Bhaumik FINAL 1

INTERNATIONAL AIR TRAVEL AND TICKETING
CHAPTER - 1
Introduction Aviation History
In every ancient time, there were every few Options for people who wanted to go from one place to another. If they were traveling on land, they had to walk or run or if they had to cross a water body, they had to swim .The domestication of animals made things easier. They were used to carry loads as well as people. The History of aviation began on Dec 17,1903 near Kitty Hawk. On that day two brothers Orville and Wright who operated a bi-cycle manufacturing shop in Dayton, Ohio made the worlds first successful airplane flight. They had built their aero plane after studying the writings of other aviation pioneers and experimenting with gliders and kites & wind tunnels. They had themselves built an aircraft named flyer, which was a biplane with a four-cylinder gasoline engine. It flew, landing safely on the sand 120 feet away. The plane had been in the air only 12 second, but those were 12 seconds of history. It was the first flight in which a machine carrying a man had raised itself by its own power in to the air in full flight, had sailed forward without reduction of speed, & had finally landed at a point as high as that from which it started. The wrights made 3 more flights that day, taking turns. On the last flight the Flyer covered 852 feet in 59 seconds. Wrights
BHAUMIK PATEL, IV YEAR
brothers built another plane in 1904,flying it over a 68acre cow pasture near Dayton. In 1905 they built a third & better plane. On the 3rd October, they made recordbreaking flight of 24.2 miles in 38 minutes. After that, afraid that their invention might be stolen, they gave up flying for two and a half years. On January 13,1908,Henri Forman won a prize of 50,000 francs for a circular flights of almost one mile. That was the beginning of a great year of aviation, a year to be long remembered. In 1919,the first international commercial flight was introduced between London and Paris. All through the 1920s and 1930s there were improvements in engines, instruments, and landing aids that made flying safer and more comfortable. High speed was the aim of most airplane designers during the 1930s and 1940s, and finally they produced planes without propellers that raced the sound of their own flight. Meanwhile, a few other designers were working on the helicopter, a plane without wings, for a different kind of flight. These designers were not interested in high speed. Infact, they wanted to develop a craft that could move at very low speeds and even hang motionless in the air. They also wanted it to move straight up and down, and fly forward, backward, and sideways.
Thus by the late 1930s airplanes had become an important means of transportation. In the 1950s engineers developed jet liners and air travel grew enormously. In 1960, the worlds air lines carry about 100million passengers. In the early 1980s they carried 700millions annually. The speed of the aeroplane gave travel a new dimension. It is now possible to cross the Atlantic in 3 1\2 hours by Concorde(SST- Super Sonic Transport). 1952- The first jet transportation of a schedule flight with the introduction of the ill fated Havill and CometI. 1969-Introduction of the first wide body jet, Boeing 747-100 for commercial flight. 1979-The first commercial flight at supersonic speed operated by Concorde twice the speed of sound cruising at 2,200 km per hour (1,350 miles per hour). From the beginning, the technology and
development of civil aircraft were mainly influenced by invention of military origin and later on even space programmers; and even today, production of civil aircraft is a small percentage of the total when compared with the number of military planes produced. In the 21st century, the word look forward to the future, and what change would come, in the ways of flights, as an everything else.
It was hard to imagine that there was a time, when men could not fly and it was hard to believe that they once envied the birds, and told tales of gods devil moving across the sky. And yet it was only in 1903 that the Wright brothers rose from the sands of Kitty Hawk in their crude, clumsy craft. In less than sixty years man has learned to rule the air and travel by plane, has become a common thing. Now man-made satellites are circling the earth and the Sun. Jet and super Sonic Concords are covering continents in fewer and fewer hours. The air transport industry has progressed tremendously since the day at Kitty Hawk in 1903, and now represents the pre-eminent long distance mover of people.
CHAPTER - 2
OBJECTIVES, SCOPE, METHODOLGY, LIMITATION
OBJECTIVE : To study the International Airlines &
Ticketing procedure. SCOPE : To assess future prospect of airline industry. To study the present scenario of airlines &new techniques in ticketing. METHODOLOGY: Domestic as well as International airlines were surveyed. Airline staff &travelers were interviewed. Data was collected from the airline offices, from websites & from some written materials. LIMITATIONS: Survey is restricted only to Ahmedabad & Bombay. While interviewing airline personnel exact information could not be received as they named it as business or trade secrets. Hence information gathered complied from them cannot be trusted fully.
CHAPTER - 3
INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES
Airline Designator Airline Codes Code Nos. Atitalia AZ 055 Aloha Airlines Inc. AQ 327 British Airways BA 125 British Midland BD 236 Biman Bangladesh Airlines BG 997 Royal Brunei Airlines BI 672 Air China CA 999 China Airlines CI 297 Cathay Pacific Airways CX 160 Continental Airlines Inc. CO 005 Cyprus Airways CY 048 Canadian Airlines International CP 018 Delta Airlines DL 006 Emirates EK 176 Alyemeda EKDemocratic Yemen DY 607 Airlines DHL Airways (Cargo) Ethiopian Airlines Tower Air Air Pacific Garuda Indonesia Gulf Air Hawiin Airlines Air Seycelles Iberia Indian Airlines Iran Air Yemenia Yemen airways Span Air Japan Airlines Koren Air KLM Royal Dutch Airlines ER ET FF FJ GA GF HA HM IB IC IR IY JK JL KE KL 423 071 305 260 126 072 173 061 075 058 096 635 680 131 180 074
Kenya Airways Kuwait Airways Lufthansa LOT-Polish Airlines EI AI Isreal Airlines Malaysian Airlines Air Mauritius Egypt air (MEA) Middle East Airlines Northwest Airlines Air New Zealand All Nippon Airways Co. LTd. Olympic Airways Czechoslovak Airlines Croatia Airlines Austrian Airlines Pakistan International Airlines Qantas Airways Zambia Airways Qatar Airways Royal Nepal Airlines Syrian Arab Airlines Varig Royal Jordanian Air Afrique Air Rwanda South African Airways SAS Scandinavian Airlines Singapore Airlines Swiss Air Aeroflot Saudi Arabian Airlines Sabena Belgian World Airlines Air Namibia Air Tanzania Corporation Thai Airways International Turkish Airlines TAP Air Portugal Trans World Airlines United Airlines
KQ KU LH LO LY MH MK MS ME NW NZ NH OA OK OU OS PK QF QZ Q7 RA RB RG RJ RK RY SA SK SQ SR SU SV SN SW TC TG TK TP TW UA
706 229 220 080 114 232 239 077 076 012 086 205 050 064 831 257 214 081 169 157 285 070 042 512 092 178 083 117 618 085 555 065 082 047 197 217 235 047 015 016
Air Lanka Air Zimbabwe US Air Taiwan Airlines Royal Tongan Airlines Nigeria Airways Oman Air
UL UM US WG WR WT WY
603 168 037 710 971 087 910
CHAPTER 4
INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL ORGANISATION
International Travel & Tourism Organisations:
The travel & tourism industry is very vast comprising of diverse fields performing different function. Grouping all such sectors under the umbrella of organisations or associations helps to focus on common issues and undertake activities to develop professionalism and defend their intrest against external forces. International travel & tourism organisation were thus born to provide a platform for discussion on common issues,lobby for industry causes and allow members from different parts of the world to interact with each other and learn something. Most of these organisations are into research,providing marketing services and training schemes at low costs. There interest(like are different or travel organisation agent) depending
whether they are formed by parties sharing the same airline or geographical
location, or some other include specialist activities like incentive travel, education, sales & marketing, ecotourism etc. Organisations and associations allow people in simillar lines of work to come together and discuss issues related to industry and try to upgrade their standards by taking up issues with the government and other public bodies. But these organisations have to insure that they work productively and efficiently for the betterment of their members and fraternity. IATA-INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION It is the world organisation of scheduled airlines. Its members cary rhe bulk of the worlds scheduled air traffic under the flage of over 100 nations. Originally IATA was founded in the Hague in August 1919 the primary objective of making a transport more convenient and acceptable to customers. Following the Chicago Conference of 1944,the airlines re-establised IATA as the International Air Transport Association. Thus,IATA was founded by airlines in April,1945 to help to meet the problems anticipated in the expansion of civil air services after the second world war. Aims And Objectives:
To promot safe, regular and economic air transport for the benefit of the peoples of the world, to foster air commerce therewith; To provide means for collaboration among air and to study the problems connected
transport enterprises engaged directly or indirectly in international air transport services; To cooperate with the International Civil Aviation
Organisation(ICAO) and other International Organisation. UFTAA-UNIVERSAL FEDERATION TRAVEL AGENT ASSOSIATION: UFTAA was founded in 1966 by the merger of the International Federation of Traverl Agencies and the Universal Organisation of Travel Agents Association. UFTAA membesship is made up of National Travel Agents Associations or organisation from every country of the world, who represents about 32,000 travel agencies with over half a million employees. Full members of UFTAA are the National Travel Agent Association or Organisation members. Besides the full members, the Secretary General of UFTAA may register individually any travel agency which is : A member of a National Association which is a member of UFTAA.
A member of the National Association in a country which does not have an UFTAA member located in a country where there is no National Association. WTO-WORLD TOURISM ORGANISATION WTO was established on 2nd January 1975. It is an inter government body dealing with all aspect of tourism. It was originally known as IUOTO i.e. International Union of Official Travel Organization, a non-governmental body to promote tourism for economic, social and cultural advancement of the country. Thus, IUOTO was transformed to WTO, to deal with tourism problem at governmental level. Structure of Organization: General Assembly, which meets once in two years. Executive Council, having one-fifth of the members of general assembly, which meets twice a year. Secretariat, an office headed by Secretariat General. The WTO adapted its status on 27th September, which is celebrated as WORLD TOURISM DAY, and WTO Sends out a theme message every year to the tourism organizations all over the world.
PATA-PACIFIC AREA TRAVEL ASSOCIATION PATA is one of the most popular associations in the travel & tourism sector. PATA is divided regionally in to 78 Chapters worldwide and their membership consists of around 100 government, state and city tourism bodies, about 76 airlines and cruise lines, some 2000 companies and organization and 17,000 individuals. TAAI-TRAVEL AGENTS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA The main objective of this association is to safeguard and protect the interest of member. For this purpose the association keeps in constant touch with the government and various other organization connected with tourism promotion. The registered office is in MUMBAI (BOM). It has 3 regional offices at Calcutta, Delhi, and Chennai. Once a year they hold a conference at some place India where they discuss their problems connected with the industry.
CHAPTER 5
TRAVEL TERMINOLOGY
Airline and Aviation Industry Terms and Terminology: Airline Deregulation Act: The 1978 US federal law that introduced fare and route competition. This law ended U.S. government regulation of airline routes and rates. Back-to-back Ticketing: This refers to a practice that is prohibited by airlines. This involves booking two round-trip fares with Saturdaynight stay-over, and using a portion of each ticket to avoid a higher unrestricted fare. Airlines may deny boarding for a traveller using such a procedure. Bereavement Fare: A discounted fare for a passenger in the event of a relative's sickness or death. This is usually provided on showing medical proof. Bulkhead Seat: A seat directly behind a partition wall, often with more legroom.
Change of Gauge/Change of Equipment: A single flight number used by two aircraft (and either one or two airlines); on an itinerary, it indicates a passenger must change airplanes. Code sharing: A marketing practice in which two or more airlines share the same two-letter code used to identify carriers in the computer reservation systems. This way, two or more airlines sell each other's flights using their own two-letter codes. Passengers usually benefit from one-stop check-in and combined frequent-flyer mileage. Computer Reservation System (CRS): A system for reserving seats on commercial flights electronically. These are used as a travel-booking tool by travel agents. Connecting Flight: A flight schedule requiring passengers to change aircraft and/or airlines at an intermediate stop. Contract of Carriage: A useful resource for passengers requesting accommodations due to delayed and cancelled flights. This refers to an airline's written statement of passenger
service, filed with the DOT as well as available at ticket offices and airport counters. Denied-boarding Compensation: Money, vouchers, or other compensation often given by airlines to passengers bumped from an overbooked flight Direct Flight: A flight with one or more intermediate stops, but no change of aircraft. DOT: U.S. Department of Transportation. E ticketing: Process that offers electronic reservations rather than issuing paper tickets. E-tickets can make switching to a second airline more difficult. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): The government agency responsible for air safety and operation of the air traffic control system. FAA also administers a program that provides grants from the Airport and Airway Trust Fund for airport development.
Frequent Flier Programs: Airline marketing programs designed to win customer loyalty by giving them "points" for each mile flown. Points can be cashed in later for free flights or upgrades in cabin service or, in some instances, non-airline services or items. Hidden-city Ticketing: A practice roundtrip fare prohibited with an by airlines of booking stop, a intermediate and
disembarking there to avoid a higher fare. Airlines may deny boarding for a traveller using this procedure. Hub-and-spoke: An airline system that involves carrying passengers from origin cities to major airport hubs, for connecting flights to their destination cities. Interline: To travel on more than one airline with a single ticket; an agreement for airlines to transfer baggage. Jet bridge: A passenger loading bridge offering protected access from the gate.
Load factor: Percentage of occupied seats and cargo. This is a determining factor when assessing booking or rebooking. Minimum Connecting Time: The minimum time allotted to arrive at and depart from the same airport on connecting flights, as legally required for a reservation agent or travel agent booking these flights. These times can vary. Narrow body Aircraft: Airplanes with only one aisle in the passenger cabin. Examples include Boeing 727, 737, and 757 & Airbus A319 and A320 Non-stop Flight: A flight schedule with no intermediate stops. Open-jaw Ticket: A round-trip itinerary in which you arrive in one city and depart from another, so that the middle leg is traversed by rail, ship, or car. Pax: passenger/passengers
Point-to-Point: A route configured in a connect-the-dots pattern between cities, used by Southwest Airlines and other airlines with limited fleet capacity. Restricted Articles (also referred to as
dangerous goods/ hazardous materials): Baggage that may require special handling or could be forbidden for safety or security reasons. Revenue Management: The process an airline uses to optimise revenue across its system of flights. In this process airlines seek to determine the optimal mix of prices (yield management) and seats (inventory management). The goal is to maximize revenue per flight, or per network of flights, rather than per person. Revenue Passenger Mile (RPM): A standard unit as of passenger one one An airline's stated procedures demand for air transport, transported Rule flights. Slots: 240: defined fare-paying passenger mile. for
accommodating passengers during delayed or cancelled
Airport take-off and landing berths, which at some airports are strictly allotted at certain times of the day due to congestion. Not to be confused with gates, which are areas for boarding and deplaning.
Widebody Aircraft: Twin-aisle airplanes, generally considered to be any
airliner with more than one aisle in the passenger cabin. Examples are Boeing 747, 767, and 777 & Airbus A300, A310, A330, and A340. Yield: A standard unit of airline prices, defined as average revenue per revenue passenger mile or revenue ton-mile. Seat pitch: The front-to-rear space between seats.
SPECIAL SERVICE REQUIRTEMENT CODES.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Asian vegetarian meal AVML Bassinet/carrycot/babybasket BSCT Blind passenger (specify if accompanied by BLND seeing eye dog) Cabin baggage (for which an extra seat(s) has CBBG been purchased) specify number, weight and size if known Child meal CHML Deportee accompanied by an escort DEPA Deportee unaccompanied DEPU Diabetic meal DBML Excess baggage specify number, weight, XBAG size if known Extra seal EXST First available FRAB Fragile baggage specify number, weight, FRAG size if known Medical case MEBA Meet and assist specify details MAAS No smoking aisle seat NSSA No smoking window seat NSSW Other service information OSI Seat request include specific number or RQST preference Smoking aisle seat SMSA Smoking window seat SMSW Special service requirement SSR Special language(s) spoken LANG Stretcher passenger STCR Transit/transfer without visa TWOV Unaccompanied minor UMNR
Miscellaneous Abbreviations
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Acknowledge Advice, advised, advising Alternative Arrive, arrived, arriving, arrival As soon as possible Authority, authorise, authorisation Change Commercial important passenger Child Clarify-your message not understood Connect, connecting, connection, connected Depart, departs, departed, departure Do all possible First available Infant Inadmissible passenger Name, names to be advised No show Origin, original, originate, originated, origination, originating Passenger Passenger name record Repeat, repeated, repeating, request Request Reservation/reservations Stopover Ticket number Travel agent Unaccompanied minor Very important passenger
ACK ADV ALTN ARR ASAP AUTH CHG CIP CHD CFY CONX DEP DAPO FRAV INF INAD NTBA NOSH ORIG PSGR PNR RPT REQ RES STVR TKNO AGT UM VIP
CHAPTER 6
TRAVEL FORMALITES
TRAVEL DOCUMENTS: THE PASSPORT is an official document issued by a competent public authority to nationals or alien residents of the issuing country. A passport provides a means of identification, access to other countries and a legal evidence of entry to another country wise. This is generally recognized by all governments except in the case of persons considered undesirable e.g., suspected of smuggling, or terrorist activities or those against whom criminal charges are pending. The concern of this conference however should be with the process of issuance of passports. In many countries it may still take a person 3-6 months to obtain a passport because the authorities to issuing the passport is not decentralized. Hence the passport-issuing officers send the application to the police authority of the applicants place of residence for character report. The inquiry then be directed to the police authority of the applicants native place. There are four types of passport. They are: Diplomatic Passport Official Passport Ordinary Passport
Certificate of Identity
The procedure of passport making: Proper form is to be filled up which is supplied by the passport office free of cost. 6 passport size colored photographs developed from the same negative at the same time. 4 photos should be posted in proper place & should be signed with a Ballpoint pen cross wisely. Remaining two photos should be kept blank & free of any signature or scratch. 2 police reports have to be made if present stay at residence is less than 2 years. In that case one more photograph is required. In normal case only 1 police report is essential. The documents to be produced are: o Age proof certificate o Ration card o Voters Identity card o Telephone bill & Electricity bill o Stay proof (in case of renewing the existing passport) The time taken for passport making is usually 3 months. The varieties of fees taken by the travel agent are Rs. 300, Rs. 600, Rs.100, and 200, 250, 400, 2500/-
VISA : According to 100 TO/WTO definitions, which have been accepted by UN, a visitor is a person, visiting a country other than that in which he has his usual place of residence, for any reason other than the following an occupation remunerated from within the country visited. A tourist is a temporary journey can be classified as follows (a) Leisure (b) Business, family mission, and meeting. But there are several governments, which accept this definition only for statistical purposes & not in regard to visa, customs & other controls. The exemption for tourist purpose is thus applicable only to those visitors who come for pleasure or holiday & not for other purposes such as business, negotiations, attending a conference or even to visit friends & relatives. Nor its usually applicable to returning foreign residents of the country. Another example of the reservation to the visa exemption is that its usually subject, to the condition that the passenger is holding a confirmed reservation on a returning or onward flight. There are some countries which exempt a visitor for tourist purposes from a visa provided the visits not repeated in less than three to six months. The exemption from visa should for all temporary visitors, irrespective of purpose of visit & not hedged in with other conditions. The
period of exemption should normally be in excess of the average length of stay of visit to the country concerned.
VISA PROCEDURE Different visas are issued for different countries. There are 3 types of visas that are issued. o Tourist visa - less than 3 months o Immigrant visa - depends upon the immigrant officer. o Non-immigrant visa more than 3 months. They also issue the following types of visas o Business visa o Student visa o Work visa o Settlement (Marriage) visa Again visa are made for o Single entry o Multiple entry A medical insurance is done for a minimum of 35 days. If wife wants to go then no objection certificate is necessary from the husband.
No objection certificate should be produced by office or company if the person is working & a leave certificate. For a tourist visa the assets & valuables of the customer are checked before he/she leaves the country of origin. Student visa proof of all the details about admission of school, college that course, duration, syllabus, residential facilities, medical facilities etc. Settlement Visa The husband has to send a written swear to the Notary Public regarding his details & send all the details to his wife.
CHAPTER 7
RESERVATIONS
INTRODUCTION: Travel industry in recent years is now recognised as one of the largest service industries in the world. Airlines and travel agents have to cope with increasing demands from the holiday and business travellers and they have to provide the same efficient and best services, as they need many years ago. The travel industry like other industries and international businesses make use of computerised reservation system to replace time and labour intensive manual work in order to cope up with increased volume or demand and sophistication of at transportation. STANDERD RESERVATIONS PROCEDURES: Many travel agents must still work without any help of the modern electronic systems. For reservation they are using telex, fax or any other equipment to get in contact with their suppliers. These procedures are in fact the result of what we can be called the Code of Reservation Ethics.
The rules related to the standard reservation procedure are the same in handling of manual and electronic reservation. All reservation must include flight numbers, class of service, date of travel, departure and arrival times, reservation status of all segments names and initials of passengers with their contact address/telephone numbers and ticketing status. Reservation of seats: Always adhere to standard reservation procedure. For the same passenger never make duplicate reservation. When confirmation of a reservation request for a group cant be obtained, never attempt to secure the space by requesting the required. Number of seats in several individual transactions. Facilitate the handling of reservation by always establishing the itinerary, minimum connecting time, flight numbers etc., before contacting airlines. Always attempt to establish a definite contact address (es) with the passenger and advise the airlines accordingly. This is particularly important as it enables airlines to better serve your customers when your office is closed.
Cancellation of seats: Whenever passenger cancels their reservation, such cancelled space must be immediately released. If there are any changes of passengers itinerary, ensure that all space & services no longer required are cancelled at the time new booking is affected. Flight Reservation: Travel agents can book flights either directly with the airlines over the telephone or by using computer reservation system. They can select and book flights by the following two procedures: Check flight schedules using the ABC or the OAG flight guide and then call the airline to check seat availability and make the appropriate booking. The airlines system will allocate a reservation number to each booking witch must be quoted when the agent wants to make any changes or cancel the reservation. Check flight information schedules, availability, frequency, etc using a Computer Reservation System (CRS), such as sabre, Galileo, Amadeus, etc. The agent makes a reservation after the passenger decides his/her suitable flights by creating a PNR (passenger name record), which consists of names of
all passengers, flight details, contact details of the passenger and the agency making the booking and any other relevant information.
Reconfirmation of reservation: Passenger who breaks their journey should be advised of the reconfirmation procedures required by the airlines concerned. At least 72 hours prior to departure, passengers must reconfirm their reservation at each stopover point. This limit for reconfirmation may vary according to regions and airlines. Failure to reconfirm can result in the
passengers reservation cancelled including those for the reminder of the itinerary. However, it should be stressed to passengers, at the time of issuing the ticket that they reconfirm their reservation with the airline concerned. This may be done at the stopover point, either by contacting the airline on whose flight the booking was made or a travel agent. Cancellation of reservation: If passengers cannot use their reservation, they should cancel the same with the immediately airline concerned, either through their travel agent or directly with the airline. Within the prescribed time limits, they are entitled to reimbursement for their ticket or to use it for another journey, except in case of some excursion fares. If passenger holding a confirmed reservation fails to present himself or herself for the flight concerned
(no-shows), the rest of their journey may be cancelled. NO-SHOWS and late cancellation causes the airlines loss of seating space & revenue. Cancellation of reservation may vary and, therefore, individual airlines instruction should be constructed for verification.
CHAPTER 8
TICKETING
The passenger ticket and baggage check or ticketas it is generally known, is the last step completing a sale. It is the contract of carriage between the passenger and the carrier and also constitutes the passengers receipt for the money paid to ticketing agent. The ticket is an accountable document and conveys a message to all airlines carrying the passenger indicating the flight(s) booked, the class of travel and type of fare used. Since the ticket is a very important document it is to be completed with great care and staff of airlines and travel agencies must release the importance of doing so. Incorrect entries not only can inconvenience the passengers, but also cause financial loss to the ticketing agents. A ticket should be clean and legible. In this unit we will only be dealing with tickets issued manually. (It may be noted that all fares and routings used are for illustration purposes only and when issuing tickets reference is to be made to latest rules and fares prevalent at that time) It is important to remember the responsibilities of the IATA approved agents with are: The agent undertakes that all traffic documents issues or reissues and all revalidations made in respect of previously issued traffic documents, as well as
reservations or alterations in reservations entered in connection with such transactions, shall be made by the agent in accordance with the carriers tariffs, regulations or other applicable published instructions. There are certain general rules that agents must follow like refraining from: Entering incomplete or incorrect reservation entries on a ticket/MCO thereby allowing travel less than the applicable fare. Inaccurately completing or omitting to complete the NOT VALID BEFORE and NOT VALID AFTER boxes, which is contrary to the conditions governing the fare, thereby allowing travel at less than the applicable fare. Using a reservation alteration sticker to alter a flight date without observing the rules governing the fare, thereby evading the applicable rule. Issuing a ticket or MCO for more than one passenger except as authorised for certain MCOs. Changing or omitting the name of the passenger. Changing the Form of Payment or failing to carry this forward to the new ticket or MCO. Changing the currency of payment or failing to carry this forward to the new ticket or MCO. Failing to carry forward all restriction to the new ticket or MCO.
Failing to obtain endorsements from the respective carriers when required. Failing to complete correctly the Issued in exchange for entries and the Original Issue entries and/or failing to carry these forward to the new ticket or MCO. Making different entries on flight and audit coupons of the same ticket. Failing to ensure that when conjunction tickets or MCOs are issued, the conjunction ticket or MCOs numbers are shows on all conjunction tickets or MCOs. Changing the point of origin. The above list is certain examples of malpractices, which the agent must refrain from committing. It is not a complete list and does not mean that other malpractices not mentioned above are legal. Anything contrary to governing regulations must be avoided and these regulations may be amended from time to time. It is to be noted that the fare paid shall be applicable when international travel actually commences in the country of the point of origin shown on the ticket. If international travel actually commences in a different country, the fare must be reassessed from that country.
CROSS-BORDER SELLING is the practice of selling a ticket with a fictitious point of origin or destination in order to under cut the applicable fare. This practice is contrary to industry resolution and applicable tariff fares and even if a passenger ask for such a ticket, it is possible that: The passenger is stopped by the airline and made to pay the additional fare. The issuing agent is debited by the issuing airline for the applicable difference in fare. The agent loses its agency appointment. It is also against the rules to deliver a ticket to a passenger without all applicable coupons intact. GENERAL TICKETING INSTRUCTIONS: Tickets and MCOs (Miscellaneous Charges Order) are security documents and must be issued and treated as such. A separate ticket must be issued for each passenger, even if it is an infant not occupying a seat. A separate flight coupon is required each time there iso An interruption of the journey (stop over and transfer points) o A change of carrier o A change of flight o A change of class.
When issuing manual tickets, the form of passenger ticket in accordance with the number of flight coupons required is selected. If 2 coupons are required, a 2-coupon ticket should be issued. Where conjunction tickets are required to be issued, the form of ticket, which will result in the least number of tickets, is selected. For e.g. If 15 coupons are required, 4-coupons tickets are issued and the last coupon is voided. All tickets issued originally in conjunction should be of the same form code and completed in numeric sequence. If the ticket contains more coupons than required, the place GOOD FOR PASSAGE must be marked VOID. All ticketing time limits are to be strictly adhere to When completing a ticket, care should be taken to follow some general rules, such as: o Place the ticket on a hard surface. o Use a Ballpoint pen with a fine point. o Exert sufficient pressure to ensure that all coupons are clearly legible. o All entries are to be made in block letters in English. Erasure, over-writing, mutilation and unauthorised alterations are not allowed and render the document
invalid. If there is an error, the ticket must be cancelled by writing VOID right across the ticket and must be attached with the sales report. Only the agents coupon is kept with him for his record.
Dates should be composed of 2 numeric for the date followed by 1st 3 letters of the month.
Country codes used to identify taxing countries shall be those established by the ISO. Flight coupons should be honoured only in sequence as shown on the passenger coupon and loose coupon(s) shall not be accepted for carriage without the passenger coupon. In case of refund the passenger coupon along with all unutilised coupons must be surrendered. Before delivering the ticket to the passenger, the agent issuing the document shall remove the audit and agents coupon together with any VOID coupons (if any). The audit and VOID coupons are attached with the sales report. Tickets are not transferable from one passenger to another. Tickets and MCOs shall not be delivered to the passenger prior to the date of issue shown on the ticket. The fare paid shall only be applicable in when the international travel actually commences
country of the point of origin shown in the ticket. If
international travel actually commences in another country the fare must be reassessed accordingly. A ticket, which is not validated properly, is not valid for transportation. If there is BSP in operation, important ticketing instructions given by them in BSP manual should be referred to. ELECTRONIC TICKETS (ETKT): Technology has become so advanced, that Etickets have been introduced. This concept was born when the airlines realised that a lot could be saved by the elimination of the paper ticket. A number of US airlines have switched over to electronic ticketing. Till recently most tickets were for on-line travel only, e.g. travel on their own flights, with interline travel gradually introduced for alliance partners. An e-ticket can be issued over the telephone or the web. An ETKT comes in an electronic file where the ticket data is stored in the validating carriers database. This contains the same description as a normal passenger tickets. When a passenger is travelling with e-tickets, he has to carry proof of identification, such as passport or national identity may be used, but not limited to:
Drivers license with photos Employment ID with Photos Credit Card used to purchase the ticket and other credit cards ICC or Integrated Circuit Card also known as Smart Cards. Smart cards or Chip cards are cards into which one or more integrated circuits are inserted to performed processing and memory functions. Its main use is to provide an access to E-ticket information and not to store the ticket data. The different types of Smart cards are: Contact card Remote contact less card or proximity card Close coupled contact less card Dual interface care a combination of a contact card and a remote contact less card on a single ICC. When airlines issue Smart cards to frequent flyers and other regular customers, they do so in collaboration with companies like IBM and major credit card companies like American Express, MasterCard, Visa, etc. these cards require readable identifier machine when the passenger checks in.
Some cards like Lufthansas Chip Card have multi-purpose applications i.e. it can be used as a German telephone card, Visa or MasterCard, an Air Travel Card, a frequent flyer card, membership card for frequent traveller lounges at the airport and even as a boarding card for passenger with a reservation on certain flights. The Lufthansa card is both a contact and contact less RF card for the boarding applications. The passenger has to only walk past a RF reader near the gate for the card to read.
CONCLUSION
Aim of the Project is to pay this specific interest to the customer satisfaction. Transportation progressed as civilization progressed. The most important development at this time was the invention of aero planes. Gradually the invention has turn up to be a boon in the tourism industry as a mode of transportation. The formulation of the abbreviation, ticketing formalities and the facilities are formulated by the giant organizations like IATA & UFTAA. Fares and ticketing formalities are formulated to the cheapest or at the reasonable rates according to the customers requirements and his capacity to pay for it. This international units i.e IATA & UFTAA and ICAO ensures the promotion of safety of flights and the developments of all aspects of International Civil Aeronautics. And finally to conclude with this module is to meet the demands for the International Travel including the standard conditions and other aspects.
Bibliography
Regarding the project, International Air Travel and Ticketing, I had referred to Various web Sites as follows : www.google.com www.airindia.com www.spicejet.com www.jetair.com www.kingfisherairlines.com www.lufthansa.com www.airamerica.com www.gulfair.com www.thomascook.com www.sotc.com www.sitaworld.com www.rajtravles.com www.cox&kings.com
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to my esteemed Principal of
V.I.H.T.M. Dr. Kavita B. Sood, Mr. Ramesh Mohnani (Chairman), Mr. Mohit Mohnani (Director) for their kind approval topic of my entitled- INTERNATIONAL AIR TRAVEL AND TICKETING under whose supervision the present work has been completed. I express my sincere gratitude to them for encouraging me to complete the project. I am indeed thank full to my Project Guide Mr. Virendra Thakore for their valuable guidance without which this project would not have been completed. I am very thank full to all of them.
(Bhaumik Patel) B.H.T.M. 4th Year Rajkot.
INDEX
Sr. No. Particulars Pg. No.
INTRODUCTION-AVIATION HISTORY OBJECTIVES, SCOPE, METHODOLOGY, LIMITATION
1 5
3 4
INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL ORGANIZATION
6 9
5 6. 7. 8.
TRAVEL TERMINOLOGY TRAVEL FORMALITIES RESERVATIONS TICKETING CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY
14 23 28 33 41 42

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