Sciences-Po 2011-2012 Didier Bigo

Sciences-Po 2011-2012 International Political Sociology of (in)security : Liberty, Security and Surveillance Lecture/Seminar : Module Organiser: Professor Didier Bigo Email didier.bigo.conflits@gmail.com INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY OF (IN)SECURITY : LIBERTY, SECURITY AND SURVEILLANCE Aims of the module: Learning outcomes of the course Structure of the course Teaching Arrangements Module Requirements : 1 1 3 4 5 6 6

COURSE 6 First session: Introduction to the course: security, insecurity, (in)security. 7 2nd session: Lecture: Security as International Security : survival, war, defence, peace making 8 3rd session : Waging wars without declaring war. 10 4th: Lecture. Enlarging the security agenda? New forms of conflicts and Human security? 11 5th session: Lecture: Soft constructivist approaches of global security versus Securitization theory? Critical constructivist security. 12

6th session: Lecture. A Paris school of (in)securitization? International Political Sociology as a framing and a method 14 7th session: Lecture : Security and the everyday. Security, crime and surveillance: Routines of petty crime, illegalism and illegalities. 15 8th Session Lecture. Practices of security and practices of surveillance. Social distribution of (in)security management ? 16 9th Session: Lecture: The chains of interdependency between actors. Transnational policing and Intelligence services at the core? 18 10th session : Introducing long term perspectives: the history of freedom, surveillance, (in)security practices and their transformations. 19 th session: lecture. Liberalism and (in)security practices : 11 liberty, equality and democracy 21 12th Session : Lecture Analysing terrorism and counter terrorism discourses as practices. Towards pre-emption, prevention and prediction ? 22 Possibility of an additional session: Human rights, Ethics, International justice in a world of states: Deepening security? 23 Bibliography 26

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Aims of the module: The course aims to foster the capacity for critical analysis of insecurity, risk, and unease, developing students capacity for independent judgement and communication at a level commensurate with postgraduate study. The course develops an interdisciplinary approach towards questions of security, war, policing, and risk, adding to the traditional knowledge of International Relations concerning these domains, central highlights coming from political theory, history, cultural anthropology, criminology, law, political sociology, surveillance studies. The course supposes a basic knowledge of International Relations and political sciences, but goes beyond this knowledge and challenges some traditional assumptions. The course introduces the students to major works of IR theory (Jervis, Wolfers, Booth, Buzan, Waever, Walker) and other disciplines (Carl Schmitt, Cassese, Agamben, Butler, Rancire, Foucault, Delumeau, Tilly, Foucault, Ericson, Bourdieu, Latour). It thus connects to International Relations theories (mainly anglo-american) a line of thought coming from French and continental theorists and sociologists, often misread as post-modern, and tries to show how they can be operationalised methodologically for empirical research concerning (in)security This interdisciplinary approach permits a better understanding of contemporary situations and aims to give a more comprehensive framework about the governmentality by unease performed by professionals of management of (in)security drawing the boundaries of legitimacy of violence, and using most often coercion, surveillance and risk assesment to develop preventive strategy filtering categories of individuals into the ones to be under suspicion and potential ban, and the ones to be normalised and protected. It specifically addresses the relationship in contemporary security practices between policing (criminal justice, intelligence, and risk assessment) and defence (war making, antiterrorist operations

abroad and peace support operation) as a set of entangled practices whose boundaries are shifting with forms of policing abroad and military intelligence surveillance inside. It discusses the boundaries of the networks constituted by different professionals and experts of (in)security at the transnational scale and is based on a deep empirical research concerning the European Union and its transatlantic relations (see the dvd Challenge and the website www.libertysecurity.org ) It helps students to understand the relationship between agents and institutions relating to (in)security within the European Union and beyond. It addresses especially the impact of these networks of (in)security professionals at the transnational scale on the capacity of the professionals of politics at the national level and within the EU context to govern effectively. It discusses as an hypothesis to investigate the emergence of transnational professional guilds, which destabilises the very notion of national government and national state and the notion of borders. It opens towards a discussion about contemporary dynamics of social changes seen often as globalisation, and to their relations with order, equality and freedom. It enables also students capacity to analyse the dynamics at works concerning (in)security, risk and unease in other different social and professional universes, including beyond coercive agents, the domains of health, environment, banking, through a reconceptualisation of what (in)security practices means and what they do. Learning outcomes of the course By the end of the course, students will be able to Relate the theoretical and conceptual debates on security and insecurity to wider theoretical and conceptual frameworks. They will get a better understanding of the qualities and limits of contemporary International Relations theories on this subject.

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Understand better the significance of issues raised in the module in relation to wider methodological concerns, and learn from the module how to engage in empirical research while having a background of constructivist epistemology. Appreciate the normative dimension of the study of (in)security regarding freedom, equality and justice, and have the capacity to understand the ethical dilemmas surrounding the (in)security dynamics. Structure of the course The course is organised in 12 sessions. The first part of the course discusses the main themes that the different disciplines are introducing under the label of security and the contemporary debates which emerge from this complexification of the picture of what is security, as well as the impossibility for one discipline to pretend to have a monopoly on the research agenda. The main themes are war, survival, peace, human security, development, mass killings, violence, human rights, crime, detention, surveillance, identification, categorisation of normality and their interconnections. The second part of the course proposes a reading permitting to make sense of these contemporary debates by analysing them in relation to a longer period of history and by linking the questions of security, sovereignty and state making in order to show their transformations and the processes at work. The contemporary structuration of security seems to be related with the development of transnational guilds of experts in many domains and their complicated relations with the professionals of politics. It leads to very important redistributions of security management where private and public, market and states, individual and collective practices are entangled. These distributions among many actors reinforce the tendency to the technologisation of security and especially the exchange of information between institutions in a way, which may curve security into surveillance. It reallocates the governance of security and the justifications at work. Networks of systems of databases analyse mobility of people and try to predict
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their actions. Depending on the domains, how is it effective, accountable, legitimate? What are the consequences of these politics in everyday life and is it necessary and possible to democratise them? Teaching Arrangements The teaching of this course will be by means of a set of lectures of 2 hours (1h30 and 30 minutes of discussion around core readings of articles and documents to read before the lecture) The lecture format is used as an efficient means to introduce to the theoretical questions, to discuss different approaches, and their epistemological positions as well as the methodology they imply. The lecture situates the topic set for the week in its intellectual context. The seminar discussion is used to supplement the lecture and to allow students to explore in greater detail facets of the analyses set out in the lecture as well as the main controversies around it. For the seminar the class will be divided into groups of students. They will have a delegate, which will present a specific viewpoint and engage the discussion in their name, based on the research done by the group concerning bibliography and primary documents coming from institutions or other sources. Module Requirements : The class will meet weekly over 12 weeks. Each student will have to summarize his/her main written intervention for the discussion in seminar by a 4000 words paper (bibliography excluded) valued at 40% of the final notation. Alternatively, they may suggest a collective research preparing or following a specific session. A final exam around a course question will determine the 60% of the final notation. Course

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First session: Introduction to the course: security, insecurity, (in)security. The first lecture will provide a general introduction to key themes of the course. It will explain the aims and structure of the course by explaining the main rationale of the course and the logical order of the different sessions. It will also explain the relations between the course and the examination chosen As a way of introduction the lecture will discuss * It is said that security is a contested concept. Why? Could we have a core definition of security? * Is security a pertinent concept? Could we define security as survival, as protection, as freedom from fear? * What are the relations between security, threat and violence? Are they in antinomy? * The notions of security and insecurity. Is security diminishing insecurity? This is a central assumption than more security implies less insecurity, but how far is it true? * Is security something that can be calculated, preserved, developed, or is it the result of a process of (in)securitization, a form of political labelisation of some activities, a categorisation concerning the legitimisation of certain practices? * Is Security a value and the first value? How to analyse the relations between security and freedom, security and necessity, security and danger, security and surveillance? * What are the practices associated with the terminology of security? * Why using the terminology of (in)security(sation)? * What does that mean to disentangle the analysis of security from International Relations and to have an interdisciplinary reading of it? Why is it necessary to include criminology, and why criminology is now working on security. Why to include surveillance studies and why surveillance is associated with security more than ever. Why is it central for analysing (in)security practices?
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The students will be divided in 4 or 5 groups and they will have to defend a position summarizing the main argument and contestation between the different schools of security studies. SEMINAR Question What means critical in critical security studies? Map the different schools of security studies. Reading before the seminar: Compulsory *Balzacq, Basaran, Bigo, Guittet, Olsson : (In)security practices, in Compendium on line of the International Studies Association, 2009 (Balzacq et al. 2009) * Bigo, Didier, and Anastassia Tsoukala (2008) Understanding (in)Security. In Terror, Insecurity and Liberty. Illiberal Practices of Liberal Regimes after 9/11, edited by Didier Bigo and Anastassia Tsoukala, pp. pp. 1-9. Oxon and New York: Routledge (Bigo and Tsoukala 2008) Information concerning the documents to read: check the websites before the session and make a list of the ones you may analyse * All the documents of the course are either on line on the website of the course and my own website, www.didierbigo.com or free to download Some key web sites related to the course http://identinet.org.uk/ http://www.libertysecurity.org/ www.statewatch.org Use of the DVD Challenge for the course. Each student will receive a DVD. 2nd session: Lecture: Security as International Security : survival, war, defence, peace making Lecture by Peter Burgess : PRIO. Norway.

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The framing of security by International Relations and the question of survival. What is the philosophy of security ? What is the relation between security, violence, protection, survival, and peace War and survival of the state. The realist reading and its antecedent : Hobbes and Macchiavelli Realism, Behaviourism and Systemism : the correlates of war, war and war studies, war, conflict, defense and peace studies Structural realism and neo liberalism. National interest and war. War and opportunities of gain. War and political regimes, war and democracies Rational Choice Theory and security. When to engage into war? Beyond Rational Choice Theory, International Political Sociology methods. SEMINAR: presentation of the TA: Stephan Davidshoffer. Organisation of the collective works. Possible themes: 1) securitization of health 2) securitization of climate change 3) securitization of border zones 4) securitization of technologies and data protection 5) mapping of the field of European internal security institutions Reading before the lecture: Compulsory *COLLECTIVE C.A.S.E., 'Critical Approaches to Security in Europe:A Networked Manifesto'. Security Dialogue 37 no. 4 (2007): 443-87.(C.A.S.E 2007) *Zedner, L. (2009). Security. New York, NY, Routledge p1 to 26.(Zedner 2009) * Burgess, P. (2011). The Ethical Subject of Security: Geopolitical Rationality and the Threat against Europe. Routledge. London (introduction)

3rd session : Waging wars without declaring war. Lecture by Vivienne Jabri : Kings College London The transformations of the notions of war, war and peace, crisis, peace enforcement, operations other than war, counter subversive operations, antiterrorist fights, humanitarian intervention with the end of bipolarity The initial framing of the question of security as the legacy of the cold war. The impact of the end of bipolarity and September 11 2001. SEMINAR Question: What is the role of war and peace today and the role of the military in enforcing them? Discussion of the DVD Challenge : The War Matrix : Vivienne Jabri How the notions of survival and security are affected by the transformations of war making? The traditional IR vision of security as survival and its evolution. How International Relations theories cope with these changes? Reading before the seminar: Compulsory *Williams, P. (2008). Security studies : an introduction. London ; New York, Routledge. Check index on survival, fear, insecurity, freedom (Williams 2008) * Buzan, B. (1991). People, states, and fear : an agenda for international security studies in the post-cold war era. New York, Harvester Wheatsheaf. Introduction and last chapter, check index on survival, fear, insecurity, freedom (Buzan 1991) In addition Visualise the DVD Challenge : Vivienne Jabri Use wikileaks and check survival, use google scholar and check survival

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4th: Lecture. Enlarging the security agenda? New forms of conflicts and Human security? The 4rth session will analyse * The enlargement of the notion of security to different sectors beyond military strategy (Booth and Buzan versus Walt). Critique of traditional security approaches. * Sectors and referent objects. * Security is not the end of war, order and state coercion. But is security still survival ? * Security conceived as peace and justice (Galtung), security as emancipation (Aberyswith). Peace studies legacy and critical security studies. * The impact of the end of bipolarity on security discourses and an enlarged agenda. * The impact on the discussion concerning security and the emergence of the discourse of Human security. Aberyswith, NGOs, UNDP origins *What is the relation of security with poverty and development ? Security and human needs. * Is Human claim a referent object? Aberyswith and Copenhagen controversy. * The right to life. From the devoir dingrence to the duty to protect? The birth of a human security discourse by states. * New conflicts as changes of characteristics of violence or as discursive forms of de-ideologisation, criminalisation of political activities and justification of peace enforcement * Human security today, a global concept: Reframing security as emancipation, by including struggles against poverty, economic underdevelopment, health problems, environment degradation, plus human rights abuse * The ambiguities of Human security : securitization of development? Human security and/or Human Rights? Who are the spoke-persons?

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* What are the boundaries of security when security claims are for all human beings? Is it possible to include everyone in a secure world? SEMINAR QUESTION : Securitizing development? Justifying intervention? Denying politics? The students will be divided in different groups and they will have to present a position concerning The new wars discourses, the emergence of an international human security agenda and its ambiguities. Is Human security the new face of imperialism? Reading before the seminar: Compulsory Duffield, Mark R. 2001. Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security. Zed Books Ltd.(Duffield 2007) Peoples, Columba, et Nick Vaughan-Williams. 2010. Critical Security Studies: An Introduction. 1er d. Routledge p120. (Peoples and Vaughan-Williams 2010) In addition : Visualise the DVD Challenge: Alessandro Dal Lago 5th session: Lecture: Soft constructivist approaches of global security versus Securitization theory? Critical constructivist security. The5th session will analyse: * Security community, security as a cultural construct, security is what states make of it? * Traditional constructivist approaches to security: A world of values and language, what means security? * From international security to global security, a change of norms? * The critique of the different global security approaches. Global or sectors ? * Sectors and securitization theory, what relations? * What saying security does? A linguistic turn? Difference between discourse analysis and speech act analysis

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* Critical approach to security and critical discourse analysis, what relation? * The practices linked with a securitization grammar. Enunciation and audiences. Conditions of success of a securitization move. Securitization : a destabilisation of the normative assessment of security? * Securitization and exception, desecuritization and normal politics. When is it necessary to desecuritize? * What is normal politics? The limits of securitization as a linguistic move. * The practices of securitization and insecuritization * The notion of boundaries of security. Security as a social construct, as a political justification for sacrifice * Security in relation to what ? Security and Safety? Security and Freedom? Security and Mobility? SEMINAR Question : September 11 2001: a securitization move? Could we speak of a meta-securitization with September 11 2001? Could we speak of an exceptional moment ? Is securitization the equivalent of exception in politics? Reading before the seminar: Compulsory *Buzan, Barry, and Ole Waever. 2009. Macrosecuritisation and security constellations: reconsidering scale in securitisation theory. Review of International Studies 35 (2):253-276.(Buzan and Waever 2009) * Wver, Ole. (1995) Securitization and Desecuritization. In On Security, edited by Ronnie Lipschutz, pp. 46-86 (Lipschutz 1995) * Agamben Giorgio ltat dexception, tome 2, Le Seuil, 2003, translated State of exception, University of Chicago Press 2005 (Agamben 2005). First chapter : the state of exception as a paradigm of government. *Huysmans J : Minding exceptions: the politics of insecurity and liberal democracy
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- Contemporary Political Theory, 2004 - ingentaconnect.com (Huysmans 2004) 6th session: Lecture. A Paris school of (in)securitization? International Political Sociology as a framing and a method The 6th session will develop * Enunciation, audience, authority. Who is speaking? Who is acting? * What are the practices of (in)securitization? Routines and everyday practices. * The processes and relations of (in)securitization. The bureaucratic practices and their exclusions * (in)securitization, governmentality and politicization : the tapestry of (in)securitization in a world of transformed multiple sovereignties * The distribution and entanglements of forms of (in)security practices. The divergent lines with rule of law and human rights *Terrorism and antiterrorism discourses and their effects, the empty signifier. The void. * The blurring of internal and external security, a genesis * The development of an (in)security continuum : the antiterrorist interconnections * The emergence of internal security beyond policing: the framing of a migration problem by Western countries. *The semantic structuration of an (in)security continuum and the notion of internal security. *The semantic criminalisation of migrants, refugees, football supporters, travellers and poor tourists. *The necessity of a global collaboration against a global insecurity. *The merging of war and crime, and the discourse on global insecurity. * The European discourse on internal security. The link between the freedom of movement and the end of controls at the internal borders.

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* the doxa concerning global insecurity and its implications in terms of exchange and cooperation * Transnational policing in practice : assemblage, networks, fields or dispositifs? SEMINAR Question : Freedom and security, a balance? Visualise the DVD Challenge / the metaphor of balance Reading before the seminar: Compulsory compulsory *Bigo, Didier, Sergio Carrera, Elspeth Guild, and Rob Walker. (2010) Europe's 21st Century Challenge: Delivering Liberty and Security.: Ashgate, introduction and chapter liberty (Bigo et al. 2010) * Walker, RBJ (2006) 'Lines of Insecurity: International, Imperial, Exceptional', Security Dialogue 37 (1): 6582(Walker 2006) 7th session: Lecture : Security and the everyday. Security, crime and surveillance: Routines of petty crime, illegalism and illegalities. The 7th session will study: * Criminology, sociology of policing and their relation to security and security studies. * Objective and subjective security ? Everyday securitization moves ? * Penal Law, Administrative Law, Boundaries of the Law and Securitization * Borders, Law and Security, what relations? * The banality of exceptional laws, the political making of it, counter terrorism as policing of the everyday? * Blacklisting and creation of watch lists: categorisation, suspicion and unwanted.

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* What are the everyday practices of crime and deviance? All forms of deviance are criminal? * How to analyse normality and securitization together? * What is the role of the professionals of security and the professionals of politics in securitization practices? * The abnormalisation inside the routines more than the exceptionalisation SEMINAR Question : personal security and (in)securitization: a politics of unease Crime, punishment, rehabilitation and protection of society. What logic of control? Reading before the seminar: Compulsory * Zedner, Lucia. (2009) Security. New York, NY: Routledge, chapter 67 to 89, 144 to 155 * Foucault, Michel. (1998). Les Anormaux. Cours au Collge de France. 1974-75. Paris: Gallimard/Le Seuil. Normation and normalisation (Foucault 1999). Check normation and normalisation, the notion of abnormal. * Sheptycki J. Criminology and the transnational condition A contribution to IPS, International Political Sociology issue 4/vol 1/ Nov 2007, (Sheptycki 2007) In addition Visualise the lecture of Mireille Delmas Marty concerning the anthropology of punishement at the College de France or her book in French : Delmas-Marty, Mireille. 2010. Liberts et sret dans un monde dangereux. Paris: ditions du Seuil. 8th Session Lecture. Practices of security and practices of surveillance. Social distribution of (in)security management ? * Lessons from surveillance studies.

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* Security and surveillance, what relations? The Orwellian approach, The panopticon and psot panopticon approaches * Security practices, surveillance practices and risk management practices, lessons from Michel Foucault * Security and mobility. Security and freedom. Freedom as mobility under surveillance? *Post September 11 strategies of controls, use of biometrics and data bases, * policing at distance, policing abroad, policing the future, policing by military means, policing by police and intelligence, policing by normalising ? *Use of technology and belief in technology. * The mapping of the actors of the commodification of (in)security and the link with the professionals of (in)security management. Withdrawal of the bureaucrats or governing at a distance? * The objects of (in)security, from the guns to the mobile phone and GPS, the everyday desires. A liquid (in)security? Technologies, and the limited use of technologies by bureaucracies. * The risk management and its impact. Managing the data doubles of the individuals. SEMINAR Question: the contemporary politics and distribution of (in)security and its management. What is private? Corporate, individual, privacy The students will develop their positions regarding * Is the state or the state system the main provider of (in)security? The growth of a security-defense-surveillance industry. Corporate security * Discussion about intelligence, technologies and surveillance, inside and outside. Echelon, phone taping, Europol and Interpol databank, Eurodac and asylum seekers. Total Information Awareness.

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Reading before the seminar: Compulsory *Lyon David 2006 Theorizing surveillance: the panopticon and beyond, Willan publishing (Lyon 2006) introduction on the terminology of surveillance *Haggerty, Kevin D., and Richard V. Ericson. (2000) The Surveillant Assemblage. British Journal of Sociology 51:60522(Haggerty and Ericson 2000) *Abrahamsen, Rita , and Michael C. Williams. (2009) Security Beyond the State: Global Security Assemblages in International Politics. International Political Sociology 3:1-17. (Abrahamsen and Williams 2009) 9th Session: Lecture: The chains of interdependency between actors. Transnational policing and Intelligence services at the core? The 9th session will develop: * Networks, temporality and fields. Why institutions (and rules of the games) matter? * The consequences of the international political sociological turn for security studies * The chains of interdependency between actors. Lessons from Norbert Elias and Pierre Bourdieu * Actions, actants and actors: the social in the making: lessons from Latour and John Law * Mapping the field of transnational policing * The impacts of September 11 and 14 of 2001. The role of intelligence services in the reconfiguration of the field * The European Union: an exception or the advanced form of a generalised post weberian state with multiple sovereignties and strong heterogeneities? * The United States and its homeland security strategy abroad : Global counterterrorism during Bush and Obama administrations. *Networks of transnational actors of (in)security. *Delimiting the boundaries of (in)securitisation. *The competition for truth and knowledge about the future.

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*The field of the professionals of (in)security, their techniques, their products, their relations with other transnational guilds and with the professionals of politics. *The transgovernmentalisation of bureaucracies of control and the future of national states inside the EU and beyond. SEMINAR Question : Do we have a European or/and a transatlantic field of internal security agencies ? * Nato, Sitcen, Europol, Eurojust, Frontex, Schengen Readings Compulsory * Bigo, Didier et als. (2007) The Field of the Eu Internal Security Agencies. Paris: Centre d'tudes sur les conflits/l'Harmattan.(Bigo 2007) or the condensed version in Bigo, Didier et als. (2010) Europe's 21st Century Challenge: Delivering Liberty and Security.: Ashgate, chapter on the field of security (Bigo et al. 2010) * Guild, E. and F. Geyer (2008). Security versus justice? : police and judicial cooperation in the European Union. Aldershot, England ; Burlington, VT, Ashgate.(Guild and Geyer 2008) introduction * Donohue, L. K. (2008). The cost of counterterrorism : power, politics, and liberty. Cambridge ; New York, Cambridge University Press.(Donohue 2008) conclusion 10th session : Introducing long term perspectives: the history of freedom, surveillance, (in)security practices and their transformations. The 10th session will discuss *Critical constructivism and historical sociology. The need for history and political sociology. What is the "longue dure"? Rearticulation of short term history of International Relations of security and long term perspectives of state making and sovereignty practices. Implications for the understanding of

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(in)security. The notion of genealogy of (in)security. Genesis and genealogy. *Security and state making. Substantive analysis of state making, crime making, war making. The transformations of the notions of security, insecurity, protection, fear, reassurance, vulnerability and risk through time and trajectories of states. *The objects of (in)security. Who is in charge of security? The church versus the state? Coercion, violence and security: what institutions provide (coercive) security? * The feeling of fear, the politics of fear and its agents. *The modern divide between inside and outside. Army and police from the seventeenth century to now, a process of differentiation. Health and welfare as forms of (in)security. The session will analyse * Its impact of security studies * State and interstate formations, (in)security formations, transversal chains of interdependencies and contemporary practices of mobility and violence * The limits of security in relation to secularization, freedom, fear, democratization *The transnational bureaucratic field of professionals of (in)security management and its boundaries. * Governing by network? Networked expertise. Experts and politicians. * National government, national field of professional of politics and transnational networks of experts in industry, banking, education and security. SEMINAR Question : The debate on the making of history: what means longue dure? What have been the different terminologies of security through time? Greece, Rome, Middle Ages, Nationalist Ages, now? What are specific episteme formations. Genealogical methods or genetical methods? How to build a time line approach? What for? Interest and limits.

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Readings: Compulsory: * Robin Corey - 2004 -Fear: The history of a political idea, Oxford U Press cjsonline.ca [PDF] (Robin 2004) check the politics of fear * Foucault, M., M. Senellart, et al. (2007). Security, territory, population: lectures at the Collge de France, 1977-1978. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire ; New York, Palgrave Macmillan(Bartelson 2001a).(Foucault, Senellart, and Davidson 2007) lesson 4

11th session: lecture. Liberalism and (in)security practices : liberty, equality and democracy *Lessons from political theory? The classical writings on liberty and security. Hobbes, Locke, La Botie, Bentham and Stuart Mill. Carl Schmidt, Walter Benjamin *The relation to equality and property. (Neocleus) *Order, security and sovereignty in a world of states and of an interstate system. Liberal order. *(in)Securitization and democracy, and Rule of Law. * Security, vulnerability and the self. Governing through security and risk management? * Controlling security nationally. How to limit security and its bureaucratic field? Rule of Law. Role of Courts. Representative democracy and role of parliaments. * Contesting security. Collective mobilisation. Playing with surveillance. Watching the watchers. Irony and security. * Controlling security transnationally. International law and human rights law, collective mobilisation, international and regional courts. * Radicalising equality and freedom? Giving voices to the without voices. Enacting freedom. The limits of freedom.

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SEMINAR Question The social construction of freedom. How to analyse contemporary discourse concerning freedom? What is their relation to security? Balance, proportionality : how to frame the relations ? Readings *Butler Judith Deshumanisation via indefinite detention in Danny Goldberg, Victor Goldberg, It is a free country, personal freedom in America after September 11, p 265-280(Butler 2002) * Dillon M (1996) Politics of security: towards a political philosophy of continental thought, Routledge (Dillon 1996) the meaning of security * Neal, A. W. (2009). Exceptionalism and the politics of counterterrorism : liberty, security, and the War on Terror. New York, Routledge.(Neal 2009) conclusion * Lakoff, G. (2006). Whose freedom?(Lakoff 2006) Analysing Bush discourses. In addition DVD Challenge 12th Session : Lecture Analysing terrorism and counter terrorism discourses as practices. Towards pre-emption, prevention and prediction ? The 12th session will discuss *Towards pre-emption strategy and the framing of the virtual enemy? *Discursive order and social change. The silencing of alternatives and its contestation *The notion of dispositif. *Transformations of forms of governmentality : biopolitics of (in)security, traceability of mobility, monitoring of the future. *Sovereign practices of punishment and war. *Discipline and surveillance :the normation and the individualisation process.

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*Security as the limit of freedom (of movement)? (In)security and the management of population. *(In)security and the techniques of prevention. ? *The pan opticon and the ban opticon in practice. The notion of Ban-opticon as normalisation and exclusion of the possible futures. * What is "profiling"? * Futur Antrieur (Future Perfect and Perfect future). Seminar Question : Risk, prevention and prediction ? How to analyse the will and capacity to predict ? Readings *Harcourt, B. E. (2007). Against prediction : profiling, policing, and punishing in an actuarial age. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.(Harcourt 2007) *Amoore, L. and M. d. Goede (2008). Risk and the war on terror. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY, Routledge.(Amoore and Goede 2008) *Aradau Claudia Van Munster Rens: Security, Technologies of Risk, and the Political: Security Dialogue, Vol. 39, No. 2-3, 147154 (2008) .(Aradau and Van Munster 2008) Possibility of an additional session: Human rights, Ethics, International justice in a world of states: Deepening security? Lecture by Elsepth Guild The session will discuss: *What are Human Rights? How can they protect individuals from violence (by their states) ? *What has been the development of human rights instruments and theory in the second half of the 20th century and how does this interact with borders? *Where do human rights come from and what is their purpose?

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*How do they interact with the state and the subjects of the state, citizens and foreigners? *The development of human rights norms has been a hallmark of the post WWII period starting with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, * Human rights and the reframing of the relations between (democratic) states and individuals * Individual, minority, society, humanity: who is acting, on what arena? * What is the relation between war and crime? War crime, genocide, aggression, a list of international crime * Deepening security: the place of the individual in international relations and international Law. * How can justice be delivered in the name of the victims of (other) state violence? * The end of impunity? Courts and international committees. Winning time for justice ? Peace as exception? * The trial of generals and head of states in the name of illegal practices (the list of international war crimes and its possible extension to terrorism). * Humanitarian laws, Human Right laws, the rise of the individual as an international actor through Courts * Decisions and acts of wars judged as crimes? Implications for Security studies * Can we have security without justice? * Whose security? The deepening of security studies. SEMINAR QUESTION : How to implement Human Rights obligations? Compare the discourse of Human security and Human rights, are they similar? Discuss the emphasis on the individual as subject of right. Discuss the emphasis on the collective dimension. Role of governments and role of judges domestically and internationally. Who is in charge and how?

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Reading before the seminar: Compulsory Guild, Elspeth. (2009) War or Crime? National Legal Challenges in Europe to the War in Iraq 743 Nijmegen: Wolf legal publisher, introduction (Guild 2009) A Cassese (2003) The International Criminal Court, an End to Impunity? http://www. crimesofwar. org/print/icc-cassese-print Documents to read The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948.

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Bibliography Central references Abrahamsen, Rita , and Michael C. Williams. 2009. Security Beyond the State: Global Security Assemblages in International Politics. International Political Sociology 3 (1):1-17. Agamben, Giorgio. 2005. State of exception.95 p. Amoore, Louise, and Marieke de Goede. 2008. Risk and the war on terror.xv, 279 p. Aradau, Claudia, and Rens Van Munster. 2008. Security, Technologies of Risk, and the Political. Security Dialogue 39 (2-3):147-154. Balzacq, Thierry, Tugba Basaran, Didier Bigo , Emmanuel .P. Guittet, and Christian Olsson. 2009. (In)security practices. In Compendium on line: International Studies Association. Bigo, Didier, ed. 2007. The Field of the EU Internal Security Agencies. Paris: Centre d'tudes sur les conflits/l'Harmattan. Bigo, Didier, Sergio Carrera, Elspeth Guild, and Rob Walker, eds. 2010. Europe's 21st Century Challenge: Delivering Liberty and Security. London: Ashgate. Bigo, Didier, and Anastassia Tsoukala, eds. 2008. Terror, Insecurity and Liberty. Illeberal practices of liberal regimes after 9/11. Edited by D. Bigo, E. Guild and R. B. J. Walker, Liberty and Security. Oxoan and New York: Routledge. Butler, Judith. 2002. Deshumanisation via indefinite detention. In It is a free country, personal freedom in America after September 11, edited by V. G. Danny Goldberg. Buzan, Barry. 1991. People, states and fear : an agenda for international security studies in the post-Cold War era. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Buzan, Barry, and Ole Waever. 2009. Macrosecuritisation and security constellations: reconsidering scale in securitisation theory. Review of International Studies 35 (2):253-276.

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C.A.S.E, Collective. 2007. Critical Approaches to Security in Europe:A Networked Manifesto. Security Dialogue 37 (4):443-487. Dillon, Michael. 1996. Politics of security : towards a political philosophy of continental thought. London ; New York: Routledge. Donohue, Laura. K. . 2008. The cost of counterterrorism : power, politics, and liberty. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. Duffield, Mark R. 2007. Development, security and unending war : governing the world of peoples. Cambridge: Polity. Foucault, Michel. 1999. Les Anormaux. Cours au Collge de France. 1974-75. Paris: Gallimard/Le Seuil. Foucault, Michel, Michel Senellart, and Arnold I. Davidson. 2007. Security, territory, population : lectures at the Collge de France, 1977-1978. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire ; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Guild, Elspeth. 2009. War or crime? National legal Challenges in Europe to the war in Iraq 743 Nijmegen: Wolf legal publisher. Guild, Elspeth, and Florian Geyer, eds. 2008. Security versus Justice? Police and Judicial Cooperation in the European Union. Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate Haggerty, Kevin D., and Richard V. Ericson. 2000. The Surveillant Assemblage. British Journal of Sociology 51 (4):605-622. Harcourt, Bernard E. 2007. Against prediction : profiling, policing, and punishing in an actuarial age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Huysmans, Jef. 2004. Minding exceptions. Politics of insecurity and liberal democracy. Contemporary Political Theory 3 (3):321-341. Lakoff, G. 2006. Whose freedom?: the battle over America's most important idea: Farrar Straus & Giroux. Lipschutz, Ronnie D. 1995. On security. New directions in world politics:xiv, 233 p.

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Lyon, David. 2006. Theorizing surveillance : the panopticon and beyond. Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing. Neal, Andrew. W. . 2009. Exceptionalism and the politics of counter-terrorism : liberty, security, and the War on Terror. New York: Routledge. Peoples, Columba, and Nick Vaughan-Williams. 2010. Critical Security Studies: An Introduction: Routledge. Robin, Corey. 2004. Fear: The history of a political idea: Oxford University Press, USA. Sheptycki, James 2007. Criminology and the Transnational Condition: A Contribution to International Political Sociology. International Political Sociology 1 (4):391-406. Walker, R. B.J. 2006. Lines of Insecurity: international, imperial, exceptional. Security Dialogue 37 (1):65-82. Williams, Paul D. 2008. Security Studies: An Introduction. Zedner, Lucia. 2009. Security. New York, NY: Routledge. Additional references Agamben, G., 1998. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, Stanford University Press. Andreas, P. & Nadelmann, E.A., 2006. Policing the globe : criminalization and crime control in international relations, Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip062/2005029995.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0636/200502999 5-d.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0723/200502999 5-b.html. Aradau, C. & Van Munster, R., 2007. Governing terrorism through risk: taking precautions,(un) knowing the future. European Journal of International Relations, 13(1), p.89. balzacq, T., 2010. Securitization Theory: How Security Problems
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Emerge and Dissolve, Routledge. Bartelson, J., 2001a. The Critique of the State, Cambridge University Press. Bartelson, J., 2001b. The Critique of the State, Cambridge University Press. Bigo, D., Emmanuel Pierre Guittet & Amandine Scherrer, 2009. Mobilits sous surveillance, Montral: Athna. Bigo, D. & Guild, E., 2005. Controling Frontiers. Free Movement into and within Europe, Hants (England), Burlington (USA): Ashgate. Bigo, D. & Walker, R., 2007. Political Sociology and the Problem of the International. Millenium. Journal of International Studies, 35(3), p.pp.725-739. Booth, K., 1991. Security and emancipation. Review of International Relations, 17(4), p.313-26. Bourdieu, P. & Clough, L.C., 1996. The state nobility : elite schools in the field of power, Oxford, [England]: Polity Press. Ceyhan, A. & Tsoukala, A., The Securitization of migration in Westren societies: ambivalent discourses and policies. Dandeker, C., 1990. Surveillance, Power and Modernity. Bureaucracy and Discipline from 1700 to the Present Days, Cambridge: Polity Press. Davidson, A.I., 1997. Foucault and his interlocutors., Chicago, London: University press of Chicago. Debrix, F., 2007. Tabloid Terror: War, Culture, and Geopolitics
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1er d., Routledge. Delumeau, J., 1989. Rassurer et protger : le sentiment de scurit dans l'Occident d'autrefois, Paris: Fayard. Delumeau, J., 1990. Sin and fear : the emergence of a western guilt culture, 13th-18th centuries, New York: St. Martin's Press. Edelman, M., 1967. The Symbolic Uses of Politics, Chicago: University of Illinois Press. Ericson, 2000. Governing Modern Societies, University of Toronto Press. Ericson, R.V., 1997. Policing the Risk Society, University of Toronto Press. Farber, D.A., 2008. Security v. liberty : conflicts between civil liberties and national security in American history, New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Foucault, M., 1998. Les anormaux. Cours au Collge de France 1975, Paris: Gallimard/Seuil. Foucault, M., Senellart, M. & Davidson, A.I., 2007. Security, territory, population : lectures at the Collge de France, 1977-1978, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire ; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0619/200604888 7-d.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0619/200604888 7-t.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0619/200604888 7-b.html. Freedman, L., 2004. Deterrence, Cambridge, UK ; Malden, MA: Polity Press. Available at:
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http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip046/2003015346.html. Friedman, J. & Randeria, S., 2004. Worlds on the move: globalization, migration, and cultural security, IB Tauris. Guild, E., 2009. War or crime? National legal Challenges in Europe to the war in Iraq 743, Nijmegen: Wolf legal publisher. Hershberg, E. & Moore, K.W., 2002. Critical views of September 11: analyses from around the world, Norton. Huysmans, J., 1995. Migrants as a Security Problem : Dangers of Securitizing Societal Issues. Dans R. Miles & D. Thrnhardt, d. Migration and European Integration. The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion. London: Pinter, p. 53-72. Jabri, V., 2007. War And the Transformation of Global Politics annotated edition., Palgrave Macmillan. Jervis, R.L., 2003. The Confrontation between Iraq and the US: Implications for the Theory and Practice of Deterrence. European Journal of International Relations, 9(2), p.315337. Jones, T. & Newburn, T., 1998. Private security and public policing, Oxford University Press, USA. Kelstrup, M.A.M.C.W., 2000. international relations theory and the politics of european integration : power, security and community, London: Routledge. Kolodziej, E.A., 2005. Security and International Relations illustrated edition., Cambridge University Press. Loader, I. & Walker, N., 2007. Civilizing Security, Cambridge
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University Press. Lyon, D., 1994. The electronic eye : the rise of surveillance society, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Marx, G.T., 1988. Undercover : police surveillance in America, Berkeley: University of California Press. Available at: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/ucal041/88001254.ht ml. Massey, G., 2009. Readings for sociology, New York, N.Y.: W.W. Norton & Company. Available at: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0822/2008028311.html. Mathiesen, T., 1999. On Globalization of Control : Towards an Integrated Surveillance System in Europe. Dans Criminal Policy in Transition : Criminal Policy Trends into the New Millenium.

Rogin, M., 1988. <i> Ronald Reagan </i> The Movie: And Other Episodes in Political Demonology 1er d., University of California Press. Sheptycki, J., 2000. Issues in Transnational Policing, Routledge. Tilly, C., 1990. Coercion, capital, and European states, A.D. 9901990, Cambridge, MA: B. Blackwell. Van Creveld, M., 1999. The Rise and Decline of the State, Cambridge/England: Cambridge University Press. Veyne, P., 1979. Comment on crit l'histoire: suivi de Foucault rvolutionne l'histoire, ditions du Seuil.
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Vigarello, G., 1993. Le sain et le malsain. Sant et mieux-tre depuis le moyen Age, Paris: Seuil. Walker, R.B.J., 1993. Inside/outside : international relations as political theory, Cambridge [England] ; New York: Cambridge University Press. Available at: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam024/91042632.ht ml http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam022/91042632.html. Wolfers, A., Stuart, D.T. & Szabo, S.F., 1994. Discord and collaboration in a new Europe : essays in honor of Arnold Wolfers, Washington, D.C. Arlington, VA: Foreign Policy Institute, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies Distributed in arrangement with Public Interest Publications. Wood, J. & Dupont, B., 2006. Democracy, society, and the governance of security, Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press. Available at: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0702/200628408 9-d.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0702/200628408 9-t.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0733/200628408 9-b.html. Wood, J. & Shearing, C., 2006. Imagining Security, Willan Publishing. Wyn Jones, R., 1999. Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

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