attended the concert. {Several people were there.} John knows a little about computers. {He knows something.} Few and little express, in a negative way, the absence of nearly all quantity. EXAMPLES: Few people attended the meeting . {Not many people went.} Larry knows little about physics. {He knows almost nothing about it.} Book 19 Lesson 3 CONDITIOAL SENTENCES: PAST UNREAL CONDITION OR SITUATION Conditional sentences have two parts: the if-clause and the main clause. One type of conditional sentence is used to show a past unreal condition or situation. It tells what could, would, or might have happened in the past if a certain condition or situation had been true. The if-clause has the past perfect tense, and the main clause uses could have/might have/would have + a past participle. Note that the if-clause may come before or after the main clause. IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

Base, Texas
Grammar.
24ST F
If we had left earlier,
we
Could Might would
have been on time.
MAINE CLAUSE E d Could Might have would passed
IF CLAUSE If he had studied harder.
IF CLAUSE If you had had more money, wha t could might would
MAIN CLAUSE you have done?

Base, Texas
Grammar.
24ST F
MAIN CLAUSE Could Might Would You have gone
IF CLAUSE If you had finished your work?
SUFIXES:
-ABLE/ -IBLE

Base, Texas
Grammar.
24ST F
The suffixes able and ible are added to certain nouns and verbs to make adjectives. These adjectives have the meaning of capable of or showing/having . EXAMPLES: We can refund your money. Your money is refundable. Smoking isnt permitted here. Its not permissible here. Here is a partial list of some nouns and verbs to which able and ible can be added: accept/acceptable adjust/adjustable manage/manageable advise/advisable measure/measurable afford/affordable agree/agreeable move/movable/moveable believe/believable break/breakable change/changeable collect/collectible/collectable comfort/comfortable compare/comparable control/controllable question/questionable depend/dependable disagree/disagreeable enjoy/enjoyable honor/honorable inflate/inflatable knowledge/knowledgeable like/likable love/lovable
mistake/mistakable notice/noticeable obtain/obtainable permit/permissible prefer/preferable prevent/preventable profit/profitable reason/reasonable refund/refundable rely/reliable respect/respectable sense/sensible tax/taxable wash/washable

Base, Texas
Grammar.
24ST F
Book 19 WISH: PAST UNREAL SITUSTIONS
Lesson 4
We use wish + THAT noun clause {containing a past perfect verb}to express regret about a past situation. The word that is optional. EXAMPLES: I wish {that}I had become a doctor instead of a teacher. Amy wishes {that}she hadnt bought that dress last week because its on sale now. Do you wish {that} you had gone to college instead of getting married?
TOO AND VERY Very is used to express to a great degree. It means a lot or much. EXAMPLES: This box is very heavy, but Ray can pick it up. My coffees very hot just the way I like it. Too is used to express excessiveness; it means more than enough. The use of too implies a negative result. EXAMPLES: This box is too heavy. Ray cant pick it up. My coffees too hot to drink. Ill wait until it cools off. Both too and very are placed before adjectives or adverbs.

Base, Texas
Grammar.
24ST F
PASSIVE TO-INFINITIVE AS DIRECT OBJECT A passive to-infinitive {to + be +past participle} can be used as a direct object of certain verbs such as expect, hope, like, need, prefer, and want. EXAMPLE: Mike expects to be observed on his job today. Lt Wyn hopes to be considered for that assignment. The general would like to be served immediately. The colonel needs to be answered honestly. Mr. Smith prefers not to be disturbed before 9:00. The women want to be given respect.
INDIRECT SPEECH: REPORTED PRESENT PROGRESSIVE A present progressive tense in direct speech should be changed to the past progressive in indirect speech. DIRECT ANN: Im going to the coast this weekend. SPEECH INDIRECT Ann said that she was going to the coast this weekend. SPEECH DIRECT Ed: Al, are you taking the bus to work tomorrow? SPEECH INDIRECT Ed asked me if/whether I was taking the bus to work SPEECH tomorrow. DIRECT LEE: Sid, when are you planning to go hunting? SPEECH INDIRECT Lee asked Sid when he was planning to go hunting. SPEECH

Base, Texas

Grammar English 13-24

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Grammar.

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

American Language Course Placement Test

Alcpt1Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

Alcpt2Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

Adjectives usually modify or describe nouns A nice day A cold winter

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

MODALS IN REPORTED SPEECH

Alcpt6Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

Alcpt8Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

Alcpt9Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

Alcpt11Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH WHERE AND WHEN

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

Alcpt16Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

Usually frequently Ever never occasionally sometimes

seldom always often

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

ELSE DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH

Book 15 lesson 4 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Alcpt20Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

YOU BETTER PAY THE RENT.

run the red light.

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

Id Youd Wed Theyd Hed Shed Hadnt Book 16 Lesson 2

BE-PASSIVE VERB types OBJECT the letters.

are typed{by the secretary}.

Alcpt24Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

The tourists Ted and Bob

napping hadnt been watching

during the rain storm. TV while I was shoping. Book 16 Lesson3

Alcpt25Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

Sue cant wasnt able to Frank is unable to cant

Isnt able to is unable to

Alcpt26Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

Alcpt27Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

Tastes Sounds Looks Smells Feels Seems appears

*This can also be placed at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.

*This is sometimes placed at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.