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ASSIGNMENT/PRESENTATION

TOPIC: ANIMAL BEHVIOUR AND THEIR APPLICATION IN WILD LIFE MANAGEMENT

Submitted to; Dr, Muhammad Hussain

Presented by; Irfan uddin M Phil Roll No: 3119, 2nd Semester Haripure Campus

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE HARIPURE CAMPUS HAZARA UNIVERSITY

ANIMAL BEHVIOUR AND THEIR APPLICATION IN WILD LIFE MANAGEMENT

ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR It is the sum of every thing which the animal do eg walking running , eating , protecting themselves , sitting , movement ,sleeping , feeding social contact and talking etc . Behavior is an activity which is performed by an animal according to his needs or environmental necessities. It is biological process based on the functioning of nervous, endocrine and muscular system. Ethologists are the biologist who interested in studying behaviors, and ethology is the branch of biology, dealing with the study of animal behaviors. Ethologists approach two methods for studying animal behavior. With physiological approach are interested in the mechanism and try to give explanation in terms of the functioning of the nervous system B. Psychological approach. Psychological approach is interested in studying the factors in animals environment and performance of behavior. TYPES OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR There are three main types of animal behavior 1. Innate or Inheritive behavior. 2. Conditioned or learned behavior. 3. Adoptive behavior. A. Physiological approach.

1. Innate or ihertive behavior The behavior which is transferred from parent to offspring naturally is called inhertive behavior. OR the behavior which is adopted by animal by its birth is called inhrtive behavior. For example Birds lay eggs and youngs produce wings and fly naturally for food shelter etc. 2. Conditioned OR Learned behavior Those behaviors which are adopted by the animal during the experience of life are called conditioned behavior. They differ from the individual to individual and change from time to time with individual experience. 4. Adoptive behavior The conditioned and inhertive behavior combinely is called adoptive behavior.

Types of adoptive behavior

Eating Behavior Shelter seeking Behavior Antagonistic Behavior Behavior of parental care Sexual Behavior Behavior of communication and coordination Eliminative Behavior Social behavior

Eating behavior
Food is the basic need of all living organisms. Animal use different types of food, some take solid and some take liquid. The children of all mammals feeded upon milk, herbivores especially plant and carnivores use other animals as their food. It indicates different method of obtaining food in animal event the related animal may have different feeding mechanism. Shelter seeking Behavior A very important behavior pattern is shelter seeking behavior in animal in this pattern they protect themselves from climatic factor and enemies. Animal of same type live together to form group , such as birds sit on trees during night which provide them shelter.

Antagonistic Behavior
Animal also have the tendency of fight with each other for their personnel matter or achievements, which may be shelter place, food. This behavior is known as antagonistic behavior.

Behavior of parental care

It is a natural property of many animals that they take care of their children; it is the term of parental care. Fishes, amphibian, also take care of their eggs.

5 The young birds are very week and unable to take food, the parent birds look after them and provide food to them.

Sexual Behavior
In adult stage the animal take part in reproduction, in this process meet their opposite sex partner. They attraction each other, it is called sexual behavior. This behavior is found in every type of animals. As result of this behavior their number is increases and it helps in the survival of species. Behavior of communication and coordination

The Animal cannot live alone the form a group and live together in a place. They have contact with each other according to their needs and desire. These contacts are made physically and mentally it is called Communication and coordination behavior. They can communicate their problem to other animals. Mostly animal live in groups. They travel together in search of food , shelter. By receiving a signal of danger, they communicate message to others.

Eliminative Behavior
With the passage of time these are the learnt behavior transfer from parents to offspring e.g the birds disposes their waste at a waste places because of protection and cleaning of their nests.

Social behavior
The behavior which is learnt from the human are called social behavior e.g wild animal like monkey, parrot dog can seek social behavior.

Application of Behavior in wild life management

Application of behavior in wild life management is as follows. (1)Conservation (2) Sustained yield (3) Control 1. CONSERVATION (a) Disturbance Any which affect the predictability of that environment is called Disturbance. In conservation disturbance should be avoided , when we know the behavior of the animal. Eg Deer can identified its child by its smell if the child is touched by any animals its smell change and mother cannot identify its its child and hence its care disturbs.

(b) Scientific Research

While conducting research about a species , behavior must be known. During the research time the animal routes follow, feeding area breeding area should cared and properly noticed

2. SUSTAINED YIELD The wise use of a natural resources for indefinite period of time instead of short time is called sustained yield. Or long term use of natural resources is sustained yield. For example if the leader is hunted during migration so the migration will be disturb. The elephants are led by old female , if the leader is killed the remaning group will be left with leader and they will be scattered , resulting their failure in migrating to required area. So it

7 is essential to know the behaviour of animal while applying management principal to get sustained yield.

(3) Control
1. Shooting. The time be known at which the required animals comes out of the hide. Reorder dont look upside when it comes out for grazing at morning and dont expect attack from upside, so they can easily be shoot from a tower or a tree. 2. Trapping/ Snaring The way of the animal, walking be known for trapping. The net be placed in the way where the animal is expected to be passing. But for the behavior it is necessary to be known of the animal e.g. snow leopard. 3. Poisoning Preferred food of the animal be known and poison be mixed with that. In this way can be brought.