4/26/2010

1
Inverter (Konverter DC AC)
Pekik Argo Dahono
Penggunaan Inverter
Pengendalian motor ac
UPS
Catu daya ac
Ballast elektronik
Microwave heating
Static VAR generators
FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System)
Filter daya aktif
Penyearah
2 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
2
Variable Speed Drives
S
o
u
r
c
e


A
C
rectifier Diode
inverter PWM
Link DC
Motor AC
3 LPKEE-ITB
Uninterruptibe AC Power Supplies
charger Battery
Bettery
Inverter
Filter
Switch Bypass Static
Switch e Maintenanc Mechanical
Loads Critical
source
normal AC
generator
Standby
4 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
3
Properties of Ideal Inverters
DC input is free of ripple
AC output is sinusoidal or has a
controllable waveshape
5 LPKEE-ITB
Klasifikasi Inverter
1) Menurut jumlah fasa
- satu-fasa
- banyak fasa
2) Menurut sumber dc:
- sumber tegangan
- sumber arus
3) Menurut metoda komutasi:
- komutasi paksa
- komutasi natural
4) Menurut metoda pengaturan gelombang ac:
- gelombang persegi
- pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
- pulse width modulation (PWM)
5) Menurut jumlah level gelombang keluaran:
- dua level
- banyak level
6 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
4
Basic Concepts
o
V E
L
o
I
d
E
d
I
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
o
V
L o
X jI
E
E
E
L o
X jI
L o
X jI
o
V
o
V
E L o
X jI
o
V
lagging
0 = PF
1 = PF
leading
0 = PF
1 = PF
o
I
o
I
o
I
o
I
7 LPKEE-ITB
Basic Concept
LPKEE-ITB 8
Voltage-Source Inverter
Current-Source Inverter
Voltage across the switch is
unidirectional but the current
is bidirectional
Reverse conducting switches
are required
Current through the switch is
unidirectional but the voltage
is bidirectional.
Reverse blocking switches
are required.
4/26/2010
5
Inverter Satu-Fasa
d
E

1 S
1 D
2 S
2 D
o
v Load
o
i
1
N
1
N
2
N
d
i
d
E
1 S
1 D
2 S
2 D
d
E
Load u 0
o
v
o
i
d
E
1 S
1 D
2 S
2 D
Load
3 S
3 D
4 S
4 D
u v
o
v
o
i
9 LPKEE-ITB
Inverter Center-Tap
d
E

1 S
1 D
2 S
2 D
o
v Load
o
i
1
N
1
N
2
N
d
i
d
E
N
N
1
2
d
E
N
N
1
2
0
o
v
o
i
d
i
10 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
6
Inverter Center-Tap
d
E
N
N
1
2
d
E
N
N
1
2
0
o
v
o
i
d
i
d
E

1 S
1 D
2 S
2 D
o
v Load
o
i
1 N
1 N
2 N
d
i
d E

1 S
1 D
2 S
2 D
o v Load
o
i
1 N
1 N
2 N
d i
d E

1 S
1 D
2 S
2 D
o v Load
o
i
1 N
1 N
2 N
d
i
d E

1 S
1 D
2 S
2 D
o
v Load
o
i
1
N
1 N
2 N
d
i
11 LPKEE-ITB
Inverter Center-Tap
Beban
Beban
12 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
7
Analisis Tegangan Output
Inverter Center-Tap
( )
( ) ( )
k V V
E
N
N
t d t E
N
N
V
t k V v
k
d d
n k
k
/
2 2
sin
2 2
sin 2
: Tegangan
1
1
2
2 /
0
1
2
1
1 2
=
= =
=

13 LPKEE-ITB
Inverter Center-Tap
Sederhana
Komponen minimum
Harus pakai trafo
Cocok untuk daya rendah (< 1 kW)
Cocok untuk tegangan dc yang rendah
Pengaturan tegangan dilakukan dengan
menggunakan trafo ferroresonance.
14 LPKEE-ITB
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8
Half-Bridge Inverter
1 S
1 D
2 S
2 D
2
d
E
Load u 0
o
v
o
i
2
d
E
1 d
i
2 d
i
2
d
E
0
o
v
o
i
2
d
E
1 S
i
1 D
i
1 d
i
15 LPKEE-ITB
Analisis Tegangan Output Inverter Half-Bridge
( )
( ) ( )
k V V
k
E
t d t
E
V
t k V v
k
d d
n k
k o
/
: orde Harmonisa
2
sin
2
: dasar Komponen
sin 2
: Tegangan
1
2 /
0
1
1 2
=
= =
=

16 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
9
Inverter Thyristor
Beban Beban
17 LPKEE-ITB
Inverter Thyristor
Beban Beban
18 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
10
Inverter Full-Bridge
2
d
E
2
d
E
0
2
d
E
2
d
E
0
0
d
E
d
E
uo
v
vo
v
uv
v
uv
i

1 S 2 S
4 S 3 S 4 S
d i
1 S
1 D
2 S
2 D
Load
3 S
3 D
4 S
4 D
u v
o
v
o
i
d
E
2
d
E
2
d
E
0
d
i
19 LPKEE-ITB
Inverter Full-Bridge
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 2 / 7 cos
7
2 2
2 / 5 cos
5
2 2
2 / 3 cos
3
2 2
2 / cos
2 2
2 / cos
2 2
sin
2 2
sin 2
7
5
3
1
2 /
2 /
1 2

d
d
d
d
d d k
n k
k o
E V
E V
E V
E V
k E
k
t d t k E V
t k V v
=
=
=
=
= =
=

=
20 LPKEE-ITB
Sudut bisa dipilih untuk mengatur
besarnya komponen dasar atau
menghilangkan harmonisa tertentu.
4/26/2010
11
Arus Input
LPKEE-ITB 21
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
genap. orde komponen dan dc komponen atas terdiri dc sisi Arus
1 cos 1 cos
2 / cos 2 2
: input Arus
sin 2 / cos
4
: function Switching
sin 2
: sinusoidal keluaran arus Asumsi
1 2
1 2
12
12 2 1 2 1

+ + =
=
=
= = =

=
t k t k
k
k
I i
t k k
k
s
t I i
i s i s s i s i s i
h k
l d
h k
l u
u u u u d
Inverter Tiga-Fasa
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
uo wo wu wo vo vw vo uo uv
vo uo wo wn wo uo vo vn wo vo uo un
wo vo uo no wn vn un
no wn wo no vn vo no un uo
v v v v v v v v v
v v v v v v v v v v v v
v v v v v v v
v v v v v v v v v
= = =
= = =
+ + = = + +
+ = + = + =
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
3
1
0
1 S
1 D
2 S
2 D
u
d
E
2
d
E
2
d
E
0
d
i
3 S
3 D
4 S
4 D
v
5 S
5 D
6 S
6 D
w
n
Load
22 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
12
Inverter Tiga-Fasa
2
d E
2
d E
0
0
0
0
0
2
d E
2
d E
2
d E
2
d E
3
2 d E
3
d E
3
d E
3
2 d E
d E
d E
uo
v
vo
v
wo
v
un
v
uv
v
23 LPKEE-ITB
( )
( )
d ll
n k
n k
k ph un
ph k ph
d ph
n k
k ph uo
E V
t k V v
k V V
E V
t k V v

6
: fasa antar Tegangan
sin 2
netral - ke - fasa Tegangan
/
2
sin 2
nol - ke - fasa Tegangan
1 ,
3
1 2
,
1 , ,
1 ,
1 2
,
=
=
=
=
=

=
Arus Input
LPKEE-ITB 24
( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
( )( ) [ ] ( )( ) [ ]
( )( ) [ ] ( )( ) [ ]
enam. kelipatan harmonisa plus dc komponen atas terdiri dc sisi Arus
1 cos 1 cos 2 2
1 cos 1 cos 2 2
1 cos 1 cos 2 2
sin 2 sin 2 sin 2
sin 2
2
1
sin 2
2
1 sin 2
2
1
1 2
3
2
3
2
1 2
3
2
3
2
1 2
3
2
3
2
1 2
3
2
1 2
3
2
1 2

=
+ + + +
+
+ +
+
+ +
=
+ = =
+
+ =

+ = + =
+ + =
h k
l
h k
l
h k
l d
l w l v l u
h k
w
h k
v
h k
u
w w v v u u d
k
t k t k
I
k
t k t k
I
k
t k t k
I i
t I i t I i t I i
k
t k
s
k
t k
s
k
t k
s
i s i s i s i

4/26/2010
13
Simulation
25 LPKEE-ITB
Simulated Result
26 LPKEE-ITB
Line-line voltage
Line-neutral voltage
Line current
Input current
4/26/2010
14
Teknik PWM
1. Sampling Based PWM:
Natural sampling (Carrier Based)
Regular sampling
2. Programmed PWM:
Eliminated Harmonics
Minimum Harmonics
27 LPKEE-ITB
Teknik PWM
1 S
2
d
E
Load 0
o
v
o
i
2
d
E
1 d
i
2 d
i
1 D
2 S
2 D
u
+

o
2
d E
0
2
d E
uo
v
If f
c
/f
r
integer, the technique is called synchronous otherwise asynchronous
28 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
15
Natural Sampling
LPKEE-ITB 29
Regular Sampling
2
d
E
0
2
d
E
uo
v
30 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
16
Simulation
31 LPKEE-ITB
carrier
reference
Simulation Results
32 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
17
Analisis Tegangan Keluaran Inverter PWM Satu-Fasa
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
[ ] ( )

=
+ =
=
=
(

=
+ =
=
= =

=
1
0
1
cos sin sin
2
sin
2
sin
sin
2
cos cos
cos
. /
2 2
1 2
2
n
s
d d
o
r
d
n
s s s s
d
n
n
s n o o
s ON
r
d d d
s
OFF ON
o
t n k n
k
E E
k v
k v
n
n
E
C
t d t n t d t n
E
C
t n C v v
T T
v
E E E
T
T T
v

maka Jika
: Fourier Deret
mana yang
: tegangan rata - rata Nilai
0
0
2
d
E
2
d
E

r
v
car
ON
T
s
T
33 LPKEE-ITB
Control characteristic
LPKEE-ITB 34
4/26/2010
18
Simulation result under
nonsinusoidal reference
35 LPKEE-ITB
Analisis Tegangan keluaran
Maximum peak output voltage is E
d
/2. This
value is less than the fundamental
component of square-wave output voltage.
The output current waveform is almost
sinusoidal when the switching frequency is
high.
Because the switching frequency is high,
the switching losses are also high.
36 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
19
Analisis Riak
0
2
d
E

2
d
E
r
u
v
carrier
o
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
s
T
1
T o
T
o
T
u
i
~
u
v
( )
( )
( )
( )

+

=

+ = =
+ + =
|
|

\
|
= =
+ = + =
+ + =

4 3 4
3 1 1
1
for
for
2
for
1 ~
Thus,
~
~
~

2
1
2
2
Then
~
and
~
assume us Let
: equation tage Output vol
t t t t t
L
v
t t t t t
L
v
E
T
L
v
t t t t t
L
v
dt v v
L
i
dt
i d
L i R v v v
e
dt
i d
L i R
E
T
T E
v v
i i i v v v
e
dt
di
L Ri v
uo
uo
d
o
uo
o o
uo
uo uo u
u
u uo uo uo
u
u
u
d
s
ON d
r uo
u u u uo uo uo
u
u
u uo
37 LPKEE-ITB
Analisis Riak
38 LPKEE-ITB
sin
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 2
1
k v
v
T
T
v
T
T
r
u
r
s
r
u
s
o
=
+ =
=

=
=
+

2
0
2
,
2 2
~
2
1 ~
: ripple of value RMS
~
1 ~
: ripple of value square Mean
d I I
dt i
T
I
u av u
T t
t
u
s
u
s o
o
4/26/2010
20
Programmed PWM
0
2
d
E
2
d
E

ganjil. Untuk n
n
n
E
b
n
n
E
a
M
k
k
k d
n
M
k
k
k d
n
(

=
(

+ =

=
=
2
1
2
1
sin ) 1 (
2
cos ) 1 ( 1
2

39 LPKEE-ITB
Programmed PWM
LPKEE-ITB 40
4/26/2010
21
Teknik PWM Untuk Inverter Satu-Fasa Full-Bridge
2
d E
2
d E
uo
v
vo
v
uv
v
1 S
1 D
2 S
2 D
Load
3 S
3 D
4 S
4 D
u v
o
v
o
i
d
E
2
d
E
2
d
E
0
d
i
+

1 S
2 S
3 S
4 S
41 LPKEE-ITB
PWM Characteristic
LPKEE-ITB 42
4/26/2010
22
Three-Phase PWM Inverter
1 S
1 D
2 S
2 D
u
d
E
2
d
E
2
d
E
0
d
i
3 S
3 D
4 S
4 D
v
5 S
5 D
6 S
6 D
w
n
Load
43 LPKEE-ITB
Teknik PWM Inverter Tiga-Fasa
r
u v
r
v v
r
w v
uo
v
vo
v
uv
v
r
w
d
wo
r
v
d
vo
r
u
d
uo
uo wo wu
wo vo vw
vo uo uv
d
wo
d
wo
r
w
d
vo
d
vo
r
v
d
uo
d
uo
r
u
v
E
v
v
E
v
v
E
v
v v v
v v v
v v v
E
v
E
v car v
E
v
E
v car v
E
v
E
v car v
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
=
=
=
=
=
=
= = >
= = >
= = >
ELSE THEN IF
ELSE THEN IF
ELSE THEN IF
44 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
23
PWM Characteristics
LPKEE-ITB 45
Ripple Analysis
LPKEE-ITB 46
4/26/2010
24
Simulation
47 LPKEE-ITB
Simulation Results
48 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
25
Inverter Input Current
LPKEE-ITB 49
Dead Time
LPKEE-ITB 50
4/26/2010
26
Teknik PWM Inverter Tiga-Fasa
n
Load
0
uo
v
vo
v
wo
v
w
i
v
i
u
i
51 LPKEE-ITB
Teknik PWM Inverter Tiga-Fasa
( )
( )
o
r
w
o
r
v
o
r
u
s k v
s k v
s k v
+ + =
+ =
+ =
3
2
3
2
sin
sin
sin
: signals Reference

52 LPKEE-ITB
PWM vector Space -
PWM ous Discontinu
3 sin
4
3 sin
6
-
: popular most The

=
=

k
s
k
s
o
o
4/26/2010
27
Simulation Result
53 LPKEE-ITB
Switching Function Concept
( )
( )
( )
function switching phase - to - phase is

ELSE THEN IF
ELSE THEN IF
ELSE THEN IF
otherwise then
signal ON an receives device switching upper the IF
uv
d wu d u w uG wG wu
d vw d w v wG vG vw
d uv d v u vG uG uv
d w wG d v vG d u uG
w w
r
w
v v
r
v
u u
r
u
s
E s E s s v v v
E s E s s v v v
E s E s s v v v
E s v E s v E s v
s s car v
s s car v
s s car v
s s
= = =
= = =
= = =
= = =
= = >
= = >
= = >
= =
0 1
0 1
0 1
. 0 1
54 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
28
Voltage-Type and Current-Type Inverters
R L
e
C
1 S
u
2 S
3 S
v
4 S 6 S
w
5 S
d
I
0
u
1 S
2 S
u
v
w
R
L
e
3 S
v
4 S
5 S
6 S
w
d
E
Current-Type Inverter
Voltage-Type Inverter
55
Autosequential Commutation
Current-Source Inverters
Motor
Induction
d
I
d
v
56 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
29
Current-Source Inverter with Individual
Commutation
d
I
d
v
Bridge
Auxiliary
Bridge
Main
Motor
Induction
57 LPKEE-ITB
Current-Source Inverter with
Fourth-Leg Commutation
d
I
d
v
58 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
30
Duality Between Voltage-Type and
Current-Type Inverters
0
d
v
u uo
E s v =
d
v
v vo
E s v =
d
v
w wo
E s v =
u
i
v
i
w
i
u
v
w
R
L
e
u
v
w
C
G
j
d
i
uv uv
I s i =
d
i
vw vw
I S i =
d
i
wu wu
I s i =
u
i
v
i
w
i
59 LPKEE-ITB
Duality Between Voltage-Type and
Current-Type Inverters
r
uv
i r
vw
i
r
wu
i
0
1
i
uv
s
0
1
1
i
v
s
i
vw
s
0
1
r
u
v
r
v
v
r
w
v
0
1
v
u
s
0
1
1
v
uv
s
v
v
s
0
1
60 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
31
Current-Type Inverters
. continuity current sorce ensure to devices
switching lower and upper of pair one ON - turn then zero are and all IF
signal. ON an receives S6 nor S5 neither IF and
signal, ON an receives S6 THEN IF signal, ON an receives S5 THEN IF
signal. ON an receives S4 nor S3 neither IF and
signal, ON an receives S4 THEN IF signal, ON an receives S3 THEN IF
signal. ON an receives S2 nor S1 neither IF and
signal, ON an receives S2 THEN IF signal, ON an receives S1 THEN IF

ELSE THEN IF
ELSE THEN IF
ELSE THEN IF
i
w
i
v
i
u
i
w
i
w
i
w
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
u
i
u
i
u
i
wu
i
vw
i
w
i
vw
i
uv
i
v
i
uv
i
wu
i
u
i
wu
i
wu
r
wu
i
vw
i
vw
r
vw
i
uv
i
uv
r
uv
s s s
s
s s
s
s s
s
s s
s s s s s s s s s
s s car i
s s car i
s s car i
, ,
0
1 1
0
1 1
0
1 1
0 1
0 1
0 1
=
= =
=
= =
=
= =
= = =
= =
= =
= =
61 LPKEE-ITB
Current-Type Inverters
At present, voltage-type inverters are more popular than
current-type inverters.
Current-type inverters are commonly used as PWM
rectifiers.
Advances on superconductor will increase the use of
current-type inverters.
At present, several manufacturers introduce reverse-
blocking devices on one module.
Current-type inverters are introduced for medium voltage
ac drives because the input and output currents are
almost sinusoidal, inherently four-quadrants, and short-
circuit proof.
62 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
32
Space-Vector PWM
( )
3 / 2
2
3
2
j
co bo ao o
e a
av v a v v
=
+ + =
r
: definition vector Voltage
100 011
101 001
010 110
111 000
63 LPKEE-ITB
Space Vector PWM
( )
[ ]
2 1
1
2
2
2 1
2
2
1
1
2 1
sin cos 3
2
3
sin
3
3
3
3
sin
3
1
3
2
cos
t t T t
E
V
T t
E
V
T t
E
T
t
V
E
T
t
E
T
t
V
v
T
t
v
T
t
v
T
t
v
v b v a Ve v
s o
d
s
d
s
d
s
d
s
d
s
zero
s
o
s s
r
o
j r
o
=
=
=
=
+ =
+ + =
+ = =

r r r
r r r
d
E v
3
2
1
=
r
3 /
2
3
2
j
d
e E v =
r
r
o
v
r

64 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
33
Space Vector PWM
a phase
b phase
c phase
2
o
t
1
t
2
t
2
o
t
0
0
0
65 LPKEE-ITB
Two-Level Inverters
High-voltage applications
need high-voltage switching
devices.
Series connection of
switching devices are
difficult to control.
Output waveforms can only
be improved at the expense
of switching losses.
High-voltage applications
may need bulky and
expensive transformers.
2
d
E
2
d
E
u 0
1 S
2 S
66 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
34
Diode clamped multilevel inverters
2
d
E
2
d
E
u 0
1 S
2 S
1 D
2 D
3 S
4 S
0
1 D
u
1 S
2 S
3 S
4 S
4
d
E
2 D
3 D
4 D
5 D
6 D
5 S
6 S
7 S
8 S
4
d
E
4
d
E
4
d
E
Three-level inverter
Five-level inverter
67 LPKEE-ITB
Flying capacitor inverters
2
d
E
u
1 S
2 S
3 S
4 S
d
E
Three level inverters
Five level
2
d
E
u
1 S
2 S
3 S
4 S
d
E
4
3
d
E
4
d
E
5 S
6 S
7 S
8 S
68 LPKEE-ITB
4/26/2010
35
Cascade connection of single-phase inverters
u
1 S
2 S
v
3 S
4 S
d
E
1 S
2 S
v
3 S
4 S
d
E
u
1 S
2 S
3 S
4 S
d
E
Three level inverter
Five level inverter 69 LPKEE-ITB
END
LPKEE-ITB 70