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[ TECHNICAL BULLETIN ]
Bellows Expansion Joint: Pressure Loads, Anchors & Guides
Bellows "PA" Load Bellows Effective Thrust Area Main Anchor Design Intermediate Anchors, Pipe Guides and Pipe Buckling Tension Systems Appendix (a) (b)
Return to previous Bellows Thrust Load Results of Sample Problems Bellows "PA" (pressure x area) load is frequently misunderstood. This can sometimes lead to serious errors in calculating main anchor design loads. Some common misconceptions are shown below, as well as the correct expression for this load.
a.
Bellows "PA" load is based on the corrugation sidewall annulus area: WRONG This is the most serious misconception since it can lead to gross under prediction of the bellows "PA" load and grossly underdesigned main anchors. See Figure "a" below.
b.
Bellows "PA" load is based on the bellows ID area: WRONG This misconception can lead to underdesigned anchors, since it ignores the contribution of corrugation sidewall load to total "PA" load. See figure "b" below.
c.
Bellows "PA" load is based on the bellows OD area: WRONG This misconception can lead to over predicting the bellows "PA" since it gives too much credit to corrugation sidewall pressure load. See figure "c" below.
d.
Bellows "PA" load is based on the bellows mean diameter: CORRECT Numerous pressure vs load tests on bellows have shown the mean (or pitch) diameter of the bellows to give very accurate results in predicting bellows pressure thrust. A brief rationale for bellows effective area based on mean diameter is given in para IV. See figure "d" below.
e.
But ID + h = mean dia. = Dm Therefore, Sidewall Effective Area = Total Effective Thrust Area: Ae=ID area + Sidewall area Ae=
A more precise development of corrugation sidewall load and an equation for bellows effective thrust area is given in the Appendix. A comparison on 5 sample problems of typical bellows dimensions, including one extreme case of OD/ID ratio, shows that the percent error involved in using the mean diameter approximation is generally less than 1% and only 1 1/2% in the extreme example.
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