Temperature and Heat

Summary
In previous chapter general information about the Kinetic energy ,work, and relationship between them had discussed. In this chapter Temperature, Heat and their physical properties will be discussed.

OUTLINE
Thermal equilibrium Heat Heat Capacity Examples

THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM The sense of touch is the simplest way to distinguish hot bodies from cold bodies. By touch we can arrange bodies in the order of their hotness, deciding that A is hotter than B, B than C, etc. Degree of hotness is our temperature sense. Take an object A which feels cold to the hand and an identical object B which feels hot. Place them in contact with each other1. After a sufficient length of time, A and B give rise to the same temperature sensation. Then A and B are said to be in thermal equilibrium.

The zeroth law of thermodynamics

The third body is called a thermometer. Therefore, two systems at thermal equilibrium with each other must be at the same temperature. Temperature is an important property in the study of energy. Measurement of Temperature There are many measurable physical properties that vary as temperature varies. Some examples are: Volume of a liquid The length of a rod The electrical resistance of a wire The pressure of a gas kept at constant volume The volume of a gas kept at constant pressure.

Temperature scale in SI : Celsius Temperature scale in English system : Fahrenheit relationship between Celsius and Fahrenheit:

Like pressure, the T used in Thermodynamic calculation must be in absolute unit. The absolute scale in the SI is Kelvin scale

The absolute scale in the English system is Rankine

HEAT
Heat is the energy transferred from one system to another as a result of a temperature difference between them; the

heat flowing from the higher to the lower

temperature region.

Conduction or diffusion: between objects

that are in physical contact

Convection: between an object and its environment, due to circular fluid motion

Radiation: The transfer of energy to or from a body by means of the emission or absorption of electromagnetic radiation

As a form of energy, heat has energy units. The relationship between different units is given by

Heat Capacity
The amount of heat, Q, required to change the temperature of the system is found to be proportional to the mass, m, of the system and to the temperature change, T. This implies

where the proportionality constant K is defined as

K cV
Thus

K cP
Q mcV T

Q mcP T

A common unit for heat capacity is kJ/ kg. C or kJ/ kg.K.

Heat capacities are sometimes given on a molar

basis (especially for gases) and denoted by and

with the units kJ/ kmol. C or kJ/ kmol.K. Thus,

Heat capacities for various solids and liquids are given in Table 4.1.
c P cV

we see that water has one of the highest heat capacities of all substances, which makes it an ideal substance for hot-water spaceheating systems and other uses that require a minimal drop in temperature for a given amount of heat transfer. For example, the heat required to increase the temperature of 10 kg copper by 5 C is

On the other hand, the heat required to increase the temperature of 10 kg water by 5 C is

In other words, if 19.5kJ of heat is removed from 10 kg copper, the decrease in temperature will be 5

C. If the same amount of heat is removed from 10

kg water, the temperature drop will be

which is much smaller than TCu.

Consequences of this fact are observed in the following examples taken from everyday life: When you take a bite from a hot pizza, it is the tomato sauce with the

highest water content rather than the crust that burns your tongue.
Operating cost of a swimming pool is extremely high because of the amount of heat that must be supplied to keep the temperature at a desired level. Oceans retain energy longer than the land. Remember the phrase from the high school geography course, "land warms up and cools off faster than the oceans." When you walk on a beach, your toasted toes remind you that the sand can get much warmer than sea water.

For gases, however,

is always greater than CV

because at constant pressure the system is allowed

to expand and the energy for this expansion work

must also be supplied to the system. For

monatomic and diatomic gases:

So we see that

Heat capacities of gases are only moderate functions of temperatures and thus for ordinary changes in temperature, i.e., up to several hundreds of degrees for air, the use of constant heat capacities is valid for engineering purposes. If heat capacities are dependent on temperature, then

cV (T )

cP (T )

Example Fifteen people attend a cocktail party in a room with

dimensions 11 7 3 m. Assuming that the room is

completely sealed off and insulated, calculate the increase in air temperature after half an hour. Assumptions Each person occupies a volume of 0.07m3. Metabolic rate of each person is 4 105 J/ h. Initial air temperature and pressure within the room are 23 C and 1atm, respectively. Air is an ideal gas.

Adiabatic Process A process during which there is no heat transfer between the system and its surroundings is called an adiabatic process. There are two ways a process can be adiabatic: The system is well insulated so that only a negligible amount of heat can pass through the boundary, Both the system and its surroundings are at the same temperature and therefore there is no driving force, i.e., temperature difference, for heat transfer. An adiabatic process should not be confused with an isothermal process. Although there is no heat transfer during an adiabatic process, the temperature of a system can be changed by other means such as work.

CONCLUSION
Two systems at thermal equilibrium with each other must be at the same

temperature. Temperature is an important property in the study of energy. Relationship between Celsius and Fahrenheit. The absolute scale in the SI is Kelvin scale.
Heat transferred from one system to another as a result of a temperature difference between them.

CONCLUSION
Q mcV T

Heat Capacity

Q mc P T