PLASMA PROTEINS (PP)

Total pp :- 6.4 -8.3 gms/100ml blood or gm%(7.4 gm%) Classification:ALBUMIN:- 3.5-5gms% GLOBULIN:- 1.5-2.5 gms% FIBRINOGEN:- .15 -0.3 gm%

methods of separation of PP
By paper electrophoretic method Albumin Alpha 1 globulin Alpha 2 globulin Beta globulin Gamma globulin Fibrinogen if plasma is used Other methods of separation of PP are precipitation by Salting out, Immuno-electrophoresis, sedimentation with Ultra centrifugation,Alcohol precipitation etc

ORIGIN
IN EMBRYO MESENCHYMAL CELLS IN ADULTS 1)ALBUMIN - FROM LIVER 2)FIBRINOGEN-FROM LIVER 3)PROTHROMBIN FROM LIVER 4)GLOBULIN(a)TISSUE MACROPHAGES : LIVER,SPLEEN,BONE MARROW (b)PLASMACELLS (c) LYMPHOCYTES ENTEROCYTES & ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

Forms of albumin
ALBUMIN :-- PRE-ALBUMIN-0.03gm% :-- ALBUMIN- 3 to 5gm% GLOBULIN:-- ALPHA GLOBULIN -ALPHA 1 -ALPHA 2 :-- BETA GLOBULIN - BETA 1 - BETA 2 :-- GAMMA GLOBULIN GAMMA 1 - GAMMA 2

Other globulins
GLYCOPROTEINS LIPOPROTEINS TRANSFERRIN (siderophilin) HAPTOGLOBULIN CERULOPLASMIN FETULIN CLOTTING FACTORS ANGIOTENSINOGEN HAEMAGGLUTININS IMMUNOGLOBULINS TBG TRANSCORTIN prothrombin

 FIBRINOGEN OTHERS - RETINOL BINDING PROTEIN(RBP) - ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS :-- CRP :-- ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN A/G (albumin/globulin)RATIO 1.8:1 to 2:1(clinically imp) A/G ratio changes in liver diseases as only albumin synthesis is reduced

Functions of plasma proteins 1) Role in coagulation of blood - Fibrinogen, prothrombin 2) Role in defence mechanism of body - Gamma globulins forms antibodies. 3) Role in transport mechanism - Transport of hormones, enzymes, metals etc. 4) Role in maintenance of osmotic pressure - Importance of osmotic pressure 5) Role in regulation of acid base balance -as serum proteins are amphoteric

6) Role in maintenance of viscosity of blood(F&G) & so provides resistance to flow 7) Role in erythrocyte sedimentation rate - Globulin & fibrinogen 8) Role as reserve proteins:-Amino acids(of PP) can be taken by tissues & used up for building up new tissue proteins & vice versa 9) Nutritive value:- Albumin being in high concentration involve in this function.esp in hypoproteinaemic states. trephone substances formed by WBC using PPs helps in the nutrition of tissues(in culture) 10)Fibrinolysis:-of intravascular clot(thrombus)

WHIPPLES EXPERIMENT
AIM - RELATION OF DIET TO PLASMA PROTEIN PROCEDURE PLASMAPHERESIS FINDINGS RESULTS

Plasmapheresis
Is a experimental procedure first performed by whipple & is a method to separate antibodies from the plasma Done as temporary therapy of autoimmune diseases Regeneration of PP occurs in 14 days .Fast in first 24 hrs Animal protein favour albumin synthesis and plant & grain protein favour globulin synthesis

APPLIED
Hypoproteinemia Malnutrition Severe hepatic damage Loss in urine(proteinuria) due to renal disease Starvation malabsorption Leads to edema particularly hypoalbuminemia Afibrinogenemia :- defective clotting

Tumor marker proteins

Not expected to be present in adult healthy persons So presence of them in blood indicate some cancer (eg alpha feto protein in liver cancer,CEA in colon cancer,PSA in prostrate cancer etc) Blood is used for investigations (diagnosis & prognosis) of diseases

Plasma lipids
Are in the form of lipoproteins & behave as colloids Chylomicron,VLDL,LDL,HDL They help in keeping the blood lipids in solution Colloids can not pass through the capillary wall easily so trapped in blood so play role in colloid osmotic pressure Crystalloids can pass through the capillary wall(they are smaller in size,dissolve in plasma & can pass through the semipermeable membrane)