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Beam Structure A beam structure is a structure that consists of flexural or beam members being connected by beam rigid joints. The geometry of the beam structure is represented by a straight line and the beam is subjected only to transverse loadings (in-plane moments and forces normal to the axis of the beam). For a given statically stable beam structure that consists of j joints and m members, we obtain nm = 2m nj = 2j and, therefore, the degree of static indeterminacy of the beam is given by

DI = ra + 2m 2j nc

Remark: In the determination of ra, components of the support reactions in the direction parallel to the beam axis must be ignored since there is no internal axial force in any beam members.

Example 4: Determine the degree of static indeterminacy (DI) of the following statically stable beam structures.

Structure I

Structure II

Structure III

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Structure I ra = 1(2) + 2(1) = 4 2 beam members m=2 3 joints j=3 1 hinge + 1 shear release nc = 2 DI = ra + 2m 2j nc = 4 + 2(2) 2(3) 2 = 0 Structure is statically determinate Structure is also externally, statically determinate

Structure II ra = 1(2) + 3(1) = 5 4 beam members m=4 5 joints j=5 1 hinge joint nc = 2 1 = 1 DI = ra + 2m 2j nc = 5 + 2(4) 2(5) 1 = 2 Structure is statically indeterminate Note that the free end is considered as a joint

Structure III ra = 3(1) + 2(2) = 7 4 beam members m=4 5 joints j=5 No internal release nc = 0 DI = ra + 2m 2j nc = 7 + 2(4) 2(5) 0 = 5 Structure is statically indeterminate

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Frame Structure A frame structure is a structure that consists of frame members being connected by frame rigid joints. This type of structures can resist both transverse and longitudinal loadings. For a given statically stable frame structure that consists of j joints and m members, we obtain nm = 3m nj = 3j and, therefore, the degree of static indeterminacy of the frame is given by

DI = ra + 3m 3j nc

Example 5: Determine the degree of static indeterminacy (DI) of the following statically stable frame structures.

Structure I

Structure II

Structure III

Structure IV

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Structure I ra = 1(3) + 1(1) = 4 3 frame members m=3 4 joints j=4 1 partially moment releases joint nc = 1 DI = ra + 3m 3j nc = 4 + 3(3) 3(4) 1 = 0 Structure is statically determinate Structure is also externally, statically determinate

Structure II ra = 1(2) + 1(1) = 3 7 frame members m=7 6 joints j=6 No internal release nc = 0 DI = ra + 3m 3j nc = 3 + 3(7) 3(6) 0 = 6 Structure is statically indeterminate ra = 3, net = 3, ncr = 0 ra = net + ncr = 3 Structure is also externally, statically determinate

Structure III ra = 2(3) + 1(2) = 8 7 frame members m=7 8 joints j=8 1 shear release nc = 1 DI = ra + 3m 3j nc = 8 + 3(7) 3(8) 1 = 4 Structure is statically indeterminate

Structure IV ra = 2(3) + 1(2) = 8 4 frame members m=4 5 joints j=5 1 hinge joint nc = 3 1 = 2 DI = ra + 3m 3j nc = 8 + 3(4) 3(5) 2 = 3 Structure is statically indeterminate

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Compound Structure A compound structure is a structure that consists of more than one type of members, e.g. axial members, beam members, and frame members. For a given compound structure that consists of jt pinned joints, jb beam rigid joints, jf frame rigid joints, jc compound joints, mt truss members, mb beam members, mf frame members, we obtain nm = mt + 2mb + 3mf nj = 2jt + 2jb + 3jf + 3jc and, therefore, the degree of static indeterminacy of the compound structure is given by

DI = ra + [mt + 2mb + 3mf] [2jt + 2jb + 3jf + 3jc] nc

Example 6: Determine the degree of static indeterminacy (DI) of a compound structure shown below. Assume that a portion AB is subjected only to transverse loading and that a portion BC is subjected only to joint loads.

D C

Compound joints

Solution The portions AB, BC, and CDE can be considered as a beam structure, a truss structure and a frame structure, respectively, and the joints B and C are compound joints. Therefore, we obtain ra = 1(2) + 1(3) + 1(1) = 6 9 truss members + 2 beam members + 2 frame members mt = 9, mb = 2, mf = 2 4 pinned joints + 2 beam joints + 2 frame joints + 2 compound joints jt = 4, jb = 2, jf = 2, jc = 2 No internal release nc = 0 DI = 6 + [9 + 2(2) + 3(2) ] [2(4) + 2(2) + 3(2) + 3(2)] 0 = 1 Structure is statically indeterminate

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It is remarked that although the bending moment is fully released and there is no axial force transferring to the beam at the compound joint B, no additional equation is provided at this joint since there is only one beam member and it cannot resist axial force. Similarly, although the bending moment is fully released at the compound joint C, no additional equation is provided at this joint since there is only one frame member.

Example 7: Determine the degree of static indeterminacy (DI) of a four story structure with bracing system as shown in the figure below. Assume that bracing members can resist only the axial force.

Compound joints

Solution The structure consists of two types of structural members: the frame members and the axial members (bracings). Therefore, we obtain ra = 4(3) = 12 12 truss members + 28 frame members mt = 12, mb = 0, mf = 28 6 frame joints + 14 compound joints jt = 0, jb = 0, jf = 6, jc = 14 No internal release nc = 0 DI = 12 + [12 + 2(0) + 3(28) ] [2(0) + 2(0) + 3(6) + 3(14)] 0 = 48 Structure is statically indeterminate

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Investigation of Static Stability of Structures

Stability of Structures
Proper and sufficient constraints must be provided to the entire structure in terms of supports to prevent the rigid body displacement Prevent rigid translations Prevent rigid rotations No development of rigid body displacement at any parts of the structure when subjected to any actions Proper arrangement of members to prevent internal instability Not too many internal releases

Recall of Terms and Definitions

A statically stable structure is a structure that can resist any actions without the development of the rigid body displacement (mechanism) on the entire structure or within any parts of the structure. A statically unstable structure is a structure that is not statically stable or, in the other word, a structure that exhibits the rigid body displacement (mechanism) for the entire structure or within any parts of the structure when subjected to a particular action An externally, statically unstable structure is a statically unstable structure with the development of the rigid body displacement on the entire structure. An internally, statically unstable structure is a statically unstable structure with the development of the mechanism only on certain parts of components of the structure.

Theorems for Stability Analysis

Lemma 1 If the degree of static indeterminacy of a given structure is less than zero, i.e. DI < 0, then the structure is statically unstable. Lemma 2 A given structure is statically unstable if and only if there exists at least one pattern of a rigid body displacement developed within the structure under a particular action. Lemma 3 A given structure is statically stable if and only if there is no development of a rigid body displacement in any parts of the structure under any actions. Remarks Lemma 1 Used to deduce static instability of the structure if DI < 0 No conclusion of static stability of the structure if DI 0

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Lemma 2 & Lemma 3 Both Lemmas are equivalent Used to check stability of the structure if DI 0 To deduce static instability of the structure find at least one mechanism To deduce static stability of the structure no development of mechanisms Mechanism of the entire structure (Fig5-Fig6) Insufficient number of constraints or Improper constraints Mechanism of the portion of the structure (Fig7-Fig8) Too many internal releases Improper arrangement of members

Example 8: Use Lemma 1 to deduce the static stability of the structures shown in Fig.5Fig.8.

Truss structure in Fig5 ra = 1(1) + 1(1) = 2 9 truss members m=9 6 joints j=6 DI = ra + m 2j = 2 + 9 2(6) = -1 < 0 Lemma 1 the structure is statically unstable

Frame structure in Fig6 ra = 3(1) = 3 3 frame members m=3 4 joints j=4 No internal release nc = 0 DI = ra + 3m 3j - nc = 3 + 3(3) 3(4) - 0 = 0 Lemma 1 No conclusion on static instability

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Beam structure in Fig7 ra = 1(2) + 2(1) = 4 2 beam members m=2 3 joints jn = 3 2 hinges nc = 2 DI = ra + 2m 2j - nc = 4 + 2(2) 2(3) - 2 = 0 Lemma 1 No conclusion on static instability

Frame structure in Fig8 ra = 2(3) + 1(1) = 7 5 frame members m=5 6 joints j=6 1 hinge1 nc = 1 DI = ra + 3m 3j - nc = 7 + 3(5) 3(6) - 1 = 3 Lemma 1 No conclusion on static instability

Example 9: Investigate the static stability of truss structures shown in the figures below. The structure I is obtained by adding the truss members a and b to the structure I and the structure III is obtained by adding the truss member c to the structure I.

Structure I

Structure II

Structure III

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Structure I First, the degree of static indeterminacy is determined as follow: ra = 1(2) + 2(1) = 4 m = 11 j =8 DI = 4 + 11 2(8) = -1 < 0 Therefore, by Lemma 1, the structure is statically unstable. Structure II First, the degree of static indeterminacy is determined as follow: ra = 1(2) + 2(1) = 4 m = 13 j =8 DI = 4 + 13 2(8) = 1 > 0 Thus, static stability of the structure cannot be concluded from the Lemma1. However, by investigating all parts of this structure, there exists a pattern of rigid body displacement as shown in the figure below. Therefore, the Lemma 2 deduces that the structure is statically unstable.

Structure III First, the degree of static indeterminacy is determined as follow: ra = 1(2) + 2(1) = 4 m = 12 j =8 DI = 4 + 12 2(8) = 0 Thus, static stability of the structure cannot be concluded from the Lemma 1. However, by investigating all parts of this structure, there is no development of rigid body displacement within any parts of the structure. Therefore, the Lemma3 deduces that the structure is statically stable and, in addition, the structure is statically determinate, i.e. DI = 0.

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Example9: Investigate the static stability of frame structures shown in the figure below. The structure II and structure III are obtained by adding the horizontal member to the structure I with the location of the hinge a being above or below the added member.

Structure I Structure I

Structure II

Structure III

First, the degree of static indeterminacy is determined as follow: ra = 2(3) = 6 m =4 j =5 nc = 4 DI = 6 + 3(4) 3(5) 4 = -1 < 0 Therefore, by the Lemma1, the structure is statically unstable. Structure II First, the degree of static indeterminacy is determined as follow: ra = 2(3) = 6 m =7 j =7 nc = 4 DI = 6 + 3(7) 3(7) 4 = 2 > 0 Thus, the stability of the structure cannot be concluded from the Lemma1. However, by investigating all parts of this structure, there exists a pattern of rigid body displacement as shown in the figure below. Therefore, the Lemma 2 deduces that the structure is statically unstable.

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Structure III First, the degree of static indeterminacy is determined as follow: ra = 2(3) = 6 m =7 j =7 nc = 4 DI = 6 + 3(7) 3(7) 4 = 2 > 0 Thus, the stability of the structure cannot be concluded from the Lemma1. However, by investigating all parts of this structure, there is no development of mechanisms within any parts of the structure. Therefore, the Lemma3 deduces that the structure is statically stable and, in addition, the structure is statically indeterminate with the degree of static indeterminacy equal to two. Remarks: The installation of the horizontal member plays a vital rule to the static stability of the structure; misplacement of this member leads to the development of the rigid body displacement and, therefore, the instability of the structure.