Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
RESEARCH
HASHIMAH MOHD. YUNUS
School Of Educational Studies
Universiti Sains Malaysia
myshima@usm.my
Some Definitions
Research Questions
Validity
Methods
Contextual factors influencing research design
Personal
Perceived problems experience
Existing
Personal and political goals theory
Conceptual Context
Purposes
Prior &pilot
research
Participant
concerns
Thought
experiments
Research Questions
funding
Data and
Ethical standard
conclusion
setting Validity
Methods
Research paradigm
Personal styles Research skills
Characteristics/Features of Qualitative
Research
• The Biography
• Phenomenology
• Grounded Theory
• Ethnography
• Case Study
Qualitative Research Design
Intense-case sampling Select cases that are intense but not extreme illustrations
Typical-case sampling Know the typical characteristics of a group and sample by cases
Unique-case sampling Choose the unusual or rare case of some dimension or event
Reputational-case sampling Obtain the recommendation of knowledgeable experts for the best examples
Critical-case sampling Identify the case that can illustrate some phenomenon dramatically
Combination of purposeful sampling Choose various sampling strategies as needed or desired for purposes,
strategies especially in large-scale studies and lengthy process studies
Data Collection Techniques
The two prevailing forms of data collection associated with
qualitative inquiry are interviews and observation.
Interviews
• Listen carefully
• Talk as little as possible
• Don’t validate or challenge experiences
• Come prepared to learn
• Be open to new ideas
• Don’t inform or instruct
• Respect time issues
• Plan in advance for as much as possible
• Tell their story - not the story that fits the
agenda
Gaining Access and Researcher
Obligations
1) exhaustion of resources;
2) emergence of regularities;
3) overextension, or going too far beyond
the boundaries of the research
(Guba, 1978).
The decision to stop sampling must take into
account the research goals, the need to achieve
depth through triangulation of data sources, and
the possibility of greater breadth through
examination of a variety of sampling sites.
Analysis of Data
• Bogdan and Biklen define qualitative data
analysis as "working with data, organizing
it, breaking it into manageable units,
synthesizing it, searching for patterns,
discovering what is important and what is
to be learned, and deciding what you will
tell others" (1982, p. 145).
• Qualitative researchers tend to use
inductive analysis of data, meaning that
the critical themes emerge out of the data
(Patton, 1990).
• Qualitative analysis requires some
creativity, for the challenge is to
place the raw data into logical,
meaningful categories; to examine
them in a holistic fashion; and to find
a way to communicate this
interpretation to others.
Addressing Trustworthiness in Qualitative
Research
Strategy Criteria
Credibility Prolonged and varied field experience
Time sampling
Reflexivity (field journal)
Triangulation
Member checking
Peer examination
Interview technique
Establishing authority of researcher
Structural coherence
Referential adequacy
Transferability Nominated sample
Comparison of sample to demographic data
Time sample
Dense description
Dependability Dependability audit
Stepwise replication
Triangulation
Peer examination
Code-recode procedure
Triangulation
Reflexivity
Triangulation is the key to reliability
Strategy Description
Prolonged and persistent field Allows interim data analysis and corroboration to ensure the match
work between findings and participant reality