Autocad 200i: AutoCAD 200i is basically a CAD software used to draft both 2D and 3D objects.

It is developed and sold by Autodesk, Inc. There are 26 versions available so far for AutoCad out of which Autocad 200i was 16th version developed in july 2000.Apart from English, it is available in various languages.This software helps mechanical as well as civil engineers to draw 2D & 3D drawings of walls, doors, machines, part specimens etc. Drawbacks of AutoCad 200i over other AutoCad softwares are:

3D Capabilities: AutoCAD lacks in the ability to create & visualize 3D models as well as in other CAD sofwares. Network Licensing: AutoCAD cannot be used on multiple machines over a network. Customization: AutoCAD does not support customization with LISP and VBA. Management and automation capabilities of Auto CAD is comparatively poor. CAD standards management tools are less & less efficient in comparison to other softwares..

Pro Engineer 2001: It is an integrated software which produces 2D & 3D drawings & provies solution to CAD, CAM & CAE. It is created by Parametric Technology Corporation (PTC). It provides solid modeling, assembly modeling, drafting, & finite element analysis Capablities of proe:

Engineering Design ProE offers a range of tools to enable the generation of any design. In addition to the general tools, ProE also helps to approximate &/or interpolate complex curves which are not possible by standard tools. Analysis ProE software helps in analyzing the drawing by providing Finite Element Analysis. These tools include human factors, manufacturing tolerance, mould flow and design optimization. Manufacturing As mentioned earlier, ProE software helps in CAM solutions by giving tool paths in the drawings.

Master Cam:

It is one of the oldest CAD/CAM software. This software was the first software designed for both machinists and designers.This software was previously used in CNC machin. It helps the operator/designer to design the product on the screen & software automatically converts CAD drawing into CAM drawing by showing the tool paths & hence operator is much relieved & the operation is very efficient Mastercam also offers a level of flexibility that allows networking with other computers.That means different designers can work together at the same time on same drawing.
Co-ordinate Systems: There are basically three types of co ordinate systems that are required to input, store & display any geometry of model. They are: 1. Model Co-ordinate system 2. Working Co-ordinate system 3. Screen Co ordinate system

Model Coordinate Systems The origin is arbitrary chosen by the user but its orientation is choosen by the software. X,Y & Z axis of the co ordinate system is displayed on the screen. Intersection of the three axis gives the origin. While drawing, origin shifts to the left down corner. Planes produced by the axis gives the plane of drafting. As explained earlier, orientation of origin & co ordinate system is choosen by the software, there are basically two possible orientations. o XY plane is taken as top plane. XZ will automatically becomes front view & YZ becomes right view. o XY plane is taken as front plane. XZ will automatically becomes top view & YZ becomes right view. It is possible for the user to input values in both Cartesian as well as in cylindrical form. Software converts these inputs in Cartesian automatically. While storing & retrieving any information, MCS is only used.
Z Y X X Z Y

Working Co-ordinate System: Sometimes it is not possible for a designer to design in planes defined by MCS. For that user should be able to define its own plane at any orientation. This task can be done with the help of WCS. WCS helps the designer to choose any plane at any orientation for designing purpose. This makes the designer feels comfortable in making a drawing. Suppose a surface has to be designed at an angle. For that, designer can choose its own plane XY which coincides with the required angle. The coordinates gets changed to MCS when the drawing is stored or opened. A WCS requires three non collinear points to define a plane. First point gives the orientation, 1st & 2nd gives X axis while 1st & 3rd defines Y axis. Z axis is produced by cross product of X & Z axis. All CAD CAM softwares provides three WCS planes, i.e. Front, Top & Right. Other planes can be defined by the user. In WCS, user can define a single working plane at a time. If he defines more than a plane then last plane will be choosen as default for sketching. When storing of drawing is to be done then only WCS is required.

Screen Co-ordinate system: In this system, origin is located at lower left corner. This system is used for display purposes of drawings. While displaying SCS coordinates of MCS gets converted to SCS.Thus flexibility like WCS. There are three ways to determine the range of SCS. 1. The range of SCS is determined by the dimensions of the screen as well as the type of device. A 1024 X 1024 display has a range lies between (0,0) to (1024, 1024). 2. Range of SCS can also be choosen as (0,0) to (1,1). 3. Range of SCS can be choosen by the user as per the size of the drawing.

CAD Command categories:

All the CAD commands are based on three categories. They are: 1. Object : Various commands are given on the software to draw &/or modify a drawing. Drawing commands helps to draw a new drawing while modify commands helps in modifying the existing drawing. Let us discuss some of the drawing & modify commands:

1. Basic Draw Commands

CIRCLE: Draws circles of any size.We have to give the centre & the radius of the circle. Software are also provided with other options to draw the circle like giving the three circumference points etc. LINE: Draws straight lines between two points. Any type of line (centre line, dark line, point line etc) can be drawn in any CAD software. ARC: Draws an arc (any part of a circle or curve) through three known points.This is an advanced command of circle.

2. Modify Commands or Editing Commands ERASE: Erases entities from the drawing.In some cases extra entities are to be drawn to make a complicated entity. After that we have to erase the unwanted entities. For this command is used. EXTEND: This command is used to increase the length of a line. TRIM: Trims a line to end precisely at a cutting edge at a particular angle. Other modify commands are: Copy, Mirror, Offset, Array, Move, Rotate, Scale, Stretch, Lengthen,
Trim, Extend, Break at point, Break, Chamfer, Fillet, Explode.

2.View: It is often required by the designer to view the design at different angle & at various planes set at different orientations. This helps him to analyze the drawing & to make necessary calculation. Viewing is also modify the semifinished drawing. CAD softwares provides different ways in which a drawing can be viewed: o Projected View: Suppose top & Side view is prepared. This view helps in viewing front view by projecting lines from both these view at a particular angle. This type of viewing is projected view. o Auxillary view: It is often necessary for the designer to view the object at a particular angle. This is done by making a plane at the required angle & then lines are projected from the given drawing on that plane & the object can be viewed at that angle.This type of view is auxillary view. o Sectional View: This view allows the designer to cut the drawing in two parts and helps him to analyse the interior geometry of the component. o Detailed View: CAD softwares also gives information about a very small part in detailed manner. This type of view is required when the design is big enough to analyse at a time.

A very important thing to be noticed is when a designer view an object, basically he is moving & oriented at various angle. Object is neither moving nor oriented at any angle. It is stationary. 2D Viewing Commands: o Zoom: It is used to enlage the object. Object can be enlarged completely or a part can also be zoomed. o Pan: This command is used to move the object from one point to another.That means, it allows to change the view point without changing the magnification of the object. 3D Viewing Commands consists of controlling & viewing 2D views. Other viewing commands are:
o 3D Orbit: Rotates the view in 3D space, but constrained to horizontal and vertical orbit only.

o View toolbar is available on the softwares. It consists of various tools like VPoint, View, Plan, DView, VPorts Vpoint: is a very common and fundamental 3D command that allows the designer to see the object at various positions.
PLAN : Displays the plan view of a user coordinate system 3D view:

This command helps in displaying all the orthographic views of an object on the screen at a time. Hence analysis become simple. View Points:
This command helps the designer to see the geometry of the component on the other side of which he was working. 3.Coordinate system: See ppt page number 28 to 30 Global Coordinate system: A global coordinate system can be thought of as an absolute reference frame.That means in these co ornate systems origin remains fixed & is accepted universely. The ANSYS software provides three predefined global systems: Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical. All three of these systems are right-handed and share the same origin. They are identified by their coordinate system (C.S.) numbers: 0 for Cartesian, 1 for cylindrical, and 2 for spherical. Here the XY plane is taken as top plane as default.

Local Coordinate Systems

In many cases, it may be necessary to establish your own coordinate system, whose origin is offset from the global origin, or whose orientation differs from that of the predefined global systems. Such user defined coordinate systems, known as local coordinate systems Coordinate System Control in AutoCAD: UCS (User Co ordinate System) toolbar:
The correct use of UCSs with AutoCAD is the key to producing good 3D models and they can also help with 2D work.

What is a UCS and why do I need one?

AutoCAD started life as a two-dimensional drafting program. It was not designed for 3D. When Autodesk, the makers of AutoCAD incorporated 3D into the program they needed some method for doing so without completely rewriting the software. The method they decided upon has become known as UCS, User Co-ordinate Systems.
When you first start up AutoCAD you are presented with a plan view of the drawing area. In the bottom left hand corner of the drawing area is an icon, known as the UCS icon. The icon shows 3 specific bits of information: 1. First, the icon contains a figure X and an arrow which points from left to right along the bottom of the screen. 2. Second, the icon contains a figure Y and an arrow head which points from bottom to top along the left hand side of the screen. These first two parts of the icon indicate the position and direction of the X and Y axes. As your cursor moves over the screen area you can see the change in X and Y co-ordinates by watching the co-ordinate status area at the bottom left of the screen (X,Y,Z). X and Y coordinates increase in the direction indicated by UCS icon. By implication the Z axis points straight out of the screen towards us. If you have just opened a new drawing the Z co-ordinate will appear as "0.0000" in the status bar and will not change as you move the cursor because you are only moving in the XY Plane.

3. The third piece of information contained in the UCS icon is the letter W. The W stands for "World" and indicates that you are using the World Co-ordinate System.Now a days User coordinate system is also employed.

UCS Icon: It can be seen in various forms in different cad software.See fig. It may be set to origin or the origin may offset the screen.Dialog box is used to set the size & color of the UCS.