P D MO A AN CHCES R O

R ON TE TI

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12.1 FORCES
What is a force? Force-a push or pull that acts on an object A force can cause a resting object to move, or it can accelerate a moving object by changing the objects speed or direction

12.1 FORCES Measuring Force

Tools are used to measure forces
Ex: a spring scale in a grocery store

Units of force
Force is measured in newtons (N) One Newton is the force that causes a 1.0 kg mass to accelerate at a rate of 1.0 m/s2
1.0 N = 1 kgm/s2 The newton is named after Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727), who explained how force, mass, and acceleration are related

12.1 FORCES
Representing Force Force is a vector You can use an arrow to represent a force Combining Forces Forces acting in the same direction add together and forces acting in opposite directions subtract from one another Net Force- the overall force acting on an object after all the forces are combined

12.1 FORCES

Combining Forces (cont.) Balanced Forces- are forces that combine to produce a net force of zero When the forces on an object are balanced, the net force is zero and there is no change in the objects motion Unbalanced Forces- forces that result when the net force acting on an object is not equal to zero When an unbalanced force acts on an object, the object accelerates

12.1 FORCES
Friction- a force that opposes the motion of objects that touch as they move past each other There are four main types of friction: Static friction Sliding friction Rolling friction Fluid friction

12.1 FORCES

Static Friction- the friction force that acts on objects that are not moving
Always acts in the direction opposite to that of the applied force Once an object is moving, static friction no longer acts on the object

Sliding Friction- a force that opposes the direction of motion of an object as it slides over a surface
Sliding friction is less than static friction, so less force is needed to overcome it Less force is needed to keep an object moving than to start it moving

12.1 FORCES Rolling Friction- the friction force that acts on rolling objects
For a given set of materials, the force of rolling friction is 100-1000 times less than the force of static or sliding friction
Ball bearings are often used in machines to reduce the amount of friction acting on the parts Rolling friction replaces sliding friction

12.1 FORCES
Fluid Friction- the force that opposes motion of an object through a fluid Fluid friction increases as the speed of the object moving through the fluid increases The faster the object the greater the force of the fluid friction Air resistance- fluid friction acting on an object moving through the air

12.1 FORCES
Gravity- a force that acts between any two masses Gravity is an attractive force, that is it pulls objects together Earths gravity acts downward toward the center of the earth

12.1 FORCES Gravity

Falling Objects
Gravity causes objects to accelerate downward (at 9.8 m/s2), whereas air resistance acts in the direction opposite to the motion and reduces acceleration The greater the surface area of an object the more influence air resistance will have on the object as it falls
Terminal velocity- the constant velocity of a falling object when the force of air resistance equals the force of gravity

12.1 FORCES
Projectile Motion- the motion of a falling object (projectile) after it is given an initial forward velocity Air resistance and gravity are the only forces acting on a projectile The combination of an initial velocity and the downward vertical force of gravity causes the ball to follow a curved path

SECTION 1 ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES

Quick Lab: Observing the Effects of Friction Section Assessment Questions 1-6 p. 362 CBL Lab Frictional Force

12.2 NEWTONS FIRST AND SECOND LAWS OF MOTION

Scientists that helped us understand the relationships between force and motion Aristotle Ancient Greek philosopher (384 BC-322 BC) Many discoveries through careful observation and logical reasoning Not always correct

12.2 NEWTONS FIRST AND SECOND LAWS OF MOTION

Galileo Italian scientist (1564-1642) Experimented to answer questions Newton English scientist (1643-1727) Built on the work of other scientists, like Galileo Lots of work with force and motion

12.2 NEWTONS FIRST AND SECOND LAWS OF MOTION

Newtons First Law of Motion States that the state of motion of an object will remain the same until an outside, unbalanced force acts on it An object at rest will stay at rest An object in motion will stay in motion Inertia- the tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion

12.2 NEWTONS FIRST AND SECOND LAWS OF MOTION

Newtons Second Law of Motion States that the acceleration of an object is equal to the net force acting on the object divided by the mass of the object Acceleration = Net force / mass a = F/m

12.2 NEWTONS FIRST AND SECOND LAWS OF MOTION

Examples using Newtons second Law formula An automobile with a mass of 2000 kg accelerates at a traffic light when it turns green. If the net force acting on the car is 4000 N, what is the cars acceleration? a = F/m a= F = 4000 N m = 2000 kg

12.2 NEWTONS FIRST AND SECOND LAWS OF MOTION Weight and Mass
Weight and mass are NOT the same thing! Weight- the measure of the force of gravity acting on an object Mass is a measure of the inertia of an object, or you can say that mass is the amount of matter in an object Weight is the product of an objects mass and the acceleration of the object due to the force of gravity acting on it

12.2 NEWTONS FIRST AND SECOND LAWS OF MOTION

Formula to calculate weight Weight = mass (m) x acceleration due to gravity (g) W = mg The unit for weight must be in newtons g = 9.8 m/s2 Mass must be in kg

SECTION 2 ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES

Quick lab: Investigating Inertia p. 365 Math Lab p. 367 Section Assessment Question 1-5 p. CBL Lab Newtons 2nd law

12.3 NEWTONS THIRD LAW OF MOTION AND MOMENTUM

Newtons Third Law States that whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object These forces are called action and reaction forces

12.3 NEWTONS THIRD LAW OF MOTION AND MOMENTUM

Action and Reaction Forces Examples Walking/running When you push off the floor with your foot your foot applies an action force on the floor, the floor pushes back on your foot with the reaction force Swimming Your arms push against the water--> action force The water pushes the swimmer forward--> reaction force These forces are equal in value and opposite in direction

12.3 NEWTONS THIRD LAW OF MOTION AND MOMENTUM

Action-Reaction forces do not always cancel each other out Action-reaction forces are equal and opposite--so why does the swimmer move? Why dont the forces result in a net force of zero?

-The action and reaction forces act on different objects

-the action force acts on the water and the -reaction force acts on the swimmer

12.3 NEWTONS THIRD LAW OF MOTION AND MOMENTUM

Momentum Momentum- the product of an objects mass and its velocity An object with a large momentum is hard to stop An object has a large momentum if the product of its mass and velocity is large Formula to calculate momentum Momentum = mass x velocity Mass must be in kg Velocity must be in m/s

12.3 NEWTONS THIRD LAW OF MOTION AND MOMENTUM

Example problem Which has a larger momentum, a wagon full of logs (mass of 62 kg, speed of 12 m/s) or a 5th grader on a sled (mass of 47 kg, speed of 27 m/s)? Momentum = mass x velocity Momentum1 = Mass1 = 62 kg Velocity1 = 12 m/s Momentum2 = Mass2 = 47 kg Velocity2 = 27 m/s

Momentum = (62)(12) = 744 kgm/s Momentum = (47)(27) = 1269 kgm/s

The kid on the sled has the greater momentum!

12.3 NEWTONS THIRD LAW OF MOTION AND MOMENTUM

Conservation of Momentum Means overall momentum doesnt increase or decrease A closed system must be in place for momentum to be conserved Closed system means that other objects and/or forces can not enter or leave a system Objects within the system can exert forces on each other

12.3 NEWTONS THIRD LAW OF MOTION AND MOMENTUM

Law of Conservation of Momentum States that if no net force acts on a system, then the total momentum of the system does not change In a closed system, the loss of momentum of one object equals the gain in momentum of another object--momentum is conserved

SECTION 3 ASSESSMENT ACTIVITES

Section Assessment Questions 1-7 p. 377 Data Analysis p. 377 Exploration Lab p. 383 CBL Lab Momentum: A Crash Lesson

12.4 UNIVERSAL FORCES

There is evidence that there are several forces that exist throughout the universe
Electromagnetic Forces Nuclear Forces
Strong Force Weak Force

Gravitational Force

All these forces act over a distance between particles (means particles dont have to be touching for these forces to work) All these forces are affected by the

12.4 UNIVERSAL FORCES

Electromagnetic Forces Electric and magnetic force are two aspects of the electromagnetic force Electromagnetic force- is associated with charged particles Electric force and magnetic force are the only forces that can both attract AND repel

12.4 UNIVERSAL FORCES

Electric Force Act between charged objects Opposite/unlike charges attract, like charges repel Magnetic Force Act on certain metals, on the poles of magnets, and on moving charges Opposite/unlike poles attract, like poles repel Magnets have two poles--north and south

12.4 UNIVERSAL FORCES

Nuclear Forces Act on the nucleons (particles in the nucleus of an atom) in an atom Because of the fact that like charges repel (electric force-protons are positively charged) and the protons are close together, you may think that the nucleus couldnt exist Because the of the nuclear forces they can

12.4 UNIVERSAL FORCES

Two forces, the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force, act within the nucleus to hold it together Strong nuclear force overcomes the electric repulsion between the protons Weak nuclear force is involved in radioactive decay The nuclear forces are attractive forces

12.4 UNIVERSAL FORCES

Strong Nuclear Force is a powerful force of attraction that acts only on neutrons and protons in the nucleus, holding them together The range over which this force acts is 10-15 m (about the diameter of a proton) Acts over very short distances, but is 100 times stronger than the electric force of repulsion at that distance

12.4 UNIVERSAL FORCES

Weak Nuclear Force an attractive force that acts only over a short range (10-18 m) Is involved in radioactive processes

12.4 UNIVERSAL FORCES

Gravitational Force Weakest universal force at close distances, but most effective over great distances an attractive force that act between any two masses Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation states that every object in the universe attracts every other object

12.4 UNIVERSAL FORCES

Gravity acts over large distances The gravitational force between two objects is proportional to their masses and decreases rapidly as the distance between the masses increases The greater the mass of the objects, the greater their gravitational forces

12.4 UNIVERSAL FORCES

Centripetal force- a center-directed force that continuously changes the direction of an object to make it move in a circle
Results in a circular path

The moons gravitational pull on the Earth results in two bulges in the earths oceans
One is on the side of the Earth closest to the moon and the second is on the side of the Earth farthest from the moon Because the Earth rotates once in a day this results in two high and two low tides per day on Earth

SECTION 4 ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES

Quick Lab: Investigating Force and Distance p. 380 Section Assessment Questions 1-7 p. 382