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Motor vehicles
Background
The first Indian emission regulations were idle emission limits which became effective in 1989. These idle emission regulations were soon replaced by mass emission limits for both petrol (1991) and diesel (1992) vehicles, which were gradually tightened during the 1990s. Since the year 2000, India started adopting European emission and fuel regulations for four-wheeled lightduty and for heavy-dc. Indian own emission regulations still apply to two- and three-wheeled vehicles. Current requirement is that all transport vehicles carry a fitness certificate that is renewed each year after the first two years of new vehicle registration. On October 6, 2003, the National Auto Fuel Policy has been announced, which envisages a phased program for introducing Euro 2 - 4 emission and fuel regulations by 2010. The implementation schedule of EU emission standards in India is summarized in Table 1.[1] Table 1: Indian Emission Standards (4-Wheel Vehicles) Reference Date Region Euro 1 Euro 2 2000 2001 Bharat Stage II 2003.04 2005.04 Bharat Stage III Bharat Stage IV Euro 3 Euro 4 2005.04 2010.04 2010.04 Nationwide NCR*, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai NCR*, 12 Cities Nationwide NCR*, 12 Cities Nationwide NCR*, 12 Cities
* National Capital Region (Delhi) Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur, Lucknow, Sholapur, and Agra The above standards apply to all new 4-wheel vehicles sold and registered in the respective regions. In addition, the National Auto Fuel Policy introduces certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes originating or terminating in Delhi or the other 10 cities. For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II (Euro 2) will be applicable from April 1, 2005 and Stage III (Euro 3) standards would come in force from April 1, 2010.[2]
Exhaust gases from vehicles form a significant portion of air pollution which is harmful to human health and the environment Emission standards for new heavy-duty diesel enginesapplicable to vehicles of GVW > 3,500 kgare listed in Table 2. Table 2 Emission Standards for Diesel Truck and Bus Engines, g/kWh Reference Test CO HC NOx PM ECE R49 17.3-32.6 2.7-3.7 Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV ECE R49 ECE R49 ECE R49 ESC ETC ESC ETC 11.20 4.5 4.0 2.1 5.45 1.5 4.0 2.40 1.1 1.1 0.66 0.78 0.46 0.55 14.4 8.0 7.0 5.0 5.0 3.5 3.5 0.36* 0.15 0.10 0.16 0.02 0.03
* 0.612 for engines below 85 kW earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1 only in selected regions, see Table 1 More details on Euro I-III regulations can be found in the EU heavy-duty engine standards page.
Year Reference CO HC HC+NOx NOx 1992 17.3-32.6 2.7-3.7 1996 2000 Euro 1 2005 Euro 2 2010 Euro 3 5.0-9.0 1.0-1.5 0.64 0.80 0.95 0.50 0.63 0.74 2.0-4.0 0.7-1.2 0.56 0.72 0.86 0.30 0.39 0.46 2.72-6.90 -
PM -
0.97-1.70 0.14-0.25 0.08-0.17 0.50 0.65 0.78 0.25 0.33 0.39 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.025 0.04 0.06
2010 Euro 4
earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1 only in selected regions, see Table 1 The test cycle has been the ECE + EUDC for low power vehicles (with maximum speed limited to 90 km/h). Before 2000, emissions were measured over an Indian test cycle. Engines for use in light-duty vehicles can be also emission tested using an engine dynamometer. The respective emission standards are listed in Table 4. Table 4 Emission Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Engines, g/kWh Year Reference CO HC NOx PM 1992 1996 2000 2005 Euro I Euro II 14.0 11.20 4.5 4.0 3.5 2.40 1.1 1.1 18.0 14.4 8.0 7.0 0.36* 0.15
* 0.612 for engines below 85 kW earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1
CO 14.3-27.1 8.68-12.4 4.34-6.20 2.72-6.90 2.2-5.0 2.3 4.17 5.22 1.0 1.81 2.27
NOx
2010
Euro 4
* for catalytic converter fitted vehicles earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1 only in selected regions, see Table 1 Gasoline vehicles must also meet an evaporative (SHED) limit of 2 g/test (effective 2000). [edit] 3- and 2-wheel vehicles Emission standards for 3- and 2-wheel gasoline vehicles are listed in the following tables.[3] Table 6 Emission Standards for 3-Wheel Gasoline Vehicles, g/km Year CO HC HC+NOx 1991 12-30 8-12 1996 2000 2005 (BS II) 2010.04 (BS III) 6.75 4.00 2.25 1.25 5.40 2.00 2.00 1.25
Table 7 Emission Standards for 2-Wheel Gasoline Vehicles, g/km Year CO HC HC+NOx 1991 1996 2000 2005 (BS II) 2010.04 (BS III) 12-30 5.50 2.00 1.5 1.0 8-12 3.60 2.00 1.5 1.0
Table 8 Emission Standards for 2- And 3-Wheel Diesel Vehicles, g/km Year CO HC+NOx PM
2005.04 2010.04
1.00 0.50
0.85 0.50
0.10 0.05
1991 - Idle CO Limits for Gasoline Vehicles and Free Acceleration Smoke for Diesel Vehicles, Mass Emission Norms for Gasoline Vehicles. 1992 - Mass Emission Norms for Diesel Vehicles. 1996 - Revision of Mass Emission Norms for Gasoline and Diesel Vehicles, mandatory fitment of Catalytic Converter for Cars in Metros on Unleaded Gasoline. 1998 - Cold Start Norms Introduced. 2000 - India 2000 (Eq. to Euro I) Norms, Modified IDC (Indian Driving Cycle), Bharat Stage II Norms for Delhi. 2001 - Bharat Stage II (Eq. to Euro II) Norms for All Metros, Emission Norms for CNG & LPG Vehicles. 2003 - Bharat Stage II (Eq. to Euro II) Norms for 13 major cities. 2005 - From 1 April Bharat Stage III (Eq. to Euro III) Norms for 13 major cities. 2010 - Bharat Stage III Emission Norms for 4-wheelers for entire country whereas Bharat Stage - IV (Eq. to Euro IV) for 13 major cities. Bharat Stage IV also has norms on OBD (similar to Euro III but diluted)
Bharat (CEV) Stage IIThese standards are based on the EU Stage I requirements, but also cover smaller engines that were not regulated under the EU Stage I. Bharat (CEV) Stage IIIThese standards are based on US Tier 2/3 requirements.
The standards are summarized in the following table: Table 9 Bharat (CEV) Emission Standards for Diesel Construction Machinery Engine Power CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM Date kW g/kWh Bharat (CEV) Stage II P<8 2008.10 8 P < 19 19 P < 37 37 P < 75 75 P < 130 130 P < 560 P<8 8 P < 19 19 P < 37 37 P < 75 75 P < 130 130 P < 560 2008.10 2007.10 2007.10 2007.10 2007.10 2011.04 2011.04 2011.04 2011.04 2011.04 2011.04 8.0 6.6 6.5 6.5 5.0 5.0 8.0 6.6 5.5 5.0 5.0 3.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 7.5 7.5 7.5 4.7 4.0 4.0 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 1.00 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.70 0.54 0.80 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.30 0.20
The limit values apply for both type approval (TA) and conformity of production (COP) testing. Testing is performed on an engine dynamometer over the ISO 8178 C1 (8-mode) and D2 (5mode) test cycles. The Bharat Stage III standards must be met over the useful life periods shown in Table 10. Alternatively, manufacturers may use fixed emission deterioration factors of 1.1 for CO, 1.05 for HC, 1.05 for NOx, and 1.1 for PM. Table 10 Bharat (CEV) Stage III Useful Life Periods Useful Life Period Power Rating hours < 19 kW 19-37 kW > 37 kW constant speed variable speed 3000 3000 5000 8000
Table 11 Indian Emission Standards (4-Wheel Vehicles) Reference Date Region Euro 1 Euro 2 2000 2001 2003.04 2005.04 2005.04 2010.04 2010.04 Nationwide NCR*, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai NCR*, 11 Cities Nationwide NCR*, 11 Cities Nationwide NCR*, 11 Cities
Euro 3 Euro 4
* National Capital Region (Delhi) Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Secunderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra Emissions are tested over the ISO 8178 C1 (8-mode) cycle. For Bharat (Trem) Stage III A, the useful life periods and deterioration factors are the same as for Bharat (CEV) Stage III, Table 10.
Engines are tested over the 5-mode ISO 8178 D2 test cycle. Smoke opacity is measured at full load.
Table 13 Emission Limits for Diesel Engines > 800 kW for Generator Sets CO NMHC NOx PM Date mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 ppm(v) mg/Nm3 Until 2003.06 2003.07 - 2005.06 2005.07 150 150 150 150 100 100 1100 970 710 75 75 75
Concentrations are corrected to dry exhaust conditions with 15% residual O2.
200
above
The norms for 500 MW and above coal based power plant being practised is 40 to 50 mg/Nm and space is provided in the plant layout for super thermal power stations for installation of flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) system. But FGD is not installed, as it is not required for low sulphur Indian coals while considering SO X emission from individual chimney. In addition to the above emission standards, the selection of a site for a new power plant has to maintain the local ambient air quality as given in Table 16. Table 16 Ambient air quality standard Conc. g/m3 Category SPM SO2 CO NOX
Industrial and mixeduse Residential and rural Sensitive 500 200 100 120 80 30 5000 2000 1000 120 80 30
g/m3
SOX = 100 ?
No project Polluted area, max. from a project 100 t/day Unpolluted area, max. from a project 500 t/day
g/m3
SOX < 50 ?
g/m3
However the norms for SOX are even stricter for selection of sites for World Bank funded projects (refe r Table 2.4). For example, if SOX level is higher than 100 ? g/m 3, no project with further SOX emission can be set up; if SO X level is 100 ? g/m 3, it is called polluted area and maximum emission from a project should not exceed 100 t/day; and if SOX is less than 50 ? g/m 3, it is called unpolluted area, but the SOX emission from a project should not exceed 500 t/day. The stipulation for NOX emission is that its emission should not exceed 260 gram s of NOX per giga joule of heat input. In view of the above, it may be seen that improved environment norms are linked to financing and are being enforced by international financial institutions and not by the policies/laws of land.
[edit] Fuels
Fuel Quality plays a very important role in meeting the stringent emission regulation. The fuel specifications of Gasoline and Diesel have been aligned with the Corresponding European Fuel Specifications for meeting the Euro II, Euro III and Euro IV emission norms. The use of alternative fuels has been promoted in India both for energy security and emission reduction Delhi and Mumbai have more than 100,000 commercial vehicles running on CNG fuel. Delhi has the largest number of CNG commercial vehicles running any where in the World. India is planning to introduce Biodiesel, Ethanol Gasoline blends in a phased manner and has drawn up a road map for the same. The Indian auto Industry is working with the authorities to facilitate for introduction of the alternative fuels. India has also setup a task force for preparing the Hydrogen road map. The use of LPG has also been introduced as an auto fuel and the oil industry has drawn up plans for setting up of Auto LPG dispensing station in major cities. Indian Gasoline specifications: Table 18 Sl. No 1 2 Bharat Characteristics Density 15 0 C Distillation a) Recovery up to 70 0 C(E70) b) Recovery up to 100 0 C (E100) c) Recovery up to 180 0 C (E180) 3 d) Recovery up to 150 0 C (E150) e) Final Boiling Point (FBP), Max f) Residue Max 4 5 6 7 8 Research Octane Number (RON), Min Anti Knock Index (AKI)/ MON, Min Sulphur, Total , Max Lead Content(as Pb), Max Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP), Max % mass g/l Kpa %Volume %Volume %Volume %Volume
0
Bharat
% Volume
Benzene, Content, Max 9 a) For Metros b) For the rest 10 11 Olefin content, Max Aromatic Content, Max % Volume % Volume % Volume
3 5 21 42 21 35 1 1
Indian diesel specifications: Table 19 Characteristic Density Kg/m 15 C Sulphur Content mg/kg max
3 0
S. No 1 2
BSII 500 48 or 46 -
BSIV 50 51 and 46 11
3(a) Cetane Number minimum and / or 3(b) Cetane Index 4 5 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Distillation
(a) Reco. Min. At 350 0 C (b) Reco. Min. At 370 0C (c) 95%Vol Reco at 0o C max Table 20 Diesel Fuel Quality in India Date Particulars 1995 Cetane number: 45; Sulfur: 1% 1996 Sulfur: 0.5% (Delhi + selected cities) 1998 Sulfur: 0.25% (Delhi) 1999 Sulfur: 0.05% (Delhi, limited supply)
85 95 -
360
360
2000 Cetane number: 48; Sulfur: 0.25% (Nationwide) 2001 Sulfur: 0.05% (Delhi + selected cities) 2005 Sulfur: 350 ppm (Euro 3; selected areas) 2010 Sulfur: 350 ppm (Euro 3; nationwide) 2010 Sulfur: 50 ppm (Euro 4; selected areas)
Indian bio-diesel specifications: Table 21 S.No. Characteristics Requirement Method of Test , ref to Other Methods (1) i. (2) Density at 15C, kg/m3 (3) 860-900 (4) ISO 3675 ISO 12185 ASTM ii. iv. v vi. Kinematic Viscosity at 40C, cSt Sulphur, mg/kg max. Carbon residue (Ramsbottom) *,% by mass, max Sulfated ash, % by mass, max 2.5-6.0 120 50.0 0.05 0.02 500 ISO 3104 P:21 ASTM D 5453 ASTM D 4530ISO 10370 ISO 6245 ASTM D 2709 ISO 3733 ISO 6296 viii Total contamination, mg/kg, max ix x xi Cu corrosion, 3 hrs at 50C, max Cetane No., min Acid value, mg KOH/g, max 24 1 51 0.50 0.20 0.20 96.5 0.02 0.25 10.0 To report To report To report 6 EN 12662 ISO 2160 ISO 5156 EN 14110 EN 14103 ASTM D 6584 ASTM D 6584 ASTMD 4951 EN 14108 & EN 14109 xix Calcium and Magnesium, mg/kg, max xx Iodine value xxi Oxidation stability, at 110C hrs, min * Carbon residue shall be run on 100% sample EN 14104 EN 14112 P:15 P:9 P:1 / Sec 1 P:83 P:4 P:40 P:25 iii. Flash point (PMCC) C, min [P:] of IS 1448 (5) P:16/ P:32
xii Methanol @, % by mass, max xiii Ethanol, @@ % by mass, max xiv Ester content, % by mass, min xv Free Glycerol, % by mass, max xvi Total Glycerol, % by mass, max xvii Phosphorus, mg/kg, max xviii Sodium & Potassium, mg/kg, max
** European method is under development @ Applicable for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester @@ Applicable for Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester
emissions labelling mandatory on all new cars in the country. The auto companies should inform the customers about a vehicles emissions.[7]
CMVR- Technical Standing Committee (CMVR-TSC) Standing Committee on Implementation of Emission Legislation (SCOE)
representatives from Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM), Automotive Component Manufacturers Association (ACMA) and Tractor Manufacturers Association (TMA) and representatives from State Transport Departments. Major functions the Committee are:
To provide technical clarification and interpretation of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules having technical bearing, to MoRT&H, as and when so desired. To recommend to the Government the International/ foreign standards which can be used in lieu of standard notified under the CMVR permit use of components/parts/assemblies complying with such standards. To make recommendations on any other technical issues which have direct relevance in implementation of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules. To make recommendations on the new safety standards of various components for notification and implementation under Central Motor Vehicles Rules. To make recommendations on lead time for implementation of such safety standards. To recommend amendment of Central Motor Vehicles Rules having technical bearing keeping in view of Changes in automobile technologies.
CMVR-TSC is assisted by another Committee called the Automobile Industry Standards Committee (AISC) having members from various stakeholders in drafting the technical standards related to Safety. The major functions of the committee are as follows:
Preparation of new standards for automotive items related to safety. To review and recommend amendments to the existing standards. Recommend adoption of such standards to CMVR Technical Standing Committee Recommend commissioning of testing facilities at appropriate stages. Recommend the necessary funding of such facilities to the CMVR Technical Standing Committee, and Advise CMVR Technical Standing Committee on any other issues referred to it
The National Standards for Automotive Industry are prepared by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The standards formulated by AISC are also converted into Indian Standards by BIS. The standards formulated by both BIS and AISC are considered by CMVR-TSC for implementation.
To discuss the future emission norms To recommend norms for in-use vehicles to MoSRT&H To finalise the test procedures and the implementation strategy for emission norms Advise MoSRT&H on any issue relating to implementation of emission regulations.
Based on the recommendations from CMVR-TSC and SCOE, MoSRT&H issues notification for necessary amendments / modifications in the in Central Motor Vehicle Rules.
In addition, the other Ministries like Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF), Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoPNG) and Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources are also involved in formulation of regulations relating to Emissions, Noise, Fuels and Alternative Fuel vehicles.
[edit] References
1. ^ Vehicular Technology in India | Emission Norms - SIAM India 2. ^ "Emission Standards: India: On-Road Vehicles and Engines". Dieselnet.com. http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/. Retrieved 2009-06-29. 3. ^ "Vehicular Technology in India | Emission Norms - SIAM India". SIAM India.. http://www.siamindia.com/scripts/emission-standards.aspx. Retrieved 2009-06-29. 4. ^ Emission standards for power plants 5. ^ Presentation on Vehicle Emission Standards in India, K K Gandhi, SIAM 6. ^ TOI article on Bharat Stage norms 7. ^ Greenpeace urges government for CO2 limits 8. ^ transportenvironment.org 9. ^ Emission regulatory framework in India