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Period 5
Chapter 9 Notes
Patterns of Inheritance
Section 9.3: Mendel’s Law of Segregation Describes the Inheritance of a Single Trait
1. There are alternative forms of genes that account for variations in inherited
characteristics. These versions of a gene are called alleles.
2. For each characteristic, an organism inherits 2 alleles, one from the mother
and one from the father. These alleles may be the same or different.
o homozygous – when both alleles for a gene are the same
o heterozygous – when the two alleles for a gene are different
*pure-breeding = homozygous (lol, hot potato)
3. If the two alleles are different, than one determines the organism’s phenotype
(appearance) and the other has no noticeable effect on the organism’s
appearance.
o Dominant – describes the allele that is expressed
o Recessive – describes the allele this is not expressed
Example #1:
A pea plant that is heterozygous for flower color and heterozygous for flower height is
allowed to self-fertilize.
Alleles:
T – tall plants
t – dwarf plants
Male – P p T t PT Pt pT pt
Female – P p T t PT Pt pT pt
Punnett Square
PT Pt pT pt
PT
Pt
pT
pt
Phenotypic ratio: 9 tall purple : 3 tall white : 3 dwarf purple : 1 dwarf white
Answers:
A. Phenotypic ratio: 9 tall purple : 3 tall white : 3 dwarf purple : 1 dwarf white
B. 1/16
Test cross – mating between an individual of unknown genotype and an individual that is
homozygous recessive
- When using a test cross, you have to observe the offspring to determine the
unknown parental genotype.
Punnett Square
Option #1 Option #2
b b b b
B Bb Bb B Bb Bb
Bb Bb bb bb
B b
Rule of multiplication – the probability of compound events is the product of the separate
Probabilities of the independent events
*Also referred to as “AND” problems
Example: A pea plant is heterozygous for 3 traits: A, B, and C. This plant is
allowed to self-fertilize.
Genotypes of parents:
Male: AaBbCc
Female:AaBbCc
1. What is the chance that the offspring would have the genotype AABBCC?
- 1/64
2. What is the chance that the offspring would have the genotype AaBBcc?
- 1/32
Rule of addition – probability that an event can occur in two or more separate occasions
is the sum.
*Also referred to as “OR” problems
Example: A pea plant is heterozygous for two traits: A and B. This plant is
allowed to self-fertilize.
Genotypes:
Male: AaBb
Female:AaBb
1. What is the probability that the offspring will have a genotype of AABB?
- ¼ + ¼ = ½ or 50%
Example – in humans, the hearing gene has two alleles. There is a dominant allele
produces normal hearing while the recessive allele deafness.
D – normal hearing
d – deafness
Inherited Disorders
Recessive Disorders
1. Albinism
2. Cystic Fibrosis
3. Sickle Cell Anemia
4. Tay-Sach’s Disease
Exception #1
Incomplete Dominance – A situation where neither allele is dominant. The result is the
offspring show phenotypes in between the parental varieties.
Example: A pure-breeding RED snapdragon is crossed with a pure-
breeding WHITE snapdragon
P Generation – RR x rr
F1 – 100% pink flower
F2 – What phenotype ratio do you expect?
Actual results: 11 RED : 20 PINK : 9 WHITE
Reduced: 1 RED : 2 PINK : 1 WHITE
Exception #2
Multiple Alleles – situation where a single gene has more than two possible forms
Codominance – situation where more than one allele for a certain gene is dominant
Example:
Blood type in humans is controlled by a single gene.
This gene has three different alleles
Alleles A and allele B are codominant
Allele O is recessive
Writing alleles:
IA – the A allele
IB – the B allele
i – the O allele
Blood Phenotypes and Genotypes:
Phenotypes Genotypes
Blood type A IA IA or IAi
Blood type B IB IB or IBi
Blood type AB IA IB
Blood type O ii
Exception #3
Exception #5
Polygenic Inheritance – the additive effects of two or more genes on a single trait
Examples:
1. human skin color
2. human height
If a man with light skin marries a woman with very light skin, what is the
expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring?
a a b b
Aa Aa Bb Bb
A B
X
A aa aa b bb bb
Exception #6
Linked Genes – genes that are located close together on the same chromosome
Example: In sweet peas, Purple flower color (P) is dominant to red (p) flower
color and long seeds (L) are dominant to round seeds (l).
If two heterozygous plants are crossed, what phenotypic ratio would you expect in
the offspring?
If linked:
GL gl
GL GGLL GgLl
3 Long Gray : 1 black vestigial
expected
GgLl ggll
Gl
Example:
G – Gray body P – Purple eyes L – Long wings
g – black body p – red eyes l – vestigial wings
P G L
14 map
17 map units
units
Recombination frequency is given below for several gene pairs. Create a linkage map for
these genes, showing the map unit distance between loci.
j, k – 12% k, l – 6% j, m – 9% l, m – 15%
M J L K
6 map units
15 map units
21 map units
Exception #7
Sex-linked genes – genes that are found on either of the sex chromosomes rather than the
autosomes
Chromosomal Make-up
Males – XY males only have one X (hemizygous)
Females – XX females do not have a Y
Alleles – Genotypes:
B – normal vision Joe - XBY
b – colorblindness Layla – XBXb
Chad - XbY
XB Xb
XB XB XB XB Xb
B
YX Y XbY
Joe x Layla