JOINT Diarthrosis

DESCRIPTION Articular surfaces of bones covered by thin hyaline cartilage sep by join cavity w/synovial fluid from synovial membrane Zygapophysial Synovial joints between articular processes of vertebrae

EXAMPLES/LOCATION MOVABLE JOINTS Knee Elbow Shoulder Fingers Hip Articular processes of vertebrae (superior and inferior)

ASSOCIATED INFORMATION Also called synovial joint Allow movement at joint and are less stable than synarthrosis

Ligamentum Flavum-connects adjacent laminar and checks flexion of vertebral column Supraspinous and Interspinous ligaments- guide movements along spinous process Head of rib articulates with 2 adjacent vertebrae for ribs 2-9; demifacet present on superior and inferior edge of vert. body; ribs 1, 10-12 articulate w/1 vertebrae Rib 1 is synarthrosis and cartilaginous

Costovertebral

Ribs with vertebral body and transverse processes

Sternocostal

Costal cartilage to sternum EXCEPT for rib 1 (1st joint)

Additional information for diarthrosis: Some joints may contain an articular disc or meniscus, partially or completely Structures associated with diarthrosis include: Bones or cartilage Articulating cartilage at the joint surface Synovial membrane Synovial fluid Fibrous capsule Nerves and blood vessels Ligaments (may be capsular, collateral, intracapsular)

JOINT

DESCRIPTION Synarthrosis -FIXED JOINTS

EXAMPLES/LOCATION

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Limited to no movement at all; allows stability. Also called solid joint

Fibrous

Articulating surfaces of bones are joined by fibrous tissue; little movement possible Sutures Gomphosis Syndesmosis Joints in which 2 adjacent bones linked by ligament Articulating surfaces of bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage and the cartilage is attached to a pad of fibrocartilage Synchondroses When 2 ossification centers in developing bone remain separated by a layer of cartilage Symphyses When 2 bones are interconnected by cartilage Joints between skull plates Joints between teeth and bone Interosseous membrane b/t radius and ulna Fibrocartilaginous joint, manubriosternal, xyphisternal, rib #1, costochondrial Bones linked by sutural ligament

Cartilaginous

Epiphysial plate in long bones, manubriosternal, and xyphisternal joints Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

No movement

Limited movement

An articulation b/t each vertebral body is considered to be synarthrosis. The anterior longitudinal ligament runs the length of the vertebral column and is located on the anterior surface of vertebral bodies. LIMITS EXTENSION The posterior longitudinal ligament runs the length of the vertebral column and is location on the posterior surface of vertebral bodies. It becomes narrower at more caudal levels of the vertebral column. This can result in posterior disc herniations at lumbar levels more frequently than at cervical levels. LIMITS FLEXION The movement between adjacent vertebrae is minimal, but the sum of all movements of the vertebral joint is large and allows considerable movement of the vertebral column.