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UNITII ImageTransforms 2DFFT,Properties. Walshtransform,HadamardTransform, DiscretecosineTransform, Haartransform,Slanttransform, Hotellingtransform.

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Textbooks
R.C.Gonzalez,R.E.Woods,AnilK.Jain DigitalImageProcessing,Fundamentalsof DigitalImageProcessing

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1DDISCRETECOSINETRANSFORM

DCT

(2 x + 1)u C (u ) = a (u ) f ( x) cos x =0 2N u = 0,1,K, N 1

N 1

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a (u ) =

1 N 2 N

u=0 u = 1,K, N 1

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1DINVERSEDISCRETECOSINETRANSFORM

IDCT

(2 x + 1)u f ( x) = a (u )C (u ) cos 2N u =0
N 1

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2DDISCRETECOSINETRANSFORM

DCT
(2 x + 1)u cos ( 2 y + 1)v C (u , v ) = a (u )a (v ) f ( x, y ) cos 2N x =0 y =0 2N
N 1N 1

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( 2 x + 1)u cos (2 y + 1)v f ( x, y ) = a (u )a (v )C (u , v) cos 2N 2N u =0 v =0

N 1N 1

u, v = 0,1,K, N 1

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Hotellingtransform Eigenvectortransform PrincipalcomponentTransform Karhunen LoeveTransform(KLTransform)

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HotellingTransform
Mean:
x1 x 2 x 1 . ,........, x M = . xn

mx = E{x}
Covariance:

1 M

x
k =1
T

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Cx = E{( x mx )( x mx ) }

1 M

xk xk mk mk
T k =1

M data points

Hotelling Transform:

y = A( x mx )

The rows of matrix A are the eigen vectors of the covarience matrix arranged in descending order (The first row corresponds to the eigen vector corresponding to the largest eigen value of C, ...)

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Example
Consider4columnvectors(M=4)

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1 Meanvectormx = 4

1 1

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Covariancematrix Cx=

3 1 1 1 1 3 - 1 16 1 - 1 3

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EigenvaluesofCx 1,4,4 EigenvectorsofCx 0.5774 0.5774 0.5774 0.1543 0.7715 0.6172 0.8018 0.2673 0.5345

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HotellingTransform:

y = A( x mx )

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Cy=ACx AT
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Example:

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Establishanewcoordinatesystemwhoseorigin isatthecentroidofthepopulation. Andwhoseaxesareindirectionofeigenvectors ofCx. Thetransformationisrotationwhichalignsthe datawiththeeigenvectors. Thealignmentisamechanismwhich decorrelatesthedata.

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Theconceptofaligninga2Dobjectwithits principaleigenvectorsplaysanimportantrole inimageanalysis. Afteranobjecthasbeenextractedfroman image,computertechniquesforrecognizingthe imagearesensitivetoimagerotation. Becausetheidentityofanobjectisnotknown priortorecognition,theabilitytoalignthe objectwithitsprincipalaxesprovidesareliable meansforremovingtheeffectsofrotationfrom theimageanalysisprocess.

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Fromchannelstoprinciplecomponents

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Eigenvaluesofcovariencematrixofthe imagesshown 1=3210 2=931.4 3=118.5 4=83.88 5=64.00 6=13.40

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Asthefirsttwoimagesaccountfor94%ofthe totalvariance Insteadofstoringall6images,onlyfirst2 imagesalongwithmxandfirst2rowsofAare stored. DatacompressionisbyproductofHotelling transform.

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Cameramodel

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