REQUIREMENTS OF LARGE SCALE WAMPAC SYSTEMS

Traditional power system security approach based on a combination of planning process of varied durations along with off load studies conducted long in advance of the real time operations using assumed system data and online measurements from SCADA system isnt enough in providing real time support in cases of sudden or unplanned system behavior especially in cases of outages, blackouts or large disturbances. Wide area monitoring, protection and control systems, based on synchronized measurement will help in providing real time data that will allow improvements in system planning, protection and control.

I.

WAMPAC APPLICATIONS
Description PMU placement All major buses PMU data PMU data rate 10-60 phasor/s PMU data latency Not critical

Application

Wide-area system dynamics recording

Obtaining system performance analysis to large disturbances, obtaining or validating system dynamic characteristics Measurement of system states in real time for decision making under abnormal system conditions. PMU data allows improvement of SE and in turn tools such as Optimal Power flow, Dynamic stability Assessment and Voltage stability assessment.

Positive sequence voltages and currents and/or switch or breaker status Positive sequence voltages and currents and/or switch/breaker status

Real time System state determination

Optimal PMU locations for State estimator improvement and for full system observability using SC. All buses for full SM of a power system

1-10 phasor/s

2-10 s

Phase angle monitoring

Determine stress on system by monitoring angle separation or rate of change of it between two buses, Monitor standing phase angle for restoration purposes, Detection of Nominal Transfer capability. Calculate power of a line and identify the characteristic frequency of oscillation, Determine modes of oscillation, eigen values and eigen vectors of the prevailing power system to eliminate or damp the oscillations

Inter-tie substations and buses close to system center of inertia

Snapshot of positive sequence voltage angles with/without a reference angle

1 phasor/s or higher

1-5 s

System Oscillations Monitoring

Inter-tie substations and buses experiencing oscillations

Positive sequence voltages and currents

10-60 phasor/s

1-5 s

Wide-area Use of PMU protection and measurements instead of control pre-calculated system conditions is helpful in (1) To accurately determine whether a power system is heading to an unstable state and among which group of generators the loss of stability is imminent and (2) islanding boundaries could be determined dynamically

Selected buses depending on the protection and control functions

Positive sequence and/or phase voltages and currents

30-60 phasor/s

< a few 100 ms

II.

BULIDING A LARGE SCALE WAMPAC SYSTEM

A large scale WAMPAC system based on synchronized measurements will be realized only over long period of time, which may focus on system requirements for initial applications. Furthermore, many system components will be installed, operated and maintained by multiple entities. In a generalized WAMPAC system, PMUs are measurement units that perform time synchronized measurements of power system parameters. The data from several

such PMUs is transmitted through WAN and aggregated at one or more Phasor data concentrators (PDC) which aligns the received PMU data and also perform some additional preprocessing tasks before forwarding the data to various Application software or servers (ASS). Though it may be desirable to install a large no of PMUs at major measuring points it isnt practical as it would require huge capital investment which may not be possible either due to constraints in expenditure or it may not be justified by the initial benefits. Moreover, other system components or tools will also be needed to support the user specific intent. Hence the realization of the WAMPAC system is likely to follow the path as described below: Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) with synchronized measurement capability has become affordable and will become more prevalent in the years to come. Certain no of PMU-capable IEDs will be installed for applications that yield desired results in shorter span and also that which do not require large number of PMUs. WAN communication networks will keep improving with more bandwidth, higher reliability and security, and at lesser costs. Hence the incremental costs to implement various WAMPAC applications will become more and more less, the main incremental cost being that of the PDCs and ASSs.

III.

REQUIREMENTS OF A LARGE SCALE WAMPAC SYTEM

To build a large scale WAMPAC system in a cost effective manner there are a number of system requirements that must be satisfied such as: 1. Ensure a consistent performance of a WAMPAC system that has diverse type of products from multiple vendors. Standard conformance testing based on clearly defined test requirement, setup and procedures, and conducting tests at a qualified test entity are important measures to meet this requirement 2. Achieve a future-proof system design. A large scale WAMPAC system should be designed, preferably using a top-down design approach, to support multiple applications. The system design should be highly scalable, maximized the use of the mature technology and available products, and achieve a delicate balance on sometimes conflicted requirements such as data latency, reliability and bandwidth requirement. 3. Be efficient in data communication/management. Synchronized measurement technology based WAMPAC systems generate substantially higher amount of data, which should be properly managed through system design, technology choice and so on to minimize the amount of data to be transmitted and stored. 4. Address differences among all stakeholders/entities. This would require the establishment of certain mechanism to facilitate the identification and resolve various issues due to differences among all stakeholders.

LOW FREQUENCY OSCILLATION MONITORING SYSTEM

Low frequency oscillations occur when an individual generator or group of generators swing against other generators which operate synchronously on the same system caused by power transfer. They occur as a result of long distance bulk power exchanges. They can be classified according to the oscillation mode as (a) local mode oscillations: single plant oscillations with frequency in the range 0.7-2 Hz and (b) Inter area mode oscillations: associated with group of generators or group of power plants. Frequency of these oscillations lie in the range 0.1-0.7 Hz.

Data requirements
Frequency is one of the most important measurements in power systems. When any significant event occurs, frequency has an obvious transition process. Rotor angles and active powers of various generators are also amenable for low frequency oscillation monitoring.

Outputs
The different types of oscillations are: i. ii. iii. Sustained oscillations Damped oscillations Undamped or Increasing oscillations

They can be classified according to the oscillation mode as (a) local mode oscillations: single plant oscillations with frequency in the range 0.7-2 Hz and (b) Inter area mode oscillations: associated with group of generators or group of power plants. Frequency of these oscillations lie in the range 0.1-0.7 Hz. The various outputs that may be obtained are a) b) c) d) Oscillation frequency Oscillation amplitude Real part of Eigen value Damping ratio

Methods available
1. Fourier Transform 2. Hilbert Huang transform 3. Prony Analysis

Feasibility
Eigen analysis for stationary or non stationary signals can be computed using moving data window Fourier algorithms with length t and time interval t. Identified oscillation frequency values of various measured sites may differ even though these sites participate in same oscillation mode. For a large scale system, oscillation modes a signal participates in are limited. Hence complete system characteristics can be obtained only by multi-signal identification. Since multi signal Prony Analysis can identify the inter-area modes and local modes at same time (determines sample function matrix, amplitude and phase of each signal), the accuracy is high and time cost is lower. Hence it is appropriate for online application. Prony analysis has the advantage of estimating damping coefficients apart from frequency, phase and amplitude. In addition, it best fits a reduced-order model to a highorder system both in time and frequency domains Mode shapes obtained by Eigen analysis is fixed. However amplitude and phase of oscillation shapes by measured data Prony analysis varies with time. Hence the oscillation mode shape and the generator grouping can be precisely obtained according to the oscillation amplitude and phases of the measured sites by Prony analysis. Fourier transformation of truncated time-domain signal leads to undesirable frequency domain wiggles (Gibbs oscillations). It also distributes time-domain noise uniformly throughout the frequency domain which leads to limitation in the certainty with which peak frequencies, widths, magnitudes and phases could be computed. Discrete sampling of a time-domain continuous signal causes limitation in obtaining the spectral information content. When Prony Analysis is applied to a signal embedded in noise, the damping and frequency terms are typically significantly miss-estimated; they are usually much greater than the actual values. But the parameter estimates are much better than Fourier analysis.

Proof of Concept
Consider the case of increasing oscillations or oscillations with negative damping. The time varying trajectories of the oscillations and the oscillation mode shapes from Prony analysis gives the following features: The Prony analysis helps in showing that the sites with greater mode observability have greater oscillation amplitudes throughout the low frequency oscillation and helps in detecting low frequency oscillations earlier at these sites. Oscillation frequency lies between 0.84-0.9 Hz in the low frequency oscillations which is too small for analysis and therefore mode determination by frequency value alone might lead to a large error. Hence oscillation amplitude and phases of sites are found using Prony analysis to obtain oscillation mode shapes and generator grouping. The time varying trajectories of the oscillation frequency, the Eigen value real part, the damping ratio, and the oscillation amplitude are also obtained using the Prony Analysis. For the given low frequency oscillation the Eigen value real part increases gradually to become positive, remains within a certain range where an apparent low frequency oscillation occurred and then falls to a low value after corrective measures have been taken. This marks the end of low frequency oscillation. The damping ratio during the same interval can be seen to decrease initially to a negative value which can be seen as an increase in the oscillation amplitude. It then remains within a certain range for the same period as that of the real part of Eigen value. After corrective action has been taken, the damping ratio increases to a positive value and the oscillation amplitude decreases to return back to its initial condition.

PRONYS ANALYSIS
Prony's method extracts valuable information from a uniformly sampled signal and builds a series of damped complex exponentials or sinusoids. The power system is a high-order nonlinear system. However, for analyzing small disturbances, we can linearize a system around its operation point (or the equilibrium point). The linearized system can be simplified into the following form: (1) (2) Where is the state vector, b and c are the input and output vectors respectively, is is the output. The transfer functions between the input and output has the the input and following form: (3) Where corresponding to , respectively. and are right Eigen vector and left Eigen vector

If we apply an impulse as input to the system, the m outputs are, ,

When

j = 1, 2 m

(4)

is sampled at a constant sampling period

, we get the following discrete form.

(5) Where , , n is called the model order, which is not known for real power system measurements. Equation (5) can be written in matrix form as:

(6)

The coefficients

s are necessarily the roots of an nth-order polynomial with unknown , and thus satisfies (7)

If we left-multiply then we get the following equation using (7):

to the both sides of (6),

We can left multiply resulting right hand side is also zero.

to the both sides of (6) and the

Next (8) can be repeated to get the following form:

We can summarize the procedure of Pronys Method in the following three steps. 1. Solve (9) to get the coefficients. 2. Calculate the roots of (7) to get 3. Solve (6) for complex residues . .

Pronys Method can be extended to analyze multiple signals simultaneously. In step 1, . Now we stack equations for each signal in (9). Consider a set of m signals we have a total of equations with n unknown coefficients in (9). The coefficients are solved in the least-square sense. After calculating roots , Step 3 becomes solving the following equations.