Emergent Properties properties of tissues, organs, or whole animals that will ne ver be predictable from knowledge of individual molecules

s and cells Intracellular membrane subcellular membrane, of organelles, ER, nuclear envelope , etc. Integral proteins embedded in phospholipid bilayer Glycoproteins and glycolipids carbohydrate trains bonded to proteins or lipids t hat project into EC fluid on outside face Peripheral Proteins noncovalently bonded to integral proteins, not in bilayer ca n help anchor cell membrane to cytoskeleton Nonpolar evenly distributed electrons Thermodynamic stability drives separation of water and nonpolar molecules -> sep arate into a distinct layer, explains structure of bilayer and positioning of ot her chemical constituents in bilayer (intra and cell membrane) Phospholipid- generally polar head & 2 nonpolar tails, joined by ester linkages to glycerol Tails (can be different fatty acids) -> glycerol-> phosphate(-) ->choline(+) (ca n be replaced with another + head) Ambipathy -> hydrophilic Phospholipids automatically form bilayers in water thermodynamically stable Leaflets layers of a phospholipid bilayer, can contain 150+ different types of p hospholipids Leaflets are generally composed of different mixes of phospholipids Fluid- individual phospholipids are not covalently bonded to one another, move r elative to each other move via diffusion freely within each leaflet high rate of diffusion - move fast and long distance Fluidity depends on degree of chemical saturation of hydrocarbons that make up t he tails Unsaturated - often bends hydrocarbon chain, preventing crystal packing of tail s and makes phospholipids more free to move Temperature also affects fluidity (higher = more fluid) Evolution cells adapt to diff temp by altering number of double bonds cold temp, more unsaturated to prevent stiffness For example, degree of brain cell phospholipid unsaturation depends on environme ntal temperatures to which species adapt Inverse relationship between unsaturation and temperature in fish brain cells Sterols in membranes (Cholesterol and Cholesterol esters) cell membranes have mo re sterols than intracellular membranes, 1/10 phospholipids up to 8/10, ambipath ic within leaflets, affects membrane fluidity Proteins 2nd most common constituent of cell membranes and intracellular membran es Fluid mosaic model- membrane has mosaic of protein and lipid molecules, move in directions parallel to membrane faces Integral membrane proteins span the membrane, called transmembrane proteins cann ot be removed without extraction procedures that take membrane apart, have hydro phobic and hydrophilic regions Peripheral membrane proteins can be removed without destroying membrane, bond no ncovalently to membrane components and positioned on one side or other of membra ne positioning means difference between the leaflets in protein and phospholipid composition Protein functions:channels, transporters (carriers), enzymes, receptors, and str uctural proteins a. Channels: formed from subunits of 2ndary structure of alpha helixes sequ ence of amino acids, contains domains which each contain 6 alpha helixes b.