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• Contoh 1
• A refrigerator operates between evaporator temperature and condenser temperature of
-30oC and 35oC respectively. Calculate the maximum possible COPR.
If the COPR for actual refrigerator is 80% of ideal refrigerator, calculate the power
required for a cooling effect of 5kW.
Atau
Sebuah alat penyejuk bekerja pada suhu-suhu penyejat dan pemeluwap masing-masing adalah
-30°C dan 35°C. Kirakan pekali prestasi (COP) maksimum yang mungkin di capai.
Jika prestasi sebenar alat penyejuk adalah 80% daripada nilai maksimum, Kirakan kesan
penyejuk dalam kW jika kuasa masukkan kitar ialah 5 kW.
Penyelesaian:
Solution 4.2
• In a refrigeration cycle, pressure of ammonia refrigerant is 1.902 bar and condenser
pressure of 12.37 bar. Calculate refrigerating effect (QL) per unit mass and COPR for:-
i) Ideal reverse Carnot cycle
ii) Ideal vapor compression cycle without superheating and undercooling
iii) Ideal vapor compression cycle with superheating
iv) Ideal vapor compression cycle with superheating and undercooling (subcooling)
by 10K
T1=-20+273=253
T2=32+273=305
i. ideal reversed Carnot Cycle T
(K)
COPref=T1/(T2-T1)=253/(305-253)=4.86
Kitar Unggul;
3 2
Kesan penyejukan, Q1=T1(S1-s4)=T1(s2-s3)
From table;
S2=Sg@32°C=4.962 kJ/kgK
S3=Sf@32°C=1.235 kJ/kgK 4 1
Q1=253(4.962-1.235)=942.8 kJ/kgK s(kJ/kgK
Oleh itu; kesan penyejukan unggul =942.8 kJ/kgK
ii. dry saturated vapor delivered to the condenser after isentropic compression and no
undercooling of the condensed liquid (use throttle) T
From table: (K)
h2=hg @32°C=1469.9 kJ/kg
3 2
4 1
s(kJ/kgK
h3=hf@32°C=332.8 kJ/kg
h4=h3=332.8 kJ/kg
Proses seentropi 1 ke 2
s1=s2=sg@32°C=4.962 kJ/kgK
s1=sf+x1sfg
4.962=0.368+x1(5.623-0.368)
x1=0.874
Oleh itu; h1=hf+x1hfg
h1=89.8+0.874(1420-89.8)=1251.8 kJ/kg
Kesan penyejukan, Q1 =h1-h4=1251.8-332.8
Q1=919 kJ/kg
Kerja masukan/kerja yang dilakukan ke atas penyenjuk, Win=h2-h1
Win=1469.9-1251.8=218.1 kJ/kg
COP ref dengan trottle = Q1/Win=919/218.1=4.2
iii. Dry saturated vapor delivered to the compressor where it is compressed isentropically and no
undercooling of thr condesed liquid
h1=hg@-20°C=1420 kJ/kg
h4=h3=hf@32°C=332.8kJ/kg
proses seentropi 1 ke 2
s1=s2=sg@-20°C=5.623 kJ/kgK T
At 32°C, sg=4.962 kJ/kg (K) 2
s2>sg @32°C stage of 2 is superheated vapor
From table interpolation 3
h(kJ/kg) s(kJ/kgK) T(K)
1613.0 5.397 50
h2 5.623 T2 4 1
1739.3 5.731 100
s(kJ/kgK
h2={[(5.623-5.397)/(5.731-5.397)] (1739.3-1613)} +1613
=1698.5 kJ/kg
Kesan penyejukan;
Q1=h1-h4=1420-332.8=1087.2 kJ/kg
Kerja pada bahan penyejuk;
Win=h2-h1=1698.5-1420=278.5
COPref=Q1/Win=1087.2/278.5=3.9
iv.dry saturated vapor delivered to the compressor and the liquid after condensation undercooled
by 10K
From previous data.;
h1=1420 kJ/kg T
h2=1698.5 kJ/kg (K) 2
h3=h4=hf@T3
we can find T3 is 32-10=22°C
3
therefore; h3=hf@22°C=284.6 kJ/kg 10K
kesan penyejukan, Q1=h1-h4=1420-284.6
=1135.4 kJ/kg 4 1
s(kJ/kgK
Win=278.5 kJ/kg
COPref=1135.4/278.5=4.08
Compare all the COPref. Given the conclusion
Solution 4.3
• R12 enters compressor as saturated vapor at 1.509 bar and -20oC at a rate of 0.05 kg/s
and leaves compressor at 8.477 bar. After cooling in condenser, the temperature is 26oC
and 7.449 bar Then the refrigerant is throttled to 1.509 bar.
Calculate:-
i) Rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space
ii) power input to the compressor
iii) COPref P
(bar))
2
P1=1.509 bar; T1=-20°C; s1=sg=0.7087 kJ/kgK 3
Oleh itu, h1=hg=178.73 kJ/kg
P2=8.477 bar
sg=0.6839 kJ/kgK @8.477 bar <0.7087kJ/kgK 4 1
Titik 2 pada panas lampau, oleh itu
Interpolasi
h(kJ/kg
T s h
0 0.6839 201.45
T 0.7087 h2
15 0.7196 212.73
T={[(0.7087-0.6839)/(0.7196-0.6839)][15-0]}+0
T=10.42°C oleh itu T2=35+10.42=45.42°C
h2={[(0.7087-0.6839)/(0.7196-0.6839)][212-201.45]}+201.45
h2 =208.78 kJ/kg
P3=7.499 bar, T=30°C, T3=26°C; h3@26°C perlu interpolation
T hf
25 59.70
T
26 hf3 (K) 2
30 64.59
hf3@26°C={[(26-25)/(30-26)][64.59-59.7]}+59.7
=60.923 kJ/kg 3
4K
Use pendikit; h3=h4
i. the heat removal from refrigerated space 4 1
Q’=m’(h1-h4)= 0.05(178.73-60.923)=5.89 kW
ii.power input to compressor s(kJ/kgK
Win=m’(h2-h1)=0.05(208.78-178.73)=1.50 kW
iii. COPref=Q’/Win=5.89/1.50=3.92
Solution 4.5
• A vapor compression of a two-stage compression plant uses R-134a and has an
evaporator temperature of -5ºC and condenser temperature of 45ºC. The vapor is dry
saturated on entering the compressor. A flash chamber is employed at an inter stage
saturation temperature of 15oC.
Calculate:
Data
P
From table 14.1 Properties of R134a (Bar) 45°C
7 6
(Pg: 498: Applied Thermodynamic
Eastop & McConkey 5th Edition) 15°C
3 2
8 5
P6=P7=11.5447 bar@45°C
P3=P8=P5=P2=4.8734bar @15°C -5°C
P4=P1=2.4371 bar @ -5°C 4 1
S1=S2=sg=1.7155 kJ/kgK@-5°C
h7=h8=hf=162.93kJ/kg @ 45°C 120.06 291.77 h(kJ/kg)
h3=h4=hf=120.06kJ/kg @15°C
menggunakan persamaan keseimbangan jisim
atau campuran di titik 8 dengan
mempertimbangkan x kg untuk wap tepu kering
dan (1-x)kg bagi cecair untuk setiap kg bahan penyejuk
di dalam penyejat.
i. Vapor bled-off use flash chamber
Oleh itu h7=hfi+xhfgi
x=(h7-hfi)/hfgi h7
x = (162.93-120.06)/(303.38-120.06)=0.234 hfi xhfgi
Wap di jujuhkan ialah 0.234 kg per kg di dalam penyejat
S h
1.7071 303.38
S5 305.26
1.7155 314.86
Interpolation; s5=1.7071+[(305.26-303.380)/(9314.86-303.38)][(1.7155-1.7071)
= 1.7135 kJ/kgK